UbuHindu bubona yonke indalo kanye nomsebenzi wayo we-cosmic njengomsebenzi wamandla amathathu ayisisekelo afanekiselwa onkulunkulu abathathu abakha uZiqu-zintathu wamaHindu noma i-"Trimurti" laba: UBrahma umdali, uVishnu umlondolozi kanye noShiva umbhubhisi. Kuleli thuba, sikumema ukuthi wazi konke okuhlobene ne UNkulunkulu Brahma.
UNkulunkulu Brahma, uMdali
Inganekwane yamaHindu ikhuluma noBrahma umazi konke, umthombo wakho konke okukhona, imbangela yazo zonke izinhlobo nezenzakalo, ngamagama ahlukahlukene:
- Uyizwi elithi “Om” – eka aksharam (uhlamvu olulodwa).
- Umdali ongadalwanga ozizalwa nguye, nguSwayambhu.
- Ukubonakaliswa kokuqala komuntu ukhona, i-Ahankara.
- Umbungu okuphuma kuwo indawo yonke, nguHiranya Garbha (umbungu osagolide).
- Ibhola lomlilo.
- Njengoba zonke izidalwa ziyinzalo yakhe, unguPrajapati inkosi yamakhosi.
- UPitamaha ungumbungazi ohamba phambili
- Vidhi umkhokhi.
- ULokesha Ungumbungazi ovelele.
- Viswakarma umakhi womhlaba.
Umsuka kankulunkulu uBrahma
Kukhona ukulandisa okuningi ngemvelaphi kaBrahma emibhalweni yamaHindu, enikeza izinguqulo ezihlukene zeziqalo zakhe. Ngokusho kwamaPuranas afundwa kabanzi futhi adumile, uBrahma wazalwa ekuqaleni kwendawo yonke kusukela ku-lotus ekhula enkabeni kaVishnu (Ngenxa yalokho, uBrahma ngezinye izikhathi ubizwa ngokuthi uNabhija noma "ukuzalwa kwenkaba").
Enye inganekwane ithi uBrahma wazidala ngokuqala ngokudala amanzi. Emanzini wafaka imbewu kamuva eyaba iqanda legolide noma i-Hiranyagarbha. Kusukela kuleli qanda legolide kwazalwa u-Brahma umdali owenziwe samuntu, futhi izinto ezisele zeqanda zanda ukuze zenze i-Universe (ngenxa yalokho, yaziwa nangokuthi i-Kanja, noma "owazalwa emanzini").
Ku-Sapata Brahmana, uBrahma kuthiwa wazalwa ekuhlanganisweni kobupristi bomuntu nomlilo, isici okwase kuyisikhathi eside kuyisikhungo semikhuba yamaVeda. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi umsuka womlando weBrahma uhlobene eduze nemihlatshelo yamaVeda.
Ku-Upanishads, u-Brahma kancane kancane uthatha indawo ye-Prajapati (noma "Ingcweti Yezidalwa," uMdali owaziwa kakhulu uNkulunkulu kuma-Vedas) njengomdali wokuqala, ethatha izici eziningi ze-Prajapati. I-Mundaka Upanishad ichaza ukuthi "uBrahma wavuka njengowokuqala phakathi konkulunkulu, umenzi wendawo yonke, umvikeli wezwe." Izincazelo ezinjalo ngaphambili zazinikezwe uPrajapati kumaVedas.
Izici zikankulunkulu uBrahma
Noma imuphi umfanekiso kankulunkulu uBrahma otholakala ethempelini lamaHindu uvezwa njengokujwayelekile unamakhanda amane, amaphrofayili amane, nezingalo ezine. Incazelo yamakhanda amane itholakala ezindabeni zasendulo zamaPuranas, lapho kuthiwa lapho uBrahma edala indawo yonke wenza noShatarupa, unkulunkulu wesifazane onezinhlobo eziyikhulu ezinhle.
Ngokushesha unkulunkulu uBrahma wathathwa indalo yakhe, futhi uShatarupa, ephazanyiswe ukuphikelela kukaBrahma, waqala ukuhamba ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ukuze agweme ukumgqolozela. Nokho, imizamo yakhe yokubalekela uBrahma yaba yize, njengoba uBrahma wakhula kakhulu ukuze ambone kangcono kungakhathaliseki ukuthi wayehamba yiphi indlela.
UBrahma wakhula amakhanda amahlanu lapho ngalinye libheka izikhombisi-ndlela ezine zekhadinali, kanye nelilodwa ngaphezu kwamanye. Ngalesi sikhathi u-Lord Shiva wayesekhathele yi-antics ka-Brahma ekuthola kuphazamisa ukuthi u-Brahma wayethandane kakhulu no-Shatarupa njengoba indalo yakhe yayilingana nendodakazi yakhe.
Ukuze ahlole ukuthi u-Brahma wenza kanjani ubulili bobulili obufanayo, u-Shiva wanquma ikhanda lakhe. Kusukela kwenzeka lesi sigameko, uBrahma usephendukele emibhalweni yamaVeda emzamweni wokuphenduka. Ngakho-ke, uvame ukuvezwa ephethe amaVedas amane (imibhalo yokuhlakanipha) futhi ikhanda ngalinye liphindaphinda owodwa wawo.
Unkulunkulu uBrahma uvame ukuvezwa enentshebe emhlophe ebusweni ngabunye, okubonisa ubude besikhathi sokuba khona kwakhe kusukela ekuqaleni kwesikhathi. Azikho izingalo zakhe ezine eziphethe isikhali, ezimenza ahluke kwabanye onkulunkulu abaningi bamaHindu. Esinye sezandla zakhe siboniswa siphethe inkezo ehlotshaniswa nokuthululwa kwe-ghee engcwele noma amafutha etsheni lomhlatshelo, lokhu ngandlela-thile kubonisa isimo sikaBrahma njengenkosi yemihlatshelo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi uphethe ibhodwe lamanzi, elivezwe ngokushintshana njengegobolondo likakhukhunathi elinamanzi. Amanzi ayi-ether yokuqala ehlanganisa konke, lapho imbewu yokuqala yendalo yahlwanyelwa khona, ngakho-ke ibaluleke kakhulu. Unkulunkulu uBrahma naye uphethe irosari alisebenzisela ukulandelela isikhathi. Uvame ukuvezwa ehlezi embalini ye-lotus efanekisela umhlaba futhi umbala wawo ngokuvamile ubomvu, omelela umlilo noma ilanga namandla alo okudala.
Imoto kaBrahma (vahana) iyidada. Le nyoni yaphezulu inikezwa ubuhle obubizwa ngokuthi i-Neera-Ksheera Viveka noma ikhono lokuhlukanisa izingxube zobisi namanzi ezingxenyeni zabo. Ngokwesiko lamaHindu, lesi senzo simelela umqondo wokuthi ubulungisa kufanele bunikezwe zonke izidalwa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isimo siyinkimbinkimbi kangakanani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, leli khono lokuhlukanisa amanzi nobisi libonisa ukuthi umuntu kumelwe afunde ukuhlukanisa ngendlela efanayo okuhle nokubi, amukele lokho okuyigugu futhi alahle okungenanzuzo.
Inganekwane ehilela uSarasvati, unkosikazi wakhe oyinhloko, inikeza incazelo yokuntuleka kokukhulekela okunikezwa u-Brahma. Le ndaba isitshela ngomhlatshelo omkhulu womlilo (noma i-yajna) owawuzokwenzeka eMhlabeni nesihlakaniphi uBrahmarishi Bhrigu ekhonza njengompristi omkhulu, kwanqunywa ukuthi omkhulu kunabo bonke onkulunkulu wayezokwenziwa unkulunkulu obusayo, futhi uBhrigu wasuka. ukuthola omkhulu phakathi kukaZiqu-zintathu.
Lapho efika eBrahma, unkulunkulu wayengene shí emculweni owawudlalwa uSarasvati kangangokuthi wayengezwa nezingcingo zikaBhrigu. U-Bhrigu owayethukuthele wathuka ngokushesha u-Brahma, esho ukuthi akekho umuntu eMhlabeni owayezomnxusa noma akhulekele futhi.
I-Etymology
I-etymology yegama elithi Brahman liwumsuka othi Bruh onesijobelelo esithi Manin. Leli gama lihamba ngobulili obubili (i-neuter nowesilisa) nezincazelo ezahlukene. I-Brahman ngobulili obungakhethi isho ukuthi "kuBrahman", Ukuqaphela Okuphakeme, Iqiniso Eliphelele, UbuNkulunkulu Obuphakeme. Ngokuphathelene nalokhu kubhekiselwa “kubunkulunkulu” obugcwele futhi obumunca yonke lendawo yonke.
Elinye igama ebulilini bowesilisa lisho kona kanye ukubonakaliswa Kweqiniso Eliphelele ngesimo somdali. Ukuvezwa kukaBrahma njengonkulunkulu wasendulo kufanekisela indalo engenasiqalo, ngakho ubuso bakhe obune kuthiwa buyindawo yokuzalwa yamaVeda amane.
historia
Ekuqaleni, uBrahma wavela eqandeni legolide le-cosmic ukuze kamuva adale okuhle nokubi, kanye nokukhanya nobumnyama bomuntu wakhe. Wadala nezinhlobo ezine: onkulunkulu, amademoni, okhokho kanye namadoda (owokuqala kwakunguManu). Unkulunkulu uBrahma wabe esedala zonke izidalwa eziphilayo emhlabeni (nakuba kwezinye izinganekwane lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi indodana kaBrahma uDaksa).
Phakathi nesikhathi sokudala, mhlawumbe ngomzuzwana wokunganaki, amademoni ahluma ethangeni likaBrahma, eshiya umzimba wakhe ukuba kamuva uguquke ube sebusuku. Ngemva kokuba unkulunkulu uBrahma edale onkulunkulu abalungile, wawushiya umzimba wakhe futhi, kamuva waba usuku. Ngakho amademoni akhuphuka ebusuku futhi onkulunkulu amandla okulunga abusa emini.
Kamuva, uBrahma wadala okhokho namadoda, eshiya umzimba wakhe futhi ukuze babe nokuhlwa nokusa ngokulandelana (le nqubo yokudala iphindaphindiwe eon ngayinye). UBrahma wabe esemisa uShiva ukuba abuse phezu kwesintu nakuba ezinganekwaneni zakamuva, unkulunkulu uBrahma uba inceku kaShiva.
Unkulunkulu ongumdali uBrahma yena wayenabangane abahlukahlukene, okubaluleke kakhulu kwakunguSarasvati okwathi ngemva kokudalwa wanika uBrahma: amaVedas amane (izincwadi ezingcwele zamaHindu), wonke amagatsha olwazi, amaRagini angu-36 namaRaga angu-6 omculo, imibono efana nenkumbulo. nokunqoba, i-yoga, izenzo zenkolo, inkulumo, isiSanskrit, namayunithi ahlukahlukene okulinganisa nesikhathi.
Ngaphandle kukaDaksa, uBrahma wayenamanye amadodana agqamile ahlanganisa oSages Abayisikhombisa (uDaksa ayengomunye wabo), kanye namaPrajapati (onkulunkulu) abane abadumile:
- kardama
- pancasikha
- i-voodoo
- Narada, ukhomishana wokugcina phakathi konkulunkulu nabantu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, unkulunkulu uBrahma wayebhekwa njengomenzi wabesifazane nokufa. Ezindabeni zezinganekwane ezishiwo kuMahabharata, uBrahma wakhulelwa abesifazane njengomsuka wobubi phakathi kwamadoda:
“Owesifazane oyisifebe ungumlilo ovuthayo… ungowonqenqema lombese; kuwubuthi, inyoka nokufa, konke kukodwa.”
Onkulunkulu besaba ukuthi abantu babeyoba namandla kangangokuthi bangase babekele inselele ukubusa kwabo, ngakho babuza unkulunkulu uBrahma ukuthi iyiphi indlela engcono kakhulu yokukuvimbela. Impendulo yakhe kwaba ukudala abesifazane abangenangqondo:
"Bemagange ubumnandi benyama, bazoqala ukujabulisa amadoda". Khona-ke inkosi yonkulunkulu, inkosi yadala intukuthelo njengomsizi wesifiso, futhi zonke izidalwa, eziwela emandleni esifiso nentukuthelo, zizoqala ukuzihlanganisa nabesifazane ”- Mahabharata in Hindu Myths, 36.
Kwenye indaba, inkosikazi yokuqala kaBrahma nayo ingukufa, amandla amabi aletha ukulingana endaweni yonke futhi aqinisekise ukuthi aweqiwa. Isibalo sokufa sichazwa kahle eMahabharata ngokuthi:
«owesifazane omnyama, ogqoke izingubo ezibomvu. Amehlo akhe, izandla nezinyawo zakhe zazinemibala ebomvu, wayehlotshiswe ngamacici nemihlobiso yaphezulu "futhi uthweswe umsebenzi "wokucekela phansi zonke izidalwa, iziphukuphuku nezifundiswa" ngaphandle kokukhetha - Mahabharata ku-Hindu Myths, 40.
Ukufa kwakhala futhi kwancenga unkulunkulu uBrahma ukuba amkhulule kulo msebenzi omubi, kodwa uBrahma akazange anyakaze futhi wamthuma ukuba enze umsebenzi wakhe. Ekuqaleni, uKufa kwaqhubeka nemibhikisho yakhe ngokwenza izenzo ezihlukahlukene ezingavamile zokuzincisha injabulo njengokuma emanzini ngokuthula okuphelele iminyaka eyizi-8.000 8.000 nokuma esiqongweni sezintaba zaseHimalaya iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-XNUMX, kodwa uBrahma akazange anyakaze.
Ngakho-ke ukufa, esakhala, kwenza umsebenzi wakhe wokuletha ubusuku obungapheli kuzo zonke izinto lapho isikhathi sakhe sifika futhi izinyembezi zakhe ziwela emhlabeni futhi zaphenduka ukugula. Ngakho, ngomsebenzi wokufa, umehluko phakathi kwabantu abafayo kanye nonkulunkulu walondolozwa ingunaphakade.
Inyunyana phakathi kukaBrahma, uShiva noVishnu
UBrahma-Vishnu-Shiva unguZiqu-zintathu wamaHindu, obizwa nangokuthi i-trimurti. Umoya Ophakeme noma Iqiniso Lendawo Yonke, elibizwa ngokuthi i-Brahman, lakhiwe ngezindlela zomuntu ezintathu ngasinye esinomsebenzi we-cosmic ohambisanayo: u-Brahma (umdali), u-Vishnu (umlondolozi) no-Shiva (umguquli/umbhubhisi). Ngenxa yokuthi ubuHindu buyiqoqo lamasiko nezinkolelo ezihlukahlukene, izazi zikholelwa ukuthi iBrahma-Vishnu-Shiva yayiwumzamo wokuvumelanisa imfundiso kaBrahman nezindlela ezihlukahlukene zoBunkulunkulu.
Kulezi zinto ezintathu ezizelwe nguBrahman, uShiva unendawo ekhethekile emikhubeni yendabuko ye-yogic njengoba ethathwa njengeyogi eyinhloko noma i-adiyodi. I-Shiva iphinde ifanekisele ibhalansi yokuqwashisa nenjabulo, kanye nemiphumela epholile yemikhuba ye-yoga ngokuvamile. Ubunye no-Brahman, owenziwe samuntu njenge-trimurti, kuwumgomo omkhulu kufilosofi ye-yoga nokuzijwayeza. Namuhla iBrahma-Vishnu-Shiva njenge-trimurti ayivamile ukukhulekelwa.
Esikhundleni salokho, amaHindu ngokuvamile akhulekela oyedwa kwabathathu njengonkulunkulu ophakeme kakhulu futhi abheka abanye njengokuzalwa kukankulunkulu wabo ophakeme kakhulu. Njengesibonelo, uVaishnavism ukholelwa ukuthi uVishnu ungunkulunkulu ophakeme, kuyilapho uShaivism ekholelwa ukuthi uShiva uphakeme. UBrahma uma eqhathaniswa unabakhulekeli abambalwa ngokuqhathaniswa njengonkulunkulu ophakeme. Emibhalweni yasendulo, onkulunkulu abathathu bafanekisela umhlaba, amanzi nomlilo:
- I-Brahma: imele umhlaba. Uyisiqalo namandla okudala azo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Enye indaba ithi uyindodana kaBrahman, kanti enye ithi wazidala ngamanzi nembewu.
- Vishnu: imelela amanzi, afanekisela indima yawo njengomsekeli wokuphila. Uwuhlangothi oluvikelayo lukaBrahman, owaziwa ngokusekela ubuhle nokudala, futhi ukhomba ngokuzalwa kwakhe: uKrishna noRama.
- Shiva: imele umlilo futhi ibonakala njengamandla abhubhisayo we-trimurti. Nokho, ubuye abonakale njengamandla amahle ahlanza futhi abhubhise ububi, evula indlela yendalo entsha nesiqalo esisha.
Inkolo yamaBrahmanism
U-Brahman njengowangempela, i-Universal Intellect engenasiphelo engenasiqalo, imaphakathi nesiphetho umqondo wemetaphysical owakha isisekelo se-Brahmanism. I-Brahmanism ibhekwa njengeyandulela ubuHindu. Ngakho-ke i-Brahmanism iyindikimba eyinhloko kanye nenkolelo yabalandeli bamaVeda, imicabango yabo kanye nomqondo wefilosofi kubangela inkolelo kanye nokuziphatha okuyisisekelo kanye nenhlalo-yenkolo kanye nokuziphatha kubuHindu.
Njengoba umbono kaBrahman nombono kaBrahman kwethulwa amaRishi, kamuva ababa abalandeli abashisekayo beBrahmanism, abanye babebhekwa njengabasohlwini lwabapristi futhi babizwa ngokuthi amaBrahmin. Laba baphindaphinda le mibono ngezimfundiso nangokwenza isiko, futhi kanjalo ubuBrahman basetshenziswa ngomdlandla nangokuzimisela okungantengantengi.
Kuthiwa futhi i-Brahmanism njengoba abanye abacwaningi besho yathola igama layo kumaBrahmins, abenza imicikilisho yamaVeda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umpristi wamaBrahman yilowo ohlale egxile emicabangweni yeBrahman yaphakade. I-Brahmanism, nokho, isewumbono ofunwa kakhulu odida amakhono okuhumusha abaqondisi abahlakaniphe kakhulu kanye nezazi eziphezulu futhi kuze kube namuhla kuseyimpicabadala engapheli.
Imiqondo emaphakathi ye-Brahmanism ihambisana ngokuphawulekayo ne-metaphysics, ibuza ukuthi yini engokoqobo ngempela, ukufaneleka kwesikhathi, ukuba khona, ukwazi, kanye nemvelaphi nesisekelo sakho konke ukuba khona. Izazi eziningi, ezifana nezazi zemivubukulo, izazi zokwakheka komhlaba, izazi ze-hydrologists kanye nezazi zefilosofi, ziye zaphephela emibhalweni yeVedas, ikakhulukazi emcabangweni weBrahman, njengoba ihlobene ngokuqondile nabantu kanye nemvelaphi yabo.
I-Brahman njengembangela egcwele yonke indawo, yaphakade, neyinhloko "yonke into enyakazayo futhi enganyakazi", yakha ukwamukelwa okubalulekile ku-Brahmanism. Isekelwe enkolelweni yokuthi yonke into eyake yaba khona, ekhona manje, futhi eyoba khona iyisenzakalo esincane esingokoqobo saphakade sendawo yonke, esibizwa ngokuthi iBrahman.
I-Atman, umphefumulo, ingumqondo wesibili obaluleke kakhulu ku-Brahmanism. I-Atman ithathwa njengomthombo wawo wonke amandla phakathi kwabantu. Umphefumulo womuntu ophilayo ubhekwa njengofana noBrahman uqobo, okuholela enkolelweni yokuthi umuntu ohlanganisa umphefumulo akayena omunye ngaphandle kukaBrahman futhi unazo zonke izici zeBrahman.
Umphefumulo, ngaleyondlela obizwa ngokuthi ufana noMphefumulo Ophakeme ogcwele yonke indawo, wakha inkolelo ephawulekayo yobuBrahman. Umphefumulo Ophakeme, ongakazalwa futhi oyisizathu sokuzalwa kwawo wonke umuntu, wakha isimiso esiyisisekelo se-Brahmanism, esakhula ngokulandela ukucatshangelwa kwe-Brahman.
Umphefumulo ubhekwa njengofana noMphefumulo Ophakeme, ongeyona into engaphezu kukaBrahman. Le nkolelo ibonisa ithonya le-Brahmanism kuBuddhism, Jainism kanye nobuHindu. UbuHindu namuhla bubhekwa njengento encane njengenzalo noma igatsha lobuBrahman, njengoba amaHindu athola igama lawo eMfuleni i-Indus, osebeni lwawo amaVeda ayeqhutshwa ama-Aryan. Ngakho-ke, amaHindu alandela amaVeda kanye nenkolelo yawo yamaBrahman ayebhekwa njengabasekeli bokuqala bobuHindu.
I-Brahmanism kanye neBuddhism
UbuBuddha buye babhekwa njengehlumela lobuBrahman mayelana nemibono nezinkolelo zabo eziyinhloko, kodwa baye bakulungisa ukuze bavumelane nezincazelo zabo siqu. Kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi othile olandela ubuBrahman ngokungangabazeki ukholelwa embonweni wokuzalwa kabusha kwabantu ngoba umphefumulo ohlanganiswe inyama yomuntu uzophephela emzimbeni omusha, isithombe esisha, ukuze ugcwalise izifiso zawo ezingagcwaliseki.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ubuBuddha, abukholelwa emcabangweni wokuphindukuzalwa, kodwa buye bacacisa ubuBrahman ukuze bakhululeke ngokuthi yonke enye into endaweni yonke iyize ngaphandle kukaBrahman, okuwukuphela kwayo okukhona futhi okuphakade. AmaBuddha nawo abekela inselele futhi alahle inkolelo yomphefumulo womuntu, ethi kunomphefumulo ophilayo ongenakuphikwa, futhi abantu abawumbi umphefumulo kodwa bagcwele ukuhlupheka, okubonisa ukungapheleli kwabo.
Izincwadi zeVedic
I-Veda, (i-Sanskrit: "Ulwazi") iqoqo lezinkondlo noma amaculo aqanjwe ngesi-Sanskrit sakudala imiphakathi ekhuluma isi-Indo-European eyayihlala enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-India ngenkulungwane yesibili BC. C. Alukho usuku oluqondile olungashiwo ngalo ekubunjweni kwamaVeda, kodwa isikhathi esingaba ngu-1500-1200 B.C. C. iyamukeleka kuzazi eziningi.
Lezi zihlabelelo zakha indikimba yenkonzo, ingxenye ethile, eyayikhula eduze nenkambiso nomhlatshelo we-soma futhi yayishiwo noma iculwe ngesikhathi semicikilisho. Batusa isixuku esikhulu sonkulunkulu, abanye babo abazenza samuntu izenzakalo zemvelo nezendawo yonke, njengomlilo (Agni), iLanga (uSurya noSavitri), ukusa (u-Usha unkulunkulukazi), iziphepho (amaRudra) nemvula (i-Indra) . ), kuyilapho ezinye zimelela izimfanelo ezingabonakali njengobungani (uMitra), igunya lokuziphatha (Varuna), ubukhosi (u-Indra), nenkulumo (Vach unkulunkulukazi).
Iqoqo eliyinhloko, noma i-Samhita, lalezo zinkondlo lapho i-hotri ("reciter") idweba indaba ukuze aziphindaphinde, iyi-Rigveda ("Ulwazi Lwamavesi"). Amafomula angcwele aziwa ngokuthi ama-mantra ashiwo ngu-adhvaryu, umpristi obhekele ukubeka umlilo womhlatshelo nokwenza umcimbi. Lawo mazwi namavesi afakwa kuyi-Samhita eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Yajurveda (“Ulwazi Lokunikela”).
Iqembu lesithathu labapristi eliholwa udgatri (chanter), lenza ukuphindaphinda kwezingoma ezixhunywe namavesi acishe asuswa ngokuphelele ku-Rigveda kodwa ahlelwa njengeSamhita ehlukile, iSamaveda ("Ulwazi lwamaculo"). Lawo ma-Rig Veda amathathu, u-Yajur kanye nama-Sama, aziwa ngokuthi i-trayi-vidya (“ulwazi oluphindwe kathathu”).
Iqoqo lesine lamahubo, iziphonso zomlingo, kanye nezinkulumo ezihunyushwa ngokuthi i-Atharvaveda ("Ulwazi LomPristi Womlilo"), oluhlanganisa amasiko ahlukahlukene endawo futhi luhlala ingxenye ngaphandle komhlatshelo wamaVeda. Emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka kamuva, mhlawumbe cishe ngo-900 BC. C., amaBrahmana abhalwa njengezicwebezelisi kumaVeda, ayequkethe izinganekwane eziningi nezincazelo zemicikilisho.
AmaBrahmana alandelwa eminye imibhalo, ama-Aranyakas (“Izincwadi Zasehlathini”) kanye ne-Upanishads, eyathatha izingxoxo zefilosofi ngezindlela ezintsha, eyayisebenzisa imfundiso ye-monism nenkululeko ( moksha, ngokwezwi nezwi “inkululeko”) emjikelezweni wokufa nokuzalwa kabusha ( samsarah).
Yonke indikimba yezincwadi zamaVeda-ama-Samhita, ama-Brahmana, ama-Aranyakas, nama-Upanishads-kubhekwa njenge-Shruti ("Lokho okuzwiwayo"), umkhiqizo wesambulo saphezulu. Zonke izincwadi zibonakala zilondolozwe ngomlomo (nakuba kungase kube khona imibhalo yesandla yokuqala esiza inkumbulo). Kuze kube namuhla eminingana yale misebenzi, ikakhulukazi amaVeda amathathu amadala kakhulu, ashiwo ngobuqili bephimbo nesigqi esiye sadluliselwa ngomlomo kusukela ezinsukwini zakuqala zenkolo yamaVeda eNdiya.
I-Post-Vedic, ama-Epics nama-Puranas
Ngasekupheleni kwenkathi yamaVeda futhi ngaphezulu noma ngaphansi ngesikhathi esisodwa nokukhiqizwa kwama-Upanishad amakhulu, imibhalo emifushane, yobuchwepheshe futhi ngokuvamile eyi-aphoristic yabhalwa ngezihloko ezihlukahlukene ezihlobene nokusebenza okufanele nangesikhathi kwesikhathi kwemikhuba yomhlatshelo yamaVeda. Lezi ekugcineni zabizwa ngokuthi amaVedangas ("Izifundo ezihambisana neVeda"). Ukukhathazeka ngezinkonzo zokukhulekela kwabangela iziyalo zemfundo, ezazibizwa nangokuthi amaVedangas, ezaziyingxenye yomfundaze wamaVeda. Kwakukhona izinkambu ezinjalo eziyisithupha:
- I-Shiksa (isiyalezo), echaza ukuphinyiselwa okufanele nokuphinyiswa kwamavesi amaVeda.
- I-Chandas (metric), okusele kuphela ummeleli ongasekho.
- I-Vyakarana (ukuhlaziywa nokususelwa), lapho ulimi luchazwa khona ngokohlelo lolimi.
- I-Nirukta (i-lexicon), ehlaziya futhi ichaze amagama anzima.
- I-Jyotisa (izikhanyiso), uhlelo lwesayensi yezinkanyezi kanye nezinkanyezi ezisetshenziselwa ukubeka izikhathi ezifanele zemikhuba.
- I-Kalpa (imodi yokubulawa), efunda izindlela ezifanele zokwenza isiko.
Phakathi kwemibhalo ephefumulelwe amaVedas kukhona i-Dharma-sutras, noma "izincwadi ze-dharma," eziqukethe imithetho yokuziphatha nemikhuba njengoba yenziwa ezikoleni ezihlukahlukene zamaVeda. Ingqikithi yayo eyinhloko ikhuluma ngemisebenzi yabantu abasezigabeni ezihlukahlukene zokuphila, noma ama-ashrama (izifundo, ikhaya, umhlalaphansi kanye nokusula); imithetho yokudla; amacala kanye nezinkokhelo; kanye namalungelo nemisebenzi yamakhosi.
Baphinde baxoxe ngemikhuba yokuhlanzeka, imikhosi yomngcwabo, izinhlobo zokungenisa izihambi nezibopho zansuku zonke, futhi bakhulume ngisho nezindaba ezingokomthetho. Okubaluleke kakhulu kule mibhalo yi-Gautama, Baudhayana, ne-Apastamba sutras. Nakuba ubudlelwano obuqondile bungacacile, okuqukethwe yile misebenzi kwathuthukiswa ngokuqhubekayo kuma-Dharma-shastras ahlelekile, okwaba yisisekelo somthetho wamaHindu.
Brahma sutras, umbhalo wamaHindu
I-Brahmasutra, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Sariraka Sutra noma i-Sariraka Mimamsa noma i-Uttara Mimamsa noma i-Bhikshu Sutra yase-Badarayana, ingenye yemibhalo emithathu ebizwa ngokuthi i-Prasthana Traya, eminye emibili i-Upanishads kanye ne-Bhagavad Gita. Umbhalo othi Badarayana wembula ukuthi ngaphambi kwakhe kwakunabafundisi abaningana, njengo-Asmarathya, Audulomi noKasakritsna, ababeqonda incazelo yama-Upanishad ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene.
Kumelwe kuvunywe ukuthi, esimweni samanje solwazi, "inhliziyo ye-Sutrakara" inzima ukuyiqonda. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi kungani kube nezincazelo eziningi ze-Brahmasutra, ezigqame kakhulu yilezo zikaSankara, Ramanuja, Madhva, Nimbarka, kanye neVallabha.
Laba bahlaziyi bayahluka ngisho enanini langempela lama-Sutras noma ama-aphorisms. Isibonelo, ngenkathi u-Sankara ebeka isibalo ku-555, i-Ramanuja ibeka ku-545. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi laba bafundisi bayahluka kulokho okwakhiwa i-sutra ethile: iyini i-sutra eyodwa ye-Acharya eyodwa ezimbili kwenye, noma ngokuphambene nalokho.
Igama elithi "sutra" ngokwezwi nezwi lisho intambo ehlanganisa izimfundiso ezihlukahlukene zeVedantic zibe yinto enengqondo futhi engaguquki. U-Sankara unikeza ithoni yaphansi esankondlo lapho ethi lawa ma-sutra ahlanganisa izimbali ngendlela yamavesi e-Upanishad (vedanta vakyakusuma).
Brahma samhita, umbhalo kankulunkulu ubrahma
I-Brahma Samita (Izindumiso zikaBrahma) iwumbhalo wePancaratra (i-Vaishnava Agamas enikelwe ukukhulekelwa kweNkosi uNarayana); eyenziwe ngamavesi omthandazo ashiwo iNkosi uBrahma ekhazimulisa iNkosi Ephakeme u-Shri Krishna (Govinda) ekuqaleni kweNdalo. Unkulunkulu uBrahma, ongumfundi wokuqala wokulandelana kwabafundi okwaqalwa iNkosi Shri Krishna, unikezwe umsebenzi wokudala izinto ezibonakalayo nokuhlola indlela yothando, edalwe unkulunkulu uShri Krishna, ngenkaba yakho.
Kuyo yonke i-Kaliyuga, inkathi yamanje yezingxabano nobuzenzisi, i-Brahma Samhita yayingaziwa ngokuqhathaniswa, kuze kube yilapho kuvela iNkosi u-Chaitanya, owathola kuphela isahluko sesi-5 sombhalo wonke. Ngenxa yalokho, isahluko 5 siyisahluko esiye safundwa, safundwa futhi sahlatshelelwa kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Imikhosi yokuqalisa ngokomoya ivamise ukuqala ngokucula isahluko sesihlanu seBrahma Samhita ngazwi linye.
I-Brahma Samhita yethula izindlela zenkonzo yokuzinikela. UBrahma Samhita uchaza iGarbhodakasayi Visnu, umsuka weGayatri Mantra, uhlobo lukaGovinda kanye nesikhundla sakhe esidlulele kanye nokuhlala kwakhe, izinhlangano eziphilayo, unkulunkulukazi uDurga, incazelo ye-austerity, izakhi ezinhlanu, kanye nombono wothando oludlulele oluvumela umuntu ukuthi bona eNkosini Shri Krishna.
Brahma vihara njengokuzindla
I-Brahma vihara yigama elibhekisela ezintweni ezine ezinhle zamaBuddha kanye nokusetshenziswa kokuzindla. Umsuka wawo uvela emagameni e-Pali, elithi brahma, asho "unkulunkulu" noma "unkulunkulu"; kanye ne-vihara, okusho ukuthi "indawo yokuhlala." I-brahma vihara yaziwa nangokuthi ama-appamanna amane, noma "angenakulinganiswa," futhi njengezifunda ezine eziphakeme.
I-yogi yamaBuddha yenza lezi zimo eziphakeme ze-brahma vihara ngokusebenzisa inqubo yokuzindla ebizwa ngokuthi i-brahma vihara-bhavana ngenhloso yokufeza i-jhana (ukugxila noma isimo esigcwele sokuzindla) futhi ekugcineni isimo sokukhanyiselwa esaziwa ngokuthi i-nirvana. I-brahma viharas ihlanganisa:
- I-Upekkha - ukulingana okusekelwe ekuqondeni. Kuwukuhlukana, ukuzola, nengqondo elinganiselayo futhi ezolile lapho wonke umuntu ephathwa ngendlela efanele.
- I-Metta - umusa wothando obonisa umusa kuwo wonke umuntu.
- I-Karuna - ububele lapho umBuddha ekhomba ukuhlupheka kwabanye njengokwakhe.
- I-Mudita - injabulo ezwelayo lapho umBuddha ejabulela injabulo nenjabulo yabanye, nakuba engazange ahlanganyele ekudaleni leyo njabulo.
Le mibono emine efanayo ingatholakala ku-yoga nakufilosofi yamaHindu. UPatanjali uxoxe ngalokhu njengezimo zengqondo kuma-Yoga Sutras.
Umkhuba weBrahma mudra
I-Brahma mudra isenzo sesandla esisetshenziswa kukho kokubili i-yoga asana, ukuzindla, kanye nokusetshenziswa njalo kwe-pranayama okwaziswa ngazo zombili izici zayo ezingokomfanekiso nokuphulukisa. IBrahma igama likankulunkulu ongumdali wamaHindu futhi ngesiSanskrit lihumusha ngokuthi "ubunkulunkulu", "ongcwele" noma "umoya ophakeme", kuyilapho i-Mudra isho "isenzo" noma "uphawu".
Lokhu kuvame ukwenziwa endaweni ekhululekile yokuhlala, njenge-vajrasana noma i-padmasana. Zombili izandla zenza izibhakela iminwe isonge ezithupheni, izintende zibheke esibhakabhakeni, futhi zombili izandla zicindezelwe ndawonye emaqulwini. Izandla ziphumula kancane ngokumelene ne-pubic bone.
Ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi "isenzo sokuqwashisa konke," i-Brahma mudra isiza ukukhuthaza ukuphefumula okuphelele ngesikhathi se-pranayama. Ngenxa yokuthi lolu daka, kanye nama-mudras ngokuvamile, kukholakala ukuthi athinta ukuhamba kwamandla okuphila (prana) kuwo wonke umzimba, athobisa ingqondo futhi anikeze umzimba amandla. I-Brahma mudra nayo ikholelwa ukuthi inalezi zinzuzo:
- Khulisa ukugxilisa ingqondo.
- Khipha amandla angalungile.
- Susa ubuthi.
- Isiza i-yogi ukuthi ifinyelele esimweni esiphakeme sokuzindla.
Amathempeli
Ithempeli lasePushkar lingase libe elidume kakhulu emhlabeni elinikelwa ukukhulekela unkulunkulu uBrahma, kodwa ngokuqinisekile akulona lodwa. Nokho, ithempeli elidala kunawo wonke elinikelwa kulo nkulunkulu wamaHindu. Inganekwane ithi uBrahma, uma eqhathaniswa nabanye onkulunkulu, wayethethelela kakhulu futhi ebabusisa ngenhliziyo yonke ababezinikele kuye, ngakho kwakunezimo eziningana lapho ayebusisa abazinikele ngezibusiso ngaphandle kokucabangela imiphumela yezibusiso zakhe.
Kuthiwa wabusisa amademoni avela ku-Hiranyakashipu no-Mahishasur kuya e-Ravana, okubangela ukuba ahlukumeze abantu nonkulunkulu abahlukahlukene. Ngenxa yalokhu uVishu noShiva kuzodingeka balawule izimo futhi babulale amademoni ngama-avatar abo ahlukahlukene. Njengoba uBrahma ayeqhubeka nokuzitika, abantu bayeka ukumkhulekela futhi esikhundleni salokho bathandaza kuVishnu noShiva.
Enye inganekwane ithi uBrahma wadala unkulunkulukazi uShatarupa onamafomu ayikhulu. Ngokushesha nje lapho edalwa, u-Brahma wathatha into enhle kuye wamlandela yonke indawo ngenxa yokuthakatha kwakhe kuye. Nokho, wazama ukukugwema isikhathi eside ngangokunokwenzeka. Kodwa uBrahma wayeqine ngokwanele ukuba azinike amakhanda amahlanu, elilodwa ohlangothini ngalunye - enyakatho, eningizimu, empumalanga nasentshonalanga kanye nekhanda lesihlanu ngaphezu kwamanye, ehlose ukumbheka noma yikuphi lapho eya khona ngaphandle kokumkhohlwa.
Njengoba u-Shatarupa wayebhekwa njengendodakazi kaBrahma, uShiva wanquma ikhanda lesihlanu likaBrahma njengoba ubuhlobo bobulili bungazange buthathwe njengobufanele. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, uBrahma kukholakala ukuthi ungunkulunkulu onganakwa phakathi kwe-trimurti: uBrahma, uVishnu noShiva.
Nokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kuthiwa unkulunkulu uBrahma wafuna ukuphenduka nokuthethelelwa ngesenzo esinjalo, futhi yingakho amanye amathempeli amaningana akhiwa futhi amiswa ukuze akhulekele unkulunkulu ongumdali, uBrahma. Nawa amanye amathempeli eBrahma ahlonishwa kakhulu eNdiya:
Ithempeli laseBrahma, ePushkar
Itholakala eduze kwechibi lasePushkar esifundeni sase-Ajmer e-Rajasthan, ithempeli laseBrahma lingelinye lamathempeli aseBrahma avakashelwa kakhulu eNdiya. Ngenyanga yamaHindu iKartik (November), abalandeli balonkulunkulu abeza ethempelini bacwilisa echibini bethandaza kunkulunkulu.
Ithempeli lase-Asotra Brahma, e-Barmer
Ithempeli lase-Asotra lisesifundeni sase-Barmer e-Rajasthan, leli elinye ithempeli elinikezelwe kakhulu ku-Brahma. Yasungulwa amaRajpurohits abantu futhi yakhiwe ngamatshe avela eJaisalmer naseJodhpur. Nokho, isithixo sikankulunkulu senziwe ngemabula.
Ithempeli lase-Adi Brahma, eKhokhan – Kullu Valley
Ithempeli lase-Adi Brahma lisendaweni yaseKhokhan eSigodini saseKullu. Inganekwane ithi ithempeli lalikhulekelwa abantu abavela kuzo zombili izifunda zaseMandi naseKullu. Nokho, lapho le mibuso yomibili ihlukaniswa, kwakhiwa isifaniso ngakolunye uhlangothi, eMandi, futhi abazinikele kwadingeka bagcine ngokuvakashela ithempeli elalingemingcele yombuso.
Brahma Temple, Kumbakonam
Kukholelwa ukuthi uBrahma wayeziqhenya ngesipho sakhe sendalo kangangokuthi waqhosha ngokuthi wayengcono kunoShiva noVishnu kwezobuciko bendalo. Lokhu kwabangela uVishnu ukuba akhe isipoki esathusa uBrahma. Ethukile, weza kuVishnu ezofuna usizo, esexolisile ngokungabi nasizotha kwakhe. UVishnu wabe esecela uBrahma ukuba agcine ukuzisola eMhlabeni ukuze azihlenge.
Kukholakala ukuthi uBrahma wakhetha iKumbakonam ukuthi azindle ngayo. Ejatshuliswe imizamo kaBrahma, uVishnu wakwamukela ukuxolisa kwakhe futhi wabuyisela ulwazi nesikhundla sakhe phakathi konkulunkulu.
Brahma Karmali Mandir Temple, Panaji
Ithempeli laseBrahma Karmali litholakala cishe amakhilomitha ayisikhombisa ukusuka eValpoi futhi cishe amakhilomitha angama-60 ukusuka ePanaji. Nakuba ithempeli lingelona elidala kangako, lesi sithombe kukholakala ukuthi saqala cishe ngekhulu le-XNUMX. Impela liwukuphela kwethempeli eGoa, elinikezelwe kunkulunkulu uBrahma. Isithombe setshe elimnyama likaBrahma esibekwe ethempelini kuthiwa salethwa eCarambolim, eGoa ekhulwini lama-XNUMX ingxenye enkulu yabakhulekeli ababalekela ukungabekezelelani ngokwenkolo okwabekwa amaPutukezi.
Ithempeli laseBrahmapureeswarar, eThirupattur
Inganekwane ithi umngane kaShiva, uGoddess Parvathi, wake waphatha kabi uBrahma ngokuthi uShiva. Lokhu kwamthukuthelisa uShiva waze wanquma ikhanda likaBrahma wamthuka wathi akakhohliwe abakhulekeli bakhe futhi waphucwa wonke amandla akhe. Ngokushesha, ukuqhosha kukaBrahma kwaphela futhi wacela intethelelo.
Nokho, uShiva owayethukuthele wayengakakulungeli ukwamukela ukuxolisa kwakhe. Ukuze alungise konke okwakungalungile ayekwenzile, uBrahma waqala uhambo lokuyokhulekela. Ohambweni lwakhe, wafika eThirupattur lapho amisa khona i-12 Shiva lingas futhi wakhonza uShiva lapho. Eshukunyiswe imizamo yakhe yokuzihlenga, uShiva wavela phambi kukaBrahma, wamkhulula esiqalekisweni futhi wabuyisela wonke amandla akhe. UShiva wabe esebusisa uBrahma futhi wamnika indawo engcwele ethempelini, futhi uBrahma ubelokhu engunkulunkulu wethempeli kusukela ngaleso sikhathi.
Kungani unkulunkulu uBrahma engahlonishwa kangaka?
Kunenqwaba yezindaba ezinganekwaneni zamaHindu ezikhomba ukuthi kungani engavamile ukukhonzwa, nazi ezimbili zazo:
Okokuqala ukuthi uBrahma wadala owesifazane ukuze amsize ngomsebenzi wakhe wokudala, wayebizwa ngokuthi uShatarupa. Wayemuhle kakhulu uBrahma waze wathatha into ewubukhazikhazi kuye, wambheka nomaphi lapho eya khona. Lokhu kwambangela amahloni amakhulu futhi uShatarupa wazama ukuvimbela amehlo akhe. Kodwa ohlangothini ngalunye ayehamba ngalo, uBrahma wahluma ikhanda ukuze alibuke waze waba neminyaka emine. Ekugcineni, uShatarupa wakhungatheka kangangokuthi wagxuma ukuze azame ukugwema ukumbheka. UBrahma, ngokuthatheka kwakhe, wahluma ikhanda lesihlanu phezu kwakho konke.
Eminye imibhalo ikhuluma ngokuthi uShatarupa waqhubeka nokuguqula izidalwa ezihlukahlukene, waze waba yizo zonke izidalwa emhlabeni ukugwema iBrahma. Kodwa-ke, washintsha isimo sakhe saba yinguqulo yesilisa yalokho ayeyikho ngakho-ke yonke imiphakathi yezilwane emhlabeni yadalwa. U-Lord Shiva wayala u-Brahma ngokubonisa ukuziphatha kokulala nesihlobo futhi wanquma ikhanda lakhe lesihlanu ngenxa yokuziphatha "okubi".
Njengoba uBrahma ayephazamisile ukucabanga kwakhe emphefumulweni ngokuya ekuthandeni kwenyama, isiqalekiso sikaShiva sasiwukuthi abantu akufanele bakhulekele uBrahma. Ngakho njengendlela yokuphenduka, kubikwa ukuthi uBrahma ubelokhu ephindaphinda amaVeda amane kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, eyodwa ekhanda ngalinye kwamane.
Inkolelo yesibili yokuthi kungani uBrahma engahlonishwa noma engahlonishwa, futhi enozwela kakhulu, ukuthi indima kaBrahma njengomdali isiphelile. Ukushiyela kuVishnu umsebenzi wokunakekela umhlaba kanye nokuthi uShiva aqhubeke nokudlula kwakhe ekuvukeni kwendawo yonke.
Umehluko phakathi kweBrahma, Brahman, Brahmans kanye neBrahmana
Ukuze uqonde umehluko phakathi kwala magama, kubalulekile ukwazi incazelo ngayinye, evezwe ngezansi:
- I-Brahma: ungunkulunkulu umdali wendawo yonke kanye nakho konke, lokhu kuyingxenye ye-Trimurti, onkulunkulu bamaHindu abaphakeme abamele: Brahma (indalo), uVishnu (ukulondolozwa) noShiva (inhlekelele).
- Brahman: unguMoya oPhezukonke nongabhubhi, ukhona ku-athomu ngayinye yendalo, uhlala lapho njengesibukeli, ngaphandle kokuthintwa yikho. Umphefumulo wawo wonke umuntu ophilayo uyingxenye yeBrahman.
- AmaBrahmins: bayibandla okuvela kulo abapristi bamaHindu, abanomthwalo wemfanelo wokufundisa nokugcina ulwazi lwemibhalo engcwele.
- brahmana: leli gama lisetshenziselwa ukusho imibhalo engcwele yaseNdiya eyabhalwa ngesi-Vedic Sanskrit futhi ihambisana nesikhathi esadlula phakathi kuka-900 a. C. kanye nama-500 a. C. Bayingxenye yesiko eliyigugu labantu abangamaHindu.
Amazwi kankulunkulu uBrahma
I-mantra yigama elingcwele, umsindo, noma ibinzana, ngokuvamile ngesi-Sanskrit, elishiwo phakathi kwamasiko enkolo nawokomoya anhlobonhlobo afana nobuHindu, ubuBuddha, ne-yoga. Igama elithi mantra lisuselwa ezimpandeni ezimbili zesiSanskrit: i-manas esho "ingqondo" kanye ne-tra esho "ithuluzi." Kanjalo, amazwi ahlabayo athathwa “njengamathuluzi okucabanga,” asetshenziswa njengendlela yokuhlanganisa nokugxilisa ingqondo.
Lokhu kungaqondwa njenganoma yimuphi umsindo, igama noma ibinzana eliguqula ukwazi ngencazelo, iphimbo, isigqi noma ukudlidliza komzimba. Uma kuculwa ngokuzinikela, izinkulumo ezithile kukholakala ukuthi zidala ukudlidliza okunamandla emzimbeni nasengqondweni, okuvumela izimo ezijulile zokuzindla. Ngokwesiko, ama-mantras kukholakala ukuthi anamandla omoya nangokwengqondo, ngalinye linenhloso yalo nencazelo yalo ngemuva.
Ama-Mantra angaphinyiswa ngokuphindaphinda noma aphinyiswe ngomculo. Ukuphindaphinda kwe-mantra kungasetshenziselwa ukuvusa izifunda eziphakeme zokuqaphela, ukusebenzisa amandla ezinhloso, ukuveza iziqinisekiso ezinhle, kanye nokungena ezifundeni ezijulile zokuqaphela. I-mantra kankulunkulu uBrahma ngesiSanskrit ithi:
"Om Namo Rajo Jushei Sristau
Sthithou Sattwa Mayayacha
Tamo Mayaya Sam-harinei
Vishwa Rupaya Vedhasei
Om Brahmanei Namaha»
Ogama incazelo yalo ithi: «U-Om igama laKhe, owadala lendawo yonke kanye nama-gunas ayo amathathu (izici zemvelo: ezinhle, ezingezinhle nezingasebenzi), owanikeza isimo kuzo zonke izinto futhi okhona endaweni yonke. UnguBrahma, engibingelela ngenhlonipho."
Uma usithole sithakazelisa lesi sihloko esiphathelene noNkulunkulu uBrahma, sikumema ukuba ujabulele lezi ezinye: