Zvizhinji zvaiva zvivakwa zvakatsanangura humwe hweumambo hukuru hwezvizvarwa zveAmerica, maIncas, izvi zvakavambwa kare vasati vasvika vaSpain. Muchinyorwa chino, tinokukoka iwe kuti udzidze zvakawanda nezve zvinoshamisa zvimiro zve Inca architecture, maitiro ayo nezvimwe.
Inca architecture
Inca architecture inozivikanwa sechimiro chekuvaka chaivepo panguva yesimba reInca, kunyanya kubva panguva yekutonga kwePachacutec Inca Yupanqui kusvika panguva yekusvika kweSpanish pakati pemakore 1438 ne1533. Chivakwa chakaiswa panguva ye tsika iyi, inocherechedzwa nekureruka kwezvimiro zvayo, kusimba kwayo, kuenzana kwayo uye kutsvaga kuvimbisa kuti zvivakwa zvayo zvinowiriranisa nzvimbo; Kusiyana nenharaunda dzemumhenderekedzo yegungwa dzakaita seChimú, maIncas akashandisa kushongedza chaiko.
Chinhu chakakosha chakabatwa nevavaki veInca chaive dombo, munheyo dzakareruka chakaiswa pasina kuchekwa asi kwete mune dzakaoma uye dzakakosha. Idzi nyanzvi dzezvivakwa zveInca dzakakwenenzverwa uye dzakakwenenzverwa nzira dzekumisa madziro akakura, ma mosaic chaiwo akagadzirwa nematombo akavezwa edombo anonyatsokwana, pasina pini inokwanisa kupfuura pakati pawo.
Kazhinji mabhuroko aya aive akakura zvekuti zvakaoma kufungidzira nzvimbo yavo, mienzaniso yakanakisa yekugona uku ichiwanikwa mudunhu reCuzco. Isu tinoziva kuti vavezi vematombo vakanyanya kunaka vaibva kuCollas yeAltiplano, vakati wandei vakaunzwa kuCuzco kuzoshandira nyika. Saizvozvowo, iyo Inca yekuvakisa inozivikanwa nekubudirira kwayo kunoshamisa uye kukwana kwezvirongwa zvenguva iri mubvunzo.
Kuongorora uye Zvidzidzo
Zvinoenderana nekuferefetwa kwemuAmerican archaeologist John Howland Rowe muguta guru reInca Kingdom kana Tahuantinsuyo, vakaziva kuti yekutanga block yeInca Architecture yaive rectangular floor room, yakavakirwa nedombo kana zvidhinha, ine masonry yakanatswa; Dzakawanda dzenzvimbo idzi dzaive dzakatenderedza tara kana nzvimbo yakavhurika yakakomberedzwa nemadziro, ichitsanangura iyo shoma Inca yekuvakisa unit: iyo patio. Iwo maInca makoloni airatidzwawo nehurongwa hwavo hwe orthogonal.
Iyo nyanzvi yevaInca vagadziri vakaveza mabasa avo akanakisa mudombo, vakavaka nzvimbo dzisingafi dzizere nehupenyu nekuyemura kwakadzama uye kuyemura hunhu hwakavakomba uye nekuvagamuchira. Iyo chaiyo Inca nzira yekupa chimiro uye muviri kudombo yakanakisa, mhando dzemhando dzinoshandiswa dzinosanganisa nzvimbo nehunyanzvi hwekuvaka, zvichikonzera kuwirirana munharaunda.
Nyanzvi dzakadana maitiro akabudikira edombo guru richisunda kubva kumiganhu yaro kana kumucheto mukati, sekunge huremu hwemadziro huri kumanikidza dombo. Kare muna 1802, mufambi anocherekedza uye anocherekedza anofarira saVon Humboldt, achiongorora Sierra del Ecuador neSierra Norte del Perú, akatsanangura mavakirwo eInca nehunhu hutatu: kusimba, kureruka, uye kuenzanisa.
Hunhu hwemagadzirirwo ayo
Tevere, isu tinotsanangura hunhu hukuru hwaisanganisira mabasa uye zvivakwa zveInca Empire, izvi ndezvi:
Nyore
Zvivakwa zveInca hazvina zvishongo zvemaoresa kana shongedzo. Kuveza, kushongedza, kukwira kwepamusoro kana kwakaderera hakuna kushandiswa zvakanyanya kana kushongedza. Uku kuenzanisa kunoratidzwawo mukurongeka kwenzvimbo mukati menzvimbo tsvene, kusanganisira mumusha wamambo weInca.
Pasinei nekureruka uku, kuferefetwa kweSpanishi uye/kana zvinyorwa zvinosimbisa chishongo chakasarudzika muCoricancha uko kuwedzeredzwa uye kuvezwa kwegoridhe kunosimbiswa; sezviri pachena, temberi iyi ndiyo chete yaizova nemhando iyi yekushongedza.
Kugadzikana
Vaishandisa matombo makuru pasina chikonzero chekushandisa dhaka; matombo akashandiswa nenzira yekuti anobatana, muenzaniso wekuvakwa uku unowanikwa mutemberi yeSacsayhuamán.
Kudzokororwa kweTrapezoidal Shapes kana Symmetry
Zvikamu zvezvivakwa zvavo zvaive zvakaenzana maererano neaxis yavo. Muchirongwa, symmetry inonetsa kukoshesa sezvo nzvimbo dzichipindirana, kunyangwe dzichiwanzo sangana pa vertex kana mune dzimwe nguva, mukamuri huru.
monumentality
Kuva nehukuru hwakakura. Matombo, aive akakura, akabatsirawo zvivakwa kuti zvive kureba, izvi zvinogona kuonekwa munzvimbo dzakawanda muguta reCuzco, rine monoliths yematombo makuru; izvi zvaive nekugadzirisa kune nzvimbo uye maitiro enzvimbo yenharaunda. VaInca vaidawo kuratidza kuti vaigona kuita chero zvavaida nedombo, saka vakaita rimwe remabasa avo akanakisisa: sedombo rine makona gumi nemaviri.
Zvinhu
Zvizhinji zvezvinhu zvakashandiswa mukuvakwa kweInca architecture hazvina hanya neCuzco chete; maererano nenhoroondo uye anthropological masosi, mazhinji mabasa eInca aive nezvinhu zvekune dzimwe nyika, kunyanya dombo kana zvidhinha zvevhu.
Mhando dzeCkuvaka
Iwo marudzi ezvivakwa kana mabasa ekuvaka eInca, aya anotsanangurwa zvichienderana nekuti madziro nemadziro ezvivakwa izvi zvakavakwa sei. Tevere, iwo 4 marudzi ezvivakwa aivepo:
cyclopean
Aya marudzi ezvivakwa anogadzirwa nematombo makuru pasina kushandisa dhaka. Vamwe vanochera matongo vanodanawo rudzi urwu rwemabasa megalithic mabasa, uye aya anosiyaniswa kubva kune avo vane chikuva chinogona kuva chakanyanya kana kushoma polygonal kana cyclopean pachayo; kwete iwo megalithic. Izvi zvinogona kuoneka pamadziro eCuzco uye zviyeuchidzo zvekuvigwa muchimiro chechikwere, denderedzwa uye zvishoma conical shongwe, inonzi chulpas.
Rustic
Mukuvaka kwerustic, zvivakwa zvinotsvakwa mukuwirirana nenzvimbo yazvo yechisikigo; raiwanzoshandiswa mumabasa echivanhu. Iwo anowanzo shanda mabasa anodzivirira nehana pfungwa dzechinyakare senge symmetry uye kugara. Zvinhu zvakakosha zvekuvaka matanda ekuzvarwa, kunyanya mumhando yematanda akaoma, uye dombo rechisikigo.
cellular
Rudzi urwu rwekuvaka runoratidzwa nemadziro uye madziro, akaumbwa ane chimiro chakafanana neicho cheuchi; munyaya iyi, matombo akanga akavezwa muchimiro chepentagoni.
Imperial
Iyo inoratidzirwa neakaomesesa lacework yemakona asina kujairika ayo akashandiswa nematombo asina kuumbwa asina kuumbwa, asi achiwana kukwana kwakakwana. Matombo ese akachekwa anoenderana neimwe neimwe neinoshamisa millimeter nemazvo uye anounganidzwa nekugadzikana kwakasimba zvekuti hapana dhaka raidiwa pakuvaka kwawo.
Mhando dzeZvivakwa zvinoenderana nechinangwa chavo
Iyo Inca Empire, yakaita marudzi ezvivakwa ataurwa pamusoro, angave ekuvaka mabasa ehurumende neechiuto, pazasi tsananguro yavo:
Civil
Kufananidzirwa nezvivakwa zvedzimba munharaunda idzi kana ayllus, zvakare dzimba dzevakuru veInca vepamusoro vakaraira kuvaka panguva yavo yekuda kuCuzco.
Vemauto
Zvivakwa zvakatsaurirwa kudzivirira nzvimbo dzeInca, zvakashandiswawo sepokugara uye nzvimbo yekurwisa, senge mauto kana yechitendero Inca fortification iri 2 km kubva kuchamhembe kweguta reCuzco, iyo yakatanga kuvakwa pasi pesimba re Pachacútec, muzana ramakore rechigumi neshanu; zvisinei, aive Huayna Cápac uyo akapedza kubata kwayo kwekupedzisira muzana ramakore regumi neshanu, pamwe chete neOllantaytambo fort uye, sekureva kwevanyori vakati wandei, iyo nhare yakasimba yeMachu Picchu.
Inca architectural mafomu
Tevere, iwo akajairika mafomu ekuvaka akavakwa panguva yese yeInca empire achatsanangurwa, aya anotevera:
kancha
Iyi ndiyo yainyanyozivikanwa unit of architectural structure, yaive yakavakirwa pa quadrangular fenzi iyo yaigara matatu kana kupfuura quadrangular zvivakwa zvakarongwa symmetrically kutenderedza nzvimbo yepakati kana patio. Izvi zvaiwanzofukidza zvikumbiro zvakasiyana sezvavaigadzira hwaro hwedzimba nematemberi; saizvozvowo, akati wandei aikwanisa kuungana kuti agadzire mabhuroko eInca.
Chiratidziro chekupfuura kweaya maumbirwo ezvivakwa muInca architecture ndiyo metropolis yeCuzco, ine nzvimbo yepakati yakaumbwa nekancha mbiri dzakakura, dzine Tembere yeZuva (Coricancha) nedzimba dzeInca. Mhando dzekancha dzinotarisirwa zvakanyanya nekufamba kwenguva dzinowanikwa muOllantaytambo, nzvimbo yeInca iri kumahombekombe eRwizi rweUrubamba.
kallanka
Dzaive nzvimbo dzakakura dzine quadrangular dzinosvika 70 metres kureba, yakabatanidzwa zvakanyanya neakakosha muzinda wehurumende; Iyi migove, yairatidzirwa sematura maererano nenzvero nezvinyorwa, kazhinji kazhinji yakanga ine mikova yakawanda, niche uye yokupfurira, uye yakafukidzwa namatenga akavharwa. Idi rokuti iwo ari pedyo nemativi makuru anoratidza kuti akanga ane chokuita nemitambo yechitendero, pamwe chete nokugamuchira vanhu vakasiyana-siyana, zvikurukuru vatariri kana kuti vakuru vakuru mumaruwa.
ushnu
Yakadimburirwa uye yakasimudzwa piramidhi chimiro, chakagadzirirwa kubva kumusoro kweanoverengeka rectangular mapuratifomu; iripo munzvimbo dzekutonga dzeHurumende. Kusvika kuchikamu chepamusoro chechivako ichi kwaive kuburikidza nemasitepisi epakati; basa rayo rakanga riri rokushanda sechikuva. Kubva pakukura kwayo, Inca kana kuti mumiriri wake aiita mhemberero dzechitendero uye kuungana kwemhuri.
Tambo
Imba dzevaenzi dzakasimudzwa mumigwagwa mikuru yeTahuantinsuyo, inozivikanwawo seimba yekudyira kana yevaenzi inoratidzwa muzvinyorwa zvenhoroondo. Dzakanga dziri zvivako zvakapfava zvine kamuri rimwe kana kuti anopfuura, ayo aigarogarwa navafambi senzvimbo dzokuzororera; Vaisanganisira nzvimbo dzekugovera zvinhu zvinodiwa kuti vatsigire vafambi.
acllahuasi
Yakazivikanwa naGarcilaso se "Imba Yevasanangurwa", inobata zvivakwa zvekugara zveAcllas, yaive ungano yevakadzi nyanzvi mumabasa ekugadzira, kunyanya mumicheka nekugadzirwa kweshisha, uye vakatumwa kunopa basa remaoko. kuumambo. Izvi zvivakwa zvakakanganiswa nekukanganisa zvinyorwa zvenhoroondo nemamongi echiKristu, zvaive munzvimbo dzese dzedunhu reTahuantinsuyo.
Architectural Constructions
Panguva ino, zvivakwa zvakakosha zvekuvaka zvakavakwa neInca Empire zvichange zvichiratidzwa zvichienderana nekukosha kwavo uye chinangwa chavo, chakanyanya kukosha ndeichi:
Cusco Guta
Pamberi penheyo yeCuzco pakanga pane taundi duku rainzi Acamama, rakagadzirwa nematombo maduku uye zvivako zvemashanga, uye ayllus akati wandei aigara imomo. Yakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvina, zvine chekuita nemaitiro ari pamusoro nepasi, kuruboshwe nekurudyi.
Manco Cápac paakatanga guta, raive pakati pemvura yeTullumayo neSaphy nzizi, pachikomo panosangana nzizi mbiri. Guta iri rakava chigaro chezvematongerwo enyika uye chechitendero chehurumende yeInca, uye nekufamba kwenguva nzira itsva dzekuparadzanisa nzvimbo yacho dzaifanira kuitwa.
Monumental Cusco
Kwemakore akawanda guta iri rakasarudza kuva rakapfava zvikuru. Zvisinei, mushure mekurwisana nevaChancas akashungurudzika zvikuru; Ndokusaka Pachacútec akarayira kuvakwa kweguta guru iro vaSpain vakawana nokushamiswa.
Cuzco raive guta rizere nedzimba dzehumambo uye mapati makuru akakomberedzwa nemadziro ane mukova mumwe chete, kwaigara madzishe akakosha. Airatidzika kuva akarongeka zvikuru, migwagwa yake yakanga yakagadzirwa nematombo ematombo uye ine pombi dzemvura; Nzvimbo mbiri huru dzakamira mairi, dzakaparadzaniswa chete nerukova rweSaphy: Huacaypata neCusipata. Mune yekutanga, tsika dzakanyanya kukosha nemitambo yakaitwa. Zvezvivakwa zvakaomesesa muCuzco nenzvimbo dzakapoteredza tine:
- Iyo Fort yeSacsayhuaman
- pisac
- ollantaytambo
- Coricancha
- quenqo
- Machu Picchu (nezvenguva yeumambo).
Guta racho rakawana mukurumbira mukuru semuzinda worudzidziso, pamwe chete nokuva muzinda wezvamatongerwe enyika woumambo hwacho. Mumwe nemumwe wevaIkashakabvu aive neimba yake imomo, aine midziyo yake yese mukati kusanganisira vashandi nevakadzi vavo.
Zvinonzi chirongwa cheCuzco chaiva nemufananidzo wepuma uye musoro wayo wakafananidzirwa neSacsayhuamán, rusvingo rwakarongwa naPachacútec, uye kuti nzvimbo yeHuacaypata yaizoramba iri pakati pemakumbo emhuka yacho.
Cuzco: Chiratidzo cheTahuantinsuyo
Munyori wezvakaitika kare wePeru, Franklin Pease García Yrigoyen, akataura kuti vamwe vanyori vezvakaitika kare vakasimbisa zvinoreva Cuzco sechigaro uye mavambo enyika yeIncas; iro guta pacharo rairemekedzwa uye rinoratidzwa kuti raive chiratidzo cheTahuantinsuyo yese. Izvi zvaizotsanangura kudzokororwa kwekufananidzira kwechimiro cheguta muInca administrative centers. Mumwe munyori wenhau dzakaitika akatotaura kuti ani naani akabva kuCuzco anofanira kuremekedzwa nomunhu upi noupi aienda kwaari, sezvo akanga amboonana neguta dzvene.
Provincial Administrative Centers
Sezvo Tahuantinsuyo yakawedzera, nzvimbo dzepurovhinzi dzakavakwa kubva panguva iyo mapurovhinzi akasiyana-siyana aitongwa. Kuronga kwehurumende kwaibatanidza kushandiswa kwemarudzi evhu ayo aireva chinhu chiri chose kubvira pamipata yose kusvikira kuchivako kusati kwatanga. Pamhenderekedzo yegungwa, ibwe raiwanzotsiviwa nevhu kana madziro evhu. Pakati pemhando idzi dzezvivakwa tine:
Tambo Colorado
Yakanga iri imwe yenzvimbo dzakakosha dzakavakwa neInca munzvimbo yemahombekombe; iyi ihomwe yezvivakwa zvakagadzirwa kubva mumatope uye madziro evhu, kunyangwe mune dzimwe nzvimbo ine yakashongedzwa senge yakare, magonhi uye niches ane trapezoidal chimiro chakafanana neIncas.
Iyo inozivikanwa seTambo Colorado nekuda kweruvara dzvuku, iyo inogona kuonekwa pamadziro ayo, kunyange zvazvo mamwe madziro ane mimvuri yeyero nemichena anoramba aripo. Zvivakwa zvakawanda zvinotenderera zvakatenderedza trapezoidal plaza, kusanganisira matura, dzimba, uye chivakwa chikuru chinozivikanwa senhare.
Huanuco Pampa
Iyo inozivikanwawo seHuánuco Viejo, inzvimbo yakakosha zvikuru inopfuura 2 km² (square kilometers) iri pane esplanade pa4000 m (mamita) kumusoro; wakamiswa ipapo nokuti wairatidza pakati pomugwagwa mukuru uri pakati peCuzco neTomebamba.
Pakuganhura nzvimbo iyi pakanga paine sikweya hombe ine ushnu kana kugovera umo mune boka rekugara, zvikamu zvina zvakasiyana zvakasiyaniswa: chimwe chedzimba dzekuchengetera zvinhu kumaodzanyemba, chimwe chemicheka kuchamhembe, chimwe chezvivakwawo zvavo kumadokero. , uye imwe yekugara kwemutongi weInca panguva yekushanya kwake kunzvimbo iyi. Kazhinji, zvinotendwa kuti kune zvivakwa zve4.000 zvakatsaurirwa kumauto, echitendero uye ekutonga mabasa.
Tomebamba
Túpac Yupanqui akatanga kuvakwa kwenzvimbo iyi yekutonga, kubva uko kukundwa kweCanary Islands kwakasimbiswa uye muganhu wekuchamhembe weTahuantinsuyo wakadzorwa; kukosha kwaro kwakakura nokukurumidza zvokuti rakava guta rechipiri rinokosha zvikuru muumambo hwacho.
Cajamarca
Nzvimbo yakakosha kubva kuInca Atahualpa yakatorwa ipapo, zvichiratidza kutanga kwekuderera kwehumambo. Panguva iyoyo rakanga riri guta guru kwazvo rine mativi mana akaenzana. Tembere yeZuva, Inca Palace neAcllawasi yakaburitsazve chimiro chakachena cheCuzco. Zvinonzi muvambi weguta aive Túpac Yupanqui. Dzimwe nzvimbo dzeInca dzekutonga uye dzechitendero kunze kweCusco dzaive: Samaipata, Incallajta, Tilcara, pakati pevamwe.
Kuvaka Hunhu Hwechitendero
Yakanga iri muzinda wekutonga uye wechitendero wakatangwa mushure mekukombwa kweChancas nePocras nemaInca. Inowanikwa mudunhu reVilcashuamán, mudunhu reAyacucho pamamita 3490 pamusoro pegungwa; Maererano nevamwe vanyori vezvakaitika kare, Vilcashuamán inofanira kunge yaigara vanhu vanenge 40.000 XNUMX.
Guta racho rakanga riri munzvimbo huru zvikuru umo miitiro nezvibayiro yaiitwa, pedyo pane zvivako zviviri zvinokosha zvikuru: Tembere yeZuva noMwedzi, uye Ushnu. Ushnu ine nhurikidzwa ina truncated terraced pyramid, iyo inosvikwa nepamusuwo wepashure-kaviri, hunhu hwenzvimbo dzakanyanya kukosha; pachikuva chayo chepamusoro pane dombo guru rakavezwa rakasarudzika rinozivikanwa sekugara kweInca uye rinonzi rakambofukidzwa negoridhe.
Coricancha
Yakanga iri nzvimbo tsvene yeCuzco mushure mehondo neChancas, Pachacútec akatanga kuigadzirisa, achiisa goridhe nesirivha yakawanda ipapo, zvekuti Inti cancha (nzvimbo yezuva) yakave yakasarudzika seCoricancha (nzvimbo yegoridhe) . Pachacútec akaisa zuva (Inti), mwari wavaInca veCuzco munzvimbo huru. Tembere iyi ndeimwe yemienzaniso yakanaka kwazvo yeInca architecture, madziro ayo akakombama anomira kunze nekukwana kunoyemurika; Parizvino, Convent yeSanto Domingo inomira pamasara emadziro eInca.
Mauto uye Zvivako zvekurangarira
Pakati pezvivakwa zvinonyanya kukosha zvechiuto uye chiyeuchidzo chakatangwa panguva yekutonga kweInca, ndezvinotevera:
inka huasi
Inowanikwa mumupata weLunahuaná, padyo neSan Vicente de Cañete. Munharaunda iyi maive necuracazgo yaizivikanwa seGuarco, iyo yakakundwa nemaIncas mushure memakore mana ekuramba. Maererano negamuchidzanwa, Túpac Yupanqui akasarudza kudana iyi muzinda mukuru wehurumende Cuzco, zita reguta guru roumambo hwacho uye aida kuti migwagwa yaro nezvikwere zvive nemazita mamwe chetewo neaya anowanika imomo.
MuInca Huasi, nzvimbo ye quadripartite yenzvimbo yacho yakamiririrwa; Iyi yekare Inca Huasi complex, iyo inonyorwa muchiSpanish se "Casa del Inca", iri pamakiromita 29,5 emugwagwa mukuru weCañete-Lunahuaná.
Mikoto nemapavilions mukati meTembere yeZuva, yaivewo nzvimbo yekunamatira, zvibayiro nekucherechedza mamiriro ekunze; saizvozvowo, muchikamu cheiyi yakaoma yakatsaurirwa kuTemberi yeZuva, tinogona kuona kuti makamuri ane cylindrical columns, pane kunyange yakavharirwa iyo imwe yeiyi makoramu chikamu chemadziro. Sezviri pachena aya makoramu aive chikamu cheIntihuatana (Inca sundial).
Sacsayhuaman
Pachikomo chakatarisana neCuzco munzvimbo yekuchamhembe pane nzvimbo yechitendero yeSacsayhuamán, iyoyi inoumbwa nenhurikidzwa nhatu dzakashambidzika dzine rusvingo rukuru rwakakombama, umo makanga mune shongwe nhatu; madziro akagadzirwa nekubatanidza matombo ematombo anoshamisa, mamwe achiyera 9 m × 5 m × 4 m.
Munyori wenhoroondo wePeruvia María Rostworowski Tovar anobvunza kana Sacsayhuaman yakanga iri nhare yemauto yakashandiswa kudzivirira Cuzco, sezvo mishumo yokupinda kweChanca ichiratidza kuti vakapinda muguta zviri nyore vasina kutarisana nokudzivisa kukuru kwehondo.
Uyezve, nekuwedzera kweTahuantinsuyo Empire pakanga pasina njodzi yekurwiswa kweCuzco. Rostworowski anodavira kuti chakanga chiri chiyeuchidzo chokukunda pamusoro peChancas, uye kuti hondo dzetsika dzakarwiwa imomo mukati memhemberero; Zvaibatsirawo zvikuru maInca kuti vakwanise kuzvidzivirira pamauto ehondo edzimwe nyika.
elite architecture
Pamagadzirirwo ezvivakwa akavakwa neInca Empire, pane zvakanyanya zviratidzo zvinoratidzwa nekunaka kwavo, pakati pavo ndezvi:
incallajta
Pocona Incallajta (kubva kuQuechua Inka Llaqta, Inca guta), inozivikanwawo seInkallajta, ndiyo imwe yenzvimbo dzakakosha dzekuchera matongo muBolivia. Yaiva yakanyanya kudarika Inca "llajta" yeCollasuyo, imwe yechina yeTahuantinsuyo, kuvakwa kwayo kune imwe nguva panguva yekupedzisira yezana remakore re XV; Parizvino ndiyo inonyanya kukosha nhaka yeInca mudunhu reBolivia uye iri panzvimbo yakakwirira ye2950 metres pamusoro pegungwa.
Guta rakavakwa naTupac Yupanqui uye rakadzorerwa naHuayna Cápac, achishanyira Cochabamba, Pocona uye mwoyo weBolivia. Yakanga iri nhare yemauto, yezvematongerwo enyika, yekutonga uye yechitendero yeInca simba kana Tahuantinsuyo, yaivewo muganho wenzvimbo yehumambo hweInca vachipesana nekupinda kweChiriguanos.
Iyo yekare yakaoma ine nzvimbo inosvika 80 mahekita, inovakwa nenzvimbo huru uye zvivanze zvakakomberedzwa nemadziro uye zvivakwa zvine magonhi anovhurika panzvimbo dzakavhurika; iyo inonyanya kukosha nzvimbo tsvene kana Kallanka, inoyera 78 × 25 metres uye yakareba mamita gumi nemaviri, rusvingo rwayo ndirwo rwakanyanya uye chimiro chechimiro ichi, ine pediment ine 12 niches, 10 mahwindo uye terracotta kupera, inotonga nzvimbo yepakati. zvesaiti.
Iri mune ejection koni muHuayco fortification, mupata usingasvikiki. Inoshandisa nzvimbo dzisina nzvimbo, zvikwata zvekugadzira hazvitauri kune mumwe nemumwe; trapezoidal shapes inocherechedzwa, sezvo chimiro chejometri yematongo aya ndiyo trapezoid; "La Cancha" kana patio, ingano ine mabasa akawanda; uye kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvekutanga zvekuvaka: dombo, dhaka jira.
Matenga "akasununguka", hapana musangano wematenga, ndicho chikonzero matenga avo anodaidzwa kuti ashandise denga remahara, kugoverwa kwematanda kunogadzirwa nematanda.
ollantaytambo
Ollantaytambo kana Ullantay Tampu chimwe chivakwa chinoshamisa cheInca architecture, uye iInca metropolis muPeru iyo ichiri kugarwa. Mhuri dzedzinza dzedzimba dzepamusoro dzeCuzco dzinogara munzvimbo dzavanogara, mukuwedzera kune nzvimbo dzepakati uye dzakajairika dzinotsigira mavakirwo avo eInca; Guta iri raive remauto, rechitendero, maneja uye agronomist complex.
Kupinda kuri nepamusuwo unonzi Punku-punku. Ollantaytambo iri munzvimbo inocherechedzwa neyakafanana qualifier mudunhu reUrubamba, anenge makiromita makumi matanhatu kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweCuzco metropolis uye ine kukwirira kwemamita 60 pamusoro pegungwa. Inowanikwa 2.792 metres pazasi peCuzco, inofarira mamiriro ekunze anodziya uye nzvimbo dzakaorera, idzo maIncas akatora mukana wekuwedzera huwandu hwevanhu uye akakosha matemo ekurima.
Mupata uyu wakakomberedzwa nemakomo ane mawere anoita kuti unzwe kunge uri kumwe kwakakosha, asi hey izvo hazvisi zvitsva, unogona kufema paunongopinda.
Pisac
Pisac, inozivikanwawo sePisaq, iri makiromita makumi matatu nematatu kubva kuguta reCuzco. Nzvimbo yayo yekare ndeimwe yeakanyanya kukosha muMupata Unoyera weInca. Iyo Inca dhizaini yePísac yakavhenganiswa, inomisikidzwa pamatombo ekuzvarwa naViceroy Francisco de Toledo.
Kunaka kwemadziro ayo akavakwa, ane matombo makuru akapfaviswa nekukura kunoshamisa uye kushandiswa kunoshamisa kwedombo, kunosiya muenzi avhiringidzika. Mumahombekombe eWillkamayu, mwari worwizi runoyera unofamba nomumateru ematombo ane mihoronga achideredza hasha dzawo, mitsetse yechiedza nemumvuri inotangira papuratifomu yakakurumbira yePísac, guta guru remakwari. Guta rengano rakamiswa padombo reblue, rinenge mudenga kuti rione kunaka kwazvo kwemipata yeCusco.
Machu Picchu
Machu Picchu yanga iri yemakore akawanda, imwe yeakanakisa mapuzzle eInca yapfuura. Inowanikwa mazana mashoma emamita pamusoro pemahombekombe ekuruboshwe eVilcanota kana Urubamba rwizi, pamamita 2490 pamusoro pegungwa.
Rutivi rwokutanga runokwevera ngwariro yedu inzvimbo yaro, pamusoro pechikomo chakapoteredzwa nezvinomera uye nesuo rakaoma; kupatsanurwa uku kwakabvumira nzvimbo kuti irambe isina kukuvadzwa kwemazana emakore. Pakutanga, kwaifungwa kuti yaigona kuva Pacaritambo, nzvimbo yokutanga yevaInca, gare gare kwakarangarirwa kuti yakanga iri Vilcabamba, nzvimbo yokuvanda nokuda kwavazukuru vamadzishe eInca. Chiripo ndechekuti kusvika panguva iyoyo pakanga pasina nhau yekuvapo kwesaiti iyi kunyangwe kuburikidza nenyaya.
Nekuda kwekudzidza kwayo, yakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvakasiyana, zvichienderana nediki kana hunyanzvi hunhu hwezvivakwa; izvi zvinogona kuva zvemumaguta, zvekurima, zvechitendero, pakati pezvimwe. Chikamu chekurima chinoenderana neseti yemateru kana mapuratifomu akanyatso kuchinjika kumateru echikomo, uye ayo akapedzwa nemigero. Kune musuwo mukuru wakachengetedzwa nematanda evarindi, pamwe nemadziro anoparadzanisa chikamu chekurima kubva kuguta remaguta; pakati penzvimbo iyi pane nzvimbo huru ine dombo rakareba pakati.
Muchikamu chechitendero, Sanctuary yeMahwindo Matatu uye Intihuatana kana sundial inomira pachena, dombo rine mabasa emuchadenga riri mupiramidhi yakaderedzwa. Kurutivi rwokumabvazuva, kuzasi kwemateru, kune makuva; Kuchera kwakaitwa kwakaunza pachena nhevedzano yamakuva, ruzhinji rwacho rwaiva vakadzi, zvichida boka duku revapristi raigara imomo vakakomberedzwa neboka revakadzi vaizvipira, vainzi mhandara dzezuva.
Urbanism
Kuronga kwemadhorobha muInca architecture yaive yakakosha yekufunga nezveInca architect; migwagwa mikuru inoyambuka maguta pakona, Huánuco Pampa muenzaniso wakanaka. Nzvimbo dzose dzeguta dzakarongwa mukuwirirana nenzvimbo yapakati nedzimba dzayo dzokugara dzeUshnu neHumambo, kazhinji kazhinji dzakatarisana nokubuda kwezuva; Muzhinji, mativi akareba ezvivakwa zveInca aive akaenzana nemaplaza.
Mabhuroko enheyo akanga asina kumbokwana akaenzana, uye aichekwa nenzira nhete, dzine mitsetse dzakagadzirirwa vanofamba netsoka chete. Dzimwe nguva, kunyange guta rose rakanga rine nzira yaro yakarurama yakatangwa, muenzaniso unozivikanwa zvikurusa uri donzo rokuti dhizaini yeCuzco ichagadzira mufananidzo wepuma inoonekwa kubva kumusoro.
Kune vaInca architects, zvaive zvakare zvakapfuura kuisa zvivakwa zvine masuwo uye zvivheneko kuitira kuti nzvimbo nedenga zvizivikanwe nenzira yakanakisa, pamwe nemitumbi uye zviitiko zvemuchadenga, dzimwe nyeredzi kana mambo wezuva muzuva. , semuenzaniso, izvo zvaionekwa kuburikidza nemaberere aya. Iwo masuo ekuvakwa kweInca kazhinji haatarise nharaunda yaakavakirwa.
Kune rumwe rutivi semhedziso yeInca architecture, iyo Inca art in architecture yakaitwa neInca architects uye avawo vaiwanzotsvaga kubatanidza zvivakwa zvavo zvinoenderana nenzvimbo yakapoteredza; Zvichida muenzaniso wakakurumbira weInca architecture nhasi iMachu Picchu, iyo inotevera makona echikomo uye inotobatanidza masikirwo akaita sematombo makuru muzvivakwa zvanhasi.
MuInca civilization, silhouette yedombo rinoera kana chivako dzimwe nguva chaive chakagadzirirwa kutevedzera macontours echisikigo, segomo riri kure; Mimwe mienzaniso yakakurumbira yeInca madziro ekuvaka anobatanidza zvakakwana matombo ari pasi peTambomachay yekuvhima lodge uye inoera nhare yeSacsayhuamán muCuzco.
Nekuda kwekubatanidzwa uku, uko iyo Inca architecture inomira pachena, musanganiswa unopindirana weiyo organic uye geometric yakawanikwa, uye meseji yakajeka yakapihwa kuti sekuti vatongi vanogona kutonga nyaya, vanhu vanogonawo kuremekedza, asi pakupedzisira vanotonga. nature.
Chokwadi chinonakidza
Pachine mibvunzo pamusoro pekuti matombo anonyatsoenderana sei uye aive ane hutano; kupokana uku kunobva pakushaikwa kwezvinyorwa uye ruzivo kubva mudura rekare nezvehunyanzvi uhu. Dzimwe fungidziro dzakaitwa mukati memikana ine musoro: iyo inogoneka zvikuru inoratidza kuti basa rakanga richinonoka zvikuru asi rakanyatsoshanda uye kuti madziro enguva dzose akatangwa nokungwarira uye pazasi mutsara unotevera wepamusoro wakanga wakaoma zvikuru sezvo matombo aifanira kugadziriswa parutivi.
Nemajoini ezasi, iyi kesi inowanzo ratidza kwese kwese muCuzco kuti zviso zvepamusoro zvaive zvakavezwa nekuzvirova zvishoma nezvishoma nematombo ematombo zvinoenderana nechimiro chenzvimbo yepasi. Basa racho rakanga riri nyore pakubata matombo maduku, sezvo aigona kuiswa kana kuti kubviswa kakawanda; asi dambudziko raive rekuasimudza kubva kumacheto nekuti airema mazana ematani.
Mashoko akapoteredza anoratidza kuti vaQuechua vangangodaro vaishandisa zvinhu zvakasikwa kana kuti zvisikwa zvakaitwa nechiedza uye zvichida ivhu. Aya mamodheru aifanira kukopa akatendeka; zvisingakanganisi, kushandiswa kwemaitiro aya kwakabatsira kurerutsa mabasa makuru. Imwe pfungwa inoremekedzwa ndeyekuti vaigona kushandisa imwe nzira yemazuva ano iyo yaisanganisira kutora chiyero uye chimiro chematombo aidiwa (muArchaeological Museum yeCuzco mune ribhoni refu refu yesirivha), saka vakaita kuti basa rakaoma zvikuru rigoneke.
Mazhinji ematombo makuru ari chikamu cheInca madziro anenge agara aine 2 notches muchikamu chepasi chezviso zvavo. Mune zvimwe, tinoona muSacsayhuamán izvi zvakavezwa zvakashandiswa kufambisa kutakura, kusimudza uye kubata kwematombo panguva yekuvaka. Zvizhinji zvezviumbwa izvi zviri mumadziro akapera, asi nokuda kwechimwe chikonzero mamwe matombo achiripo.
Mune zvimwe zviitiko zvinozivikanwa, zvinogona kuonekwa muCoricancha yeCuzco, uko mukati memadziro emadziro ari semicircular, inozivikanwa sedhiramu yezuva, iyo inoratidza kuumbwa kusingawanzoitiki kunopoteredza trapezoidal niche; zviripachena kuti vaive vasina kujaira kubata matombo, asi vaive nebasa rechitendero kana kurasikirwa nechirevo chepfungwa.
Kana wakawana chinyorwa ichi chinonakidza Inca architecture, tinokukoka iwe kuti unakidzwe nezvimwe izvi: