Izici zeSiko lamaHindu namasiko awo

I-India iyizwe eligcwele isiko, futhi kunezici eziningi ezibonakala ngayo, njengokuthi: ubuningi bezenkolo, ubuhle balo bemvelo, i-gastronomy yayo enephunga elimangalisayo, imikhosi enemibala kanye nezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu; Konke lokhu nokunye kuzungezile Isiko lamaHindu, futhi ngalesi sihloko sikumema ukuba ukwazi.

Isiko lamaHindu

Isiko lamaHindu liyinhlanganisela yezinto eziyisisekelo ezakha yonke le mpucuko yaseNdiya, kuyo singakwazi ukubona ngeso lengqondo imikhuba yayo, izinkolo, izici zokudla, umculo, imikhosi yemikhosi, ukubonakaliswa kobuciko, izindinganiso nezindlela zokuphila zabantu bomdabu abangaphezu kwe-100. amaqembu aleli zwe.

Kungakho, ngenxa yobuningi bezici, singakwazi ukubona umehluko ngokubonakala kwamasiko abo, ezifundeni ezahlukene zaleli zwe; Yile ndlela isiko lamaHindu elingathathwa ngayo njengokuhlanganiswa kwamasiko amaningana ahlakazeke kuyo yonke indawo yamaNdiya, imikhuba nemikhuba osekunesikhathi eside ikhona.

Isiko laseNdiya lihlehlela emuva maphakathi nenkulungwane yesi-4 BC Isikhathi esiningi noma esingaphansi lapho i-Rigveda, okuyincwadi endala kakhulu emlandweni we-Vedic, yadalwa ngesi-Sanskrit. Okuqukethwe kwalokhu kuyiqoqo lezingoma ezibhalwe ngesiSanskrit sasendulo samaVedic, njengokuzinikezela nokuhlonipha onkulunkulu; Kunemibhalo emi-XNUMX yasendulo yaleli siko elibizwa ngokuthi amaVedas, futhi lokhu kuyingxenye yawo ekubeni ingeyakudala kakhulu kunayo yonke.

Okunye okubalulekile kwesiko lamaHindu emhlabeni kube yi-gastronomy kanye nezinkolo zawo ezihlukene zama-dharmic; Maqondana nenkolo, lelizwe liye lanikeza ukuphila ezinkolweni zobuHindu, ubuBuddha, ubuSikh, ubuJain eziye zamukelwa hhayi nje eNdiya kuphela, kodwa nangabantu abahlukahlukene emhlabeni wonke, ubuBuddha buqhutshwa kakhulu futhi buthandwa kakhulu kuzo zonke.

Kodwa-ke, ngemva kochungechunge lwezenzakalo ezinobudlova endaweni yaseNdiya, ngamasosha angaphandle njengeyamaSulumane cishe ngekhulu le-XNUMX, leli zwe lamukela izimfanelo ezithile zamasiko ama-Arabhu, amaPheresiya namaTurkey, anezela lezi zici ezinkolelweni zalo, olimini nasezimpahleni zokugqoka. . Futhi, leli zwe ngandlela thize liye lathonywa amazwe ase-Asia, ikakhulukazi aseNingizimu naseMpumalanga Asia.

Umlando Wamasiko WamaHindu

Izikhathi ezakha umlando wesiko lamaHindu, zikhula ezigabeni ezimbili zamaVeda nezamaBrahmanical; Ngezansi sizochaza ngayinye yazo:

I-Vedic

Lesi sigaba sesikhathi yisona esidala kakhulu noma esikude kakhulu nesiko lamaHindu, okuyinto ngokusho kocwaningo oluhlanganisa iminyaka esuka ku-3000 kuya ku-2000 BC Inani labantu bokuqala balesi sigaba kwakungama-Dravidians, okwakungabantu ababonakala ngesimo sabo esifushane nesikhumba esimnyama , lezi ukwazile ukuhlala iminyaka eminingi uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlanga.

Le mpucuko yayivame ukuhlala emiphakathini, futhi lezi zaziguquke zaze zaqhathaniswa nezimpucuko ezinkulu namasiko afana neGibhithe neMesophothamiya. Kunombono wokuthi ama-Dravidians asungula amadolobha amakhulu afana nalawa: i-Mahenjo-Daro ne-Harapa, esigodini saseNdiya; kanye neBarigaza neSupara eNevada. Ngokunjalo, lezi zazihamba phambili emsebenzini wezolimo, ezohwebo kanye nokusebenza kwethusi. Inkolo yakhe yayingonkulunkulu abaningi; yile ndlela ababekhonza ngayo unkulunkulukazi ongumama, unkulunkulu ovundile, nezilwane zasehlathini.

Isi-Brahmanic

Ngalesi sigaba sesikhathi i-India yayikhona ngaphansi kobukhulu bamaBrahmin noma isigaba sobupristi, lesi sigaba singahlukanisa izigaba ezimbili ezidlulele kakhulu, lezi kwakuyilezi:

Ngaphambi kukaBuddha

Ngalesi sikhathi, yonke impucuko yamaHindu yayingaphansi kwamandla amaBrahman, akha umlandeli wesigaba sobupristi kuma-Aryan avela esifundeni saseCaspian Sea, okwathi phakathi nenkulungwane yesibili BC, ahlasela i-Indian Valley kanye neGanges, ethula le ndawo ihhashi, izikhali zensimbi kanye nenqola yempi eNdiya. Ngalesi sikhathi, imibuso eminingi yendabuko yasungulwa futhi yingakho izinkondlo zikaMahabarata neRamayana zavela ngenxa yezimpi zombango phakathi kwazo.

ubhuda 

Lesi sikhathi sihambisana nesikhathi sokusabela kwabantu abangamaHindu ngokumelene nokuhlukunyezwa kweBrahmanism, okwaholela ekunqobeni kwesikole samaBuddha, okwathi ngokuhlakanipha kwaso kwenza isifiso sokuzisola sazwakala phakathi kwempucuko, sikhiqiza isikhathi esigcwele ukuthula. . Kuleli qophelo, umholi wezempi uChandragupta Mauria, ngemva kokunqoba nokuhlanganisa iNyakatho yeNdiya, wasungula uMbuso WaseMauria, inhloko-dolobha yawo isedolobheni lasePataliputra (manje eyiPatna), osebeni lweGanges.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, leli zwe lawela ezandleni zamaNgisi, ngenxa yokunqoba okukhiqizwa yibo endaweni yaseNdiya, ukuguqula yonke indawo yayo ibe ikoloni laseBrithani cishe noma ngaphansi maphakathi nekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye. Umthelela wokwenziwa kwamakholoni wazwakala kule ndawo, njengoba ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ingxube yesiko elilodwa nelinye ishiye iminonjana ebalulekile esikweni lamaHindu, futhi ngenxa yalesi sizathu isiko lathi isiko linciphise ikhono lalo lokuzivelela ukuze lizisekele. .

Kakade ngosuku lwango-August 15, 1947, i-India yakwazi ukuthola inkululeko yayo njengezwe, ngenxa yenhlangano yenkululeko eyayiholwa ngu-Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi noma owaziwa kangcono ngokuthi uMahatma Gandhi, usopolitiki ongumHindu, i-pacifist, isazi sefilosofi nommeli, owazuza. Ngokuvukela komphakathi okungenabudlova, wakwazi ukuzuza inkululeko yabantu bonke.

Ngaleso sikhathi esifanayo, akuzange kwenzeke ukuhlanganisa isiko lamaHindu nesiko lamaSulumane njengomphakathi ohlangene, yingakho iNdiya yaqala njengesizwe, futhi kwasungulwa izifunda ezimbili ezintsha, iBangladesh nePakistan.

Izilimi Nezincwadi

E-India kunezilimi ezingaba ngu-216, ezisetshenziswa futhi ezisetshenziswa abantu abangaba yizinkulungwane eziyi-10, futhi lezi zikhona ngenxa yokuhlukahluka kwesifunda; nokho, empeleni kukhona ama-lenga angama-22 aqashelwa njengasemthethweni kuleli zwe.

Cishe zonke lezi zilimi zivela emindenini emibili ebalulekile yezilimi: i-Dravidian, ephakathi nendawo esifundeni esiseningizimu, kanye ne-Indo-Aryan, ehambisana kakhulu esifundeni esisenyakatho yezwe. Ngaphezu kwalezi, kunezilimi zesigodi zemindeni ehlukene enezilimi ezingahlobene, njengezilimi zaseMunda nesiTibeto-Burman, ezilinganiselwe ezindaweni ezincane endaweni yaseNdiya. Kodwa-ke, umthethosisekelo waseNdiya usungula isiHindi nesiNgisi njengezilimi ezisemthethweni zombuso.

Kanye nalezi ezimbili zokugcina, kunezilimi ezingama-22, nazo eziqashelwa ngokusemthethweni, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwazo kuhambisana nazo ezingeni lesifunda. Ngokunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi isiSanskrit siwulimi lwendabuko lwaseNdiya naseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, okusinika uhlamvu noma ukufana nendima edlalwa isiLatini noma isiGreki emphakathini namasiko aseNtshonalanga.

Lolu limi ngokulandelayo luyisihloko socwaningo, okuhlanganisa eJapane namazwe aseNtshonalanga, ngenxa yokubaluleka kwalo kwamasiko nenkolo. Futhi une-Old Tamil, okuwulimi lwendabuko lomndeni wakwaDravidian. Kunezilimi eziningi kuleli zwe (ezisemthethweni noma ezingekho emthethweni), ukuthi naphezu kwesikhathi izigidi zabantu esifundeni ngasinye ziqhubeka nokwabelana ngesiko labo nokusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke.

Umlando wezilimi zaseNdiya

Ngokusho kwesazi sezilimi nesazi saseNdiya yasendulo ngokuthola kwakhe uhlu lozalo lwezilimi zase-Indo-European, iNgisi uWilliam Jones waveza okulandelayo ngo-1786:

“Ulimi lwesiSanskrit, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi olwasendulo, lunesakhiwo esivelele nesibabazekayo; lokhu kuba kuhle kakhulu futhi kuphelele kunesiGreki, ondleke kakhulu kuneLatin, ngisho nokugqama kunakho kokubili.

Nokho, inokufana okukhulu nalezi zilimi ezimbili, okungabonakala ngeso lengqondo kokubili ezimpandeni zezenzo kanye nasekumelweni kohlelo lwazo lolimi, ukuthi okungase kwenzeke kungenxa yephutha elilula; kuphawuleka kakhulu ukufana kwazo kangangokuthi noma isiphi isazi esihlola lezi zilimi ezintathu singaphetha ngokuthi zonke zivela emthonjeni ofanayo, okungenzeka ukuthi awusekho.

Kunesizathu esifanayo, kodwa mhlawumbe esingamakiwe kangako, sokuthatha ngokuthi isiGothic nesiCeltic, nakuba sihlanganiswe nolimi oluhluke kakhulu, sinemvelaphi efanayo neyeSanskrit. "

I-Rig-Vedic Sanskrit ingenye yemibono yokuqala yolimi lwesi-Indo-Aryan, iphinde ifakwe ohlwini njengenye yezingobo zomlando ezindala kakhulu zomndeni wolimi lwase-Indo-European.

Ukutholwa kwesiSanskrit ngabacwaningi bokuqala baseYurophu kwaholela ekuthuthukisweni kwefilosofi yokuqhathanisa. Yingakho, phakathi nekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili, izazi zamangala ukufana kwalolu limi, kokubili ngokwemigomo yohlelo kanye nesilulumagama, nezilimi zendabuko zaseYurophu.

Ngale ndlela, ngocwaningo lwesayensi nocwaningo olwalandela, bathola ukuthi imvelaphi yesiSanskrit, kanye nezinye izilimi zaseNdiya, ziyingxenye yozalo oluqukethe: IsiNgisi, isiFulentshi, isiNtaliyane, isiJalimane, isiGreki, iSpanishi, isiCeltic, I-Baltic, isiPheresiya, isi-Armenia, isiTocharian, phakathi kwezinye izilimi zesigodi.

Ukuguqulwa nokuthuthukiswa kolimi eNdiya kungahlaziywa ngokusebenzisa izikhala ezintathu ngesikhathi:

• Okudala
• izindlela
• I-Indo-Aryan yesimanje

Imodeli yendabuko ye-Indo-Aryan yasendulo kwakuyiSanskrit, echazwa njengolimi oluhlelekile, olufundile, olunamasiko kanye nolulungile (njengolufana neSpanishi), uma luqhathaniswa ne-Pracrite (ukuhlanganiswa kwezilimi zesigodi ezahlukene ezazikhulunywa e-India yakudala), okusho ukuthi. ulimi lwabantu bokufika olwavela ngaphandle kokuphinyiswa ngendlela efanele kanye nohlelo lolimi.

Yingakho ukwakheka kolimi kwashintsha njengoba laba bantu abafudukayo bexubana bodwa, lapho sebezinze ezindaweni ezintsha, bamukela amagama avela kubantu ababenolimi lwabo lwebele.

Lena yindlela iPracrite ekwazi ngayo ukuba yi-Middle Indo-Aryan, okwabangela ukuba kube nesiPali (ulimi lokuqala lwamaBuddha okuqala kanye nesiteji sase-Ashoka Vardhana cishe ngo-200 kuya ku-300 BC), ulimi lwesiPracrite lwezazi zefilosofi zamaJain kanye no-Apabhramsa ulimi. okuyinto exutshwe ezigabeni zokugcina ze-Middle Indo-Aryan. Abacwaningi abaningana bathola ukuthi i-Apabhramsa kamuva iba: isiHindi, isiBengali, isiGujarati, isiPunjabi, isiMarathi, phakathi kwezinye; okwamanje esetshenziswa ezindaweni ezisenyakatho, empumalanga nasentshonalanga yeNdiya.

Zonke lezi zilimi zinemvelaphi nokwakheka kwazo kufana kakhulu nesiSanskrit, phakathi kwazo, kanye nezinye izilimi zase-Indo-European. Ngakho-ke, ekugcineni, kukhona inqolobane yomlando neqhubekayo yeminyaka engaba ngu-3000 yomlando wolimi ogcinwe emibhalweni yasendulo.

Lokhu kuvumela abacwaningi ukuthi bafunde ukuguqulwa nokuthuthukiswa kwezilimi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kanye nokubona ngeso lengqondo ukwehluka okungabonakali phakathi kwezizukulwane, lapho ngokuvamile ulimi loqobo lungashintshwa lunikeze ukungena ezilimini zozalo okunzima ukuzibona njengamagatsha ezilimi zomdabu. isihlahla sinye.. Yile ndlela iSanskrit eshiye ngayo uphawu olubaluleke kakhulu ezilimini nasezincwadini zaleli zwe laseNdiya.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gIxhB4A3aDE

Ulimi olusetshenziswa kakhulu eNdiya isiHindi, okuwulimi oluqoshiwe lwesiSanskrit lolimi lwesiKauravi noma lwesiKhariboli. Ngokufanayo, ezinye izilimi zesimanje zase-Indo-Iranian, isi-Munda nesi-Dravidian, zithole amagama amaningi kusi-Sanskrit noma ngokungaqondile ngezilimi zesikhashana noma ezimaphakathi zase-Indo-Iranian.

Ngezilimi zamanje zase-Indo-Iranian zakhiwe cishe amagama angama-50% eSanskrit, kanye nezimonyo zemibhalo ye-Dravidian Telugu, isiMalayalam nesiKannada. Endabeni yesiBengali, okungolunye lwezilimi zase-Indo-Iranian zaseMpumalanga Ephakathi futhi umsuka walo ungabhalwa ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC, ikakhulukazi ngolimi lwe-Ardha Magadhi.

IsiTamil, esingolunye lwezilimi zesigodi zendabuko zaseNdiya, sivela ezilimini ze-proto-Dravidian, ezazisetshenziswa njengolimi lwesigodi cishe ngenkulungwane yesi-2 BC. C. endaweni eyi-peninsula yaseNdiya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izincwadi zesiTamil sezineminyaka engaphezu kuka-XNUMX futhi amarekhodi amadala kunawo wonke asukela ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX BC. c.

Olunye lwezilimi ezibaluleke kakhulu kulesi sifunda isiKannada, okubuye kube nemvelaphi yalo emndenini wendabuko wolimi lwamaDravidian. Kuqoshwa ama-epigraphs asuka ku-XNUMXst millennium BC futhi kwavela mayelana nokukhiqizwa kwemibhalo evela eKannada yasendulo kulo lonke elaseRashtrakuta. uzalo lwamakhosi cishe ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX nele-XNUMX. Abanye bathi lolu limi njengolimi lwesigodi lungaba ludala kune-Tamil, ngenxa yokuba khona kwamagama anezakhiwo zakudala ezingaphezu kwesiTamil.

Ngokuqondene ne-Kannada yasendulo, kwakuwulimi lwesigodi sase-Barabasi ekuqaleni kwenkathi evamile, ezigabeni ze-Satavahana ne-Kadamba, ngakho-ke inobukhona beminyaka engaba ngu-2 230 ubudala. Kuye kwavezwa ukuthi isimemezelo sika-Ashoka esitholakala esakhiweni semivubukulo yaseBrahma-guiri sango-XNUMX BC sinamagama ngesiKannada.

Elinye iphuzu okufanele liphawule ukuthi izilimi zase-Austro-Asian naseTibeto-Burman nazo ziyasetshenziswa eNdiya, ngaphandle kwe-Indo-European kanye ne-Dravidian. Kukhona uphenyo lwe-genomic ezizweni zaseNdiya, okubonisa ukuthi izifiki zokuqala zala mazwe kungenzeka zivela eNingizimu Asia.

Ukuxubana kolimi namasiko eNdiya akubangelwa kuphela ukuphuma okukhulu kwama-Indo-Aryan esuka e-Asia Ephakathi nase-Western Eurasia enqamula eNyakatho-mpumalanga, kodwa ucwaningo lwe-genome lubonisa ukuthi ibandla elikhulu labantu langena eNdiya kudala. odabuka eTibeto-Burmese.

Kodwa-ke, uphenyo lwe-Fst olukude lwe-genome lubonisa ukuthi i-Himalayas esenyakatho-ntshonalanga iye yasebenza njengenqaba yakho kokubili ukuphuma kanye ne-hodgepodge yomuntu eminyakeni engu-5 edlule. Izilimi zesigodi ezisetshenziswa kule ndawo yaseNdiya zifaka i-Austro-Asian (efana neKhasi) nesiTibeto-Burmese (njengeNishi).

Literatura

Imisebenzi yokuqala yezincwadi zamaNdiya yaqale yadalulwa ngomlomo, nokho, kamuva yahlanganiswa yaba imibhalo. Iqoqo lale misebenzi liqukethe imibhalo yemibhalo yeSanskrit efana neVedas yokuqala, ama-akhawunti omlando afana ne-Mahābhārata kanye ne-Rāmāyaṇa, idrama ka-Abhijñānaśakuntalā, izinkondlo ezifana ne-Mahākāvya, kanye nemibhalo evela ku-Old Tamil sangam izincwadi.

ama-epics

Izinkondlo zasendulo ezidume kakhulu kuyo yonke indawo yaseNdiya iRāmāyaṇa kanye ne-Mahābhārata. Le mibhalo iye yabhalwa emazweni ahlukahlukene ase-Asia njengeMalaysia, Thailand, ne-Indonesia.

Endabeni ye-Rāmāyaṇa, lo mbhalo wakhiwe cishe amavesi ayizinkulungwane ezingu-24, futhi isiko laseRama lilandisa ngokumelela unkulunkulu uVishnu, umkakhe othandekayo uSita owathunjwa uRávana, idemoni inkosi yaseLanka. Le nkondlo yayibaluleke kakhulu ekumiseni iDharma njengamandla aqhuba indlela yokuphila yamaHindu.

Mayelana nombhalo wasendulo nobanzi we-Mahabharata, kukholakala ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi yakhiqizwa cishe ngo-400 BC futhi kucatshangwa ukuthi lo mbhalo wawuthatha isakhiwo sawo samanje ekuqaleni kwethempeli lakwaGupta ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC. kutholwe imibhalo eguquliwe, kanye nezinkondlo ezingahlobene ezifana nalezi: i-Rama Mataram ngolimi lwesiTamil, i-Pampa-bharata ngesi-Kannada, i-Rama-charita-manasa ngesi-Hindi, kanye ne-'Adhyatma-Rāmāyaṇam ngesi-Malayalam.

Futhi ngaphandle kwalezi zinkondlo ezimbili ezinkulu, kunezinkondlo ezi-4 ezibalulekile ezibhalwe ngesiTamil, lezi yizi: Silappatikaram, Manimekalai, Civaka Cintamani kanye neValayapathi.

Kamuva ukuziphendukela kwemvelo

Ezikhathini zasendulo, izincwadi zesiKannada nesiTelugu zazikhona, ikakhulukazi phakathi nekhulu lesi-XNUMX nele-XNUMX. Kamuva, izincwadi zaqala ukunikezwa ngezinye izilimi ezifana nesiBengali, isiMarathi, isiqubulo esihlukahlukene sesiHindi, isiPheresiya nesiUrdu.

Ngonyaka we-1923, uMklomelo KaNobel emkhakheni Wezincwadi, uklonyeliswa imbongi yaseBengali nombhali u-Rabindranath Tagore, eba ngumuntu wokuqala waseNdiya ukuthola ukuqashelwa okunje ngale ndondo. Ukwengeza, esizweni samaNdiya, kunemiklomelo emibili ebalulekile yezincwadi zamaNdiya zanamuhla, lena iSahitya Akademi Fellowship kanye neJnanpith Award. Ngokuqondene nale miklomelo, ukuqashelwa kwe-Jnanpith kunikezwe izincwadi ngezilimi ezilandelayo:

• 8 kuya ekuchazeni ngolimi lwesiHindi.
• 8 ezincwadini ezenziwe ngesiKannada.
• 5 emikhiqizweni yaseBengali.
• 4 emibhalweni yesiMalayalam.
• 3 emibhalweni yesiGujarati, isiMarathi nesi-Urdu.
• 2 kulimi ngalunye kulezi: isi-Assamese, isiTamil nesiTelegu.

Ifilosofi Nenkolo

Kulesi sigaba, sizohlaziya izinkolelo, izimpawu, imibono kanye nemicabango maqondana nesiko lamaHindu, elibe nomthelela kuleli siko kanye nomhlaba.

Izimfundiso Fezefilosofi

Kube nezimfundiso eziningana eziye zaba nomthelela futhi zabangela umthelela ezweni lomcabango, phakathi kwezimfundiso ze-theistic, kanye namaBuddha namaHindu. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kugcizelelwe ukuthi i-India nayo yenze umnikelo wayo womlando ophenyweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwezindawo ezifana nalezi:

• Izibalo
• I-Logic kanye nokubonisana
• Sciences
• Ukuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo
• Ukungakholelwa ebukhoneni bukaNkulunkulu
• I-Agnosticism

Nokho, igalelo lakhe kulezi zindawo akwaziwa ngokuphelele, njengoba imibhalo eminingi eyayimsekela yacekelwa phansi ukushisekela inkolo. Kuyenzeka ukuthi imiqondo eyinkimbinkimbi yezibalo, njengombono othi zero, eyethulwa ama-Arabs eYurophu, isuka eNdiya.

Ngokufanayo, isikole iChárvaka, esidume kakhulu ngokudlulisela umbono waso ngokuphathelene nokungakholelwa ebukhoneni bukaNkulunkulu, esibhekwa abaningi njengesiwumsuka wasendulo wokukholelwa izinto ezibonakalayo emhlabeni, sasungulwa cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo nama-Upanishad amaHindu, kanye namaBuddha. kanye namaJain.

Ezinye izikole zefilosofi yamaGreki zaqala ukufana nezimfundiso zamaNdiya, kangangokuthi phakathi nempi ka-Alexander Omkhulu futhi okuphambene nalokho, izimpawu nemiqondo engokwenkolo yamaNdiya yafakwa esikweni lamaGreki.

Ngokunjalo, ukugqamisa ukuhlonishwa nokwazisa umphakathi onakho ngemfundiso yamaHindu, kufanele futhi kugcizelelwe ukuthi i-India bekuyisikole sezazi zefilosofi ezihlonishwayo nezivelele emhlabeni, ezibhale imicabango nemibono yazo ngezilimi eziningi njenge. abantu bomdabu kanye nesiNgisi neSpanishi.

Ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi sobukoloni baseBrithani kule nsimu yamaHindu, ongqondongqondo abaningi, bezwe nabezenkolo, bafinyelela izinga eliphakeme ngokuqashelwa, lapho imibhalo yabo yahunyushwa ngesiNgisi, isiJalimane nezinye izilimi.

Njengoba kwakunjalo ngo-Swami Vivekananda, omunye wabaqondisi bomoya bamaHindu bokuqala phakathi nekhulu le-1983, owavakashela e-United States ukuze abambe iqhaza kwi-World Convention of Religions ngo-XNUMX, lapho agqama khona futhi wanconywa ngenxa yakhe. Inkulumo Enkulu Eyendulela, eyavumela izazi zaseNtshonalanga okokuqala ukuthi zixhumane futhi zijwayelane nezimfundiso zamaHindu.

inkolo eNdiya

I-India ingumsuka wemikhuba yenkolo ebizwa ngokuthi i-dharmic, njenge: Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism kanye neSikhism. Sizochaza ngayinye yazo ngezansi:

• I-Brahmanism kanye neKhodi yeManu: lena inkolo ekholelwa kuNkulunkulu oyedwa yamaHindu okuqala, esekelwe ekukhulekeleni unkulunkulu ongumdali uBrahma; ngaphezu kwalokho, usungulwa ephakadeni kanye nokuphindukuzalwa komoya ngokwezenzo ezinhle zomuntu.
• UbuBuddha: iyimfundiso eyasungulwa uSiddharta Gautama, owadela ingcebo yakhe ukuze athathe igama likaBuddha. Le nkolo ikholelwa ukuthi umgomo womuntu uwukufinyelela i-nirvana ngokwenza okuhle, awuwunaki umphakathi wezigaba.
• UbuHindu: Ingenye yezinkolo ezidume kakhulu emhlabeni kanye nesiko lamaHindu. Ngendlela ye-polytheistic, esekelwe emibhalweni engcwele yamaVedas, ihlonipha isimiso sekilasi, uvuko kanye nokuba khona kukankulunkulu oyinhloko uBrahma.

Namuhla, ubuHindu nobuBuddha buyinkolo yesine neyesibili ebulawa kakhulu emhlabeni, enabalandeli abaningi abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2400. Futhi, leli zwe laziwa ngobuningi balo bezenkolo, nalo libe nemiphakathi namasiko azinikele kakhulu enkolweni nasezinkolelweni zawo; Kungalesi sizathu inkolo yesiko lamaHindu ibaluleke kakhulu kulesi sizwe nezakhamizi zaso.

Ngokuqondene nobuHindu, yinkolo lapho cishe u-80% wamaNdiya agxile kuyo, le nkolo ithathwa njengenye yezindala emhlabeni. Ngokufanayo, i-Islam ikhona kule ndawo, eyenziwa cishe yi-13% yezakhamizi zaseNdiya.

Kukhona neSikhism, Buddhism kanye neJainism, okuyizimfundiso ezinethonya elikhulu emhlabeni wonke. UbuKrestu, ubuZoroastrianism, ubuJuda kanye neBaha'ism nabo bayathokozela izinga labo lokubusa kodwa ngenani elincane labalandeli.

Naphezu kokubaluleka okukhulu nokweqa kwenkolo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kwamaNdiya, ukungakholelwa ebukhoneni bukaNkulunkulu nokukholelwa ukuthi uNkulunkulu akaziwa nakho kunethonya elibonakalayo.

Inhlangano Yezombangazwe Nezenhlalakahle Yamasiko AmaHindu

Phambilini, indawo yamaHindu yahlukaniswa yaba imibuso eminingana ezimele eyayibuswa ukumelwa kwenkosi, amaBrahmins kanye neqembu elibusayo.

Inkosi, ecatshangelwa njengemvelaphi yaphezulu, yayinegunya eliphelele lokulawula ubukhosi obubusayo, kuyilapho amaBrahman ayemiswa ukuba asebenzise imisebenzi yokudlulisela ubulungisa kulemibuso; Ngokuqondene nezikhulu ze-feudal, zakhiwe izikhulu ezincane ezazinezindawo ezinkulu ezandisiwe ezingaphansi kokulawula kwazo. Isakhiwo senhlalo sasisekelwe ikakhulukazi emthethweni, amasiko nenkolo, ihlukaniswe yaba:

• AmaBrahmins: Babemelelwa njengabapristi abanokuhlakanipha okukhulu, ngakho-ke, babenamandla namalungelo. Kwakunenkolelo yokuthi umsuka wabo wawuvela emlonyeni kankulunkulu uBrahma, ngakho bafundisa ukukhulekela namaVeda.
• Izingxoxo: amaqhawe ahloniphekile azalwa ezingalweni zikankulunkulu uBrahma.
• vaishias: eyakhiwe ngabathengisi, ochwepheshe kanye nezazi zezolimo namahlathi, abavela ezindaweni ezeqisayo ze-Superior Brahma.
• I-Sudras: inzalo yama-Dravidians bomdabu, atholakala ezinyaweni zikankulunkulu uBrahma, futhi indima yawo kwakuwukukhonza isigaba esivela kuma-Aryans anqobayo.

Isakhiwo senhlalo yesiko lamaHindu salandelwa ngokoMthetho weManu, okwathi ezahlukweni ezingu-18 wawusho izindinganiso zokuziphatha zomphakathi wamaHindu.

Izici zomphakathi

Esigabeni esilandelayo, sizocacisa ngezici zezenhlalo esikweni lamaHindu ezihlobene ngokuyinhloko nendaba yemishado ehleliwe eyake yavame kakhulu futhi esasebenza kwezinye izifunda namuhla. Kanye, imikhonzo esetshenziswa kakhulu kuleli zwe futhi eseyaziwa nakwamanye amasiko.

imishado ehleliwe

Sekungamakhulu eminyaka impucuko yaseNdiya inesiko lokusungula imishado ehleliwe. Ngisho nasekhulwini lama-XNUMX, kubantu abaningi balo mphakathi, imishado yabo ihlelwa futhi ihlelwe abazali babo nezinye izihlobo ezifanele, nakuba labo abayoshada cishe njalo yibo abanikeza imvume yabo yokugcina.

Ezikhathini zasendulo, umshado wawuba khona lapho abashadile besebancane kakhulu, ikakhulukazi e-Rajasthan, kodwa nge-modernism iminyaka iye yanda, futhi kuye kwashaywa imithetho eqondisa iminyaka ephansi yesibopho somshado.

Cishe kuyo yonke imishado, abakubo kamakoti balobola kubakhwenyana noma kubo kamkhwenyana. Njengesiko, ilobolo lalibhekwa njengesabelo sikamakoti senhlanhla yomkhaya, njengoba indodakazi yayingenalo igunya elingokomthetho emafeni omkhaya wakubo. Kanjalo nelobolo laliqukethe izinto ezithwalayo ezifana nobucwebe nezinto zasendlini umakoti ayengazilahla esaphila.

Esikhathini esedlule, imindeni eminingi yayidlulisela impahla yomndeni kuphela ngomugqa wabesilisa. Kusukela ngo-1956, kwasungulwa imithetho yaseNdiya ephatha abesilisa nabesifazane ngokulinganayo, ngokwefa uma ingekho incwadi yefa esemthethweni yomufi.

Phendula ngokucaphuna

Ngokuqondene nokubingelela, ziningi izindlela zokuveza lokhu kuye ngesifunda sezwe lapho ukhona, lezi yilezi:

• IsiTelugu nesiMalayalam: namaste, namaskar, namaskara noma namaskaram.
• Tamil:vanakam
• Bengali: nomoshkaar
• Isi-Assamese: nomoscar

Ngokuphathelene negama elithi nomoskar, igama elivamile lokubingelela ngamazwi noma ukwamukela, okuthi, nokho, kuthathwe abanye njengokuyisidala. Ngokuqondene negama elithi namaskar, lokhu kubhekwa njengenguqulo ehlelekile kakhudlwana ye-namaste, kodwa kokubili kuveza inhlonipho ejulile.

Ukubingelela kuvame ukusetshenziswa eNdiya naseNepal ngamaHindu, amaJain, namaBuddha, futhi abaningi basayisebenzisa ngaphandle kwezwekazi laseNdiya. Ngesiko lamaNdiya nelaseNepal, leli gama libhalwa ekuqaleni kokuxhumana okubhaliwe noma ngomlomo.

Kodwa-ke, isenzo esifanayo esigoqe izandla senziwa ngokuthula ngenkathi sivalelisa noma sihamba. Okunikeza incazelo eqondile, kusukela ku-: "Ngiyakhuleka kuwe." Isisho esisuselwa kuSanskrit (namah): ukukhothama, ukuzithoba, ukukhothama nokuhlonipha, kanye (te): "kuwe". Njengoba esinye isazi saseNdiya sichaza, ngokwezwi nezwi, elithi namaste lisho ukuthi “Unkulunkulu ohlala kimi ukhothamela unkulunkulu ohlala kuwe” noma “Unkulunkulu ohlala kimi ubingelela unkulunkulu ohlala kuwe.”

Kuyo yonke imindeni kuleli zwe, abantu abasha bafunda ukucela isibusiso kubantu abadala asebekhulile ngokwenza umnsalo omncane ngokusebenzisa isenzo somnsalo, lesi siko sibizwa ngokuthi i-pranāma. Okunye ukubingelela noma ukwamukela kuhlanganisa:

• UJai Shri Krishna
• inqama
• Sat Shri Akaal, egijima ngesiPunjabi futhi eqashwe abathembekile beSikhism.
• U-Jai Jinendra, ukubingelela okuvamise ukusetshenziswa umphakathi wamaJain.
• noma shivaya

Ubuciko Eindawo enhle

Ukubonakaliswa kobuciko maqondana nesiteji kuhlukahlukene, lesi siko samaHindu sibambe iqhaza kwisinema saso ngokusebenzisa imboni yayo yamafilimu ebizwa ngokuthi i-Bollywood, yaseshashalazini, umdanso nomculo, esizohlaziya ngayinye yazo ngokuningiliziwe. , ngokulandelayo:

Cine

Imboni yamafilimu yaseNdiya ingenye ethandwa kakhulu futhi enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, akukho okungaphezu kwenani layo ngokwezinto ezingenakubalwa zamafilimu namafilimu amafushane akhiqizwa eminyakeni edlule; le mboni ibuse izikhala e-Asia nasePacific, leli qiniso liye lavumela ukuthola cishe u-73% wenzuzo yesethulo sesinematographic ngayinye.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, esikweni lamaHindu kuvame kakhulu ukubona amaHindu evame ukuya emabhayisikobho, lokhu kuyingxenye yemisebenzi yokuzijabulisa ayijabulela kakhulu, ngenxa yokuhlukahluka nobuningi bamafilimu akhiqizwa yile mboni. Futhi, le mboni isithole ukuqashelwa nempumelelo ngaphandle kwendawo yaseNdiya, isidingo sale mikhiqizo simakwa kakhulu ezifundeni lapho kunenani elikhulu labantu bokufika abangamaHindu.

Ukukhiqizwa kwefilimu yokuqala ephawulekayo yaseNdiya kwakhuthazwa ngo-1913 ngaphansi kwegama elithi Harishandra, eliqondiswe nguDadasaheb Phalke, umlando walo kanye noshicilelo lwalo lwalusekelwe esihlokweni senganekwane yesiko lamaHindu, esaphawula kusukela ngaleso sikhathi ingqikithi eyinhloko yale cinema.

Ngokufika kwamafilimu omsindo ngo-1931, okokuqala e-India kwaba yi-Alam Ara, izimboni zamafilimu zazitholakala ezingxenyeni ezihlukene, ngokulingana nezilimi: isiBombay (sisebenzisa isi-Hindi esiqashelwa njenge-Bollywood), i-Tollygunge (yefilimu ngesi-Bengali), i-Kerala (nge-Malayalam zihlonze njenge-Mollywood), i-Kodambakkam (ngesiTamil bayibiza ngokuthi i-Bollywood), i-Madras ne-Calcutta.

Ngokuqondene ne-Bollywood, isidlaliso esisetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwefilimu yesi-Hindi, etholakala e-Bombay, idolobha elinabantu abaningi eNdiya. Leli gama lisetshenziswe ngokungalungile ukubhekisela kukho konke ukukhiqizwa kwefilimu yamaHindu; nokho, lena ingxenye kuphela, equkethe ezinye izishoshovu eziningi kwezinye izilimi zesigodi. Leli gama, elasungulwa ngeminyaka yawo-1970, livela emdlalweni wamagama phakathi kweBombay neHollywood, isikhungo sokukhiqizwa kwefilimu yaseMelika.

Isici esihluke kakhulu semikhiqizo yefilimu yalesi sifunda se-Bollywood izigcawu zabo zomculo; lapho, ngokuvamile, ifilimu ngayinye iqukethe izingoma nemidanso evamile yezwe, kuhlanganiswe nama-pop choreographies athakazelisayo aseNtshonalanga.

Danza

Isiko lamaHindu izinkulungwane zeminyaka liye lagxivizwa ubuciko bomdanso, njengoba lokhu kubonakaliswa kuxhumene nezinkolelo zabo zenkolo, futhi lokhu kusungulwa emibhalweni yasendulo yesiSanskrit, esukela cishe ngonyaka wama-200 kuya ku-300 BC lena:

• I-Nattia-sastra, emele ubuciko bomdanso.
• Abhinaia-darpana, okuwumfanekiso wokuthinta.

Imidanso yalesi siko nendlela emelelwa ngayo kule mibhalo yakudala, ngokusho komdansi womdanso wamaHindu uRagini Devi, wathi:

“Le midanso iwukubonakaliswa kobuhle bangaphakathi nobunkulunkulu bomuntu. Kuwubuciko bokuzithandela, lapho kungekho lutho olushiywe ngengozi, isenzo ngasinye sifuna ukuxhumana nemibono kanye nemizwa yobuso ngayinye.»

E-India kunemidanso eyi-8 eyinhloko neyendabuko, eqashelwa yiNational Academy of Music, Dance and Drama yaleli zwe. Lezi zindlela eziyisi-8 zokuzibonakalisa ngomdanso, ziyindaba exoxwayo yezinganekwane, ehlanganiswe nengoma ethile, amagama ahlabelele, umculo kanye nokukodwa kokuthinta komzimba nokuchazwa kwemizwa evezwa ngale midanso; Nakuba lemidanso inokufana okuthile, kodwa iyahluka ngokwesifunda sayo kanye nokunyakaza okusekelwe kukho, yilezi:

Bharatanatyam

Isuselwa egameni elithi ukubonakaliswa komculo nomdanso, owazalelwa eSouth India. Ngemuva kokungena kweBrithani, iNdiya yathatha umfutho wayo wokukhombisa isiko layo ngomdanso. Kungakho imidanso yamaHindu ihlotshaniswa nomlilo nezinhlanganisela zaphakade nendawo yonke. Lo mdanso ungenziwa ngumuntu oyedwa futhi ususelwa ekunyakazeni kwabesilisa nabesifazane.

UKathak

Lona omunye wemidanso yamaHindu ethandwa kakhulu, eyasungulwa kudala eNdiya kanye nesiko layo elidlulele elishiwo ngokunyakaza. Lo mdanso uwukubonakaliswa okungcwele komzimba waseNdiya futhi kuhilela ukunyakaza okushelelayo okwandayo ngesikhathi ngomculo.

Odyssey

Ivela eMpumalanga India, isekelwe ekusindeni kanye nemvelaphi. Lo mdanso ukhethekile kakhulu njengoba uhlukanisa umzimba ezindaweni ezi-3 zomzimba: ikhanda, isifuba kanye ne-hip, okwenza izikhundla ezingabonakala emidwebeni etholakala eNdiya.

UMohiniyattam

Ihambisana nesifunda saseKerala. Lapho owesifazane ekhanga umphakathi ngokunyakaza okukhangayo nokuthambile. Umdanso usho ukuhamba kwezinqulu kanye nesimo esifanele sokujabulela ukunyakaza ngakunye, kulokhu ukunyakaza kwezandla kuyasetshenziswa, okuhamba ngobuqili ukusuka kolunye uhlangothi.

Kuchipudi

Ivela endaweni yase-Andhra Pradesh eseNingizimu ye-India, esekelwe ekuhambeni ngezindaba ezingcwele. Ukunyakaza kwalo mdanso wama-Hindustani kuwukubonakaliswa nokusho ukuxoxa umcimbi noma indaba yesikhathi esedlule.

I-Manipuri

Umdanso oqhamuka esifundeni esisenyakatho-mpumalanga. Imelelwe ukunyakaza okuthambile kakhulu nokowesifazane. Lo mdanso unemvelaphi yenkolo ebaluleke kakhulu, kanye nesiko, umculo nabadansi bawo. Lo mdanso ubonakaliswa ngethuluzi elithi «Pung» lapho kunikezwa khona ukususwa ukuze kuqiniswe isinyathelo ngasinye somdanso.

 Satriya

Ivela esifundeni sase-Assam enyakatho ye-India, futhi inomoya obalulekile wenkolo. Kungumdanso osekelwe okholweni lwamaVaishnava, owawudlalwa izindela nemikhosi ekhethekile yabesifazane njengengxenye yemikhuba yabo evamile yansuku zonke; okuqondene ngqo nalo mdanso imvunulo, ukuma kanye nendaba.

UKathakali

Okwakamuva kungokwesifunda sase-Kerala futhi iwona kuphela umdanso owenziwa ngesiteji, ngakho-ke uvezwa ethiyetha nabalingiswa abazibonakalisa ngokubonakala kwemizimba yabo. Esinye sezici zayo eziyinhloko izingubo kanye nokwenza samuntu komlingiswa ngamunye onokwakheka okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kanye nekhanda lezinwele; lokhu kungomunye wemidanso ejabulisa kakhulu futhi ethandwayo eNdiya.

Indawo yaseshashalazini

Ithiyetha kuleli siko ixhumene kakhulu nomculo nomdanso. Imisebenzi ekhiqiziwe ihlukene, phakathi kwayo yilezi: UShakuntala kanye noMeghaduta obhalwe umbhali wemidlalo yeshashalazi wamaHindu kanye nembongi uKalidasa, lezi zincwadi ezimbili kanye nalezo zombhali wemidlalo yeshashalazi uBhasa, ziyingxenye yeqoqo lemisebenzi emidala yalesi siko.

Ngokunjalo, elinye lamasiko esifunda saseKerala kukhulunywa ngalo, i-Kutiyattam, okuwuhlobo lweshashalazi esiSanskrit esijwayelekile esikhona iminyaka engaphezulu noma engaphansi kwezinkulungwane ezi-2. Ngendlela efanayo, ngezimfanelo ezifana neyokuqala, umkhuba weNatya Shastra.

Okubalulekile, umdwebi waseNdiya uMani Madhava Chakiar uhlonishwa ngokuvuselela isiko letiyetha yasendulo kusukela ekushabalaleni. Lo mculi wayaziwa ngobuciko bakhe be-Rasa Abhinaya; ngokunjalo, nokudlala ezigcawini zikaKalidasa, kanye nakwiPancharātra kaBhasa, kanye neNagananda kaHarsha.

umculo

Esikweni lamaHindu umculo uyinto ebaluleke kakhulu. Kukhona inkomba endala kakhulu kulokhu, okuye kwabonakala iminyaka engaba yinkulungwane ezi-2 ekubhaleni kweSanskrit i-Natyasastra, lapho izinhlelo ze-taxonomic ezi-5 zinemininingwane yokuhlukanisa izinsimbi zomculo. Enye yalezi zinhlelo ihlukanisa amaqembu angu-4, ngokusho kwemithombo yawo eyinhloko engu-4 yokudlidliza, okuyilezi:

• Izintambo
• Amasimbali
• ulwelwesi
• Umoya

Ophenyweni lwemivubukulo, abacwaningi nabavubukuli abatholakala ezindaweni eziphakeme zase-Orissa, i-lithophone engukhiye we-20 eyenziwe nge-basalt futhi yapholishwa ngokucophelela, leli thuluzi lineminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezi-3 ubudala.

Izibonelo zokuqala ezisekhona zomculo wamaNdiya izingoma ze-Sama-veda kusukela ngesikhathi sika-1000 BC Lokhu sisasetshenziswa emaculweni kweminye imihlatshelo ye-Vedic srauta; lezi zakha iqoqo elidala kakhulu lamahubo omculo wamaNdiya. Lokhu kuveza ukusabalalisa kwethoni okwenziwe ngamanothi ayisikhombisa, aqanjwe ngohlelo olwehlayo:

• I-Krusht
• pratham
• dwitiya
• I-Tritiya
• ingxoxo
• UMandra
• Atiwar

Okucacisa amanothi omtshingo, okwakuyithuluzi elimangalisayo lokunganyakazi; Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunemibhalo yamaHindu eye yaphawula futhi yaba nomthelela emculweni wesiko lamaHindu, njengamaSama-veda neminye; namuhla enezinhlobo ezi-2 zomculo ezihlukene: i-Carnatic ne-Hindustani. Lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zomculo zisekelwe ngokuyinhloko ku-raga, okuyisisekelo somculo, esiculwa ngesitala, okuwumjikelezo onesigqi; izakhi ezapheleliswa emibhalweni kaNatia-sastra kanye neDattilam, phakathi kuka-200 no-300 BC.

Umculo wamanje wesiko lamaHindu uhlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zemiculo nezigaba kusukela: ezenkolo, ezakudala, ezomdabu, ezidumile kanye ne-pop. Izigaba ezihamba phambili zomculo wamaNdiya namuhla ifilimu ne-indipop. Endabeni yefilimu, lezi zinhlobo zezingoma zisetshenziswa kumafilimu e-Bollywood, futhi okubuye kube wuhlobo lomculo olumele ukuthengiswa okungaphezulu kwama-70% endaweni yaseNdiya.

Ukwengeza, kukhona uhlobo lomculo oluyingxube yezinganekwane zamaNdiya, umculo wakudala noma umculo wamaSufi onamasiko omculo aseNtshonalanga.

ubuciko bokubukwa

Phakathi kwezinto ezibukwayo zobuciko esikweni lamaHindu, imisebenzi yayo yezakhiwo igqamile, iningi layo elinokubaluleka kwezenkolo kuleli siko, lapho lisathakaselwa khona nanamuhla futhi liyingxenye yezimangaliso zomhlaba. Ngokunjalo, leli siko liphinde langena endaweni yokudweba nokubaza. Okulandelayo, sizochaza ngayinye yazo:

Ukudweba

Kanye nasezingxenyeni ezihlukene zomhlaba, i-India nayo inemidwebo yakudala, okungukuthi, ama-petroglyphs angaphambi komlando angabonakala ekungeneni kwemigede eyayisetshenziswa laba bantu basendulo njengendawo yabo yokuhlala. Enye yale mibukiso yobuciko ingatholakala e-Bhimbetka, lapho enye yalezi zinto ezitholakalayo ezivela ngaphezulu noma ngaphansi kweminyaka eyinkulungwane ye-9 itholakala.

Esinye sezici ezibonakala kakhulu kule nkulumo ngokudweba ezikhathini ezikude kulezi zindawo, ukukhetha kwabo imvelo, lokhu singakubona emidwebeni etholakala emigedeni yase-Ajanta, i-Bagh, i-Ellora ne-Sittanavasal kanye nemidwebo yamathempeli. Ngokuvamile, imifanekiso yezenkolo ingavezwa kuzo; Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi izinkolo ezimele kakhulu ezikhathini zasendulo eNdiya kwakuyiHinduism, Buddhism kanye neJainism.

Ukuze kudalwe le misebenzi enomklamo wemvelo, basebenzisa ufulawa onemibala noma, njengoba i-rangoli yaziwa kule ndawo, lolu hlobo lwezinto ezibonakalayo lubonakala kakhulu eningizimu yeNdiya, ngoba kuyisiko ezakhamuzini zamaHindu ukuhlobisa i-rangoli. ukungena ezindlini zabo ngalolu hlobo lwezinto.

Omunye wabaculi bakudala abadume kakhulu kulobu buciko kwakungu-Raja Ravi owenza imisebenzi eminingi ikakhulukazi ekuqaleni kwenkathi ephakathi. Phakathi kwezindlela ezimele kakhulu zokudweba lobu buciko eNdiya yilezi:

Madhubani

Kuyindlela yokudweba yamaHindu esetshenziswe eMithila yaseNepal nasezindaweni zaseNdiya zaseBihar, lezi zenziwa ngeminwe, i-blade, amabhulashi, izimpaphe kanye nomentshisi, ngodayi bemvelo kanye nama-nuances; Ibonakala ngamaphethini ejometri athakazelisayo.

I-Mysore

Ifomu elibalulekile lomdwebo wasendulo waseNingizimu Indian ovela ngaphakathi naseduze kwedolobha laseMysore eKarnatak. Lezi zibonakala ngobuciko bazo, ama-nuances athambile kanye nokunaka imininingwane, lapho amacebo okufanele amele khona kwakungonkulunkulu kanye nezenzakalo zezinganekwane zaleli siko.

Imibala yayiyimvelaphi yemvelo kanye nemifino, amaminerali noma imvelaphi yemvelo, njengalezi: amaqabunga, amatshe nezimbali; Amabhulashi enziwa ngezinwele zezingwejeje ukuze enze umsebenzi obucayi, kodwa ukudweba imigqa ecoke kakhulu kwakudinga ibhulashi elenziwe ngezindwani ezicijile. Ngenxa yekhwalithi ehlala njalo yemibala esemhlabeni neyemifino esetshenzisiwe, opende be-Mysore basabugcina ubusha nokucwebezela kwabo nanamuhla.

I-Rajput

Owaziwa nangokuthi uRajasthani, wakhula futhi wathuthuka ezindaweni zasebukhosini zaseRajputana eNdiya. Imibuso ye-Rajputana ibonise isitayela esihlukile, kodwa esinezici ezithile ezifanayo. Lezi zifanekisela uchungechunge lweziqephu, izehlakalo ezilandisayo njengeRamayana.

Izethulo ezincane emibhalweni noma emashidini amahhala okufakwa ezincwadini kwakuyiyona ndlela ekhethwayo yalolu hlobo lweRajput, kodwa imidwebo eminingi yenziwa ezindongeni zezigodlo, amakamelo anezinqaba, izindlu ezinkulu ezifana ne-Shekhawati haslis, izinqaba nezithabathaba ezakhiwe nguShekhawat. Rajputs.

Imibala iye yakhishwa kumaminerali athile, emithonjeni yezitshalo, emagobolondweni eminenke, futhi iye yatholakala nangokucubungula amatshe ayigugu. Sekusetshenziswe igolide nesiliva. Ukulungiswa kwemibala oyifunayo kwakuyinqubo ende, ngezinye izikhathi ithatha amaviki ama-2. Amabhulashi asetshenzisiwe ayemahle kakhulu.

• Tanjore

Kuyindlela yendabuko yokudweba evela eSouth India, eyaqala edolobheni laseThanjavur (e-Anglo njenge-Tanjore) futhi yasabalala esifundeni esiseduze nesemngceleni weTamil. Imodi yalokhu idalula izici zayo e-motion cishe ngo-1600 AD isiteji lapho amaNayakas aseThanjavur ekuphathweni kwemisebe ye-Vijayanagara ekhuthaza ubuciko.

Lobu buciko bubonakala ngemibala egqamile, eyisicaba, egqamile, ukwakheka okulula okungokomfanekiso, iqabunga legolide elikhazimulayo eligqinsiwe phezu kwemisebenzi kakhonkolo entekenteke kodwa ebanzi kanye nezimbotshana zamaparele nezingcezu zengilazi noma akuvamile kakhulu ukuba kube namatshe ayigugu nangathi ayigugu; ukumelela izithombe zenkolo, njengoba izihloko zemidwebo eminingi kungonkulunkulu nonkulunkulukazi bamaHindu.

• Mughal

Kuyindlela ekhethekile yaseNingizimu Asia, evame ukumiswa ukuze ibe ngamafomu amancane, njengasemifanekisweni yemibhalo noma njengemisebenzi yawo eqoqwe kumabhukwana, aphuma kubuciko obuncane basePheresiya. Ikakhulukazi ibonakala ngokuba ngokoqobo kwayo.

Ngokuqondene nabaculi besimanje abavelele kakhulu baseNdiya, mayelana nalolu hlobo lokubonakaliswa kobuciko, sinokulandelayo:

• I-Nandalal bose
• UMaqbool Fida Husain
• Kusho uHaider Race
• Geeta Vadhera
• UJamini Roy
• B.Venkatappa

Phakathi kwabadwebi basekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX, abamele inkathi entsha yobuciko bamaHindu lapho ubuciko bomhlaba buhlangana nezitayela zakudala zaseNdiya, sinalo:

• Athul Dodiya
• Bose Krishnamacnahri
• Devajyoti Ray
• shibu natesan

Isikhuhlu

Esigodini sase-Indus uzothola izithombe eziqoshiwe ezindala kunazo zonke eNdiya, ezenziwe ngokuyinhloko ngamatshe nethusi. Njengoba izinkolo ezihlukene zalesi sizwe zazithuthuka, esikhathini esithile kamuva zenza imisebenzi esetshenzwe ngemininingwane ecophelelayo engabonakala ezithombeni zazo zonkulunkulu kanye/noma amathempeli; omunye wemisebenzi edlula yonke indawo yi-Ellora engcwele, eyaqoshwa edwaleni lentaba.

Ngokufanayo, enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeNdiya, kungase kubonakale ezinye izithombe eziqoshiwe eziqukethe imininingwane efana nale ndawo, kanye nethonya elithile lamaGreki namaRoma; lezi zakhiwe ngezinto ezifana ne-stucco, ubumba kanye ne-schist. Cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo, izithombe eziqoshiwe ze-sandstone ezibomvana zikaMathura zenziwa.

Ngenkathi uMbuso wakwaGupta usungulwa ngeminyaka ye-XNUMX kuya kweyesi-XNUMX, lolu hlobo lobuciko lwathola ukucaciswa okuphezulu nokucophelela ekumodeleni. Le modeli yomsebenzi, kanye nezinye ezifundeni ezihlukene zaseNdiya, yaguqukela ekuxazululeni ubuciko bakudala baseNdiya, lapho kwavela khona izithombe eziqoshiwe zamaBuddha namaHindu ezivela eNingizimu-mpumalanga naseMpumalanga Asia.

Izakhiwo

E-India, i-architecture ifinyelela ezinhlobonhlobo zezinkulumo ezinqamula isikhathi, ezithatha njalo imibono emisha. Umkhiqizo walokhu ungumfanekiso wokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo, manje ogcina ukuqhubeka okungangabazeki ngesikhathi nomlando. Eziningana zalezi zakhiwo zitholakala esigodini soMfula i-Indus kusukela cishe ngo-2600 kuya ku-1900 BC lapho kungabonwa khona amadolobha amakhulu nezindlu ezihlelwe kahle.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi inkolo nezicukuthwane bezingabandakanyi noma bezimele ekuhlelweni nasekusekelweni kwala madolobha.

Ngesikhathi lapho kusungulwa i-Maurya ne-Gupta Empires kanye nezindlalifa zabo kamuva, kwakhiwa amathempeli ahlukahlukene amaBuddha anjengemigede yase-Ajanta, i-Ellora kanye ne-Sanchi Stupa. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, esifundeni esiseningizimu yaleli zwe, kwasungulwa izindawo ezingcwele ezihlukahlukene zamaHindu, njenge:

• I-Chennakesava e-Belur.
• Hoysaleswara in Halebidu.
• I-Kesava e-Somanathapura.
• I-Brihadeeswara e-Thanjavur.
• Suria in Konark.
• Sri Ranganathaswami in Srirangam.
• UBuddha – uChinna Lanja Dibba noVikramarka Kota Dibba eBhattiprolu.

Kubalulekile ukuveza ukuthi ithonya eliphawulekayo lamaNdiya liye labonakala ekwakhiweni kwe-Southeast Asia, lezi zakhiwo zinezici ezifanayo kakhulu ezingaqinisekiswa ngokuthi zicishe zifane nezindawo ezingcwele zendabuko zaseNdiya; Lokhu singakubona ezindaweni ezingcwele zamaHindu namaBuddha namathempeli anjengalawa: Angkor Wat, Borobudur nabanye.

Ngokwenziwa kwezakhiwo e-India, uchungechunge lwezici kufanele lucatshangelwe olufuna ukunikeza ibhalansi nokuvumelana ngezikhala kanye/noma izindawo. Yile ndlela i-Vaastu Shastra ekhona ngayo, lokhu kuyisimiso sendabuko esithinta ukuhlela, izakhiwo kanye nokuvumelana kwezikhala, okufana kakhulu nalokho okushiwo yi-Feng Shui emasikweni ase-Asia. Akwaziwa ngokuqinisekile ukuthi iyiphi yalezi zinhlelo ezimbili endala kunazo zonke, noma kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi izimiso zinezici ezifanayo kakhulu.

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Feng Shui kusakazeke kakhulu emhlabeni, futhi nakuba iVastu inombono ofanayo we-Feng Shui ngokuthi iphinde ifune ukulinganisa ukuhamba kwamandla (okubizwa ngokuthi amandla okuphila noma i-Prana ngesiSanskrit kanye neChi / Ki ngesiShayina / isiJapane ) , indlu ngayinye ihluka ngokwezakhi, njengemiyalelo eqondile yokuthi izinto ezihlukahlukene, amakamelo kanye nezinto ezisetshenziswayo phakathi kokunye, kufanele zibekwe kanjani.

Ngokufika kwethonya lamaSulumane eNtshonalanga, izakhiwo zaseNdiya zabunjwa ukuze zivumelane namasiko amasha afakwe kulesi sizwe. Ngakho-ke, njengoba le misebenzi elandelayo yaba uphawu lwaseNdiya, yilezi:

• Fatehpur Sikri
• Taj Mahal
• UGol Gumbaz
• I-Qutub Minar
• I-Red Fort eDelhi

Ngesikhathi sokubusa kwamakholoni woMbuso WaseBrithani, isitayela se-Indo-Saracenic sasetshenziswa kanye nokwakheka kwezinye izitayela eziningi, njenge-European Gothic, engabonakala ezakhiweni ezifana nalezi:

• Isikhumbuzo Sokunqoba
• I-Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus

Izembatho

E-India, ingubo ngayinye iyahlukahluka kuye ngesifunda sesizwe lapho itholakala khona, futhi umqondo wayo wemfashini uvame ukuqondiswa isiko, isimo sezulu, indawo kanye nezimo zasemadolobheni noma zasemakhaya. Kulesi siko, ezingeni elijwayelekile kunesembatho esiyintandokazi esizweni sonke nangaphandle kwaso, lena i-sari esetshenziswa abesifazane, kanye ne-dhoti noma i-lungi yabesilisa.

Ukwengeza, amaHindu abuye agqoke izingubo esezilungile ezinomehluko ohambisana nobulili, ngezansi sizochaza lezi zicucu:

• Abesifazane ngokuvamile bagqoka amabhulukwe e-churidar avame ukuthi aqine kancane ekusikeni, kanye/noma i-salwar-kameez evamise ukugqokwa elingana okuxekethile, i-dupatta okuyisikhafu esixegayo esimboza amahlombe futhi sidlulele phezu kwesifuba.
• Amadoda agqoka amabhulukwe ohlobo lwe-pajama ane-kurta, okungamahembe axegayo awela emathangeni noma ngaphansi kwamadolo, kanye namabhulukwe namahembe anama-European cut.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwe-jeans, ama-flannel, ama-suit suits, amahembe kanye nezinye izinhlobo zemiklamo ekusikeni kwezingubo zingabonakala emadolobheni.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ezindaweni zomphakathi nezenkolo, ukuvezwa kwesikhumba kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezingubo ezisobala noma ezimpintshayo kufanele kugwenywe.

Ngenxa yesimo sezulu esishisayo, indwangu evame kakhulu yokwenza izingubo kuleli zwe ikotini; Ngokuqondene nohlobo lwezicathulo, ngokuvamile zinokunambitheka okukhethekile nokuthandwayo kwezimbadada.

Njengokugcwalisa izingubo zabo, abesifazane abangamaHindu bavame ukusebenzisa izimonyo futhi bagqoke izingubo ezinjengalezi:

• UBindi: yiphuzu elidumile elitholakala ebunzini ngokuqondile phakathi kwamashiya, leli phuzu linezincazelo ezahlukene mayelana nombala walo: obomvu kusetshenziswa abesifazane abashadile, abamnyama ngabesifazane abangashadile, ophuzi ngomcebo, phakathi kwabanye. Nokho, okwamanje yonke imibala ingasetshenziswa, ngaphandle kokulinganiselwa.
• mehndi: okuwuhlobo lobuciko bomzimba lapho imiklamo yokuhlobisa yenziwa khona emzimbeni womuntu, kusetshenziswa i-henna enombala obomvu nomnyama
• Amasongo amaningi namacici.

Ngesikhathi semicimbi ekhethekile njengemikhosi, imishado, imikhosi, phakathi kokunye; abesifazane ngokuvamile bagqoka izingubo ezimibalabala kakhulu, ezikhanyayo nezinemibala egqamile ngemihlobiso yezinsimbi eziyigugu njengegolide nesiliva, kanye namatshe esifunda namagugu.

Ukwengeza, abesifazane bavame ukugcoba i-sindoor, lena impushana yezimonyo ebomvu noma ewolintshi ebekwa njengomugqa oqondile entanjeni yezinwele, abanye bayigcobe kusukela maphakathi nesiphongo kuya ngasezinweleni, kwezinye izindawo bayibiza ngokuthi mang.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi lesi sisekeli ngokuvamile sigqokwa ngabesifazane abashadile kuphela, abesifazane abangashadile abagqoki i-sindoor; kanjalo nabesifazane baseNdiya abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-100 abaqhuba izinkolo ngaphandle kwamaHindu nabaphika ubukhona bukaNkulunkulu okungenzeka bashadile.

Izingubo eNdiya ziye zaba nokuziphendukela kwemvelo okuqhubekayo kuwo wonke umlando walesi sizwe; Ngakho-ke, ezikhathini zasendulo, ngokusho kwemibhalo yamaVedic, ikhuluma ngezingubo ezenziwe ngamagxolo namaqabunga okuthiwa i-phataka. Ngokufanayo, i-Rigveda yangekhulu leshumi nanhlanu BC ikhuluma ngezingubo ezidayiwe nezifekethisiwe ezibizwa nge-paridhan, ngaleyo ndlela ibhekise ekuthuthukisweni kwamasu okuthunga asezingeni eliphakeme enkathini yamaVeda. Phakathi nekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC, isazi-mlando esingumGreki uHerodotus sikhuluma ngekhwalithi ecebile yezingubo zikakotini zalesi sizwe.

Ngekhulu lesibili BC, ngokuthengiswa kwale ndawo noMbuso WaseRoma, yangenisa izindwangu ze-muslin ezenziwe eningizimu yeNdiya; izindwangu zikasilika ezinhle nezinongo kwakuyimikhiqizo eyinhloko iNdiya eyayihweba namanye amasiko.

Kakade ezikhathini zamuva zekhulu le-XNUMX, imakethe yezingubo ze-haute couture yayisishintshile, yaduma kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX phakathi nokugasela kwamaSulumane kule ndawo yamaHindu; kuze kube yilapho amaSulumane ekhetha ukugqoka izingcezu ezenziwe ngaphambili ngenkathi izingubo ezidwetshiwe zithandwa phakathi kwamaHindu.

Ngesikhathi sokubusa kwabahlali baseBrithani, imboni yendwangu, izingubo kanye nemisebenzi yezandla yaseNdiya yavala iminyango ukuze yenze imakethe yaseBrithani.

Kungalesi sikhathi lapho uMahatma Gandhi, umholi wezombangazwe nezenhlalakahle, eqhakambisa uhlobo lwemvunulo ayibiza ngekhadi, okwakuyizingubo ezenziwe ngezandla ngabantu bomdabu baleli siko, ezinemibala ekhanyayo; inhloso yokusebenzisa nokwazisa le ngubo kwakuwukunciphisa isidingo semikhiqizo yezimboni yaseBrithani.

Ngonyaka ka-1980, isiko lamaHindu laphawulwa ngoshintsho olujwayelekile ezindleleni zokugqoka zalo mphakathi, okwakungabonakala kuzo ukwanda kokubamba iqhaza ezikoleni zemfashini eNdiya, kanye nokufakwa okukhulu kwabesifazane kwendwangu kanye nezingubo zokugqoka. imboni yezingubo; Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungase kubonakale ukushintsha kwesimo sengqondo mayelana nokwamukelwa nokwamukelwa kwezici zamanye amasiko, kubonakala endleleni yawo yokugqoka kusukela kulezi zikhathi kuze kube namuhla.

Gastronomy

I-Gastronomy esikweni lamaHindu ihlukahluka njengesizwe sawo. Ukulungiselela izitsha zabo, bavame ukusebenzisa izithako eziningi, futhi banezindlela ezahlukene zokulungiselela ukudla, izindlela zokupheka kanye nezethulo zezitsha zabo. Izinhlobonhlobo zayo ze-gastronomic zihlanganisa:

Amasaladi, amasoso, izitsha zemifino enenyama, izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinongo nama-flavour, izinkwa, ama-dessert, phakathi kwabanye; Ngamafuphi, okuthile kungaqinisekiswa futhi ukuthi i-gastronomy yaseNdiya iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.

I-gastronomy yesiko lamaHindu iyingqayizivele kangangokuthi umbhali wokudla ochwepheshe uHarold Mcgee wezwakalisa futhi waqinisekisa lokhu okulandelayo:

"Njengoba yasungulwa ngokusebenzisa ubisi njengesithako esiyinhloko, alikho izwe elingaqhudelana neNdiya." Izinongo ezinuka kamnandi namasoso kasilika yizici ezithile zokudla kwamaNdiya.

Imikhiqizo ethile eyenziwe ekhishini layo, njengezinkwa zazo zonke izinhlobo, amasoso, ama-condiments nama-pickle agcwalisa izitsha eziyinhloko zaseNdiya. Ukudla okujwayelekile kwamaNdiya, kunomthelela cishe kuzo zonke izinzwa ngemibala ehlukahlukene, amaphunga, ama-flavour kanye nendlela yokwenza.»

Izinongo

Isici esiyisisekelo kunazo zonke, esikuzo zonke izitsha zaseNdiya ngaphandle kokukhetha, yizinongo, lezi zakha ngokwengxenye ingqikithi ye-gastronomy yesiko lamaHindu. Kungakho, iminyaka eminingi, bebelokhu bejabulisa izivakashi zakwamanye amazwe kanye nezindawo zokudlela zomhlaba ngokuthengwa kwezimpahla ezivela kwamanye amazwe ngenxa yephunga elimnandi kanye nama-flavour. Izinhlobo ezivame ukusetshenziswa kule gastronomy yilezi ezilandelayo:

• Isinamoni
• Ujinja
• Isi-Turmeric
• Pepper
• ama-clove
• IComino
• Ajo
• I-Cardamom
• ICoriander
• Bay bayashiya
• Pepper

Ukwengeza, bavame ukwengeza ukuthinta okukhethekile ekudleni kwabo ngezithako ezilandelayo:

• Isinaphi esimnyama, esinsundu nesimhlophe
• imbewu yesilimo esidliwayo esinamagatsha anamanzi
• Upelepele
• ISaffron
• UTamarind

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi isidlo ngasinye siyahlukahluka ngokuya ngensimu yaseNdiya, yingakho uzokwazi ukubona izitsha lapho izithako ezifana nekakhukhunathi, ezinye izinhlobo zamantongomane no-anyanisi zingasuswa noma zengezwe. Njengengxenye yesiko lamaHindu, kunengxube yezinhlobo ezibizwa ngegama elithi masala, lokhu kulungiselelwa kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukunikeza ukuthinta okuyingqayizivele ezitsheni ezinkulu namasoso.

Okuthile okugqamayo kwalolu hlobo lokudla ukuthi kuyingxenye futhi kuhambisana kanjani, kangangokuba lapho kusetshenziswa izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane, akukho nesisodwa sazo esicisha ukunambitheka kwezinye, kodwa zihlangana zenze ukuqhuma kwamaphunga nama-flavour, okugcina ngokuthi. izitsha ezehlukile kakhulu.

Platos principales

Phakathi kwamalungiselelo ayinhloko e-gastronomy yesiko lamaHindu, sinawo amasoso. Lezi zibaluleke kakhulu, ngoba zisetshenziselwa ukuhambisana noma ukugcwalisa ezinye izitsha. Zivame ukuhlinzekwa ngesisekelo serayisi futhi ngokuvamile zidliwa kusetshenziswa isinkwa esincane kakhulu esingenayo imvubelo ukuze sicwiliswe ku-sauce.

Isidlo esidume kakhulu esivela esifundeni sasePunjab yi-makhani, lena isoso ye-lentils nebhotela, ebekwe phezu kwesisekelo selayisi; Esinye isidlo esidumile i-sambhar esenziwe nge-lentils ne-tamarind.

Ukwengeza, kunezinye izitsha ezidume kakhulu kulesi siko ezifana ne-chicken curry, isidlo esenziwe nge-sauce eyenziwe ngotamatisi. Kukhona futhi isidlo senkukhu ye-tandoori, lokhu isidlo esomile ngaphandle kwe-sauce, le nkukhu ifakwe iyogathi kanye ne-masala; Futhi, entshonalanga yeNdiya kukhona isidlo senkukhu se-tikka sendabuko nesidumile.

Umngane ovelele kuzo zonke izitsha zesiko lamaHindu irayisi, okukhona okuhlukahlukene okufana ne-basmati, okusanhlamvu okuhle nokude.

Amathonya

Isiko lamaHindu libe nethonya elikhulu kumasiko aseNtshonalanga nawaseYurophu, isibonelo salokhu sabonakala ngezikhathi zaseGreece lasendulo lapho womabili amasiko athatha izici nezakhi kuwo. Kodwa-ke, lesi kwakuyisihloko soguquko lweqiniso olwaqondana ngokuhamba kwesikhathi noma okwakuwukuqala kweRenaissance.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo lapho impucuko ehlukahlukene yangaphandle ifika eNdiya, abathengisi abaningi baseNdiya bahlala ukuze bahlale kwamanye amazwe, okusho ukuthi nakuba iNdiya yayithonywe amanye amasiko, nayo yadlulisela isiko layo kwelinye.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi lokhu kusenjalo nanamuhla futhi lokhu kufakazelwa ngokubona ukuthi izakhamuzi zakwamanye amasiko ziye zaba nesithakazelo kanjani ekwamukeleni izici eziyisisekelo zesiko lamaHindu, njengezinkolo zawo ezihlukahlukene kanye nokudla.

Imikhosi

Ngenxa yokuthi i-India yakhiwe umphakathi onamasiko amaningi nezinkolo eziningi, kubanjwa imikhosi eminingi nemicimbi yezinkolo ezahlukene. E-India, izinsuku ezi-4 ziyanqunywa ezithathwa njengezikazwelonke namaholide onyakeni, lezi yizi:

• Usuku Lokuzimela - Agasti 15
• Usuku lweRiphabhulikhi - Januwari 26
• Gandhi Jayanti - Okthoba 2
• Usuku Lwabasebenzi, umgubho ogujwa ngenjabulo enkulu kulo lonke elaseNdiya - Meyi 1
• Unyaka Omusha - Januwari 1

Ukwengeza, isifunda ngasinye saseNdiya sigubha imikhosi esekelwe ezinkolweni ezivelele kulezo zindawo kanye nezici zolimi. Emikhosini yezenkolo edume kakhulu, kubaluliwe okulandelayo:

• I-Navratri - Septhemba 17 kuya ku-Okthoba 17
• IDiwali - Novemba 14
• Ganesh Chaturthi - Agasti 22
• I-Durga puja - Okthoba 22 kuya ku-Okthoba 26
• Holi - Mashi 9
• Ugadi - Ephreli 13
• I-Rakshabandhan - Agasti 3
• Dussehra - Okthoba 25

Futhi maqondana nemigubho yezolimo kanye nesivuno esidumile kuleli, singabala okulandelayo:

• Sankranthi - Januwari 15
• Pongal - Januwari 15
• I-Raja sankranti - Juni 15 kuya ku-18
• Onam - Agasti 22
• Nouakhai - Agasti 23
• Vasant Panchmi - Januwari 29

Kanjalo, kunemicimbi nemikhosi ehlanganyelwayo futhi egujwa yizinkolo ezahlukene, lena elandelayo:

• I-Diwali - Novemba 14, imikhosi egujwa amaHindu, amaSikh namaJain
• UBuddha Purnima - May 7, ngamaBuddha.
• UGuru Nanak Jayanti - Novemba 25 kanye noVaisakhi - Ephreli 14, bagubha ngokubukisa okukhulu ngamaSikh namaHindu.

Ngokunjalo, kunomkhosi weDree owengeza umbala esikweni lesiko lamaHindu, lena ingenye yemikhosi yezizwe zaseNdiya egujwa ama-Apatanis esigodini saseZiro sase-Arunachal Pradesh, okuyindawo esempumalanga ye-India.

Kukhona futhi imigubho exhumene ne-Islam, lokhu ngezizathu zokuthi iyinkolo yesibili yangaphandle eyamukelwa yile mpucuko. Phakathi kwezinsuku zamaSulumane ezasungulwa futhi, ezigujwa futhi zimenyezelwa ngokulinganayo yiNdiya, sine:

• I-Eid ul Fitar - Meyi 24
• I-Eid ul Adha (Bakr Eid) - Julayi 3 kuya ku-Agasti 3
• I-Milad un Nabi - Okthoba 29
• Muharram - Agasti 20
• I-Shab-e-Barat – 14 kanye ne-15 yenyanga kaSha'ban, inyanga yesishiyagalombili ekhalendeni lamaSulumane.

Ngokufanayo, kunezinsuku ezihambisana nale nkolo ezinqunywe njengamaholidi ezingeni lesifunda, phakathi kwazo kukhona:

• I-Arba'een - Okthoba 8
• I-Jumu'ah-tul-Wida
• I-Shab-e-Qadar

Njengoba ubuKristu buyinkolo yesithathu yangaphandle eyamukelwa izakhamizi zayo, ehlukaniswe phakathi kwamaKristu namaKhatholika, banawo amaholide awo anjengalawa:

• UKhisimusi - Disemba 25
• ULwesihlanu Oluhle - usuku lwesibili lwe-Easter Triduum

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi imibukiso yesifunda ibhekwa njengemikhosi, lesi siko sivame kakhulu eNdiya; Ngakho-ke, akumangazi ukuthi ungabona imibukiso egujwa njengePushkar, okuyimakethe yamakamela enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, noma i-Sonepur Mela, umbukiso omkhulu wemfuyo e-Asia.

Amaqiniso amnandi

Okulandelayo, sizokukhombisa amaqiniso anelukuluku futhi athokozisayo azokwenza ufune ukwazi okwengeziwe ngesiko lamaHindu, lokhu kungaba imininingwane obungayazi, yilawa:

1 - I-India iyizwe elinentando yeningi enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni futhi iyizwe lesibili elinabantu abaningi elinezakhamuzi ezingaphezu kwezigidigidi eziyi-1.200. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ngo-2021 izodlula iChina, namuhla eyizwe elinabantu abaningi.

2 – Inkomo iyisilwane esingcwele eNdiya. Bahlala ngenkululeko egcwele kuyo yonke indawo, kuhlanganise nasemadolobheni amakhulu, futhi kuvamile ukubathola noma kuphi futhi akukho emthethweni ukubahlaba noma ukudle njengokudla.

I-3 - Enye yemikhuba yabo engavamile kubantu baseNtshonalanga noma yimuphi umfokazi yilapho benikina amakhanda abo eceleni, esikuqonda ngokuthi cha kodwa empeleni kulesi siko bafuna ukukhombisa yebo. Futhi lolu wuphawu oluvame kakhulu, kuhle ukulukhumbula ngoba lungadala ukudideka nezimo ezijabulisayo.

I-4 - I-Ganges ingumfula ongcwele futhi idolobha lase-Varanasi lingcwele, futhi lena ingenye yezindawo eziyinhloko lapho amaHindu eya khona ukushisa abafileyo bawo osebeni lomfula. Lapho kamuva bephonsa khona umlotha, noma okusele komzimba, emfuleni, okuthi uma amagagasi aphansi aguqule iGanges ibe umbukwane weDantesque nowethusayo ngandlela-thile.

5 - Kunama-mosque angaphezu kuka-300.000 eNdiya, ngaphezu kwanoma yisiphi esinye isifunda emhlabeni. Amaphesenti angu-13 kuphela amaNdiya angamaSulumane, okwenza iNdiya ibe izwe lesithathu kunawo wonke amaSulumane emhlabeni (ilandela i-Indonesia nePakistan).

I-6 - Umholi wokomoya waseTibet, i-Dalai Lama, usehlale ekudingisweni kusukela ngawo-1950 nomphakathi omkhulu wamaTibet enyakatho yeNdiya, ikakhulukazi eDharamsala.

I-7 - Kuvamile ukugijima ku-Sadhus, lezi zindela zama-pilgrim ezihlala ziphethe izinsiza zabo ezishodayo futhi zihamba ezweni ukuze zifune ukukhanyiselwa; laba balingisi bajabulela inkululeko eyingqayizivele njengokubhema izinto ezithinta ingqondo noma ukuhamba mahhala esitimeleni.

I-8 - Izimpande zaseNdiya zilahlekile ezikhathini zasendulo, izinkulungwane zeminyaka zomlando zibonile ukuthi isiko eliyingqayizivele le-Indus Valley lathuthukiswa kanjani, kanye nezinkolo ezi-4 (amaHindu, ubuBuddha, ubuJainism kanye neSikhism), kanye ne-yoga, okuyinto ukuqeqeshwa ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo osekuyiminyaka eyizi-5.000.

9 - ENdiya, umdlalo wekhono, i-chess, namagatsha ezibalo afana ne-algebra ne-trigonometry yazalwa.

I-10 - Ngokwemibhalo yasendulo yamaHindu, kukhona onkulunkulu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-330. Okubaluleke kakhulu yiBrahma, Vishnu noShiva.

I-11 - Kulinganiselwa ukuthi kukhona phakathi kwezigidi ezingu-5 noma 6 zama-Hijra noma abantu abahlotshaniswa nobulili besithathu, ngokusobala amadoda agqoka njengabesifazane kodwa nabo abangazicabangeli. Amaphrojekthi ayenziwa ukuze lolu hlobo lubhaliswe ezingeni elisemthethweni nelisemthethweni.

I-12 - Inkosi yezemidlalo kulesi sizwe futhi cishe iyodwa kuphela ikhilikithi, ezuzwe njengekoloni lamaNgisi. Umdlalo lapho amameshi angathatha khona kusukela emahoreni ambalwa kuya ezinsukwini ezimbalwa nalapho izingane zidlala kunoma yisiphi isikwele sedolobha, ivulandi noma umgwaqo.

I-13 - I-India iyizwe elinokuhlukana okuphithizelayo nokungahlelekile okusenyakatho namadolobha aminyene ahlanganisa amabhilidi anezindawo eziphakeme eziphakeme kanye nemijondolo ukuya ezindaweni zasemakhaya eziwugwadule nezithule ezindaweni zase-Himalaya noma ogwini oluseningizimu lapho amasimu erayisi namasimu okusanhlamvu. , amasundu nemihlambi yenyathi egadwe abadala. Kanye nezingwadule, amahlathi lapho izilwane zasendle zimelana khona nezigodlo zasendulo zaseMarahajas ezizungezwe amadolobha aphansi kakhulu.

I-14 - Iziqhingi zase-Andaman, zakhiwe iziqhingi ezingaba ngu-204 ze-paradisiacal zoLwandlekazi i-Indian okungezaseNdiya yize zingaphezulu kwamakhilomitha angama-950 ukusuka eNhlonhlweni YaseNdiya, kodwa ngamakhilomitha ayi-193 kuphela ukusuka eBurma.

Uma usithole sithakazelisa lesi sihloko seSiko LamaHindu, sikumema ukuthi ujabulele lezi ezinye izihloko:

• Inhlangano Yezenhlalakahle YamaNdiya
• I-Toltec Ceremonial Centers
• Amathempeli amaMeya