Izintuthwane zakha omunye wemindeni eminingi kakhulu ezinhlobonhlobo futhi ihlakazekile kuwo wonke noma cishe kuwo wonke umhlaba, kulesi sihloko uzokwazi ukuthola konke mayelana namakilasi nezinhlobo zezintuthwane. Sizofunda ngesiyalo nokuhleleka kwabo. Ungayeki ukuyifunda!
Izici zezintuthwane
Ziyingxenye ye-oda le-Hymenoptera, ku-suborder ye-formicids, bakha imindeni eminingi kakhulu ezinhlobonhlobo ezitholakala cishe emhlabeni wonke, kulinganiselwa ukuthi zimele phakathi kuka-15% no-25% ebusweni bomhlaba, bethula umthamo omkhulu wokuzijwayela ezindaweni ezahlukene.
Izinhlobo ezahlukene ezikhona zinezici zazo ezivumela ukuthi lezi zinhlobo zehluke komunye nomunye, kulinganiselwa ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-20.000 zezintuthwane. Izintuthwane ziveza amaphethini noma izici ezivamile phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zezinhlobo, esizozibonisa ngezansi.
Ukudla
Ukudla kuzosuselwa ezicini zezinhlobo zezilwane, kukhona lezo ezidla izakhi ezizikhipha ezimbali nasezithelo, ezinye ezitshalweni ngamahlamvu ajwayelekile, iziqu, izimpande futhi kukhona amanye amaqembu adla inyama adla izinambuzane ezifile njenge izimpukane namaphela phakathi kwabanye. Bakhangwa kakhulu uswidi noma izinto ezinoshukela eziphuma kuma-aphid eziwanakekela emakoloni.
Indawo yokuhlala nokuphilisana
Singazithola cishe emhlabeni wonke ngaphandle kwase-Antarctica. Lezi zinambuzane zimba phansi noma izingodo kanye nezindonga, zingakha izidleke eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ezingaba nenani elikhulu lamagalari. Izintuthwane zihlala ezidlekeni ezibizwa nge-hormigueros.d
Ukuhleleka kwabo nokuziphatha kwabo kubonakala emiphakathini eyakhayo, bakha amakoloni ahlanganisa amalungu angaphezu kuka-10.000 lapho singathola khona ukuhlalisana okuhle njengoba ngamunye ebambelela emsebenzini ohambisana naye kulowo mndeni.
Isikhathi sokuphila
Isikhathi sokuphila siyahlukahluka ohlotsheni ngalunye, indawo ezungezile iyoba nomthelela futhi umsebenzi owenziwa umuntu ngamunye ngaphakathi kwekoloni uzobhekwa.Izindlovukazi ziphila isikhathi eside kunabasebenzi, kusukela ezinyangeni kuya eminyakeni embalwa.
ukuziphatha kanye nenhlangano
Njengoba kuboniswe ngenhla, izintuthwane zibonakala ngokuhleleka kwazo nangendlela ezisatshalaliswa ngayo kanye nemisebenzi eyenziwa yileyo naleyo phakathi kwekoloni. Naphezu kokuba nabantu abaningi, ngokuvamile banomona kakhulu ngekhaya labo futhi abakwamukeli ukuthi amakoloni axubile. Kubalulekile ukugqamisa lelo qembu nomsebenzi ngamunye uqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu uyanakekelana ngakho-ke ukuvikelwa kwekoloni labo.
Isayensi ye-myrmecology ephethe ucwaningo lwezintuthwane lapho ifunda khona ukuhlukaniswa nezinhlobo zezintuthwane kanye nobudlelwano bazo phakathi kwazo nendawo ezungezile, ikoloni ngalinye linezici ezithile ezenza kube nzima ukulifunda. Inhloko yesakhiwo sawo yindlovukazi, ngokuvamile owesifazane kuphela othuthukile futhi ovundile.
Ukuxhumana
Uhlelo lokuxhumana lwezintuthwane luyiphunga, ama-pheromones ayiphuzu eliyinhloko, ngawo izintuthwane zixhumana zodwa, ikoloni ngalinye likhipha ama-pheromone ahlukene azivumela ukuba zihlukanise phakathi kwawo namanye amakoloni, angakwazi ukuhlukanisa uma umlayezo uwukuthi. isexwayiso ngengozi noma amandla.
Ama-Pheromones ayizimpawu zamakhemikhali, izintuthwane zibonisa ukukhula okukhulu kunamanye amaqembu e-hymenoptera. Izintuthwane zizwa iphunga ngokusebenzisa izimpondo zazo ezihambayo, zithola ulwazi mayelana nesiqondiso nobukhulu bephunga. Njengoba ngokuvamile zihlala emhlabeni, zisebenzisa indawo ephansi ukuze zishiye imizila ukuze ezinye izintuthwane zizilandele.
Ukuhlukaniswa Kwezintuthwane
Ukuhlukaniswa kwangaphakathi komndeni omncane ngamunye onakho kudala ubunzima lapho kwenziwa ucwaningo ngokwakheka kwangaphakathi kwezintuthwane, kodwa ngokwemigomo evamile singabala imisebenzi ethile noma izikhundla ezivamile ezinhlanganweni eziningi zomphakathi noma izihlwathi. Ngezansi sizobalula ezinye Izigaba :
Intuthwane yeNdlovukazi
Ziyisizinda sokunakwa kwekoloni, ukuphila zizungeze kuzo, umsebenzi wazo ukuzala, zinesikhathi eside sokuphila kunezinye izihlwathi, ayikho indlovukazi eyodwa njengoba kwakucatshangwa, kungase kube eziningana kuye ngokuthi ukusatshalaliswa komndeni ongaphansi . Bangaphila iminyaka engama-30 uma zingekho izinkinga zangaphandle nekoloni. Indlovukazi ingakwazi ukushiya iqembu layo futhi yakhe isiduli esihlukene uma ithanda.
Intuthwane Yesisebenzi
Imele ivolumu enkulu yamalungu e-anthill, umsebenzi wayo ukwenza umsebenzi onzima nokuphoqelela imisebenzi ephathiswe yona kucatshangelwa isimo kanye neqembu lomndeni, isikhathi sayo sokuphila sisukela onyakeni owodwa kuya kwemithathu. Eminye yemisebenzi eyenziwa ngabasebenzi:
Intuthwane Yomsebenzi Womhlengikazi
Kusukela ekuzalweni, umsebenzi wayo ukuhambela indlovukazi, ukunakekela ukudla kwayo, ukuzilungisa, amaqanda noma yimuphi umsebenzi ohlanganisa ukubamba iqhaza kwezindlovukazi noma izindlovukazi.
Intuthwane Yezisebenzi Zomlimi
Izisebenzi, lapho zinesikhathi nokuvuthwa okudingekayo ukuze zibhekane nomhlaba, ziphuma ziyoqoqa amaqabunga, zisebenze ngamaqembu ahleleke kahle futhi zikhiqize ukukhiqizwa okukhulu kwama-pheromone, lapho zithola ukudla kwazo zandisa iphunga lazo ukuze ziphawule futhi zibonise okunye. izintuthwane ekoloni yazo futhi ilethe ukudla endlovukazini Iqembu ngalinye linephunga elimnandi eliwakhombayo futhi liwuphawu lwekoloni ngalinye.
Babizwa ngokuthi abalimi ngoba lapho bebutha amaqabunga bayiswa ezidulini ukuze zilinde ukuba zibole futhi zondle isikhunta esikhiqiza i-gongylidia ngaleyo ndlela zondle isihlwathi sonke.
Isisebenzi Semfuyo Intuthwane
Benza inqubo efanayo neyabalimi kodwa kubo banakekela izintwala eziwufunzayo futhi bakhiqize into enoshukela ebaluleke kakhulu ezintuthwaneni.
Isisebenzi Samasosha Intuthwane
Baphethe ezokuphepha, bahlola futhi bazise amanye amalungu ezitha ezingase zibe khona, uhlelo lwabo lokuxhumana luyi-pheromones, lawa maphunga ahlukile kuye ngecala abafuna ukuxhumana ngalo uma kuwukudla noma ukuphepha futhi kuyahluka phakathi kwamakoloni. . Uma isosha liphawula esinye isinambuzane noma isitha ngephunga lengozi zonke ezinye izintuthwane zizobonakala zihlasela.
intuthwane yesilisa
Isikhathi sabo sokuphila sifushane kakhulu, ngokuvamile amasonto ambalwa, umsebenzi wabo oyinhloko uwukuqhuba indiza yomshado ukuvundisa isisebenzi esizoba yindlovukazi.
izinhlobo zezintuthwane
Ukuzivikela kwezintuthwane wukulunywa ngama generator, imvamisa ibuhlungu futhi iyahlupha kodwa ayikhombisi ukucasuka okukhulu kodwa phakathi kwezinhlobo ezikhona kukhona uhlobo lwedlozi elilumayo elidala umonakalo omkhulu, sizohlanganisa izinhlobo zezintuthwane ezinobuthi hhayi ezinobuthi noma ezenziwe ekhaya, sizobonisa izici ezivelele zeqembu ngalinye.
izintuthwane ezinobuthi
Kuleli qembu kunezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo ezibizwa ngokuthi ezinobuthi, ukuqina kanye nengozi yomonakalo eliwukhiqizayo kuyahlukahluka kakhulu, singathola izintuthwane ezilumayo ezingasho ingozi enkulu kubantu kodwa kwezinye izilwane, okubangela uchungechunge. yezinkinga futhi Kunamanye amaqembu ukuluma kwawo kuyingozi kokubili kumuntu nakwezinye izilwane, ezimweni eziningi kuholela ekufeni. Ezinye izinhlobo zezintuthwane ezinobuthi:
Intuthwane Yenhlamvu
Lolu hlobo lwentuthwane lubizwa ngokuthi iParaponera Clavata noma inhlamvu yaziwa ngenxa yobuhlungu obudalwa ukulunywa, obufana nobenziwa inhlamvu, ubuhlungu elibubangelayo buqhathaniswa nobo obubangelwa ukubhoboza umnyovu, bugqamisa ubuhlungu izikhathi ezingaba ngu-30 .. Ngemuva kokulunywa kwayo, kuhambisana nokuvuvukala endaweni ethintekile ngokuluma, ama-spasms, ukujuluka okuningi nokuhamba esithweni esithintekile kungalahleka. Zingatholakala eNingizimu Melika njengaseVenezuela, eBrazil, eParaguay, eNicaragua.
intuthwane ye-bulldog
Intuthwane iMyrmecia noma i-Australian giant noma njengoba yaziwa nangokuthi i-bulldog ant, igama layo lisuka emhlathini wayo omkhulu futhi onamandla, inombala ophuzi onemibala ebomvu kanye nensundu, uma iluma iveza ubuthi obunamandla obudala ukusha isikhumba, sishiya amabala unomphela . Zitholakala e-Australia naseCaledonia.
Intuthwane Emnyama
I-Solenopsis Richteri noma intuthwane emnyama iqanjwe ngombala omnyama onemibala yomlilo, ikhuthele kakhulu futhi inolaka ukuluma kwayo kunamandla futhi kunobuthi okubangela ukungakhululeki okungapheli kanye nobuhlungu obungena obufana nokuhlaba komnyovu. Ihlasela umuntu uma iphazanyiswa yilokhu ezilwaneni uma zijwayele ukuhlasela inyamazane yazo.
umlilo intuthwane
Igama lale ntuthwane libangelwa ukuzwa ukushisa, ukusha nokusha okubangelwa ukulunywa kwalolu hlobo, ikhuthele futhi inolaka, umzimba wayo ubomvu nezinwele zabo ziphuzi, ubuthi bayo bungabangela ubuhlungu obungena ngaphakathi kanye nesicanucanu endodeni. kwezinye izilwane ezincane noma izingane zingadala ukufa. Ukudla kwabo ngokuvamile inyama, ibhotela, imbewu kanye nemifino.
intuthwane yase-Afrika
I-Pachycondyla analis noma i-Megaponera foetens, eyaziwa ngokuthi intuthwane yase-Afrika, itholakala eZwenikazi lase-Afrika emadolobheni aseSenegal, eSierra Leone, eNigeria, eGhana, eCameroon naseTogo. ezikhubaza inyamazane yazo.Phakathi kwezimpawu zalolu hlobo, umhlathi kanye nodosi kuyagqama, umhlathi wawo unonxantathu ngomumo, unamandla amakhulu namandla, njengodosi, inhlanganisela yakho kokubili ikwazi ukubhoboza isikhumba ukwethula into ebulalayo.
dracula intuthwane
I-Adetomyrma venatrix eyaziwa ngokuthi intuthwane iDracula ngomkhuba wayo ongajwayelekile wokuphuza igazi lamaphuphu ayo. Isanda kutholwa.
Izintuthwane Ezingenabuthi noma Zasendlini
Kuleli qembu kunezinkulungwane zezinhlobo ezisatshalaliswa ezindaweni eziningi zomhlaba, ngokuvamile ziluma ukuze zizivikele kodwa akumeleli ubungozi bezempilo ngaphandle kokukhiqiza ukushisa okulula, zingatholakala phansi, ezindongeni, ophahleni, izinkuni nokunye. amanye amaqembu aveza inhlangano eyakhiwe kahle, ezinye izinhlobo ezivamile:
intuthwane engumbazi
Bayingxenye yohlobo lwe-Camponotus, igama labo libangelwa ukuthi bakha indlu yabo ngaphakathi kwezinkuni, bandise ikoloni yabo kuwo wonke umuthi, belimaza isakhiwo saso. Lezi zintuthwane zibheka ukhuni olubolile olunikeza izimo ezifanele ukuze ziphile, kucatshangelwa umswakama nezinga lokushisa. Zethula izinhlobo ezahlukene zosayizi futhi ziveza imibala eminingi ehlukahlukene njengomnyama, ophuzi kanye nonsuqu.
Azidli ngokhuni, ukudla kwazo kuqukethe izinambuzane ezifile, izinto ezinoshukela ezivela ezitshalweni, izimbali, izithelo, inyama namafutha. Zingatholakala eMelika, eYurophu nase-Afrika
I-Ant yase-Argentina
I-Linepithema humile noma intuthwane yase-Argentina idabuka e-Argentina, eParaguay nase-Uruguay futhi okwamanje isabalale emhlabeni wonke. Zibhekwa njengezinambuzane, zinolaka futhi ziyizindawo, ezibangela izinguquko ezinkulu ku-ecosystem yazo futhi ziguqule imvelo yezinhlobo ezihlala eduze kwazo. Ngokuvamile zilinganisa u-2 no-3 mm.
I-Leafcutter Ant
Kungokwesizukulwane se-Atta ne-Acromyrmex. Lesi ngesinye sezinhlobo eziningi kakhulu ezihlanganisa izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-40. Uhlelo lwayo lwenhlangano luyinkimbinkimbi futhi luyachazwa, umuntu ngamunye unomsebenzi othize okufanele awenze, indlovukazi ibhekene nokuthola amakoloni kanye nokuzala kabusha, amasosha avikela, abafoshi benza imigudu futhi babheke ukudla, abalimi baphethe ukunakekela nokuvikela isikhunta esakheka emasimini, izibungu namaqanda ngokwakheka.
Lezi zintuthwane zitholakala kusukela ePanama kuya e-Argentina, zingadala umonakalo omkhulu ku-ecosystem futhi zilimaze amasimu namasimu ekhofi, ummbila kanye nomoba.
Intuthwane Yendlu Enukayo
I-Tapinoma sessile yaziwa ngokuthi intuthwane kashukela noma kakhukhunathi, iphuma e-United States, igama layo livela ephunga eliphumayo lapho ibulawa. Benza amakoloni abo noma yikuphi izindonga, uphahla, phansi, iziqu, noma iyiphi indawo enhle kubo. Ukudla kwayo kusekelwe ezithelweni, izinambuzane kanye nompe, kungaba inkathazo uma ingalawulwa ngesikhathi.
Intuthwane Yokhuni Olubomvu
I-Formica rufa noma intuthwane ebomvu yokhuni ivamile eYurophu, ingatholakala emahlathini emakoloni amaningi kakhulu abantu abangaba ngu-200.000, idla izinambuzane, izitshalo, isikhunta nemifino.
intuthwane yesibaya
I-Messor barbarus noma intuthwane ye-granary itholakala eSpain, e-Italy, e-France nase-Morocco. Amakoloni abo adalwe phansi, phakathi kwezinto ezingavamile ukuhlanzeka kwabo kuvelele, bavame ukuzihlanza kanye nendawo yabo ngaphakathi kwe-anthill, amasosha anekhanda elikhulu, adla izithelo nemifino.
intuthwane ye-acrobat
Le ntuthwane igqame ngokuguquguquka ekubonisayo, iyakwazi ukugoba futhi ibeke ikhanda layo esiswini noma esifubeni, phakathi kwezici zayo singabala ukuthi isisu sayo simise okwenhliziyo, umbala wayo uphuzi noma umnyama, ikoloni layo lakhiwe phezu kokhuni olubolile. noma icishe ibole izikhathi ezimbalwa kakhulu ehlathini esesimweni esihle.
Intuthwane yasensimini
Zitholakala emasimini nasemasimini, zakha amakoloni azo phansi zakha izindunduma zomhlaba, imibala yazo insundu, emnyama noma ebomvu noma inhlanganisela yazo, ukudla ezikuthandayo amaswidi, ngezinye izikhathi zidla izinambuzane. Isici esivelele siwukuthi zithumba izibungu neziphungumangathi zezinye izinhlobo ezizigcina endaweni yazo futhi zizigqilaze lapho zikhula.
intuthwane evunayo
Zivamise ukuba zinkulu ukusuka ku-6,25 kuya ku-12,5 mm, zinezinwele ezizisebenzisa ukuhlanza imilenze nezimpondo zazo. Atholakala ezindaweni ezishisayo nezomile. Ahlanzeke kakhulu ajwayele ukuhlanza indawo ezungeze ikoloni agcine imbewu ngaphakathi
Intuthwane Egandaywe
I-Caespitum ubukhulu bawo obujwayelekile bungu-3,2 mm kuya ku-4,2 mm, ansundu acishe afinyelele emnyama, imilenze yawo kanye nezimpondo zawo zinsundu ngokukhanyayo. Esifubeni banemigogodla emincane kanti umzimba wonke unezinwele. Itholakala ekhaya nezakhiwo ngokufuna ukudla, ngokuba imenyu isekelwe kumaswidi namafutha.
Intuthwane Yamanga Yezinyosi
Lezi zintuthwane zakha ikhaya odakeni, zidla uketshezi oluningi olunoshukela ezilugcina esiswini bese ziyaxoshwa lapho ezinye izintuthwane ziludinga. Abasebenzi bagqama ngombala wabo onsundu ngokukhanyayo, ubukhulu bawo bungu-3,2 kuya ku-4,2 mm.
Intuthwane Enkulu Ephuzi
Zibomvu ngombala, ziyashesha, futhi zilinganiselwa ku-5 mm, zididekile nomuhlwa. Ifuna ukwenza amakoloni ayo eziqwini ezibolile noma ngaphansi kwetshe, izintuthwane zayo zibonwa ngobuningi bomhlaba obunyakazayo emnyango. Azinangozi futhi zikhetha ukudla okunoshukela. Uma zichotshoziwe zikhipha iphunga elibi.
Intuthwane Yesela
Zingenye yezinhlobo ezincane kakhulu, ubukhulu bazo buyi-1 kuya ku-1,7 mm. Ziphuzi ngamathoni ansundu, zihlala kwamanye ama-anthill futhi zidla izibungu, ukudla kwazo kugqamisa amafutha, ushizi nenyama, azidli izinto ezinoshukela.
intuthwane ehlanyayo
I-Longicornis noma intuthwane ehlanyayo lezi zintuthwane zilinganiselwa ku-2,5 mm futhi zinsundu ngokumnyama ngombala; imilenze nezimpondo zayo kukhulu ngokulingana nomzimba. Ingatholakala ngaphakathi endlini, igama layo ngenxa yendlela engalawuleki futhi ngaphandle kokuma okuboniswa yizintuthwane ezindlini. Ukudla kwabo kusekelwe ezinambuzaneni, amafutha namaswidi.
Intuthwane Encane Emnyama
Iwuhlobo oluncane kakhulu, imvamisa ifinyelela ku-1,7 mm futhi umbala wayo umnyama. Zingatholakala ezindaweni ezivulekile futhi ekuhlakazeni izinkuni noma i-cornice yezakhiwo, amakoloni maningi kakhulu. Zidla ngokuphila kwezitshalo futhi ngezinye izikhathi zicinga izindlu ukuze zithole ukudla okumnandi, amafutha noma imifino.
I-Cornfield Ant
Igama layo lalolu hlobo linikezwe ukuthi litholakala kakhulu ezitshalweni zombila. Zidla ukudla okumnandi, izinambuzane eziphilayo noma ezifile, ubisi lwezitshalo, kanye nezinto ezinoshukela ezivela ezintwaneni. Ngokuvamile zakha isidleke sazo ngezingodo ezibolile, iziqu noma ngaphansi kwamatshe.
izintuthwane eziluhlaza
Izintuthwane eziluhlaza ziqanjwe ngokuthi zenza ikoloni lazo esiqongweni sezihlahla ngamaqabunga nosilika otholakala ezibungwini, lokhu akuvimbeli amanzi, ngesikhathi sokwenza ikoloni lazo zethula amafomu ezakhiwo phakathi kwazo.
Intuthwane kaFaro
Lolu hlobo lwezintuthwane luvame ukutholakala kunoma iyiphi indawo yendlu, ngokuvamile lungena ezisekelweni, ophahleni, amapayipi, yingakho kunzima ukulithola, liphuzi ngamathoni abomvu, lidla ama-extracts amnandi, amajusi. , uju, izinambuzane ezifile, inyama negazi zibheka izikhala ezinikeza ukushisa nomswakama. Bangamakoloni amaningi kakhulu, abasebenzi banosayizi we-2,1 mm kuya ku-5 mm. Abantu abadala banamaphiko kodwa abandizi.
I-Velvety Tree Ant
Le ntuthwane ibonakala ngesisu esithambile futhi esithambile, isifuba sayo sibomvu nekhanda layo limnyama, zibeka amakoloni azo ezihlahleni ezindala noma emagxolweni azo. Zidla zonke izinhlobo zokudla noma izinambuzane ezifile. Ukuluma kwayo kubuhlungu.
izintuthwane eziphuzi
Ebizwa nangokuthi i-zanconas, umbala wayo ophuzi uwenza ifane nezihlobo zayo, izintuthwane zoju, ikwazi ukujwayelana nanoma yisiphi isimo sezulu, ubukhulu bayo buvamise ukuba ngu-2 mm, kukhona amakoloni amaningi futhi iyasebenza kakhulu futhi idla ushukela owukhipha ezitshalweni. .
Izintuthwane Ezinekhanda Elibomvu
Ithola igama layo ezinhlobonhlobo ezibomvu eziveza emzimbeni wayo, isisu sayo sibomvu ngokumnyama, isifuba sayo sibomvu ngokukhanyayo nekhanda layo libomvu, zitholakala enyakatho yeChile, ukulunywa kwayo kunamandla futhi kukhiqiza okukhulu. ubuhlungu.
Ibutho Izintuthwane
Ibonakala ngendlela yayo yokuzingela, bethula amasu amakhulu lapho bezingela, bakha ama-swarm raids noma ukuhlasela kwamakholomu ngobuningi babo bembuleka ngamakholomu ukuze bakhe inethiwekhi futhi babambe inyamazane yabo, le dlozi eliyiqhawe lidla inyama.
Ungashiyi ngaphandle kokufunda lezi zihloko ezilandelayo:
Izilwane Ezinobuthi Kakhulu Emhlabeni
Xosha Iminyovu Ngemithi Yasekhaya