Tsika dzeMesoamerican ndiyo nyaya yekufarira kusvika nhasi, ichiratidza kuve nzanga dzepamberi uye dzakasiyana. Tinokukoka iwe kuti uzive zvese zvine chekuita neiyo Sangano remagariro eOlmecs, nzanga inotangira muna 1600 B.C. C!
Sangano remagariro eOlmecs
VaOlmec vaigara pedyo nemhenderekedzo yeGulf yeMexico, mune zvino yava kuzivikanwa senyika dzeMexico dzeTabasco neVeracruz.
Tsika iyi yakatora makore angangoita 1600 kusvika 350 BC, apo zvinhu zvakawanda, kunyanya zvakatipoteredza, zvakaita kuti misha yavo isagarike.
MaOlmecs ave achizivikanwa nhasi nemifananidzo yavakaveza, misoro yematombo mikuru yeanenge matani makumi maviri, ayo anofungidzirwa kuva nzira yekurangarira uye kukudza vatongi vavo, vanhu vanonyanya kukosha mumasangano evanhu veOlmecs.
Izwi rekuti Olmec, rakashandurwa sevanhu verubha, ishoko rechiNahuatl, mutauro wekare weAztec, kuratidza nharaunda dzakagadzira uye kutengesa rabha munzvimbo yese yeMesoamerican.
MaOlmec ndiwo aive ekutanga budiriro huru muMexico, achigara munzvimbo dzinopisa dzeGulf yeMexico, uye zvinofungidzirwa kuti vangave vaive vanhu vekutanga kuwana nzira yekushandura latex yemuti werabha kuita chinhu chingave. yakaumbwa, yakaporeswa uye yakaoma.
Tsika yeOlmec haina kugadzira hurongwa hwekunyora huchagara, kunze kwemamwe maglyphs akavezwa, zviratidzo zvishoma zvakapona kusvika nhasi, saka hatizivi kuti zita ripi ravakapa ivo pachavo. Nekudaro, ivo vakawanikwa pakati pekutanga uye ekare akarongeka uye akaomarara nzanga muMesoamerica, achipesvedzera akawanda akazotevera budiriro, seMaya.
Humbowo hwekuchera matongo hunoratidza kuti vaiita mutambo webhora wakakurumbira, uyo wakazogamuchirwa nedzimwe tsika dzepamberi peColumbian, wakavezwa padombo, sezvakaita misoro mikuru yedombo rinoputika, rinozivikanwa sebasalt, uye zvinofungidzirwa kuti ivo. aiitawo tsika dzokuteura ropa.
Olmec budiriro matanho
Iko kushanduka kwetsika yeOlmec yakakamurwa kuita matanho matatu, ayo anoreva nzvimbo yekuvapo kukuru uye pesvedzero, izvi ndezvi:
- San Lorenzo: inozivikanwa senzvimbo yekutanga uko iyo Olmec yekugara uye dura yaive yakakosha, sezvo yekutanga samples dzetsika nehunhu hwetsika iyi dzakawanikwa.
- La Venta: nzvimbo iyi inozvarwa uye inobudirira kubva kune dzakasiyana siyana mafambiro uye nekusvika kwevakapona kubva pakati peSan Lorenzo. Vazhinji vevatsvagiri vanosimbisa kuti La Venta ndiyo yaive nzvimbo yakakosha yebudiriro yeMesoamerican.
- Tres Zapotes: yaive yekupedzisira kugadzirisa kukuru kweOlmecs uye inoonekwa seyakanyanya kukosha pavatatu, zvisinei yakapa data rakakodzera padanho rekuderera kwetsika iyi, mukati memakore ekupedzisira ekuvapo.
Kuguma kweOlmecs
Huwandu hweOlmec hwakadonha zvakanyanya pakati pe400 ne350 BC, kunyangwe chikonzero chaicho chisina kutaurwa.
Vanochera matongo vanofungidzira kuti kubviswa kwevanhu kwakakonzerwa nekusiyana kwezvakatipoteredza, zvakanyanya zvekuti vakamanikidzwa kufamba, semuenzaniso sedimentation yenzira dzemvura, izvo zvakakanganisa uye zvakanyanya kukanganisa kupihwa kweiyo sosi.
Imwe dzidziso yekudonha kwehuwandu hwevanhu inokurudzira kutamiswa kwenzvimbo dzekugara nekuda kwekuwedzera kwekuputika kwemakomo sechikonzero kwete kutsakatika.
Kuputika kwemakomo mukati meNguva dzeKutanga, Kunonoka, uye Kwekupedzisira kwakafukidza nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana nemadota, zvichiita kuti vagari veko vachinje misha yavo.
Zvemagariro makirasi
Zvinoenderana nedata rakapihwa nekutsvagisa mumatanho akasiyana ehupenyu hweOlmec, tinowana anotevera makirasi emagariro:
kirasi inotonga
Sezvakaita mutsika dzakawanda munhoroondo yose, boka rinotonga, iro rinozivikanwawo sevakuru, rakanga rakaumbwa neboka duku revanhu vaifarira ropafadzo uye kunyaradza kwevanhu veOlmec.
Kirasi iyi yaiumbwa nemauto nemapoka ezvitendero uye mune dzimwe nguva, zvichienderana neguta, vatengesi nemhizha. Sezvatakamboratidza, kusavapo kwezvinyorwa zvinoreva tsika iyi kunoita kuti zviome kutsanangura chaizvo izvo makirasi akasiyana emagariro uye vatongi veOlmec vaive vakaita.
Kunyange zvazvo vatsvakurudzi vachisimbisa kuti chitendero chaiva nehuremu hwakawanda uye simba murudzi urwu rwetsika, saka boka repamusoro uye rinotonga raibatanidzwa nechinhu ichi chehupenyu hwavo.
Zviri pachena kuti vanokudzwa kana kuti boka rinotonga ndivo vaitarisira kutarisira uye kutarisira zvirimwa, mvura, matsime ezvigadzirwa zvekuvaka, pakati pezvimwe, vachizvichengeta sevakuru vehurumende vaitonga izvo zvaigadzirwa nevamwe.
Pane fungidziro yekuti aya makirasi epamusoro aive mhuri dzakawana ivhu repamusoro uye dzakamisa mapurazi akanakisa, dziine simba guru pane mamwe mapoka. Vane simba iroro, vakava vatongi navaprista, mapoka anorangarirwa kuva mamwe chetewo, sezvo boka ravaprista rakava mashaman kana kuti madzimambo avapristi.
Zviumbwa izvi zvaibatanidzwa nevamwari, saka zvaiva nemasimba makuru uye mabasa enzanga aitenderera pazviri. Zvaaitenda zvakatsigira simba raifungidzirwa reshaman, nokuti ndiwo magadzirirwo aakaitwa.
Kirasi yepasi kana yepasi
Zviripachena kuti boka rinounza pamwe chete nhamba hurusa yevanhu vanhuwo zvavo kana kuti vaya vari pasi pemapoka makuru, kazhinji kacho avo vakaita basa rakaoma nezviitwa zvinokosha kuti nzanga idzi dzirarame, asi vasina kunakidzwa neropafadzo.
Aya mapoka aionekwa sevanhuwo zvavo, sezvo vakanga vasina ukama nevamwari kusiyana nevakuru, naizvozvo, basa ravo rakanga rakaoma zvikuru, mabasa akadai sekurima, kuvaka, ndiwo ainyanyozivikanwa nevanhuwo zvavo.
Sezvo ruzhinji rweOlmec rwaive kutungamira zviitiko zvine chekuita nekurima, iyi ndiyo inonyanya kukosha hupfumi hwevanhu uye iyo yakavimbisa chikafu chavo, ivhu nezvirongwa zvakakamurwa pakati pemapoka akasiyana emagariro, akaraira chigadzirwa cheavo. zvirimwa kune veboka rinotonga.
Sangano remagariro nezvematongerwo enyika
Kusiyana nedzimwe tsika dzeMesoamerican, zvishoma zvinozivikanwa nezvesangano rezvemagariro eOlmecs uye nekudaro hapana nezve hupenyu hwezvematongerwo enyika munharaunda ino.
Kunyangwe paine mashoma mashoma akasiiwa nebudiriro iyi panhau iyi, zvinofungidzirwa kuti misoro yebasalt yakakura uye zvimwe zvivezwa zvakakura zvinomiririra vatungamiriri nevatongi, hapana kumwe kunobva ruzivo senge Mayan stelae, inotaura nezvevatongi uye nevatongi. nguva dzekutonga kwavo.
Zvisinei, vamwe vanochera matongo vanosimbisa kuti dhiyabhorosi yakapiwa nezvidzidzo zvenzvimbo chaidzo dzinoratidza kuti sangano revanhu reOlmec rakanga riri pakati, nevakuru vaigona kushandisa simba pamusoro pezviwanikwa zvakaita semvura uye rudzi rwedombo guru rekushandisa kuraira uye kubvumidza hurumende yake.
Kune rumwe rutivi, zvinofungidzirwa kuti sangano reOlmec harina akawanda emasangano uye nhamba dzemazuva ekupedzisira, zvakadai semauto akamira, vapristi vakuru, nezvimwewo.
Zvidzidzo zvekugara zvakaita seSierra de los Tuxtlas zvinoratidza kuti nzvimbo iyi yakaumbwa nevanhu vakawanda kana vashoma vakaenzana kunze kwekutonga kwenzvimbo huru dzepasi. Dzimba dzega dzega dzaive nerudzi rweshedhi, chimwe chinhu chakaita sepakapaka diki negomba rekuchengetera midzi yemuriwo pedyo nepamba.
Vangangove zvakare vaive nemagadheni umo maOlmecs akarima miti yemishonga uye mamwe marudzi ezvirimwa zvakaita semaringazuva.
Iko hakuna zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa zvebasa rekutengeserana, zvitendero kana tsika kana sangano rezvemagariro eOlmecs, asi maererano nehumbowo hwezvokuchera matongo, ruzivo rwuri kubatwa ikozvino runosimbiswa.
sangano rehupfumi
Mamwe data anoratidza kuti akange asina kuganhurirwa mune zvehupfumi, sezvo Olmec artifacts akawanikwa muMesoamerica yese, zvichiratidza kuti kwaive nemigwagwa yekutengeserana yepakati-regional.
Kutengeserana kwakabvumira maOlmec kuvaka dzimba dzavo dzemaguta. Kazhinji zvaiitirwa mitambo uye mabasa evakuru, sezvo vakawanda vevanhuwo zvavo vaigara mumataundi maduku.
Nguva yeOlmec yaive nebasa rakakura rekutengesa, rine nzira dzakasiyana dzekutengeserana, dzimwe dziri kure kure nenzvimbo dzavanogara, mukuwedzera kune zvakasiyana siyana zvezvinhu uye zvinhu zvinotengeswa.
Kuvapo kwezvidimbu zvakagadzirwa nejade, obsidian uye mamwe matombo anokosha-anokosha anopa humbowo hwekutengeserana nemapoka uye vanhu vari kunze kwemhenderekedzo yeGulf yeMexico, sezvo zvose jade uye obsidian zvakabva kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzenharaunda.
Nekudaro, zvekurima ndicho chaiva chiitiko chikuru chehupfumi chenharaunda yeOlmec uye chaiwanzoitika kunze kwemataundi, muminda yakacheneswa. Varimi vekutanga veOlmec vakashandisa nzira dzakadai sekucheka uye kupisa kubvisa ivhu, kudyara chibage nemimwe michina pakati pemadota, dambudziko raiva rokuti nzira iyi yakaderedza ivhu mushure memakore mashomanana.
Varimi vakabva vachinja minda, nokudaro vachidzokorora kutenderera, zvichizokanganisa ivhu rakaorera riri pedyo. Zvinhu zvakadai sechibage, bhinzi, squash, mufarinya, mbambaira, nedonje zvimwe zvairimwa.
Tinokukoka iwe kuti utarise mamwe malink pane yedu blog angave anonakidza:
- Social Organisation yeZapotecs
- Sangano rezvematongerwo enyika reAztec
- Social Organisation yeTeotihuacanos