Budiriro yeMayan yagara isinga shamisike nekufambira mberi kwayo mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzesainzi, mapiramidhi ayo anoyemurika, kutarisisa kwayo kwakanyatso nyeredzi uye nezvimwe. Pano isu tichaziva kuti sei yaive imwe yekutanga budiriro kushandisa zero uye zvakare iyo Nhamba dzeMayan kubva pa1 kusvika ku100.
Nhamba dzeMayan kubva pa1 kusvika ku100
Manumber system aishandiswa nevaMayans yaive positional system yaibva panhamba yemakumi maviri (vigesimal) system iyi inonzi nevamwe "long count" yainyanya kushandiswa pakuverenga makarenda, muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva hweMaya vaishandisa a non-positional additive system yakafanana zvikuru nenhamba yenhamba yaishandiswa nevaEgipita vekare.
Mayan numeration inoshandisa hurongwa hwakafanana nehurongwa hwekugadzirisa hunoenderana nenhamba makumi matanhatu (sexagesimal) yakashandiswa nevaSumer vekare uye maitiro ekare echinzvimbo zvichienderana nenhamba gumi (decimal) inoshandiswa neChinese kuverenga mutafura yekuverenga (Abaco) .
Hurongwa hwemitsetse nemapoinzi hwaishandiswa nevaMayans ndiko kuverenga kwavo uye hwakanga hwatoshandiswa mutsika dzekare dzeMesoamerica kubva munenge mugore rechiuru Kristu asati auya. Iyo dash-and-dot sisitimu uye kukosha kwenzvimbo ingangove yakagadzirwa mutsika yeMonte Albán uye yakashandiswa neOlmec, pakati pevamwe.
Zvinofungidzirwa kuti maMayans vakagamuchira iyi sisitimu munguva yeLate Preclassic nguva uye vakabatanidza chiratidzo kumiririra zero yaive negoko risina chinhu. Kumiririra zero uku kungave kutaridzika kwekutanga kunozivikanwa kwepfungwa yekusava nechinhu chiri pachena munyika, kunyangwe zvichibvira kuti ingave yakatangirwa nehurongwa hweBabironi.
Kufanana kwekugadzirwa kwenhamba dzeMayan nenhamba dzekare dzeEgypt, dzeRoma nedzechiChinese imhaka yekuti pakutanga maverengero haana kuitwa pamapepa. Nhamba dzacho dzakaiswa panzvimbo yakati sandara ine matanda chaiwo. MaMayans akashandisawo goko risina chinhu uye, pamwe, matombo kana makomba emichero.
Pakutanga, zero yaishandiswa sepositional notation, iyo inoratidza kusavapo kweimwe calendrical count, gare gare yakagadziridzwa senhamba yaigona kushandiswa mukuverenga uye yakaverengerwa mune glyphic zvirevo zvakashandiswa kweanopfuura chiuru chemakore. kusvika kwevaSpain vakagumisa kushandiswa kwayo.
MuMayan manhamba system panguva yeClassic nguva zviratidzo zvakati zvakashandiswa kuratidza zero, kubva kuPostclassic goko (snail) raishandiswa, isina chinhu chinomiririra, chikamu chinomiririrwa nepoindi, nokudaro mapoinzi maviri, mapoinzi matatu uye madotsi mana. inomiririra mbiri, nhatu uye ina zvakateerana, nhamba shanu inomiririrwa nemutsara wakachinjika. Kushandisa kusanganiswa kwezviratidzo izvi, vaMayans vaimiririra nhamba dzose kusvika kune nhamba yegumi nepfumbamwe.
Kukosha chaiko kwenhamba kunotariswa nenzvimbo yakatwasuka pairi, ichikwira padanho kukosha kweiyo chidimbu kunopetwa nemakumi maviri. Saka, chiratidzo chepasi chaizomiririra mayunitsi muhwaro, chiratidzo chinotevera chinomiririrwa pachinzvimbo chechipiri chinomiririra kuwanda kwechikamu nemakumi maviri, uye chiratidzo chinomiririrwa pachinzvimbo chechitatu chaizoratidza kuwanda nemazana mana, zvichingodaro.
Historia
Budiriro yeMayan yaive imwe yebudiriro shoma pasirese yakagadzira hurongwa hwenhamba yakazvimirira, kunze kwevaMayans chete maSumerians, maIndia nemaChinese vakakwanisa kuita izvi. Vazivi venyeredzi vekare vechiGiriki vaishandisa Babironi, kana kuti vaSumerian, hurongwa hwenzvimbo, tichitenda nanhasi tichiri kuyera nguva nemakona muhurongwa hwesexagesimal. VekuEurope vakagona iyo Indian decimal positional system muMiddle Ages chete nerubatsiro rwemaArabu.
Budiriro yevaMayan yakatanga muMesoamerica uye yaive muGuatemala nekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweMexico kwayakasvika pakunaka kwayo. MaMayans aive imwe yetsika dzakasimukira uye dzinoshamisa vanhu vekuEurope vasati vasvika. Nekuda kwekuwedzera kwenzvimbo yavo vakakwanisa kuvaka maguta makuru munharaunda yavo yese seCalakmul, Tikal, Nakbé, Uxmal, Palenque, Uaxactún, Altún Ha, Chichén Itzá, El Mirador pakati pemamwe mavakavaka mamonuments akakosha. mapiramidhi avo anoshamisa.
Idzi nharaunda dzaitongwa nezvematongerwo enyika, zvemagariro uye zvehupfumi semaguta akazvimirira, hwaro hwehupfumi hwavo huri hwekurima nekutengeserana. Pakati pezvigadzirwa zvikuru zvakashandiswa mukutengesa kwavo kwaiva jade, cocoa, chibage, munyu uye obsidian.
Nzira yekunyora yakashandiswa nevaMayans yaiva chikamu chehieroglyphic nokuti yakashandisa nhamba panzvimbo yetsamba, zvichiita musanganiswa wefonitic zviratidzo zvemasyllables uye ideograms. Kududzirwa kwemavara echiMayan kwave kwakaoma zvakanyanya sezvo nekuraira kwevapristi veSpain macodex ese akapiswa panguva yekukunda kunze kweatatu awo: Dresden codex, Paris codex neMadrid codex.
VaMayans vaive nyanzvi dzenyeredzi uye zvavakaona zvaive chaizvo. Vaienderana uye vakatopfuura nekure mamwe marudzi emazuva ano pakudzidza mafambiro emwedzi nemapuraneti uye chinonyanya kushamisa ndechekuti zvavakaona vakazviona nemeso pasina kushandisa chero mhando yemidziyo.
Kuyerwa kwehurefu hwegore rezuva rinoshandiswa nevaMaya uye nedzimwe nyika dzeMesoamerican hwakanga hwakanyatsonaka kupfuura hwakashandiswa neEurope panguva imwe chete. Mukarenda yeGregorian inoshandiswa neveWestern civilizations makore mana ega ega, makore anosvetuka anowedzera zuva, musiyano uyu waive watofungwa nevaMaya pakubata kwavo kwegore ravakaverenga mukuwanza kwemakore mana anoenderana nekuchamhembe, kumaodzanyemba, kumabvazuva uye. madokero.
KuvaMaya, gore rakanga risina zuva rakatarwa rokutanga, asi vaitanga mambakwedza, masikati, manheru uye pakati pousiku hwegore rimwe nerimwe; naizvozvo, gadziridzo inowirirana yezuva rimwe pamwe chete nenhamba imwe neimwe yechina yakaitwa.
nhamba yenzvimbo
Chinangwa chehurongwa hwemanhamba hwakagadzirwa nemaMayans chaive chekuyera nguva uye kwete kuita masvomhu, ndosaka zvine hukama nemazuva, mwedzi nemakore uye nenzira yekurongeka kwekarenda. Kumiririra nhamba kubva panhamba yekutanga kusvika pamakumi maviri, kuwedzera zero, maMayans akashandisa nzira nhatu dzakasiyana:
Hurongwa hwaimiririra nhamba nemadotsi nemadhishi; cephalomorphic numeral system, digit imwe neimwe kubva kune imwe kusvika kune gumi nemapfumbamwe inomiririrwa ne glyph muchimiro chemusoro; uye zoomorphic numeral system, iyo inoshandisa zvimiro zvemhuka dzakasiyana kumiririra manhamba.
Zviratidzo zvekutanga zvekumiririra manhamba muhurongwa hwekuverenga Mayan ndezvitatu: poindi ine kukosha kweimwe, mutsara, unonziwo nenyanzvi sebhara, ine kukosha kweshanu uye isina chinhu shell. hozhwa kana mhodzi ine kukosha kwe zero.
Huwandu hunoiswa makumi maviri nemakumi maviri muhurongwa hwekuverengera hweMayan, kuitira kuti chero nhanho iyo manhamba anogona kuiswa kubva pazero kusvika kune gumi nepfumbamwe, kusvika makumi maviri poindi inodiwa padanho rinotevera. Danho rekutanga rinoshandiswa kunyora zvikwata, danho rinotevera rinoshandiswa kunyora makumi maviri (mapoka makumi maviri), danho rinotevera, retatu rinoshandiswa kumapoka makumi maviri nemakumi maviri uye rechina rinoshandiswa kumapoka makumi maviri zvakapetwa kaviri makumi maviri.
Iyi manhamba system ine shanu sechimwe chigadziko kunyangwe iri vigesimal system. Imwe inomiririrwa nedoti, maviri, matatu uye mana nemadota maviri, madotsi matatu nemana mana zvichiteerana, nhamba shanu inomiririrwa nebar uye madotsi anowedzerwa akachinjika pamusoro pebhari kumiririra matanhatu, manomwe sere uye mapfumbamwe. . Kumiririra nhamba gumi, mbariro mbiri dzinoshandiswa, imwe pamusoro peimwe yakachinjika.
Kuumba nhamba yegumi neshanu, mbariro nhatu dzinoshandiswa dzichienderera mberi sezvizvi kusvika dzasvika panhamba yegumi nepfumbamwe, twunhatu nemadonhwe mana pamusoro, inova nhamba huru inogona kumiririrwa pamwero wega wega sezvo iri hurongwa hwevigesimal.
Mayan Numbering Mitemo
Pfungwa yacho haidzokororwi kanopfuura kana. Nhamba yechishanu, inomiririrwa nebhari, haidzokororwi kanopfuura katatu, kana iwe uchida kumiririra nhamba makumi maviri kana nhamba yepamusoro, iyo yepamusoro inoshandiswa. Kunyora nhamba yakaenzana kana yakakura kudarika makumi maviri, zviratidzo zvakafanana zvinoshandiswa, zvichisiyanisa kukosha zvichienderana nechinzvimbo uye chiyero pazviri.
Muchiverengero cheMayan, nhamba dzinonyorwa kutanga nedanho rakaderera uye richikwira zvakarongeka sezvo nhamba inowedzera. Zvikwata zvinonyorwa zvakadzika, zero kusvika gumi nemapfumbamwe. Mukurongeka kunotevera, poindi imwe neimwe yakakosha mayunitsi makumi maviri uye bhaa imwe neimwe ine kukosha kwezana mayunitsi.
Semuenzaniso, kunyora makumi matatu nemaviri, kutangira padanho repasi, mbariro mbiri dzakanyorwa uye pamusoro payo mapoinzi maviri (gumi nembiri), padanho rinotevera pakanyorwa poindi imwe chete (panhanho iyi yakakosha makumi maviri). Makumi maviri akawedzerwa kune gumi nemaviri ekutanga nhanho makumi matatu nembiri.
Mumwe muenzaniso, kunyora zana nemakumi matanhatu nematanhatu, nyora zvitanhatu muhurongwa hwekutanga, bhari (shanu) uye nhambo pamusoro payo; nhamba sere inonyorwa muhurongwa hwechipiri, bha nemapoinzi matatu pamusoro payo, asi iri muhurongwa hwechipiri bhawa rinokosha mayunitsi zana uye poindi imwe neimwe inokosha mayunitsi makumi maviri (zana kuwedzera makumi matanhatu) pamwe nenhanhatu dzekutanga. order inosvika zana nemakumi matanhatu nematanhatu)
Kurongeka kwechitatu kweMayan manhamba system ine zvisizvo, kukosha kwemayuniti kunosiyana zvichienderana nekuti unoda kumiririra mazuva here kana kuti pane chimwe chikonzero. Mukushandiswa kusiri kwekarenda, poindi imwe neimwe yakaenzana nemazana mana emayuniti (makumi maviri kakapetwa kaviri imwe), asi kana iri yezvinangwa zvine chekuita nekarenda, chikamu chakaenzana nemazana matatu nemakumi matanhatu (gumi nesere kakapetwa kaviri kamwe) .
Musiyano uyu unokonzerwa nekuti makore evaMayan akakamurwa kuita mazuva mazana matatu nemakumi matanhatu, anove mazuva epedyo kusvika mazana matatu nemakumi matanhatu neshanu. Kune maMayans, nhanho imwe neimwe ine hukama nekarenda, yekutanga nhanho ine hukama nemazuva (kines), yechipiri nhanho ine chekuita nemwedzi (uinals) uye yechitatu nhanho inoenderana nemakore (tunes). Kunyora uwandu hwakakura kwazvo, iyo Mayan nhamba system ine mazinga mana.
Zero yeMayan
Inofungidzirwa kuti mugore remakumi matatu nematanhatu Kristu asati asvika maMayans eiyo Preclassic nguva akagadzira uye akagadzirisa kushandiswa uye pfungwa ye zero. Iyo posisheni yenhamba system inoda kushandiswa kwe zero kuratidza manhamba asina chinhu, sezvo murudzi urwu rwehurongwa chiratidzo chega chega chine kukosha kunosiyana zvichienderana nenzvimbo yayo.
MuMayan mannumeral system, chiratidzo chinowanzomiririrwa sezero igoko risina chinhu (mbeu yekofi, hozhwa) asi inogonawo kumiririrwa nemuchinjikwa weMalta, ruoko rwakaiswa pasi pemhepo kana chiso chakafukidzwa neruoko.
Kumiririrwa kweMayan Nhamba kubva pa1 kusvika ku100
Kunyora nhamba dzeMayan kubva pa1 kusvika ku100, zvakakosha kuti zvive zvakajeka pamusoro pemitemo yekunyora nhamba dzeMayan, iyo huru ndeye: pfungwa yacho haidzokororwi kanopfuura kane. Nhamba yechishanu, inomiririrwa nebhari, haidzokororwi kanopfuura katatu, kana iwe uchida kumiririra nhamba makumi maviri kana nhamba yepamusoro, iyo yepamusoro inoshandiswa. Kunyora nhamba yakaenzana kana yakakura kudarika makumi maviri, zviratidzo zvakafanana zvinoshandiswa, zvichisiyanisa kukosha zvichienderana nechinzvimbo uye chiyero pazviri.
Kutanga kunyorwa kwenhamba dzeMayan kubva pa1 kusvika ku100, imwe inomiririrwa nepoindi, maviri, matatu uye mana aine mapoinzi maviri, mapoinzi matatu nemapoinzi mana zvichiteerana, nhamba yechishanu inomiririrwa nebhara uye vanoenda vachiwedzera madots zvakachinjika. pabhawa kumiririra zvitanhatu, zvinomwe, zvisere, nepfumbamwe.
Kumiririra nhamba gumi, mbariro mbiri dzinoshandiswa, imwe pamusoro peimwe yakachinjika. Kuumba nhamba yegumi neshanu, mbariro nhatu dzinoshandiswa dzichienderera mberi sezvizvi kusvika dzasvika panhamba yegumi nepfumbamwe, twunhatu nemadonhwe mana pamusoro, inova nhamba huru inogona kumiririrwa pamwero wega wega sezvo iri hurongwa hwevigesimal.
Kumiririra nhamba makumi maviri, chiratidzo chinomiririra zero chinoiswa padanho rezasi, iro rinotsanangurwa nevamwe segoko risina chinhu, hozhwa kana mhodzi. Panhanho yechipiri panoiswa poindi yekuti panhanho iyi inokwana makumi maviri. Kunyora nhamba makumi maviri neimwe muchiverengero cheMayan, padanho rekutanga, padanho rezasi, doti rinoiswa iro padanho iri rine kukosha kweimwe uye padanho rinotevera rimwe doti, iro, kusiyana nerekare padanho iri. , yakaenzana nekuuya, makumi maviri nekuwedzera imwe zvakaenzana namakumi maviri nerimwe.
Nhamba yemakumi maviri neshanu inomiririrwa nekuisa bhara rakachinjika padanho rezasi, iro rinomiririra kukosha kweshanu, poindi inoiswa padanho repamusoro nekukurumidza, iyi poindi yakaenzana nemakumi maviri, pamwe neshanu yepasi, makumi maviri. -shanu.
Chiverengo chemakumi matatu chinomiririrwa netwu twutwu twutwu twuya twunenge twakachinjika padanho repazasi uye doti padanho repamusoro. Kumiririra nhamba makumi matatu neshanu, mbariro nhatu dzakachinjika dzinoiswa padanho rezasi, iro rinowedzera kusvika gumi neshanu, uye poindi imwe padanho repamusoro ichaita makumi matatu neshanu.
Nhamba yemakumi matatu nepfumbamwe inonyorwa nekuisa mbariro nhatu dzakachinjika uye mapoinzi mana pamusoro payo padanho rezasi, izvo zvaizowedzera kusvika gumi nepfumbamwe, pamwero uripo pamusoro peimwe poindi inoiswa, inokwana makumi matatu nepfumbamwe. Sezvo mutemo unotaura, mazariro matatu chete anogona kuunganidzwa, saka kunyora makumi mana iwe unoisa zero muzinga rekutanga uye maviri putos akaiswa munzvimbo yepamusoro, iyo inokosha makumi maviri imwe neimwe, kureva, makumi mana.
Uye zvichingodaro, mbariro, madoti uye magoko anowedzerwa kuti aite nhamba dzakasiyana, kusvikira akwanisa kumiririra nhamba dzeMayan kubva pa1 kusvika ku100. Nhamba makumi mapfumbamwe nepfumbamwe inomiririrwa nekuisa mbariro nhatu dzakachinjika dzine madoti mana pamusoro, ichi ndicho. zvakaenzana negumi nepfumbamwe pamusoro.mapoinzi mana akaiswa, ane kukosha kwemakumi maviri pachimwe nechimwe, aya makumi masere negumi nepfumbamwe epazasi ane makumi mapfumbamwe nepfumbamwe.
Sezvinotaura mitemo, haugone kuunganidza mazariro anopfuura matatu, saka, kumiririra zana, munda usina chinhu unomiririra zero unoiswa padanho rakaderera uye bhari rakachinjika rinoiswa padanho repamusoro, iro padanho iri rinomiririra zana. (makumi maviri neshanu) . Iyi ndiyo nzira iyo nhamba dzeMayan kubva pa1 kusvika ku100 dzinomiririrwa.