Uma ubhekisela ezilwaneni ezinkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, kuvamile ukukhomba izinambuzane ezaziwayo, ezinye zibukisa njengezimvemvane nama-ladybugs, kanti ezinye ziyingozi ngisho nezimpukane nomiyane. Kodwa uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe ngakho, qhubeka ufunda lesi sihloko ngezinhlobo zezinambuzane kanye nezici zazo ezizoba usizo kakhulu kuwe.
Izinhlobo Zezinambuzane Ngokwe-Morphology yazo
Izinambuzane ziyiqembu lama-arthropods anegobolondo langaphandle eliqinile elenziwe ngento ebizwa ngokuthi i-chitin, zinezimfanelo zazo ezithakazelisa kakhulu ukuzifunda, njengoba ziyizilwane eziningi kakhulu emhlabeni.
Ngokuvamile, banomzimba wabo ohlukaniswe izingxenye ezintathu: okokuqala, okuyikhanda, kukhona amehlo abo, izimpondo ezi-2, izimbotshana zomlomo kanye nobuchopho; okwesibili, okuhambisana nethorax, inamaphiko nemilenze eyisithupha, kanti ingxenye yesithathu, okuyisisu, lapho ezinye izitho zangaphakathi zikhona.
Ezinambuzaneni ezingaphezu kwesigidi ezitholwe kuze kube manje, futhi ngokwazi ukuthi eziningi zalezi zinhlobo ziye zakwazi ukuphila izigidi zeminyaka, zihlelwe zibe izinhlobo ezingamashumi amathathu ze-oda ngokuvumelana nezici zazo ze-morphological, okungukuthi, ukubukeka kwazo ngokomzimba. Okubalulekile kunemininingwane ngezansi:
I-Odonata (Oda i-Odonata)
Kuleli qembu kukhona amaflaya ngenxa yamaphiko awo amane angakwazi ukugoba, wona anemilenze emine yokubamba lokho azokudla, amehlo amakhulu ukuze abone ngeso lengqondo ngaphandle komunye nomunye ngendlela ye-mosaic futhi kuthiwa umumo ongaphelele . Zitholakala emhlabeni wonke, kodwa ikakhulukazi emifuleni nasemifudlaneni yezwekazi laseYurophu.
Kulezi zinhlobo kukhona:
- I-Damselflies (i-suborder Zygoptera)
- Ojekamanzi (infraorder Anisoptera)
Ngaphambilini, umehluko phakathi kweduna nensikazi unikezwa umbala wabo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka wensimbi okwedlule kanye nobomvu obomvu okwedlule, isiko labo lokukhwelana lenziwa ngokundiza. Zidla ikakhulukazi ezinye izinambuzane ezifana nezimpukane, omiyane, izinyosi, iminyovu nezimvemvane, phakathi kwezinye.
Nakuba lezi zamuva zinamehlo amakhulu, anezinhlangothi eziningi, amaphiko azo angemuva abanzi futhi anomthambo ohlukile kunawokuqala. Zidla izibungu zomiyane, ezinye izinambuzane zasemanzini, izikelemu, nezilwane ezincane ezihlala emanzini ezifana noshobishobi nezinhlanzi ezincane, ngokuvamile zilandela inyamazane yazo lapho zindiza.
I-Orthoptera (I-Orthoptera Order)
Imizimba yazo eyi-cylindrical ngokuvamile iluhlaza noma i-brown, ihlala ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezishisayo, kodwa futhi ihlala ogwadule, emahlathini nakwezinye izindawo, ikakhulukazi eNingizimu Melika, eNingizimu Asia naseYurophu.
Abanye banombono olula kuyilapho abanye benombono oyingxubevange, izimpondo zabo ezigoqekile zingahluka ukusuka kokude kuye kofushane. Anamapheya amabili amaphiko aqondile abekwe phezu kwesifuba, lapho ingxenye yangaphambili noma i-tegmina ihlukaniswa ngokuba yinde futhi ibe mincane kunamaphiko angemuva. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imilenze yawo emide iwavumela ukuba agxume.
Zibonakala ngokushesha ngoba iningi lalokhu kuhleleka likhipha umsindo othize obizwa ngokuthi i-stridulation, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi ezifudumele zonyaka, nokho-ke, ezinye zincike ekwamukelweni komsindo ezinweleni zezinzwa zekhanda, nasesithweni sokuzwa esibizwa ngokuthi kaJohnston, etholakala othini.
Umjikelezo wabo wokuphila ungahlala unyaka, ukukhiqiza kwabo ngokocansi, ba-oviparous ngentuthuko eyenzeka ngezigaba ezintathu, okungukuthi: iqanda, i-nymph kanye nomuntu omdala. Nakuba iningi linezindawo zokuhlala ezisemhlabeni, ezinye zisemanzini, eziningi zidla izitshalo kanti ezinye ziyi-omnivores, okusho ukuthi, nazo zidla inyamazane.
I-Orthoptera ihlanganisa lezi ezilandelayo:
- Intethe
- Amakhilikithi
- amalobster
- Ama-Chapulines
- Charates
Imihlwa (I-Order Isoptera)
Lolu hlobo lwesinambuzane, olubizwa nangokuthi umuhlwa, lungalinganisa phakathi kuka-2,5 no-18 mm, lube nemizimba ethambile, enomlomo ohlafunayo kanye nezimpondo ezimfushane. Badlula ohlelweni oluphelele loguquko oluhlanganisa isigaba se-pupal. Iningi lihlala eNingizimu Melika, e-Afrika nase-Australia, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezishisayo nama-savannah, lapho lakha khona amakoloni emuhlwa engaphezu kwesigidi, eyakhiwe ikakhulukazi indlovukazi kanye nezigaba ezintathu zezisebenzi, amasosha kanye nabakhiqiza kabusha.
Ezinye i-isoptera zidla izinkuni noma izitshalo, kodwa ezinye zidla isikhunta esikhula ngaphansi komhlaba, eziningi zibhekwa njengezinambuzane ezibhubhisayo zefenisha, izihlahla nezakhiwo zokhuni. Zibonakala ngobuningi bazo kanye nokuhlukahluka ezindaweni zase-Afrika, eNingizimu Melika nase-Australia, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezishisayo. Phakathi kwezinto ezaziwa kakhulu yilezi ezilandelayo:
- I-Dampwood termite (Kalotermes flavicollis)
- I-Canarian drywood termite (Cryptotermes brevis)
- umuhlwa waseChile (Noetermes chilensis)
I-Hemiptera (i-Order Hemiptera)
Akhombisa umlomo omvumela ukuthi abhoboze futhi amunce uketshezi. Zinoguquko olungaphelele olungafaki i-chrysalis, ngaphezu kwalokho izimpondo zinde kancane uma ziqhathaniswa nobukhulu besinambuzane, esingaba sasemhlabeni noma sasemanzini. Ngokuvamile zidla utshani kodwa futhi zidla ezinye izinambuzane futhi zimunca igazi labantu nezilwane, zibenze babe amagciwane ezifo.
Zibonakala ngokuba nomzimba oyisicaba onemibala emithunzi ebomvu nemnyama. Ukuma kwekhanda kuyashintshashintsha kakhulu futhi kuhlala kuqondile. Anezitho ezinkulu ezibonwayo kanye nama-ocelli amabili noma amathathu kwezinye izimo, ngaphezu kokuthi izinzwa zawo zihlukaniswe izingxenye ezinhlanu.
Ngokuqondene nemilenze, ayibonakali kakhulu, ngaphandle kwezilwane ezidla ezinye eziwugqinsi; kulezi zimo, i-femur inamazinyo futhi i-tibia ivala ngokumelene nayo ukuze ibambe ukudla kwayo. Eziningi zalezi zinambuzane zikhiqiza uketshezi olunuka kabi.
Ziyizinhlobo zezinambuzane ezidla uhlaza, isimo esizenza zibe yingozi kwezolimo, njengoba izitshalo ziba buthaka ngokuthinta i-chlorophyll ngobuthi bazo futhi kwezinye izimo zingaba amagciwane ezimweni ezibangelwa amagciwane.
- I-Cicadas, Mealybugs kanye ne-Aphid (Homoptera)
- i-beak bug (I-Triatoma infestans)
- Shield bug (I-Carpocoris fuscispinus)
I-Lepidoptera (I-Order Lepidoptera)
Lezi ezinye izinhlobo zezinambuzane ezinamaphiko amane, kanye nawo wonke umzimba, ambozwe amazenga asicaba, okuyisikhunta esishintshiwe. Zinenguquko ephelele, okungukuthi, ziyi-holometabolous, zidlula izigaba zeqanda, i-nymph, i-chrysalis kanye nomuntu omdala. Izimvemvane ze-atlas zihlala emahlathini ashisayo e-Asia, futhi usilika ophuma ezibungwini zazo ezinkulu waziswa kakhulu.
Izinhlobo eziningi zezimvemvane namabhu zivamise ukucasha, futhi zisebenzisa izici zazo ezibonakalayo ukuze zicashe kunoma yisiphi isitha, zilingisa amaqabunga, amagatsha namagxolo ezihlahla. Kuwo womabili amaqembu, kunezinhlobo ezine-ocelli ezimpikweni ezilingisa amehlo futhi, ngokulingisa indawo engase ibe khona ikhanda, zididanisa izilwane ezidla ezinye ezihola ukuhlasela kwazo kule ndawo, ngaleyo ndlela zingabi sengozini encane.
Ezinye zezinhlobo zayo ziyizinambuzane eziwuhlupho ezitshalweni namabhu, uboya obulimazayo, uboya nezimpaphe. Kukhona nezinhlobo eziwusizo ezinjengezibungu zikasilika (Bombix mori), imicu yale ndwangu ikhishwa esisongeni sayo.
- I-Atlas butterfly (i-atlas ye-attacus)
- i-emperor butterfly (Thysania agrippina)
- Ugebhezi lwenundu lwe-sphinx (i-acherontia atropos)
Amabhungane (Oda i-Coleoptera)
Ukuma nobukhulu bamabhungane kuhluke komunye nomunye, cishe wonke anomzimba ohlomile, ama-exoskeleton awo aqinile. Esinye isici izithasiselo zayo zomlomo eziqinile zokuluma nokuhlafuna. Kukhona abadla izitshalo nabazingeli ababamba izilwane ezincane njengezinhlanzi nezinye izinambuzane.
Phakathi kwalabo abaqoqwe kulesi sigaba kukhona:
- Inyamazane endizayo (Lucanus cervus)
- Izimbungulu (Coccinellidae)
Izimbungulu zinemibala emihle egqamile, eminye ibomvu noma ephuzi enamabala amnyama, kanti kukhona amnyama kodwa anamabala abomvu noma aphuzi, izici eziwanikeza isivikelo esikhethekile ezinyonini ngokuvamile ezingadlani nazo ngenxa yokuthi zinambitheka kabi. Lezi zilwane ezincane ziwusizo ngoba zidla ama-aphid nezinye izinambuzane ezibhubhisa izitshalo eziningi ukuze zidliwe abantu.
I-Diptera (i-Order Diptera)
Ngokungafani nezinye izinambuzane, lezo zaleli qembu zinamaphiko ama-2 kuphela, kodwa imilenze eyisithupha njengezinye. Banezitho ezibizwa ama-halteres o amarokhethi, ezingasetshenziselwa ukundiza, kodwa ukulinganisa njengoba zindiza kuzo zonke izindawo zokuhlala zasemhlabeni.
Lezo zalolu hlobo zinekhanda eliyindilinga, eliyisiyingi, elingunxantathu, elibude, phakathi kokunye ukuma, okuhlanganisa izimpondo, ubuningi obungama-ocelli angu-3, izingxenye zomlomo ezimunca noma ezilumayo, kanye namehlo ahlangene ezingahlala kuwo izikhathi eziningi. cishe sonke lesi sitho somzimba.
Ziyizinambuzane ze-holometabolous ezine-metamorphosis ephelele evame ukufaka izigaba ezine: iqanda, isibungu, isiphungumangathi kanye nomuntu omdala. Inani lamaqanda nge-clutch ngayinye lingahluka ukusuka kokumbalwa kuye ezinkulungwaneni. Ngokuqondene nokudla kwazo, iningi lidla izinto ezibolayo, kuyilapho idlanzana liyizilwane ezidla inyama kanye nezilwane ezidla uhlaza.
Ku-Diptera eyaziwa kakhulu, okulandelayo kushiwo:
- Umiyane we-Tiger (Aedes albopicus)
- I-Tsetse fly (genus Glossina)
Izimpukane zibhekwa njengeziyingozi ngenxa yamagciwane eziwathwala zisuka kwenye indawo ziye kwenye, njengoba zizwa ukunambitheka emilenzeni yazo njalo lapho zehlela ekudleni okubolile noma ngojusi eziwukhipha esiswini. Esinye isici sesici ukuthi bayakwazi ukuhogela izinto ngezimpondo zabo ezi-2.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, omiyane nabo bayingozi ngenxa yokulunywa kwabo nokusabalala kwezifo ezinjengomalaleveva nodenga.
I-Hymenoptera (Oda i-Hymenoptera)
Zinezingxenye zomlomo ezikhotha noma ezimunca ukudla okuwuketshezi, kanye namapheya amabili amaphiko angama-membranous. Iningi alinangozi, kodwa kwezinye izimo iminyovu nezinyosi zihlaba ngezintinyela zazo ezisebenza ukujova isihlungu ngezinhloso zokuzivikela lapho zihlaselwa.
Phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zezinambuzane ezikhona, lezo zalolu hlelo zinezintuthwane nezinyosi njengokumelela kwazo okukhulu ngoba zaziwa ngokuhleleka kwazo okuphezulu njengoba zonke zisebenza ndawonye ekoloni elilawulwa yindlovukazi.
Kunokwehluka kulokho ezikudlayo, isibonelo, izinyosi neminyovu zidla umpe wezimbali nempova, kukhona nezinambuzane ezidla inyama, ezidla uhlaza, ezidla inyama yonke futhi ezinye ezidla uketshezi lomzimba wezinye izinhlobo.
Ezinye izinhlobo yilezi:
- Izinyosi zase-Asia (Vespa velutina)
- iminyovu yobumba (Eumeninae)
- impova iminyovu (I-Masarinae)
Izinyosi zibaluleke kakhulu ngoba uju ezilukhiqizayo lusetshenziswa abantu futhi ikhono lazo lokuthela impova ezitshalweni ezihlukahlukene libuye lizinike ukubaluleka okukhulu, njengoba zikwazi ukwandisa ukukhiqizwa kwezilimo eziningi ezibalulekile kwezomnotho.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunezinye izinambuzane ezibhubhisa izitshalo ezitshaliwe, phakathi kwazo izintuthwane ezisika amaqabunga nezinye izintuthwane ezidla imbewu, izimpande namaqabunga. Ngokunjalo, kukhona nama-calcid, okuyiminyovu engaphakathi ezinhlobonhlobo zezinambuzane eziwuhlupho, njengama-aphid kanye nezimbungulu ze-mealy, ezibangela ukulimala kwezomnotho ezitshalweni ezifana ne-citrus nekhofi.
Izinhlobo Zezinambuzane Ezingenamaphiko
Ezingenamaphiko azinawo amaphiko futhi azizange zidlule inqubo yokuguqula, kusukela lapho intsha, kusukela ekuzalweni, igcina ukubukeka kwayo lapho ifinyelela ebudaleni. Zihamba phansi, zincane ngosayizi futhi zinomlomo ofanele ukuhlafunwa noma ukukulunywa, phakathi kwezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu izintuthwane kanye nomuhlwa.
Ahlukaniswa nge:
ama-springtails: Anesitho sokugxuma esifana ne-spring esiswini, esivumela ukuthi zigxumele phansi noma emanzini. Ngezinye izikhathi zihlasela amachibi namachibi futhi zingahlala eqhweni.
- amazeze eqhwa
ama-protur: Izinambuzane ezincane kakhulu. Ngaphandle kwezimpondo, ngamehlo alula kanye nombhobho wokugaya. Abanayo i-metamorphosis. Bahlala ezindaweni ezinomswakama, emihumeni nangaphansi kwamatshe.
- i-aceretomon
I-Dipluri: Baswele amehlo. Zinezimpondo ezihambayo nezizwakalayo. Mancane ngosayizi. Isisu esinamasegmenti angu-11 agcina ngo-tweezers. Zihlala ngaphansi kwamatshe namaqabunga.
- I-Catajapix (7mm)
- Izeze eliluhlaza (5mm)
Ama-Thysanides: Izinambuzane ezinemilomo ehlafunayo. Zidla izitshalo futhi zilimaza izingubo, izincwadi, amakhekhe, phakathi kwezinye izinto. Zinamehlo ahlangene, izimpondo ezinde ezihlangene kanye nemicu emithathu ekugcineni kwesisu, futhi umzimba wazo umbozwe amazenga amancane ayisiliva.
- I-Silverfish noma i-Lepisma
- izingubo zangaphansi
- ama-thermobes
- izimbungulu zomlilo
- Forbycines noma inundu fish
Ukucatshangelwa Kokugcina
Kubalulekile ukuveza ukuthi, ngokuvamile, kuvamile ukukhuluma ngezindlela zokuzivikela zezinye izinambuzane ngokumelene nezinye izilwane, ezifinyelela kuzo ngenxa yokubukeka kwazo okuzenza zibonakale ziyingozi noma zinephunga elibi, kunjalo. wezinyoni ezingahluphi izinyoni izimvemvane ezifana novemvane i-monarch enambitheka kabi. Esinye isibonelo siwukuthi, ngenxa yokufana kwenyosi ne-bumblebee, izinyoni noma amasele ahlatshwe yilaba bakhetha ukungabi nesithakazelo kuloluvemvane.
Ngokufanayo, ngenxa yemibala izinambuzane ezinayo, izivumela ukuba zihlangane nendawo ezikuyo futhi ngaleyo ndlela zibaleke engozini, lokhu kwenzeka ngalezo ezimise okwamaqabunga noma amagatsha, phakathi kwezinye izimo ezifanele lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukulingisa.
Sithemba ukuthi lonke ulwazi olunikezwe ngalesi sihloko mayelana nezinhlobo zezinambuzane kanye nezimpawu zazo lube othandweni lwakho. Uma ufuna ukwazi ezinye izihloko ezithakazelisayo, ungafunda ngazo: