Naphezu kokuqedwa komthetho ngeminyaka yawo-1950s, izigaba zakudala zofuzo ezabekwa uhlelo lwezigaba olwasungulwa ubuHindu zisathonya Inhlangano yezenhlalo yamaNdiya ikhawulela ukuthuthukiswa kwayo.
Inhlangano Yezenhlalakahle YamaNdiya
NgokobuHindu umphefumulo usekuzalweni kabusha okuqhubekayo ( saṃsāra ), kulo mjikelezo umphefumulo kancane kancane uthambekela ekubeni msulwa ngokuya ngobuhle umuntu aphila ngabo.
UbuHindu bugcizelela ukuthi ukuzalwa esigabeni esiphansi kusho ukuthi umuntu empilweni yakhe yangaphambili wayeyisoni, uma ngokuphambene nalokho lowo muntu ezalwa esigabeni esiphakeme kakhulu, amaBrahmin abonisa ukuthi umphefumulo wakhe uhlanzekile futhi, uma ephila ukuphila okuphakade. impilo enhle, ungafinyelela i-nirvana futhi uphazamise umjikelezo wokufa nokuzalwa kabusha. Kungenjalo, ukuphila kwakhe okulandelayo kuyoba okwelungu lesigaba esiphansi.
Uhlelo lwezigaba olunquma inhlangano yezenhlalakahle eNdiya lunezici ezithile ezinqumayo, enye yazo ukuthi yakhiwe izinhlaka ezine ezinkulu ngaphezu kwalezo zamaDalits, ezaziwa nangokuthi abaxoshwa noma abangathinteki. Lezi zinhlanga zingamaqembu avaliwe, umshado uvunyelwe phakathi kwamalungu ohlanga olulodwa kuphela futhi izingane eziphuma kulo mfelandawonye ziphuma esigabeni esifanayo nabazali.
Esinye isici sohlelo lwe-caste ukuthi ama-castes ahlukaniswa ngokwezigaba ngokusho kokuhlanzeka noma ukungcola kwawo, kodwa futhi ahlukaniswa ngokwemisebenzi nemisebenzi yawo. Esimisweni sokuhlukaniswa kwezigaba kunemiqondo emibili eyisisekelo: i-Varna, ebhekisela embala, nethi Jāti, “ebhekisela esimweni sokuphila.
I-Varna
NgokobuHindu, uPuruṣa wokuqala (umuntu wendawo yonke, inkosi yesintu) wanikelwa futhi abantu bezigaba bazalwa emzimbeni wakhe. Abantu bahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezine eziyisisekelo kuye ngokuthi iyiphi ingxenye yomzimba wePurusha abazalelwa kuyo, lolu hlaka luchaza isimo somuntu emphakathini, lowo abangamshada kanye nohlobo lomsebenzi abangawenza. Akekho ongazama ukudlula kwesinye isigaba aye kwesinye ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, ukuphela kwendlela yokuthuthuka noma ukwehla esimeni senhlalo iwukuphindukuzalwa ezimpilweni ezilandelanayo.
Amadoda nezindima zawo emphakathini kuchazwa ezinhlotsheni ezine, izigaba ezibanzi umphakathi ohlukaniswe kuzo ngokwezigaba: amaBrahmin, amaShatrias, amaVaisya, namaSudra.
ama-brahmins
Ngokwesimiso sokuhlukaniswa ngokwezigaba esilawula inhlangano yezenhlalo yaseNdiya, amaBrahman ayisigaba esiphakeme kunazo zonke, athi angabaphathi beBrahman efanayo, okungamandla angcwele asekela indawo yonke. Ngaphambili babebhekwa njengonkulunkulu phakathi kwabantu. Imisebenzi yama-brahmins wukufunda nokufundisa imibhalo engcwele yobuHindu, iVedas kanye ne-smriti. Futhi banomthwalo wemfanelo wokwenza imihlatshelo konkulunkulu.
Ama-brahmin anomsebenzi wokuba abaqaphi bokugcinwa kwezimfundiso zamaVeda, futhi anesibopho sokudlulisela lolu lwazi kubantu abangabanye ababili abaphakeme, ama-chatrias, amasosha kanye nosopolitiki; futhi kumaVaishya, abathengisi nabalimi. Ama-Brahmins akufanele neze adlulisele lolu lwazi kuma-sudras, izigqila, okuncane kakhulu okungathinteki njengoba lokhu kuyisono esijeziswa ngokuhlushwa ngokomzimba.
Izimfundiso ezadluliselwa amaBrahmin ezigabeni ezimbili eziphakeme zihlanganisa ifilosofi, inkolo, imithi, ubuciko, namasu ezempi. Lezi zimfundiso ziyizijeziso ezenziwa amaBrahmins emphakathini.
ama-chatrias
Bayisigaba sesibili ngaphakathi kwesistimu ye-caste enquma inhlangano yezenhlalakahle yaseNdiya, bangaphansi kwamaBrahmins nangaphezulu kwamaChatrias, amaVaishyas kanye namaShudras futhi ngokuqinisekile ama-pariahs. Lona umkhakha wamaqhawe, wezempi, okungukuthi, walabo abasebenzisa amandla nokubusa, ngamanye amazwi, ababusi. Ngokusho kwamaVedas amaRajá (amakhosi) akhethwa ngaphakathi kwesigaba sama-chatrias.
Ngokwemithetho kaManu, isibopho sokuqala senkosi eyingxenye ye-chatria caste iwukuvikela izikhonzi zayo, futhi inomsebenzi wokwandisa umbuso isebenzisa "izindlela nje zomphefumulo" futhi uma kunesidingo ngokusebenzisa izingxabano. Umsebenzi oyinhloko wamalungu e-chatria caste ayengewona amakhosi kwakuwukuhlanganyela empini, ukufa noma ukubulawa lapho elwa nesitha.
I-Los Ama-Vaisyas
I-Vaisyas ingabameleli be-varna yesithathu ebaluleke kakhulu yenhlangano yasendulo yezenhlalakahle yaseNdiya, eyayihlanganisa abalimi, abathengisi, izisebenzi ze-mercantile, izingcweti, abanikazi bomhlaba, abelusi, nabathengi. AbakwaVaisya babenezindima ezijwayelekile zabalimi nabafuyi emibhalweni yenkolo yobuHindu, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi baba abanikazi bomhlaba, abathengisi nababolekisi bemali. Njengoba bengaphansi kwesigaba esiphansi, esinye sezibopho zabo kwakuwukusekela abantu besigaba esiphakeme.
ENdiya yasendulo, abalimi abakhululekile, abelusi, kanye nezingcweti ezithile nabathengisi emadolobheni nasemadolobhaneni babengabakwaVaisya. Kusukela emakhulwini okuqala enkathi yethu, abalimi, abalimi (kanye nezingcweti eziningi) balahlekelwa ukuzimela futhi baqala ukubhekwa njengama-sudras, futhi abathengisi abaningi babebizwa ngokuthi ama-vaisyas.
AbakwaSudra
I-Sudras iyingxenye yezinye eziphansi kakhulu ze-varnas ezine ze-Hindu caste system kanye nenhlangano yezenhlalakahle yaseNdiya. Ngokombono, isigaba sama-sudras sakha isigaba senhlalakahle esiphansi kunazo zonke esisebenzela abanye abantu abathathu abaphakeme, ama-brahmins, ama-chatrias nama-vaisyas, nokho, ngokwemibhalo yokuqala yamaNdiya, babambe iqhaza ekugcotshweni kwenkosi. amakhosi, Babengabefundisi ngisho namakhosi.
Imibhalo engcwele ye-Hinduism Dharma sastra ayiwavumeli ama-sudras ukuthi athole imfundo yokufunda futhi avunyelwe kuphela ukufundiswa ubuciko obuthile nemisebenzi yezandla njengokuqeqeshwa kwezindlovu. AmaSudra ngokuvamile ayengabalimi nezingcweti. Emibhalweni yasendulo i-sudra yayichazwa ngokuthi "umnikezeli wokusanhlamvu" futhi indlela yakhe yokuphila yachazwa ngokuthi "isikela nezikhwebu zommbila".
Umthetho wasendulo othi, "I-Vedas yizibhubhisi zezolimo kanye nezolimo zingumbhubhisi weVedas", kuboniswa njengesinye sezizathu zokuthi kungani ama-sudras ayengavunyelwe ukufunda iVedas. AmaSudra ngokuvamile ayeyizinceku, abalimi, ababumbi nabanye. Babenqatshelwe ukuhlanganyela kulokho abanye abantu abathathu abaphakeme abahlanganyela kukho. Ama-sudra aklonyeliswa kuphela ngendawo nebhodi, awazange athole noma yimuphi umholo ngakho ayengenayo impahla futhi engakwazi ukushiya amafa.
Isimo senhlalo sama-sudras sasihluka ebugqilini kuphela ngoba ama-sudras ayengaqashwa emisebenzini ebhekwa "njengengcolile" futhi ayengabhekwa njengempahla.
I-Pariahs noma Abangathinteki
Kuhlelo lwezigaba olulawula inhlangano yezenhlalakahle yaseNdiya, abaxoshwa noma abangathinteki bangaphandle kwama-varnas amane endabuko. Njengoba bengaphandle kwama-varnas, abangathinteki bavunyelwe kuphela ukwenza imisebenzi engathandeki kakhulu, ehlanganisa eminye efana nomsebenzi wesikhumba, abalimi abampofu kakhulu, abalimi abangenamhlaba, izisebenzi zosuku, izingcweti zasemgwaqweni, phakathi kwabanye.
Abangathinteki abayona ingxenye yama-varnas amane. Babhekwa njengabakwazi ukungcolisa amalungu esigaba esiphakeme, ikakhulukazi ama-Brahmin. Abangathinteki bakha phakathi kwamaphesenti ayishumi nesithupha neshumi nesikhombisa abantu baseNdiya (abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingamakhulu amabili). Imiphakathi efanayo itholakala kulo lonke elaseNingizimu Asia, eNepal, ePakistan, eBangladesh, naseSri Lanka, futhi iyingxenye ye-Indian diaspora yomhlaba wonke.
Ngenxa yesimo sabo, abaxoshwa ngokuvamile baba izisulu zobudlova, njalo ukuhlushwa, ukubulawa nokudlwengulwa. Esifundazweni saseRajasthan, phakathi kuka-1999 no-2003 kuphela, kwakunabahlukumezi abangaphezu kuka-2006 abadlwengulwa kwabulawa abangu-2008. Ukubulawa kwabantu okwakuvame ukufaka phakathi ukudlwengulwa kwabesifazane kanye nokubulawa kwabesilisa nabesifazane ababelahliwe kubikwa ekhulwini lama-XNUMX eChondur, Neerukonda, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Kherlanji, okwakamuva okunguMaharashtra (XNUMX) kanye noRajasthan (XNUMX) ).
UJati
Ama-Jati abizwa ngamaqembu omphakathi e-endogamous akha amayunithi ayisisekelo wesakhiwo sendabuko senhlangano yezenhlalo yaseNdiya. UJati uhumusha ngokwezwi nezwi ngokuthi "ukuzalwa". I-jati iyingxenye yenhlangano yezenhlalakahle yaseNdiya ehlukile kuneyohlelo lwe-varna. Ngokusho kwe-Anthropological Survey yase-India yango-1993, ama-jati afinyelela ezinkulungwaneni ezine namakhulu ayisithupha namashumi amathathu nanhlanu, okuyisigaba esikhona sobungcweti.
Lolu hlelo, olufana ncamashi nenhlangano yomphakathi wamaNdiya ube yizinkampani, mhlawumbe lwandulela uhlelo lwe-varna. Ayikho i-jati ewela umngcele wezilimi, ngakho-ke zonke izindawo zolimi lwaseNdiya zinesistimu yazo ye-jatis. Awukho umbhalo ongokwenkolo wamaHindu ogunyaza isimiso se-jati, ngokuphambene nombono ovamile waseNtshonalanga, inkolelo yamaHindu iyakulahla.
Isikhathi esiningi isibongo somuntu othize sikhomba ukuthi iyiphi ijati noma umphakathi azihlanganisa nawo. Isibonelo, isibongo uGandhi sikhombisa umdayisi wamakha, isibongo sikaSrivastava sisho umabhalane wezempi. Amalungu ama-jatis ahlukene ahlala ngokwehlukana ngokuphelele. Indima edlalwa umuntu enhlanganweni yezenhlalakahle yaseNdiya inqunywa i-jati ahlala kuyo futhi angashada kuphela namalungu e-jati yakhe kusukela kulolu hlelo lokuzalanisa imithetho.
Ku-jati ngayinye kunamasiko ahlukene ahlobene nokudla nezingubo, ngezinye izikhathi baze babe nolimi lwabo futhi kwezinye izimo ngisho nonkulunkulu babo siqu, lapho lokhu kwenzeka abantu abaphethe amahlelo bangamalungu e-jati ngokwayo futhi abawona amaBrahmins . EbuHindu kucatshangwa ukuthi ukuba yingxenye ye-jati kuyisithiyo sokuzikhulula ekuzalweni kabusha, okungukuthi, ukufinyelela i-moksha, inkululeko engokomoya.
Ezikhathini zasendulo i-jati ngayinye yayiphathwa umkhandlu wayo wesigaba futhi kwakuyisiko elivamile ukuphila impilo yokuzimela ngokuphelele. Amalungu e-jati azuza njengefa umsebenzi wobuchwepheshe wabanduleli bawo. Lokhu kwakuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi kuma-castes agxile emisebenzini yezandla nezinkonzo, kanye nalabo abelusa kanye nokuhambahamba. Ama-castes amaningi axhunywe ubudlelwano bokuhwebelana ngokwesiko obunqunywa imikhiqizo namasevisi.
Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo
Ngesikhathi sokubusa kwamakholoni kungena isimiso sokulingana safakwa emthethweni, emasikweni nasenhlangano yezenhlalakahle yaseNdiya, amaNgisi abuye aletha imisebenzi emisha yezomnotho eyayivulekele zonke izinhlaka zomphakathi, lokhu kwakha izinga elithile lokuphulwa kokunyakaza komphakathi. ngohlelo lwezigaba nakuba lolu shintsho lwasetshenziswa kakhulu yizigaba eziphakeme ukuze bathole imfundo engcono.
Uhulumeni waseNdiya owavela ngemuva kwenkululeko ngo-1947, wasebenzisa umthetho osebenza kakhulu ofuna ukuqeda uhlelo lokuhlukaniswa kwabantu ngokwezigaba, ovimbela ukucwaswa ezindaweni zomphakathi kanye nokusungula izilinganiso zokubamba iqhaza kwabaxoshwa emanyuvesi, ezikhundleni zokuphatha, emaphalamende endawo nawenhlangano. Kodwa ukwakhiwa kwesigaba esimaphakathi emadolobheni ngokukhuphuka kwemisebenzi yamahhovisi kanye nokuvela kwezinhlelo zokusebenza kufakazele ukuthi kuyindlela engcono kakhulu yokunqoba uhlelo lwesigaba sabasebenzi.
Le ntuthuko yezabasebenzi ilethe ubudlelwano be-jatis nemisebenzi enhlanganweni yezenhlalakahle yaseNdiya. Nokho, emaphandleni, ukuhlukaniswa kwezigaba zisabalulekile ezimpilweni zabantu. Kodwa ezindaweni zasemadolobheni kuya ngokuya kunqotshwa ukuganana kwezinhlanga ezahlukene.