UbuBuddha kanye nobuShinto kuyizinkolo ezibaluleke kakhulu eJapane, futhi enye yezindlela zokuhlonipha lezi zinkolo iwukwakhiwa kwalezi zingosi ezixubene nesimo sezwe kulo lonke izwe laseJapane. Ngalesi sihloko, sikumema ukuthi ufunde okwengeziwe mayelana Amathempeli aseJapane.
Amathempeli aseJapane
Amathempeli aseJapane ahlakazekile phakathi kwezindawo eziningi futhi ezimangalisayo, lawa mathempeli asendulo aseJapane ahlukaniswa ngesakhiwo sawo sasempumalanga esisungulwe imibono engenakuphikiswa, futhi ngezinye izikhathi kunzima ukuhlukanisa ngenxa yodaka lwenkolo phakathi kwezinkolelo ezi-2 eziyinhloko, kodwa kuye ngokuthi ubani ohlonishwayo abakwazi ukuhlukanisa. bahlukanisa amaBuddha noma amaShinto futhi, ngokwezinga elincane, amaConfucian.
Futhi uma, kumaJapane lokhu kubonakala kungenakubaluleka kangako, lezi zindawo, kunokuba zizisebenzisele ukuthandaza nokuxoxa nama-kamis, zimisa izindawo zokuhlangana ukuze zisondeze umphakathi. Okulandelayo, lawa adume kakhulu futhi avakashelwa amathempeli aseJapan kuleli zwe laseJapan:
Amathempeli aseJapane amaBuddha
EJapane, kunamathempeli amaBuddha angamaJapane ayikhulu nangaphezulu, lokhu kunjalo, ukuthi endaweni ngayinye yaleli zwe laseJapane kukhona okungenani eyodwa yalezi. Lezi zikhala zisekela ukusatshalaliswa kwazo ngezindawo ezivalekile eziwunxande ezimukelwe yizicabha ezivala umnyango wezwe elingcwele eligadwe yizithombe ezibagadile ezimbili ezibizwa ngokuthi i-Niô noma i-Kongōrikishi.
Baphinde babe nehholo elikhulu eliyisikhungo sombukiso wesithombe esikhulu sikaBuddha; Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-kodo noma ihholo lomcimbi, elivame ukusetshenziselwa ukubamba imihlangano yephrothokholi, futhi ekugcineni i-pagoda enamazinga amahlanu lapho kugcinwa khona izinsalela ezingcwele, ukuze kubonakale kuphelele, le nkimbinkimbi izungezwe izingadi zesitayela seZen. Amanye amathempeli amasiko aseJapan ayisibonelo samaBuddha yilawa:
I-Enryaku-ji
Elinye lamathempeli aseJapan lasungulwa nguSaicho, umanduleli weTendai Buddhism ngesikhathi samaHeian futhi liyithempeli elidlulele kunawo wonke lemfundiso yobuBuddha. Itholakala eNtabeni i-Hiei engamamitha angu-848 ukuphakama, futhi emngceleni ophakathi kwezifundazwe zaseShiga naseKyoto, ithempeli lihlukaniswe laba yizindawo ezintathu eziyinhloko: To-do, Sai-to, kanye neYokawa, ngokuhlanganyela eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Hieizan Enryaku-ji.
Kulentaba engcwele, izindela ezinkulu emlandweni ezinjengoHonen, Shinran, Eisai, Dokyo kanye noNichiren zafunda futhi zaqhuba le mfundiso; Ngaphezu kwalokho, ithempeli lalivikela inhloko-dolobha nesizwe ohlangothini olusenyakatho-ntshonalanga lapho kutholakala khona imimoya emibi. Ukwengeza, le ndawo ebiyelwe yamenyezelwa njengeNdawo Yamagugu Omhlaba yi-Unesco ngo-1994.
I-Kiyomizu-dera
Ingelinye lamathempeli adume kakhulu eJapan, leli lasungulwa ngonyaka ka-780 endaweni efanayo yempophoma yase-Otowa empumalanga ye-Kyoto. Ithempeli ekuqaleni lalivela ehlelweni lama-Hosso lobuBuddha, elinye lamahlelo amadala kakhulu obuBuddha baseJapan. Lokhu phakathi nonyaka ka-1994, kwaqokwa njengeNdawo Yamagugu Omhlaba yi-UNESCO.
Enye yezinto ezikhangayo ezidume kakhulu zale ndawo ebiyelwe yivulandi enkulu yokhuni lapho ungabona khona indawo egcwele izihlahla eziqhakazayo ze-cherry kanye nedolobha laseKyoto; Le ndawo inqatshelwe ukungena emphakathini, ungangena kuphela kuvulandi oshiwo ngenhla, lapho kunezitolo ezincane lapho ungathenga khona iziphandla noma esinye isikhumbuzo; Ngaphezu kwalokho, kule ndawo ungakwazi ukuthanda isibalo esincane sikaKanon esinobuso obuyishumi nanye nezingalo eziyikhulu.
Ngemuva kwethempeli kukhona i-Jishu Shrine, enikelwa kunkulunkulu ophethe uthando; Lapho uzothola amatshe amabili aqhelelene ngamamitha angu-18, abathi uma umuntu ekwazile ukudlula kwelinye evale amehlo, athole uthando.
Impophoma yase-Otowa itholakala ngaphansi kwethempeli, ngokuvamile kuvame ukuthutheleka kwezivakashi futhi zihamba umugqa ukuze ziphuze kulawa manzi, kuye ngokuthi umthombo ophuza kuwo, into eyodwa noma enye izokufanelekela. Uma ulandela indlela, phakathi kwale ndawo ebiyelwe kanye nempophoma, uzothola i-pagoda enezitezi ezintathu ebizwa ngokuthi i-Pagoda Koyasu futhi kuthiwa inikeza isivikelo futhi kulula ukubeletha kunoma yimuphi owesifazane okhulelwe.
I-Kōtoku-in
Le ndawo ebiyelwe itholakala eKamakura esifundazweni saseKanagawa, futhi idume kakhulu ngesithombe sayo esikhulu sethusi sikaBuddha; Ubukhulu bayo buhlanganisa ukuphakama kwamamitha angu-11,35 nesisindo samathani angu-121. Njengamanje umfanekiso kaBuddha ungaphandle, nokho, ezikhathini ezedlule wawusegunjini elikhethekile elakhelwe ukuligcina; lesi sakhiwo asisekho, kodwa izinsalela zezinsika ezingu-56 zisabonakala. Isakhiwo sokwamukela izivakashi sacekelwa phansi ngekhulu le-XNUMX ukuzamazama komhlaba nomlilo.
Ukwakhiwa kwalesi sithombe kwaqala ngo-1252 futhi akukacaci ukuthi ngubani umdali waso, isifanekiso sokuqala esaqedwa ngo-1238 sakhiwe ngokhuni kodwa sacekelwa phansi yisiphepho, ngakho kwanqunywa ukuba senziwe ngethusi.
Kinkaku-ji
Leli yithempeli leZen enyakatho yeKyoto, elihlukaniswa yiqiniso lokuthi izikhala zalo ezimbili zihuqwe ngegolide. Ngaphambilini yahlukaniswa ngokuthi i-Rokuonji futhi yayiyindawo yokuhlehla ye-Shogun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, isifiso sakhe sokugcina kwakuwukuyenza ibe yinkompolo yeZen ngemva kokufa kwakhe, futhi lokhu kwenziwa ngonyaka ka-1408. Umzukulu wakhe, u-Ashikaga Yoshimasa, waphefumulelwa nguye. ukwakha ithempeli laseGinkakuji noma inkundla yesiliva ngaphesheya kwedolobha emashumini ambalwa eminyaka kamuva.
Leli thempeli lakhiwe phambi kwedamu elikhulu, futhi liwumsebenzi wokugcina wokuqoqwa owakhiwe ngu-Ashikaga Yoshimitsu. Ishisiwe futhi yabhidlizwa izikhathi eziningi, isigameko esiseduze kakhulu senzeka ngo-1950 yindela ephakeme futhi isakhiwo esikhona manje siwukubuyiselwa kusukela ngo-1955.
Isigaba ngasinye sakha umklamo wezakhiwo ohlukile, kodwa lezi zikhala azikwazi ukuvakashelwa: Isikhala sokuqala sethempeli senziwe ngomklamo we-Shinden, owawusetshenziswa ezigodlweni ngesikhathi se-Heian; lokhu kwakhiwa ngezindonga ze-plaster nokunamathiselwe ngokhuni, kanye nemifanekiso kaBuddha ne-Ashikaga Yoshimitsu.
Isikhala sesibili sakhiwe ekwakhiweni kweBukke, esivame ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni zokuhlala zamaSamurai, futhi ingaphandle laso ligcwele igolide ngokuphelele. Ngaphakathi kunesithombe seBodhisattva Kannon, sizungezwe ezinye izithombe ezine ezimelela amakhosi amane asezulwini: uBishamon, uZōchōten, uJikokuten, noKōmokuten.
Indawo yesithathu neyokugcina yethempeli, yakhiwe ngomklamo wezakhiwo zamahholo wokuzindla weZen yamaShayina futhi imbozwe ngegolide.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi kunamathempeli amaBuddha angenakubalwa akhona kuwo wonke amagumbi aseJapane; Amanye amathempeli eBuddhism esingawabala yilawa:
- AmaNara angamaTadai-ji
- I-Horyuji
- Shitenno-ji
- ISanjusangen-do
- Ryoanji
- Senso-hee
AmaShinto aseJapane
Ngezinye izikhathi izindawo ezingcwele zobuShinto zibizwa ngokuthi ama-jinja noma ama-yashiro, lawo, ngokungafani namaBuddha, angenazo izici zesonto; nokho, zihlukaniswa nge-arch noma i-torii yendabuko, evame ukuvela kuzo zonke izintuba zalezi, ngaphezu kwegumbi lezipho kanye namapuleti e-ema noma okhuni lapho kungabhalwa khona izifungo, okuwukuphela kwenjongo yayo isibusiso nokuzinikela a kami Phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo zezindawo ezingcwele zaseJapane, sinazo:
Isukushima
Itholakala esiqhingini sase-Itsukushima eduze kwedolobha laseHatsukaichi, esifundazweni saseHiroshima. Isekelwe phezu kwamanzi futhi ibhaliswe njengeNdawo Yamagugu Omhlaba ye-UNESCO ngo-1996; ngaphezu kokugcinwa yimithetho eqinile yokongiwa kwamagugu.
Indawo engcwele engaphansi kokuphathwa kukahulumeni waseJapane, iyona ekhanga kakhulu iMiyajima, inendawo ebiyelwe ene-pier lapho ungabona khona isango le-torii elakhiwe olwandle; le arch torii ingathinteka lapho igagasi liphansi.
Fushimi inari
Ingenye yezindawo ezivalekile ezibaluleke kakhulu eJapane futhi idume ngamasango ayo amaningi e-torii abekwe ngokulandelana futhi yasungulwa ngo-794 AD Inikelwa ku-kami Inari, unkulunkulu werayisi. Lo nkulunkulu ujwayele ukuhlotshaniswa nezimpungushe eziyizithunywa zakhe, yingakho ungabona miningi imifanekiso yazo endleleni. Ukuklanywa kwalawa masango kutholakala ngemuva kwendawo ebiyelwe kakhulu ehlathini leNtaba i-Inari engcwele, engamamitha angu-233 ubude futhi ingeyesakhiwo esifanayo esingcwele.
mina jingu
Inikezwa imimoya ka-Emperor Meiji kanye nomlingani wakhe u-Empress Shoken. Itholakala eduze kwesiteshi sase-Harajuku. Le ndawo ebiyelwe iseduze ne-Yoyogi Park, futhi indawo yayo yemvelo igqama kakhulu ngedolobha elikhulu elakhiwe ngokuzungezile.
Lesi sakhiwo esingcwele sakhiwa ngo-1920, eminyakeni engu-8 ngemva kokushona koMbusi kanye neminyaka engu-6 ngemva kokushona koMbusi. Labhujiswa phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, kodwa ngokushesha lakhiwa kabusha ngenxa yokubaluleka kwalo.
UMbusi waseMeiji wayengumbusi wokuqala weJapane yangaleso sikhathi, wazalwa ngo-1852 futhi wafinyelela esihlalweni sobukhosi ngo-1867 eneminyaka engu-15 kuphela ubudala, esigabeni esibaluleke kakhulu sokuvuselela iMeiji. Lapho i-feudal Japan iphela futhi iqala ukwenza isimanje futhi yenza intshonalanga ukuze yenze izivumelwano nezizwe ezinkulu ezithuthukile, uMbusi wafa ngo-1912.
Ingenye yezindawo ezidume kakhulu eJapan, ngezinsuku zokuqala zonyaka ngesikhathi se-Hatsumode, ithola ukuvakashelwa okungaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-3, ngaphezu kwanoma iyiphi enye indawo kulesi sifunda.
Nikko Tosho-gu
Lokhu kwakhiwe phakathi kuka-1634 no-1636 ekuqaleni kwenkathi ye-Edo, kuTokugawa Ieyasu ngemva kokufa kwakhe. Umzukulu wakhe u-Iemitsu waqeda ukwakha itshe lesikhumbuzo ukuze umoya kamkhulu wakhe uphumule. Iminyaka engu-2, ngaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingu-15 izingcweti nababazi abavela kulo lonke izwe basebenza ekwakhiweni kwetshe lesikhumbuzo elalizoqukatha umlotha we-shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu. Idizayini yalokhu imele isitayela seGongen-zukuri, isici esibaluleke kakhulu sezindawo ezingcwele zaseJapan.
Indawo yaqokwa njengendawo engcwele ngesikhathi seMeiji; Esikhaleni sokuqala, i-Gojunoto Pagoda itholakala, enezitezi ezinhlanu, lapho ngayinye ifanekisela izakhi ezi-4:
- Umhlaba
- Amanzi
- Fuego
- Umoya
Lezi zitholakala ngohlelo olukhuphukayo. Ngaphambili kunesango likaNiomon, elizungezwe yizithombe ezimbili zeNiō; eyokuqala, ehlukaniswe ngomlomo ukuze isho “a”, umlingiswa wokuqala wesiSanskrit; futhi umfanekiso wesibili uvalwe umlomo, uqeda ukusho uhlamvu lokugcina.
Ngemuva kwesango likaNiomon kunendawo yesibili evulekile, lapho isitebele esingcwele sikhona, phambi kwaso, kukhona ukhuni oluqoshiwe lwezinkawu ezintathu ezihlakaniphile. Amahora ambalwa ngosuku, isitebele sisetshenziselwa ukuvikela ihhashi elinikezwe u-Nikkō nguhulumeni waseNew Zealand. Kule ndawo kukhona nomtapo wezincwadi we-sutra, futhi igceke lizungezwe izinqolobane kanye nesiphethu esingcwele esakhiwa ngo-1618, esisetshenziselwa amasiko okuhlanzwa.
Ukusuka lapho, kunezinyathelo ezimbili eziholela eSangweni Le-Yomeimon, eliholela endaweni evulekile yokugcina kanye nezindawo ezinikezwa i-shogun. I-Yomeimon cishe ingumsebenzi ohlotshiswe kahle kakhulu kuyo yonke inkimbinkimbi; enye yezinsika zayo zokhuni igumbuqelwa ngamabomu, ukuze imelele ngokungaphelele.
Ngaphambi kokuba ufinyelele esangweni laseYomeimon, udlula phakathi kwesigubhu nemibhoshongo yensimbi, okuhlala kuyo izinsimbi ezimelela isiqalo nokufa. Ukufinyelela emagcekeni e-shōgun kungesango le-Karamon, okuyitshe lesikhumbuzo elincane kakhulu. Ithuna lika-Tokugawa Ieyasu alikho ezindaweni ezivalekile, kodwa lisembhoshongweni oxhumene nawo, obizwa nge-Hōtō.
Uma uthole lesi sihloko esimayelana namaThempeli aseJapan sinentshisekelo, siyakumema ukuthi ujabulele lezi ezinye: