Izici zesiko laseJapane namathonya alo

Kusukela esikweni lamaJomon elivela eziqhingini, ngokusebenzisa ithonya lezwekazi laseKorea naseChina, ngemva kwesikhathi eside sokuzihlukanisa ngaphansi kweTokugawa shogunate kuze kufike "Imikhumbi Emnyama" kanye nenkathi yeMeiji, Isiko lamaJapane selishintshile laze lazihlukanisa ngokuphelele nakwamanye amasiko ase-Asia.

ISIKO LASEJAPANE

Isiko lamaJapane

Isiko lamaJapane liwumphumela wamagagasi ahlukahlukene okufuduka avela ezweni lase-Asia naseziqhingini zoLwandlekazi iPacific okwalandelwa ithonya elikhulu lamasiko elivela eChina kwase kuba isikhathi eside sokuzihlukanisa ngokuphelele ngaphansi kweTokugawa shogunate, eyaziwa nangokuthi I-shogunate yaseJapane I-Edo, i-Tokugawa bakufu noma, ngegama layo langempela lesiJapane, i-Edo bakufu, kwaze kwaba yilapho kufika i-Black Ships, okwakuyigama elanikezwa imikhumbi yokuqala yaseNtshonalanga ukufika eJapane.

Ukufika kwalokho okubizwa ngokuthi Imikhumbi Emnyama, okwenzeka phakathi nenkathi yoMbusi uMeiji ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, kwaletha ithonya elikhulu lamasiko angaphandle elakhula ngisho nangokwengeziwe ngemva kokuphela kweMpi Yezwe II.

umlando wamasiko

Imibono ibeka umsuka wezindawo zokuhlala zaseJapane phakathi kwezizwe zaseNingizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Asia kanye nezizwe zaseSiberia zinikezwe ukufana okukhona kwezimpande zesiko lamaJapane nazo zombili imvelaphi. Into engenzeka kakhulu ukuthi izindawo zokuhlala zivela kuyo yomibili imvelaphi nokuthi ziye zaxutshwa kamuva.

Ubufakazi obuyinhloko balesi siqalo samasiko amabhande e-ceramic ayingxenye yesiko lamaJomon aqala ukugxila eziqhingini phakathi kuka-14500 BC no-300 BC. C. cishe. Abantu bakwaJomon cishe bathuthela eJapane besuka enyakatho-mpumalanga yeSiberia, futhi inani elincane labantu base-Austronesian leza eJapane livela eningizimu.

ISIKO LASEJAPANE

Isikhathi sikaJomon silandelwa yinkathi ye-Yayoi, ehlanganisa cishe 300 BC kuya ku-250 AD. Ubufakazi bokuqala bamasu okuqala ezolimo (ukulima okomile) kuhambelana nalesi sikhathi. Kukhona nobufakazi bezakhi zofuzo nobezilimi, ngokwezinye izazi-mlando, ukuthi iqembu elafika kule nkathi lavela esiqhingini saseJava lidlula eTaiwan laya eziQhingini zaseRyukyu naseJapane.

Isikhathi se-Yayoi silandelwa yinkathi ye-Kofun esukela cishe ku-250 kuya ku-538. Igama lesiJapane elithi kofun libhekisela ezindundumeni zokungcwaba ezisukela kulesi sikhathi. Phakathi nenkathi ye-Kofun, abafuduki baseShayina nabaseKorea baletha izinto ezintsha ezibalulekile kusukela ekulinyweni kwerayisi kuya kumasu ahlukene okwakhiwa kwendlu, ukwenza izitsha zobumba, ukuthuthukiswa kwe-bronze smithing kanye nokwakhiwa kwezindunduma zokungcwaba.

Ngesikhathi se-Yamato inkantolo yombuso yayihlala endaweni ngaleso sikhathi eyayaziwa ngokuthi isifundazwe sase-Yamato, manje esaziwa njengesifunda saseNara. Ngesikhathi sokubusa kweNkosana uShotoku, kwasungulwa umthethosisekelo osekelwe kumodeli waseShayina. Kamuva, phakathi nokubusa kukaYamato, abameleli bathunyelwa enkantolo yaseShayina, bezuza ulwazi lwefilosofi nesakhiwo senhlalo, ikhalenda lamaShayina, nomkhuba wezinkolo ezihlukahlukene ezihlanganisa ubuBuddha, ubuConfucian, nobuTao.

Inkathi ye-Asuka yinkathi emlandweni wesiko laseJapane eliqala ngonyaka wama-552 kuya ku-710, lapho ukufika kweBuddhism kuveza ushintsho olukhulu emphakathini waseJapane futhi kwaphawula igunya le-Yamato. Isikhathi se-Asuka sasibonakala ngezinguquko ezinkulu zobuciko, ezenhlalakahle nezombangazwe ezakhiwe ngokuyinhloko ngokufika kweBuddhism. Futhi ngalesi sikhathi igama lezwe lashintshwa lisuka ku-Wa laba yiNihon (Japan).

Isikhathi samaNara siqala lapho uMpress Genmei esungula inhloko-dolobha yezwe esigodlweni saseHeijō-kyō, edolobheni lamanje laseNara. Lesi sikhathi emlandweni wesiko laseJapane saqala ngonyaka ka-710 futhi siqhubeka kuze kube unyaka we-794. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, iningi lezakhamuzi zakhona lalithembele kwezolimo ukuze liziphilise futhi lihlala ezindlini ezihlala ezindlini. Abaningi babeqhuba inkolo yobuShinto.

ISIKO LASEJAPANE

Nokho, iNara, inhloko-dolobha, yaba ikhophi yedolobha laseChang’an, inhloko-dolobha yaseChina phakathi nobukhosi baseTang. Isiko lamaShayina lahlanganiswa umphakathi waseJapane ophezulu futhi ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlamvu zesiShayina ekubhaleni kwesiJapane kwamukelwa, okwakuzogcina sekuyimibono yamaJapane, i-kanji yamanje, futhi ubuBuddha basungulwa njengenkolo yaseJapane.

Inkathi ye-Heian ibhekwa njengenkathi yokugcina yenkathi yakudala emlandweni wesiko laseJapane, elihlanganisa kusukela ngonyaka we-794 kuya ku-1185. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi inhloko-dolobha yathuthela edolobheni laseKyoto. UbuConfucian namanye amathonya afinyelela umvuthwandaba wawo phakathi nalenkathi. Kule nkathi kubhekwa ukuthi inkantolo yombuso waseJapane yafinyelela iphuzu layo eliphakeme kakhulu, imelela izinga elifinyelelwe kwezobuciko, ikakhulukazi izinkondlo nezincwadi. I-Heian ngesiJapane isho "ukuthula nokuthula".

Ngemva kwenkathi kaHeian kwaba nesikhathi lapho izwe lahlukaniswa izimpi zombango eziphindaphindiwe, okwenza inkemba ibuse. I-bushi kamuva eyaziwa ngokuthi ama-samurai yaba isigaba esibaluleke kakhulu. Ngaphezu kokuthuthukiswa kobuciko bempi kanye ne-blacksmithing, i-Zen yavela njengendlela entsha yeBuddhism eyamukelwa ngokushesha ngamaqhawe.

Izwe labuyela ekuphumuleni enkathini ye-Edo ekhulwini le-XNUMX ngaphansi kokubusa komndeni wakwaTokugawa. Inkathi ye-Edo yethiwa ngegama lenhloko-dolobha yangaleso sikhathi, i-Edo (manje eyiTokyo). AmaSamurai aba uhlobo lwesikhulu esagcina amalungelo aso kwezobuciko bokulwa. UbuBuddha beZen bandisa ithonya labo ezinkondlweni, ubuciko bokulima, nasemculweni.

Isikhathi eside sokuthula sabangela ukukhula komnotho okwasiza abathengisi, abaziwa ngokuthi isigaba sesine. Abaculi, njengoba benqatshelwe ukuthuthuka komphakathi, bafuna izindlela zokudlula amaSamurai. Izindlu Zetiye zahlelwa lapho ama-geisha ayephatha khona uMkhosi Wetiye, ubuciko bezimbali, azilolongela umculo nokudansa. Ishashalazi yaseKabuki, ehlanganisa ingoma, i-pantomime nomdanso, yathuthukiswa.

ISIKO LASEJAPANE

Ulimi nokubhala

Kokubili isiko lesiJapane lendabuko nesiko lesiJapane lesimanje lisekelwe olimini olubhaliwe nolimi olukhulunywayo. Ukuqonda ulimi lwesiJapane kuyisisekelo sokuqonda isiko lesiJapane. Kukhulunywa izilimi eziningana eJapan, okuyisiJapane, i-Ainu kanye nomndeni wezilimi zamaRyukyu, kodwa isiJapane yisona esamukelwa ngokuvamile kuzo zonke iziqhingi ezakha izwe, kuze kufike ezingeni ezinye izilimi. isengozini ngokusho kwe-UNESCO.

IsiJapane singolunye lwezilimi ezikhulunywa kakhulu emhlabeni, ngo-1985, kwalinganiselwa ukuthi sikhulunywa abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyikhulu namashumi amabili eJapane kuphela. abantu abayizigidi ezingamakhulu amabili namashumi amabili nanhlanu. Ngaphezu kwesiJapane, ukusetshenziswa kwezinye izilimi ezifana nesiKorea, isiMandarin, isiNgisi, iSpanishi nesiFulentshi kuvamile eJapane.

Ulimi olusemthethweni lwaseJapan isiJapane futhi kucatshangwa ukuthi lwaqala ngesikhathi se-Yayoi. Ngokobufakazi, ukufuduka okuhambisana naleso sikhathi kwavela ikakhulukazi eChina nasenhlonhlweni yaseKorea. Amasiko ayinhloko athonya amaJapane kwakuyiShayina, isiKorea, isiSiberia, nesiMongolia.

Umsuka wolimi lwesiJapane uzimele kakhulu. Noma kunjalo, ukwakheka kwayo kohlelo lolimi kuhambisana nezilimi zama-Altaic (izilimi zesiTurkic, izilimi zesiMongolia nezilimi zesiTungusic, izilimi zesiJaponic nezilimi zaseKorea) ngenxa yokuhlangana nokuhleleka kwamagama, nokho ukwakheka kwayo kwefonetiki kufana kakhulu izilimi austronesian

Ulimi lwesiJapane lunokufana okuningi nolimi lwaseKorea mayelana nokwakheka kwesakhiwo sohlelo lolimi kodwa cishe akukho ukufana ngokwesilulumagama ngaphandle kwamagama athile ezolimo noma amagama angeniswe ngolimi lwesiShayina. Yingakho kunzima kangaka ukunikeza ulimi lwesiJapane kwelinye lamaqembu ezilimi ezinkulu.

Izinhlamvu zesiShayina (kanjis) zisetshenziswa ohlelweni lokubhala lwesi-Japanese, kanye namalungu amabili asuselwe (Kana), Hiragana (olwazimagama lwendabuko) kanye ne-Katakana (amagama amasha emalimboleko). Nge-hyphen, amagama amaningi aseShayina nawo amukelwa ngesiJapane. Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kolimi lwesiShayina nolimi lwesiJapane indlela yokuphimisela kanye nohlelo lolimi lwamagama, isiJapane asifani nesiShayina, ulimi lwephimbo, ngaphezu kokuba nongwaqa abambalwa kakhulu.

Ulimi lwesiJapane lunamalunga acishe abe yikhulu namashumi amahlanu kanti ulimi lwesiShayina lunamalunga acishe abe ngamakhulu ayishumi nesithupha. Nakuba ngokohlelo isiShayina sinesakhiwo solimi esizihlukanisayo, isiJapane siwulimi lokuhlanganisa, olunenani elikhulu lezijobelelo zohlelo namabizo asebenzayo anomsebenzi ofana nokuguquguquka, izandiso nezihlanganiso zezilimi zaseYurophu.

Ukubhala kwesi-Japanese kuhlanganisa izinhlelo ezintathu zokubhala zakudala kanye nesistimu yokubhala eyodwa: i-Kana, ama-syllabaries (uhlelo lwesi-Hiragana lwamagama omsuka wesi-Japanese kanye nesilabhari sase-Katakana esisetshenziswa ikakhulukazi amagama emvelaphi yangaphandle). Izinhlamvu ze-Kanji zomsuka wesiShayina. Ukumelwa kwe-Rómaji yesi-Japanese ngezinhlamvu zesiLatini.

I-Hiragana yadalwa ngabesifazane be-aristocratic kanye ne-katakana yizindela zamaBuddha, ngakho-ke nanamuhla i-hiragana ibhekwa njengesistimu yokubhala yabesifazane ngisho nezingane. I-Katakana isetshenziselwa ukubhala ngefonetiki amagama emvelaphi yangaphandle, ikakhulukazi amagama abantu nezindawo zezwe. Ibuye isetshenziselwe ukubhala i-onomatopoeia futhi uma ufuna ukugcizelela, njengaseNtshonalanga, kusetshenziswa osonhlamvukazi kuphela ukuheha ukunaka.

I-Hiragana ihlanganiswe ne-kanji njengengxenye yohlelo lolimi lwesi-Japanese. IsiJapane sithathe amagama amaningi olimi lwakwelinye izwe ikakhulukazi esiNgisini, namanye eSpanishi nesiPutukezi kusukela ngesikhathi izithunywa zevangeli zaseSpanishi nesiPutukezi zifika okokuqala eJapane. Isibonelo, カッパ (i-kappa, isendlalelo) futhi mhlawumbe futhi パン (isinkwa).

ISIKO LASEJAPANE

Ekubhaleni kwesiJapane, izinhlamvu zamagama zesiRoma ziyasetshenziswa, ziyinike igama elithi romaji. Isetshenziswa kakhulu ukubhala amagama ezimpawu zokuhweba noma ezinkampani, futhi nokubhala ama-akhronimi aziwa emhlabeni jikelele. Kunezinhlelo ezihlukene zokuthandana, okwaziwayo kakhulu uhlelo lwe-Hepburn, okuyilona olwamukelwa kabanzi, nakuba i-Kunrei shiki iyona esemthethweni e-Japan.

I-Shodo i-calligraphy yaseJapane. Ifundiswa njengesifundo esisodwa ezinganeni emfundweni yamabanga aphansi, nokho ithathwa njengobuciko kanye nesiyalo esinzima kakhulu ukusiqeda. Ivela ku-calligraphy yamaShayina futhi ngokuvamile iqhutshwa ngendlela yasendulo, ngebhulashi, i-inkill enoyinki waseShayina olungiselelwe, i-paperweight kanye nephepha lephepha lelayisi. Njengamanje kusetshenziswa i-fudepen, okuyibhulashi elasungulwa eJapan elinethangi likayinki.

Njengamanje kukhona abadwebi be-calligrapher abangochwepheshe abahlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zabo zokubhala nokulungiselela imibhalo ebalulekile. Ngaphezu kokudinga ukunemba okukhulu nomusa ohlangothini lwe-calligrapher, uhlamvu ngalunye lwe-kanji kufanele lubhalwe ngokulandelana kwe-stroke ethile, okwandisa isiyalo esidingekayo kulabo abenza lobu buciko.

i-folklore yaseJapane

Inganekwane yamaJapane yathonywa izinkolo eziyinhloko zalelozwe, ubuShinto nobuBuddha. Ivamise ukuhlobana nezimo zamahlaya noma amandla angaphezu kwawemvelo noma abalingisi. Kunezinhlamvu eziningi ezingezona ezemvelo ezivamile zesiko lamaJapane: Bodhisattva, Kami (izinhlangano ezingokomoya), youkai (isidalwa esinamandla angaphezu kwawemvelo), yurei (izipoki zabafileyo), amadragoni, izilwane ezinamandla angaphezu kwawemvelo. : i-kitsune (izimpungushe), i-tanuki (izinja ze-raccoon), mudzilla (imbila), i-bakeneko (ikati eliyisilo), kanye ne-baku (umoya).

Ngaphakathi kwamasiko aseJapane, izindaba zabantu zingaba yizigaba ezihlukahlukene: mukashibanashi - izinganekwane mayelana nezenzakalo zesikhathi esidlule; namida banasi - izindaba ezidabukisayo; obakebanasi – izindaba ezimayelana nezimpisi; ongasibali – izindaba ezimayelana nokubonga; tonti banasi - izindaba ezihlakaniphile; iyahlukahluka i-banashi - ehlekisayo; nokuthi okuribanasi – izindaba ezimayelana nokuhaha. Baphinde babhekisele kumlando we-Yukari kanye namanye amasiko omlomo we-Ainu nama-epic.

ISIKO LASEJAPANE

Izinganekwane ezidume kakhulu emasikweni aseJapane zihlanganisa: Indaba kaKintaro, umfana wegolide onamandla angaphezu kwawemvelo; indaba yamademoni abhubhisayo njengeMomotaro; indaba ka-Urashima Taro, owasindisa ufudu futhi wavakashela phansi olwandle; indaba ka-Issun Boshi, umfana olingana nodeveli omncane; indaba kaTokoyo, intombazane eyabuyisela udumo kuyise ongumsamurai; Izindaba ze-Bumbuku, indaba ye-tanuki, ethatha isimo setiye; indaba yempungushe uTamomo noma uMahe;

Ezinye izindaba ezikhumbulekayo yilezi: Shita-kiri Suzume, uxoxa indaba kandlunkulu, owayengenalo ulimi; indaba kaKiyohime oziphindiselela, owaphenduka udrako; I-Banto Sarayasiki, indaba yothando nezitsha ze-Okiku eziyisishiyagalolunye; Yotsuya Kaidan, indaba yesipoki sika-Oiva; IHanasaka Dziy yindaba yekhehla elenza izihlahla ezibunile zichume; indaba yekhehla u-Taketori yindaba yentombazane engaqondakali okuthiwa uKaguya Hime, evela enhloko-dolobha yenyanga.

Inganekwane yamaJapane yathonywa kakhulu yizincwadi zakwamanye amazwe kanye nokukhulekelwa kwamadlozi nemimoya okwasabalala kulo lonke elase-Asia yasendulo. Izindaba eziningi ezafika e-Japan zivela e-India zashintshwa ngokujulile futhi zajwayelana nesitayela sesiko lama-Japanese. Ingoma yaseNdiya i-Ramayana ibe nethonya eliphawulekayo kuzinganekwane eziningi zaseJapane kanye nencwadi yakudala yezincwadi zesiShayina ethi "Pilgrimage to the West".

ubuciko baseJapane

Isiko laseJapane linezinhlobonhlobo zemidiya nezitayela zokubonisa ubuciko, okuhlanganisa i-ceramics, i-sculpture, i-varnish, i-watercolors kanye ne-calligraphy kusilika nephepha, ukuphrinta kwe-woodblock, ukiyo-e, kiri-e, kirigami, ukuphrinta kwe-origami, kanye , okuhloswe ngayo kubantu abasha: manga - amahlaya esimanje aseJapane nezinye izinhlobo eziningi zemidwebo. Umlando wobuciko esikweni lesiJapane uhlanganisa inkathi yesikhathi esikhulu, kusukela kwabakhuluma isiJapane bokuqala, izinkulungwane eziyishumi zeminyaka BC kuze kube namuhla.

Ukudweba

Ukudweba kungenye yezindlela zobuciko ezindala kakhulu nezicwengisiswe kakhulu kusiko lama-Japanese, elibonakala ngenani elikhulu lezinhlobo nezitayela. Imvelo ithatha indawo ebaluleke kakhulu ekudwebeni nasezincwadini zesiko lamaJapane, igqamisa ukumelwa kwayo njengomthwali wesimiso saphezulu. Okunye okubaluleke kakhulu ukumelwa kwezithombe zezigcawu zokuphila kwansuku zonke, ngokuvamile ezigcwele izibalo ezinemininingwane.

ISIKO LASEJAPANE

Isikhathi sase-Ancient Japan ne-Asuka

Ukudweba kwavela emlandweni wangaphambili wesiko lamaJapane. Kukhona amasampula okwethulwa kwezibalo ezilula, imiklamo yezitshalo, yezakhiwo neyejiyomethri kuma-ceramics ahambisana nesikhathi se-jomon kanye nezinsimbi zethusi zesitayela se-dutaku ezihambisana nesitayela se-Yayoi. Ifakwe enkathini ye-Kofun kanye nenkathi ye-Asuka (300-700 AD), imidwebo yodonga ye-geometric kanye nomklamo ongokomfanekiso itholwe ezindundumeni eziningi zokungcwaba.

Isikhathi seNara

Ukufika kweBuddhism eJapane phakathi nekhulu lesi-XNUMX nelesi-XNUMX kwaletha ukuchuma komdwebo wenkolo owawusetshenziselwa ukuhlobisa inqwaba yamathempeli amiswa yizicukuthwane, kodwa umnikelo obaluleke kakhulu wale nkathi yesiko lamaJapane wawungekho ekudwebeni. kodwa ekuqoshweni. Imidwebo eyinhloko esekhona kusukela kulesi sikhathi imidwebo yasendongeni etholakala ezindongeni zangaphakathi zeThempeli laseHoryu-ji eNara Prefecture. Le mifanekiso yasezindongeni ihlanganisa izindaba ezimayelana nempilo kaShakyamuni Buddha.

Isikhathi se-Heian

Ngalesi sikhathi, imidwebo nezithombe ze-mandala zigqama ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa kwamahlelo e-Shingon ne-Tendai Shu phakathi nekhulu lesi-XNUMX nelesi-XNUMX. Inani elikhulu lezinguqulo ze-mandala zenziwa, ikakhulukazi lezo ze-World of Diamonds kanye ne-Mandala ye-Belly eyayimelwe emiqulwini nasezindongeni ezindongeni zamathempeli.

I-Mandala Yezizwe Ezimbili iqukethe imiqulu emibili ehlotshiswe ngemidwebo yenkathi ye-Heian, isibonelo salokhu mandala sitholakala endaweni yethempeli lamaBuddha likaDaigo ji, okuyisakhiwo senkolo esinezitezi ezimbili esiseningizimu yeKyoto, naphezu kwalokho. eminye imininingwane ilimele kancane ngenxa yokuwohloka kwesikhathi okuvamile.

Isikhathi sikaKamakura

I-Kamakura Period yayiphawuleka kakhulu ngokuthuthukiswa kwezithombe eziqoshiwe, imidwebo yalesi sikhathi ikakhulukazi eyenkolo futhi ababhali bayo abaziwa.

ISIKO LASEJAPANE

Isikhathi se-Muromachi

Ukuthuthukiswa kwezindela zeZen emadolobheni aseKamakura naseKyoto kube nomthelela omkhulu kwezobuciko obubonakalayo. Isitayela esilinganiselwe se-monochrome somdwebo kayinki okuthiwa i-Suibokuga noma i-Sumi engeniswe kusukela ku-Chinese Song nobukhosi be-Yuan savela, singena esikhundleni semidwebo yokuskrola ye-polychrome yezikhathi zangaphambili. Umndeni obusayo wakwa-Ashikaga uxhase umdwebo wesimo sezwe we-monochrome ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, okuwenza intandokazi yabadwebi be-Zen futhi kancane kancane uguquke ube yisitayela sama-Japanese.

Ukudweba kwezwe nakho kwathuthukisa i-Shigaku, ukudweba imiqulu, nezinkondlo. Ngalesi sikhathi, abadwebi babapristi uShubun noSesshu bagqama. Kusukela ezigodlweni zezindela ze-Zen, umdwebo oyinki uthuthelwe kwezobuciko ngokuvamile, uthatha isitayela sepulasitiki esengeziwe kanye nezinhloso zokuhlobisa ezigcinwa kuze kube yizikhathi zanamuhla.

Isikhathi se-Azuchi Momoyama

Umdwebo wenkathi ye-Azuchi Momoyama uhluke kakhulu nomdwebo wenkathi ye-Muromachi. Kule nkathi umdwebo we-polychrome ugqamile ngokusetshenziswa kabanzi kwamashidi egolide nesiliva asetshenziswa emidwebeni, izingubo zokugqoka, izakhiwo, imisebenzi emikhulu nokunye. Izindawo eziyisikhumbuzo zazipendwe ophahleni, ezindongeni nasezicabheni ezishelelayo ezazihlukanisa amakamelo ezinqabeni nasezigodlweni zezicukuthwane zezempi. Lesi sitayela sathuthukiswa isikole esidumile sase-Kano umsunguli waso kwakungu-Aitoku Kano.

Eminye imisinga eguqule izingqikithi zesiShayina zibe izinto zaseJapan kanye nobuhle nayo yathuthukiswa kulesi sikhathi. Iqembu elibalulekile kwakuyisikole se-Tosa, esathuthukiswa ngokuyinhloko sisuka kusiko lwe-yamato, futhi saziwa ngokuyinhloko ngemisebenzi emincane nemifanekiso yemibhalo yakudala ebhalwe encwadini noma ngefomethi ye-emaki.

Isikhathi se-Edo

Yize izitayela zenkathi ye-Azuchi Momoyama zahlala zidumile kulesi sikhathi, kuphinde kwavela izindlela ezahlukene. Isikole se-Rimpa savela, esibonisa amatimu asendulo ngefomethi egqamile noma yokuhlobisa ngokumangalisayo.

ISIKO LASEJAPANE

Ngalesi sikhathi, uhlobo lwe-namban, olwalusebenzisa izitayela zangaphandle ezingavamile ekudwebeni, lwathuthukiswa ngokugcwele. Lesi sitayela sasigxile ethekwini laseNagasaki, okuwukuphela kwechweba elahlala livulekele ukuhwebelana namazwe angaphandle ngemva kokuqala kwenqubomgomo kazwelonke ye-shogunate ye-Tokugawa yokuzihlukanisa, ngaleyo ndlela yaba isango lokungena eJapane kumathonya aseShayina nawaseYurophu.

Futhi ngesikhathi se-Edo, kwavela uhlobo lwe-Bunjinga, ukudweba kwemibhalo, okwaziwa ngesikole sase-Nanga, okulingisa imisebenzi yabadwebi bezazi baseShayina abangayizimfundamakhwela bobukhosi bakwaYuan.

Lezi zimpahla zikanokusho zazilinganiselwe emphakathini ophakeme futhi azitholakali nje kuphela kodwa zenqatshelwe ngokucacile kwabaphansi. Abantu abavamile bahlakulela uhlobo oluhlukile lobuciko, kokuga fu, lapho ubuciko buqala ukukhuluma ngezihloko zokuphila kwansuku zonke: izwe lama-teahouses, i-Kabuki yaseshashalazini, i-sumo wrestlers. Imidwebo yezinkuni yavela eyayimele ukubusa kwentando yeningi yesiko njengoba yayibonakala ngokusakazwa okuphezulu kanye nezindleko eziphansi.

Ngemuva kokudweba kwasekhaya, ukuphrinta kwaziwa ngokuthi ukiyo-e. Ukuthuthukiswa kokuphrinta kuhlotshaniswa nomdwebi u-Hishikawa Moronobu obonise izigcawu ezilula zempilo yansuku zonke ezinemicimbi engahlobene ephrintiwe efanayo.

Isikhathi saseMeiji

Phakathi nengxenye yesibili yekhulu le-1880, uhulumeni wahlela inqubo yokwenziwa kweYurophu nokuthuthukiswa kwesimanje okwabangela izinguquko ezinkulu kwezombangazwe nezenhlalo. Uhulumeni wakhuthaza ngokusemthethweni indlela yaseNtshonalanga yokudweba, wathumela abadwebi abasebasha ababengase bafunde kwamanye amazwe, futhi abadwebi bakwamanye amazwe beza eJapane bezofundela ubuciko. Kodwa-ke, ukuvuselelwa kwesitayela sendabuko saseJapane kwenzeka futhi ngo-XNUMX, isitayela sobuciko saseNtshonalanga savinjelwa emibukisweni esemthethweni futhi kwakuyisihloko semibono ephikisanayo eqinile evela kubagxeki.

ISIKO LASEJAPANE

Sisekelwa u-Okakura kanye no-Fenollosa, isitayela se-Nihonga savela saba namathonya asuka ku-European Pre-Raphaelite movement kanye ne-European Romanticism. Abadwebi besitayela se-yoga bahlele imibukiso yabo futhi bakhuthaza intshisekelo kwezobuciko baseNtshonalanga.

Nokho, ngemva kokuthakaseleka kokuqala kwesitayela sobuciko saseNtshonalanga, i-pendulum yashwibeka yabheka kolunye uhlangothi, okwaletha ukuvuselelwa kwesitayela saseJapane esivamile. Ngo-1880, isitayela sobuciko saseNtshonalanga savinjelwa emibukisweni esemthethweni futhi sagxekwa kanzima.

Isikhathi se-Taisho

Ngemva kokufa koMbusi uMutsuhito kanye nokungena kweNkosana Yobukhosi uYoshihito esihlalweni sobukhosi ngo-1912, kwaqala inkathi yeTaisho. Umdwebo kule nkathi wathola umfutho omusha, nakuba izinhlobo zendabuko zaqhubeka zikhona, lokhu kwathola ithonya elikhulu elivela eNtshonalanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abaculi abaningi abasha bathathwa yi-Impressionism, i-post-impressionism, i-cubism, i-fauvism nezinye izinhlangano zobuciko ezithuthuka emazweni aseNtshonalanga.

isikhathi sangemva kwempi

Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, abadwebi, abadwebi nabadwebi be-calligrapher babegcwele emadolobheni amakhulu, ikakhulukazi edolobheni laseTokyo, futhi babekhathazeke ngokubonakalisa impilo yasemadolobheni ngezibani zabo ezicwayizayo, imibala ye-neon kanye nesivinini esisheshayo. Izitayela zomhlaba wobuciko waseNew York naseParis zalandelwa ngentshiseko. Ngemuva kokukhishwa kwama-XNUMXs, ukunyakaza kobuciko be-"Op" kanye "ne-Pop" kwaletha imvuselelo yamaqiniso ngeminyaka yawo-XNUMX.

Abaculi be-Avant-garde basebenze futhi bawina imiklomelo eminingi eJapan nakwamanye amazwe. Abaningi balaba baculi babenomuzwa wokuthi baphambukile kumaJapane. Ekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-XNUMX, abaculi abaningi bashiya lokho ababekubiza ngokuthi "amafomula aseNtshonalanga angenalutho". Umdwebo wesimanje ngaphandle kokulahla ulimi lwanamuhla ubuyele ekusetshenzisweni okuqaphelayo kwamafomu, izinto zokwakha kanye nemibono yobuciko bendabuko baseJapane.

ISIKO LASEJAPANE

Literatura

Izincwadi zolimi lwesiJapane zihlanganisa inkathi ecishe ibe inkulungwane yeminyaka nengxenye, kusukela emlandweni we-Kojiki wonyaka ka-712, olandisa ngezinganekwane zakudala zaseJapane, kuya kubabhali banamuhla. Kwakusezigabeni zayo zokuqala lapho yathonywa khona kakhulu izincwadi zesiShayina futhi yayivame ukubhalwa ngolimi lwesiShayina lwakudala. Ithonya lamaShayina lalizwakala ngamazinga ahlukahlukene kwaze kwaba senkathini ye-Edo, lincipha kakhulu ekhulwini le-XNUMX, lapho isiko lamaJapane lalishintshana kakhulu nezincwadi zaseYurophu.

Isikhathi sasendulo (Nara, kuze kube unyaka wama-894)

Ngokufika kuka-Kanji, izinhlamvu zolimi lwesi-Japanese ezitholwe kuzinhlamvu zesiShayina, zazala uhlelo lokubhala ngaphakathi kwesiko lesiJapane njengoba ngaphambilini lwalungekho uhlelo lokubhala olusemthethweni. Lezi zinhlamvu zesiShayina zashintshwa ukuze zisetshenziswe olimini lwesiJapane, kwakhiwe i-Man'yōgana ebhekwa njengendlela yokuqala yeskripthi se-kana, isi-Japanese syllabic.

Ngaphambi kokuba kube nezincwadi, phakathi nenkathi yamaNara, kwaqanjwa inani elikhulu lama-ballads, imithandazo engokwesiko, izinganekwane nezinsumansumane, kamuva ezaqoqwa ngokulotshwa futhi zafakwa emisebenzini ehlukahlukene, kuhlanganise ne-Kojiki, i-Nihonshoki yonyaka ka-720, umlando owawunezincwadi eziningi. ukujula komlando okwengeziwe kanye ne-Man'yōshū yonyaka ka-759, i-anthology eyinkondlo eyahlanganiswa u-Otomo e-Yakamochi, imbongi ebaluleke kakhulu ehlanganisa uKakimoto Hitomaro.

Isikhathi sakudala (894 kuya ku-1194, inkathi ye-Heian)

Ngaphakathi kwamasiko aseJapane, inkathi ye-Heian ibhekwa njengenkathi yegolide yezincwadi zesiJapane nobuciko ngokujwayelekile. Ngalesi sikhathi inkantolo yombuso yanikeza ukusekelwa okunamandla ezimbongini ngokukhipha izinguqulo eziningi zezinkondlo ezisankondlo, njengoba iningi lezimbongi laliyizigodi futhi izinkondlo zazinhle futhi ziyinkimbinkimbi.

Imbongi uKi Tsurayuki onyakeni wamakhulu ayisishiyagalolunye nesihlanu yahlanganisa i-anthology yezinkondlo zasendulo nesimanje (u-Kokin Siu) esandulweni sayo yasungula izisekelo zezinkondlo zaseJapane. Le mbongi futhi wayengumbhali we-Nikki ebhekwa njengesibonelo sokuqala sohlobo olubaluleke kakhulu esikweni laseJapane: idayari.

ISIKO LASEJAPANE

Umsebenzi othi Genji Monogatari (Inganekwane YeGenji) yomlobi uMurasaki Shikibu uthathwa abaningi njengenoveli yokuqala emlandweni, eyabhalwa cishe unyaka oyinkulungwane, ingumsebenzi omkhulu wezincwadi zesiJapane. Le noveli igcwele izithombe ezicebile zesiko laseJapan elicwengekile lenkathi ye-Heian, exutshwe nemibono ebukhali yokudlula emhlabeni.

Eminye imisebenzi ebalulekile evela kulesi sikhathi ihlanganisa i-Kokin Wakashu eyabhalwa ngo-XNUMX, i-anthology yezinkondlo ze-Waka, kanye ne-XNUMX "Incwadi Yemicamelo" (Makura no Sōshi), eyesibili yayo eyabhalwa u-Sei Shonagon. , owayephila ngesikhathi futhi imbangi ka-Murasaki Shikibu. .

Isikhathi sangaphambi kwesimanje (1600 kuya ku-1868)

Indawo enokuthula eyayikhona cishe phakathi nayo yonke inkathi ye-Edo yavumela ukuthuthukiswa kwezincwadi. Ngalesi sikhathi, amakilasi aphakathi nendawo kanye nokusebenza akhula edolobheni lase-Edo (manje eliyiTokyo), okwaholela ekubukeni nasekuthuthukisweni kwamafomu edrama adumile kamuva okwaba yi-kabuki, uhlobo lwemidlalo yaseshashalazini yaseJapane. Umbhali wemidlalo yeshashalazi uChikamatsu Monzaemon, umbhali wamadrama kabuki, waduma phakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX, i-joruri, inkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini yaseJapane, nayo yaduma ngaleso sikhathi.

UMatsuo Basho, imbongi edumile yaseJapane yangaleso sikhathi, wabhala “Oku in Hosomichi” ngo-XNUMX encwadini yakhe yezenzakalo zohambo. U-Hokusai, omunye wabaculi be-ukiyo-e abadume kakhulu, ubonisa imisebenzi eqanjiwe ngaphezu kwegama lakhe elidumile elithi "Imibono Engamashumi Amathathu Nesithupha YeNtaba iFuji."

Ngesikhathi se-Edo, kwavela izincwadi ezihluke ngokuphelele kulezo zenkathi ye-Heian, ezine-prose yezwe kanye ne-bawdy. U-Ihara Saikaku nomsebenzi wakhe othi "Umuntu Ochithe Ukuphila Kwakhe Enza Uthando" waba umbhali ovelele ngaleso sikhathi futhi i-prose yakhe yalingiswa kabanzi. "I-Hizaki Rige" kwakuwumdlalo we-picaresque odume kakhulu kaJippensha Ikku.

ISIKO LASEJAPANE

I-Haiku amavesi anamagama ayishumi nesikhombisa athonywe ubuBuddha beZen athuthukiswa ngesikhathi se-Edo. Ngalesi sikhathi kwakukhona izimbongi ezintathu ezaphumelela kulolu hlobo lwevesi: indela yaseZen ecelayo uBasho, ethathwa njengenkulu kunazo zonke izimbongi zaseJapane ngokuzwela nokujula kwayo; U-Yosa Buson, i-haikus yakhe eveza ulwazi lwakhe njengomdwebi, no-Kobayashi Issa. Izinkondlo zamahlaya, ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, nazo zaba nomthelela kulesi sikhathi.

Izincwadi zesimanje (1868-1945)

Inkathi ngemva kokuwa kwe-shogun nokubuyela emandleni ombuso yayibonakala ngethonya elikhulayo lemibono yaseYurophu. Ezincwadini, imisebenzi eminingi ehunyushiwe neyokuqala ikhombise isifiso esijulile sokuguqula nokuthola izitayela zemibhalo zaseYurophu. UFukuzawa Yukichi umbhali wencwadi ethi "The State of the West" wayengomunye wababhali abadumile ababekhuthaza imibono yaseYurophu.

Ukuvuselelwa kobuciko bukazwelonke kwavezwa ikakhulukazi njengokusabela okuphambene nokwenziwa, ukungenzeki kanye nokunambitheka okubi kwezintandokazi zangaphambilini zomphakathi. Ingcweti yomlando nezincwadi zaseYurophu, umbhali wamanoveli athuthukayo uSudo Nansui wabhala inoveli ethi "Ladies of a New Kind" iveza isithombe saseJapan esikhathini esizayo esiqongweni sokuthuthuka kwamasiko.

Umlobi odumile nodumile u-Ozaki Koyo emsebenzini wakhe othi "Imizwa Eningi, Ubuhlungu Obuningi" usebenzisa ulimi lwesiJapane olukhulunywayo lapho ithonya lolimi lwesiNgisi libonakala khona.

Kusetshenziswa izitayela zezinkondlo zase-Europe njengesibonelo, imizamo yenziwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka yokushiya i-monotony ye-tanka futhi kwakhiwe isitayela esisha sezinkondlo. Osolwazi baseNyuvesi yaseTokyo u-Toyama Masakazu, u-Yabte Ryokichi, no-Inoue Tetsujiro bashicilela ngokuhlanganyela “I-New Style Anthology” lapho bethuthukisa khona izinhlobo ezintsha ze-nagauta (izinkondlo ezinde) ezibhalwe ngolimi olujwayelekile ngaphandle kokusebenzisa isiJapane Esidala esingafanele ukuveza imibono nemizwa emisha.

ISIKO LASEJAPANE

Ithonya laseYurophu ezihlokweni kanye nomlingisi ojwayelekile wezinkondlo zalesi sikhathi uyabonakala. Kwenziwa imizamo eyize yokwenza imvumelwano ngolimi lwesiJapane. I-Romanticism ezincwadini zesiJapane yavela ne-Mori Ogaya's "Anthology of Translated Poems" ngo-1889) futhi yafinyelela i-apogee yayo emisebenzini kaToson Shimazaki nabanye ababhali abanyatheliswa kumamagazini "Myojo" (Inkanyezi Yasekuseni) kanye ne" Bungaku Kai » ekuqaleni kwawo-1900. .

Izincwadi zokuqala zemvelo ezizoshicilelwa kwakuka-Toson Shimazaki ethi "Deteriorated Testament" nethi "Cama" Tayama Kataja. Lesi sakamuva sabeka isisekelo sohlobo olusha lwe-Watakushi Shosetsu (Romance of the Ego): ababhali bayaqhela ezindabeni zomphakathi futhi baveze ezabo izimo zengqondo. Njengokuphikisana kwemvelo, kwavela ku-neo-romanticism emisebenzini yabalobi uKafu Nagai, Junichiro Tanizaki, Kotaro Takamura, Hakushu Kitahara, futhi yathuthukiswa emisebenzini kaSaneatsu Mushanokoji, uNaoi Sigi, nabanye.

Imisebenzi yababhali bamanoveli abaningana yanyatheliswa phakathi nempi yaseJapane, okuhlanganisa uJunichiro Tanizaki kanye nomnqobi wokuqala waseJapane uMklomelo KaNobel wezincwadi, u-Yasunari Kawabata, umpetha wezinganekwane ezingokwengqondo. U-Ashihei Hino ubhale izingoma zomculo lapho akhazimulisa khona impi, kuyilapho u-Tatsuzo Ishikawa ebukele ngokukhathazeka ukuhlasela eNanjing naseKuroshima Denji, Kaneko Mitsuharu, Hideo Oguma kanye noJun Ishikawa bephikisana nempi.

Izincwadi zangemva kwempi (1945 - Okwamanje)

Izincwadi zaseJapane zathinteka ngokujulile lapho izwe linqotshwa eMpini Yezwe II. Ababhali bakhulume ngalolu daba bezwakalisa ukunganeliseki, ukudideka kanye nokuzithoba lapho bebhekene nokunqotshwa. Ababhali abaphambili beminyaka yawo-1964 kanye nawo-XNUMX bagxile ezindabeni zobuhlakani nezokuziphatha emizamweni yabo yokukhuphula izinga lokuqaphela kwezenhlalo nezepolitiki. Ngokuphawulekayo, u-Kenzaburo Oe wabhala umsebenzi wakhe odume kakhulu, "Isipiliyoni Somuntu," ngo-XNUMX, futhi waba umklomelo wesibili weNobel for Literature waseJapane.

UMitsuaki Inoue wabhala ngezinkinga zenkathi yenuzi ngawo-XNUMX, kuyilapho uShusaku Endo ekhuluma ngenkinga engokwenkolo yamaKhatholika e-feudal Japan njengesisekelo sokuxazulula izinkinga ezingokomoya. U-Yasushi Inoue uphinde waphendukela esikhathini esedlule, eveza ngobuciko ikusasa labantu kumanoveli omlando amayelana ne-Inner Asia ne-Japan yasendulo.

ISIKO LASEJAPANE

U-Yoshikiti Furui wabhala ngobunzima bezakhamuzi zasemadolobheni, abaphoqeleka ukuba babhekane ne-minutiae yokuphila kwansuku zonke. Ngo-88, u-Shizuko Todo waklonyeliswa ngendondo ye-Sanjugo Naoki ethi "Summer of Maturation," indaba emayelana nengqondo yowesifazane wesimanje. UKazuo Ishiguro, waseJapan waseBrithani, wazuza udumo emhlabeni wonke futhi wawina uMklomelo Wezincwadi Ophakeme wenoveli yakhe ethi “Remains of the Day” ngo-1989 kanye noMklomelo KaNobel Wezincwadi ngo-2017.

UBanana Yoshimoto (igama elingelona iqiniso lika-Mahoko Yoshimoto) udale impikiswano enkulu ngesitayela sakhe sokubhala esifana ne-manga, ikakhulukazi ekuqaleni komsebenzi wakhe wokudala ngasekupheleni kwawo-1980, waze waqashelwa njengombhali wokuqala nonekhono. Isitayela sakhe siwukuhamba phambili kwengxoxo phezu kwencazelo, efana nesilungiselelo se-manga; Imisebenzi yakhe igxile othandweni, ubungane kanye nomunyu wokulahlekelwa.

IManga isithandwa kakhulu kangangokuthi ihlanganisa amaphesenti angu-XNUMX kuya kwangu-XNUMX ezincwadi ezinyathelisiwe phakathi neminyaka yawo-XNUMX ngokuthengiswa okudlula ama-yen ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-XNUMX ngonyaka.

Izincwadi zamaselula ezibhalelwe abasebenzisi bamaselula zavela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-2007. Eminye yale misebenzi, njenge-Koizora (Isibhakabhaka Sothando), ithengiswa ngezigidi zamakhophi aphrintiwe, futhi ekupheleni kuka-XNUMX, "amanoveli ahambayo" angena kubathengisi abahlanu abahamba phambili bezinganekwane zesayensi.

ubuciko bokudlala

Ithiyetha iyingxenye ebalulekile yesiko lamaJapane. Kunezinhlobo ezine zetiyetha ngesiko lama-Japanese: noh, kyogen, kabuki, ne-bunraku. U-Noh wavuka enhlanganweni ye-sarugaku (ithiyetha ethandwayo yaseJapane) ngomculo nomdanso womlingisi waseJapane, umbhali nomculi u-Kanami kanye no-beautician waseJapane, umlingisi kanye nombhali wemidlalo uZeami Motokiyo, bekubonakala ngamamaski, izingubo zokugqoka kanye nokushukuma komzimba okunesitayela.

ISIKO LASEJAPANE

I-Kyogen iwuhlobo lwamahlaya lwethiyetha yendabuko yaseJapan. Kwakuwuhlobo lokuzijabulisa olwalungeniswa lusuka eShayina ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Iwuhlobo lwedrama yamahlaya edumile eyathuthukiswa kusukela kuzinto ezihlekisayo zokudlala kwe-sarugaku futhi yathuthukiswa ngekhulu le-XNUMX.

I-Kabuki iyinhlanganisela yengoma, umculo, umdanso kanye nedrama. Abadlali be-Kabuki basebenzisa izimonyo eziyinkimbinkimbi kanye nezingubo ezingokomfanekiso kakhulu. I-Bunraku iyinkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini yaseJapan.

I-Daily Japanese Culture

Nakuba ithonywe kakhulu isiko laseNtshonalanga namuhla, impilo yansuku zonke e-Japan inezici zamasiko ezitholakala lapho kuphela.

Izembatho

Okukhethekile kwezingubo zesiko laseJapane kuyayihlukanisa kuzo zonke izingubo emhlabeni jikelele. EJapane yanamuhla ungathola izindlela ezimbili zokugqoka, eyendabuko noma i-wafuku kanye neyesimanje noma i-yofuku, okuwumkhuba wansuku zonke futhi ngokuvamile othatha isitayela saseYurophu.

Izingubo zendabuko zaseJapane yi-kimono okusho ukuthi "into yokugqoka". Ekuqaleni, i-kimono yayibhekisela kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokugqoka, okwamanje ibhekisela ku-suit ebizwa nangokuthi "naga gi" okusho isudi ende.

I-kimono isetshenziswa ngezikhathi ezikhethekile ngabesifazane, amadoda kanye nezingane. Kunezinhlobonhlobo zemibala, izitayela nosayizi. Ngokuvamile amadoda agqoka imibala emnyama kuyilapho abesifazane bekhetha imibala ekhanyayo nekhanyayo, ikakhulukazi abesifazane abasebasha.

ISIKO LASEJAPANE

I-tomesode iyi-kimono yabesifazane abashadile, ihlukaniswa ngokungabi nephethini ngaphezu kokhalo, i-furisode ihambelana nabesifazane abangashadile futhi ibonakala ngemikhono yayo emide kakhulu. Izinkathi zonyaka nazo zithonya i-kimono. Imibala egqamile enezimbali ezifekethisiwe iyona esetshenziswa entwasahlobo. Imibala ekhanyayo encane isetshenziswa ekwindla. Ebusika, kusetshenziswa ama-kimono eflaneli njengoba le nto isindayo futhi ikusiza ukuthi uhlale ufudumele.

Uchikake yi-kimono kasilika esetshenziswa emikhosini yomshado, inhle kakhulu futhi ngokuvamile ihlotshiswe ngemiklamo yezimbali noma yezinyoni ngezintambo zesiliva negolide. I-Kimonos ayenziwa ngamasayizi athile njengezingubo zaseNtshonalanga, osayizi balinganiselwa kuphela futhi amasu akhethekile asetshenziselwa ukulingana kahle nomzimba.

I-obi iyingubo yokuhlobisa futhi ebaluleke kakhulu e-kimono egqokwa amadoda nabesifazane baseJapane. Abesifazane ngokuvamile bagqoka i-obi enkulu neyinkimbinkimbi kuyilapho i-obi yabesilisa incane futhi ingaphansi.

I-keikogi (i-keiko iqeqesha, i-gi isudi) iyisudi yokuqeqeshwa yaseJapane. Ihlukile ku-kimono ngoba ihlanganisa amabhulukwe, iyisudi esetshenziselwa ukwenza ubuciko bokulwa.

I-hakama yibhulukwe elide elinama-pleats ayisikhombisa, amahlanu ngaphambili namabili ngemuva, umsebenzi wawo wokuqala kwakuwukuvikela imilenze, yingakho ayenziwe ngezindwangu eziwugqinsi. Kamuva yaba uphawu lwesimo olusetshenziswa ama-samurai futhi lwenziwa ngezindwangu ezingcono kakhulu. Yathatha isimo sayo samanje phakathi nenkathi ye-Edo futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke isetshenziswa ngamadoda nabesifazane.

ISIKO LASEJAPANE

Njengamanje kusetshenziswa i-hakama ebizwa ngokuthi i-joba hakama, ngokuvamile esetshenziswa njengengxenye ye-kimono emikhosini ekhethekile. Ibuye isetshenziswe odokotela abasezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu be-karate be-iaido, i-kendo, i-aikido. Kunomehluko ekusetshenzisweni ngokobuciko bokulwa, kuyilapho ku-iaido ne-kendo ifindo lisetshenziswa ngemuva, ku-aikido lisetshenziswa ngaphambili.

I-Yukata (izingubo zokubhukuda) iyi-kimono engavamile yasehlobo eyenziwe ngokotini, ilineni noma i-hemp ngaphandle kolwelwesi. Naphezu kwencazelo yaleli gama, ukusetshenziswa kwe-yukata akugcini nje ngokugqoka ngemva kokugeza futhi kuvamile eJapane phakathi nezinyanga ezishisayo zasehlobo (eziqala ngoJulayi), zigqokwa kokubili amadoda nabesifazane babo bonke ubudala.

I-Tabi amasokisi endabuko aseJapane agqokwa amadoda nabesifazane abane-zori, i-geta noma ezinye izicathulo zendabuko. Lawa masokisi anesici esiyingqayizivele sokuthi isithupha siyahlukaniswa. Zivame ukusetshenziswa ne-kimono futhi ngokuvamile zimhlophe ngombala. Amadoda nawo asebenzisa umbala omnyama noma oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Izisebenzi zokwakha, abalimi, abalimi, nabanye bagqoka olunye uhlobo lwe-tabi olubizwa nge-jika tabi, elenziwe ngezinto eziqinile futhi ezivame ukuba nezinsimbi zenjoloba.

I-Geta izimbadada ezijwayelekile zesiko lama-Japanese, ezihlanganisa inkundla enkulu (dai) ebekwe phezu kwamabhulokhi amabili aguquguqukayo (ha) ngokuvamile enziwe ngokhuni. Namuhla isetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokuphumula noma lapho kushisa kakhulu.

I-Zori uhlobo lwezicathulo zesizwe zaseJapane, isici sengubo yomkhosi kazwelonke. Ziyizimbadada eziyisicaba ezingenasithende, ezijiyile zibheke esithendeni. Zibanjwe emilenzeni ngamabhande adlula phakathi kwesithupha nozwane lwesibili. Ngokungafani ne-geta, i-zori yenziwa ngokwehlukana ezinyaweni zesokudla nesobunxele. Zenziwe ngotshani berayisi noma eminye imicu yezitshalo, indwangu, ukhuni olunakiwe, isikhumba, irabha, noma izinto zokwenziwa. I-Zori ifana kakhulu nama-flip flops.

Ukudla kwaseJapane

I-Cuisine ngaphakathi kwesiko lama-Japanese yaziwa ngokugcizelela kwayo esikhathini sonyaka, ikhwalithi yezithako, nokwethulwa. Isisekelo sokudla kwezwe irayisi. Igama elithi gohan ngokwezwi nezwi lisho irayisi eliphekiwe lingahunyushwa nangokuthi "ukudla". Ngaphezu kwenjongo yalo eyinhloko njengokudla, irayisi lalisetshenziswa nasezikhathini zakudala njengohlobo lwemali, lisetshenziselwa ukukhokhwa kwezintela namaholo. Njengoba irayisi lalibaluleke kangaka njengendlela yokukhokha, abalimi babedla amabele ngokuyinhloko.

AmaJapane asebenzisa irayisi ukulungisa inani elibanzi nelihlukahlukene lezitsha, amasoso ngisho neziphuzo (sake, shochu, bakushu). Ilayisi lihlala likhona ekudleni. Kuze kube sekhulwini le-XNUMX, izicebi kuphela ezazidla irayisi, njengoba intengo yalo yayilenza libenqabela labo ababehola kancane, ngakho balishintsha bafaka ibhali. Kwaze kwaba sekhulwini lama-XNUMX lapho irayisi selitholakala khona kuwo wonke umuntu.

Inhlanzi iwukudla kwesibili okubaluleke kakhulu kwaseJapan. I-Japan ikleliswe endaweni yesine emhlabeni ekusetshenzisweni komuntu ngamunye kwezinhlanzi nezimbaza. Izinhlanzi zivame ukudliwa ziluhlaza noma zingaphekwa kahle, njenge-sushi. Izitsha zama-noodle ezenziwe ngokolweni njenge-noodle ewugqinsi eyaziwa ngokuthi i-udon noma i-buckwheat (soba) zidumile. Ama-noodle asetshenziselwa isobho, futhi njengesidlo esizimele, esinezithasiselo nezinongo. Indawo ebalulekile e-Japanese cuisine ubhontshisi wesoya. Amasobho, amasoso, i-tofu, i-tofu, i-natto (ubhontshisi wesoya ovutshiwe) enziwa ngayo.

Ukudla kuvame ukufakwa usawoti, kubiliswe, noma kufakwe emanzini anosawoti ukuze kulondolozwe ukudla endaweni enomswakama ophezulu, izibonelo zazo ezihlanganisa i-natto, umeboshi, itsukemono, nesoso yesoya. Ekuphekeni kwesimanje kwase-Japan, ungathola kalula izici ze-Chinese, Korean cuisine yase-Thai. Ezinye izitsha ezibolekiwe njenge-ramen (ama-noodle kakolo waseShayina) sezithandwa kakhulu.

Imithetho ye-etiquette etafuleni ngesiko laseJapane ihlukile kuleyo yaseNtshonalanga. Ngokuvamile badla izinkomishi zobumba ezinezinti ze-hashi. Ukudla okuwuketshezi kuvame ukuphuzwa ezitsheni, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi kusetshenziswa izinkezo. Ummese nemfoloko kusetshenziswa kuphela izitsha zaseYurophu.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amaJapane akwazile ukuthuthukisa ukudla okuyinkimbinkimbi futhi elicwengekile. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukudla kwaseJapane kuye kwabamba futhi kwaduma kakhulu ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba. Izitsha ezifana ne-sushi, i-tempura, ama-noodle kanye ne-teriyaki ezinye zokudla osezivamile eMelika, eYurophu nasemhlabeni wonke.

Abantu baseJapane banamasobho amaningi ahlukene, kodwa endabuko kakhulu i-misoshiru. Leli isobho elenziwe nge-miso paste (eyenziwe ngobhontshisi wesoya obilisiwe, ochotshoziwe futhi ovutshiwe ngokufakwa usawoti kanye ne-malt). Lawa masobho alungiswa ngendlela ehlukile esifundeni ngasinye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaJapane asebenzisa kakhulu imifino namakhambi (amazambane, izaqathe, iklabishi, i-horseradish, i-dill, isilimo esidliwayo esinamagatsha anamanzi, iparsley, utamatisi, u-anyanisi, ama-apula, isithombo saseJapane), inhlanzi, inyama yoshaka, izimila zasolwandle, inkukhu, i-squid, izinkalankala nabanye. ukudla kwasolwandle.

Itiye elihlaza yisiphuzo sendabuko nesidumile samaJapane, kanye newayini lerayisi le-sake ne-shochu. Indawo ekhethekile ekuphekeni kwendabuko kwaseJapan kuhlala umcimbi wetiye waseJapan. Muva nje, ukudla kwaseJapan sekudume kakhulu ngaphandle kwaseJapan, futhi ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwayo kwekhalori ephansi, kubhekwa njengokunempilo.

umculo

Umculo wase-Japan uhlanganisa izinhlobo eziningi ezihlukahlukene, kusukela kwendabuko kanye ikakhulukazi e-Japan ngokwayo kuya ezinhlotsheni eziningi zomculo zesimanje, okuvame ukwakhiwa kuzo isigcawu esihlukile ezweni, ngokungafani nakwamanye amazwe. Imakethe yomculo yaseJapan ngo-2008 yayingeyesibili ngobukhulu emhlabeni ilandela i-US. Igama elithi "umculo" (ongaku) ​​liqukethe izinhlamvu ezimbili: umsindo (it) kanye nenduduzo, ukuzijabulisa (gaku).

Umculo wama-Japanese e-Japan usebenzisa amagama athi "Hogaku" (umculo wabalimi), "wagaku" (umculo waseJapane), noma "kokugaku" (umculo wezwe). Ngaphezu kwezinsimbi zendabuko nezinhlobo, umculo waseJapane waziwa ngezinsimbi ezingavamile ezifana ne-Suikinkutsu (imithombo yokucula) kanye ne-Suzu (izitsha zokucula). Omunye umehluko ukuthi umculo wendabuko waseJapane usekelwe ezinkathini zokuphefumula komuntu hhayi ukubala kwezibalo.

I-Shamisen (ngokwezwi nezwi "izintambo ezintathu"), eyaziwa nangokuthi i-sangen, iyinsimbi yomculo yaseJapane enezintambo edlalwa i-plectrum ebizwa ngokuthi i-batey. Iqhamuke ensimbini yocingo yaseShayina i-sanxian. Yangena eJapane ngoMbuso weRyukyu ngekhulu le-XNUMX, lapho kancane kancane yaba insimbi ye-sanshin yase-Okinawa. I-shamisen ingenye yezinsimbi ezithandwa kakhulu zaseJapane ngenxa yomsindo wayo ohlukile futhi isetshenziswe abaculi abafana noMarty Friedman, uMiyavi nabanye.

I-koto iyinsimbi yomculo yaseJapane enezintambo efana ne-Vietnamese danchanyu, i-Korean gayageum, kanye ne-Chinese guzheng. Kucatshangwa ukuthi isuka kokugcina ngemuva kokufika eJapan isuka eChina ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX noma lesi-XNUMX.

I-Fue (umtshingo, ikhwelo) umndeni wemitshingo yaseJapane. Amafuse ngokuvamile abukhali futhi enziwe ngoqalo. Okudume kakhulu kwakuyi- shakuhachi. Imitshingo yavela eJapan ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX, yasakazwa ngesikhathi samaNara. Umtshingo wesimanje ungaba kokubili insimbi eyedwa kanye neye-orchestra.

Kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1990s, umculo waseJapan ubulokhu waziwa kabanzi futhi udumile emazweni aseNtshonalanga, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezinhlobo zawo ezihlukile ezifana ne-j-pop, i-j-rock, ne-visual kei. Umculo onjalo uvame ukufinyelela izilaleli zaseNtshonalanga ngokusebenzisa izingoma ze-anime noma imidlalo yevidiyo. Isigcawu somculo esidumile sase-Japan yanamuhla sihlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zabaculi, abanentshisekelo yabo isukela ku-rock yase-Japanese kuya ku-salsa yaseJapane, kusukela ku-tango yase-Japanese kuya ezweni lase-Japanese.

I-Karaoke, uhlobo olwaziwayo lokucula kwe-ateur emculweni okwenzeka ezindaweni zokucima ukoma nasemaqenjini amancane, inemvelaphi yayo e-Japan.

Cine

Amafilimu okuqala aseJapane ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX ayenesakhiwo esilula, esakhiwa ngaphansi kwethonya lemidlalo yaseshashalazini, abalingisi bawo babengabadlali basesiteji, abalingisi besilisa babedlala indima yabesifazane, futhi kwasetshenziswa imvunulo yaseshashalazini namasethi. Ngaphambi kokufika kwamafilimu omsindo, ukuboniswa kwamafilimu kwakuhambisana no-benshi (umhlaziyi, umxoxi, noma umhumushi), umlingisi ophilayo, inguqulo yesiJapane ye-Parlor Pianist (i-taper).

Ngenxa yokukhula kwamadolobha kanye nokukhula kwesiko elidumile laseJapane, imboni yamafilimu yakhula ngokushesha ngasekupheleni kwawo-XNUMX, yakhiqiza amafilimu angaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyishumi phakathi kwaleso sikhathi nokuqala kweMpi Yezwe II. Inkathi ye-banal ye-cinema yaseJapane yaphela ngemva kokuzamazama komhlaba e-Kantó, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi i-cinema yaqala ukubhekana nezinkinga zenhlalo ezifana nesimo sesigaba esiphakathi, isigaba sabasebenzi nabesifazane, futhi samukela amadrama omlando kanye ne-Romance.

Iminyaka yawo-XNUMX no-XNUMX yabona ukuthuthukiswa okusebenzayo kwe-cinema yaseJapane, kubhekwa "inkathi yegolide". Eminyakeni engamashumi amahlanu, amafilimu angamakhulu amabili neshumi nanhlanu akhululwa, futhi eminyakeni engamashumi ayisithupha - amafilimu angamakhulu amahlanu namashumi amane nesikhombisa. Ngalesi sikhathi, kwavela izinhlobo zamafilimu omlando, ezombusazwe, ezenzo kanye nesayensi; enanini lamafilimu akhishiwe, iJapane yakleliswa njengenye yezindawo zokuqala emhlabeni.

Abenzi bamafilimu abadumile balesi sikhathi u-Akira Kurosawa, owenza imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala ngeminyaka yawo-XNUMX kwathi ngawo-XNUMX wawina iSilver Lion ku-Venice International Film Festival no-Rashōmon Ama-samurai ayisikhombisa.; U-Kenji Mizoguchi uphinde wawina i-Golden Lion ngomsebenzi wakhe obaluleke kakhulu we-Tales of the Pale Moon.

Abanye abaqondisi uShohei Imamura, Nobuo Nakagawa, Hideo Gosha kanye noYasujirō Ozu. Umlingisi uToshiro Mifune, owayenengxenye cishe kuwo wonke amafilimu eKurosawa, waduma ngaphandle kwezwe.

Ngokuthandwa kwethelevishini ngeminyaka yawo-XNUMX, izethameli zesinema zehla kakhulu, imikhiqizo ebizayo yathathelwa indawo amafilimu ezigelekeqe (yakuza), amafilimu entsha, izinganekwane zesayensi namafilimu ezithombe zocansi angabizi kakhulu.

i-anime ne-manga

I-anime iwupopayi waseJapane, ngokungafani nezithombe zopopayi ezivela kwamanye amazwe ezinikezelwe ikakhulukazi ezinganeni, zihloselwe izethameli zentsha kanye nabantu abadala, yingakho sezidume kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele. I-anime ihlukaniswa ngendlela eyisici yokubonisa abalingisi nezizinda. Ishicilelwe ngendlela yochungechunge lwethelevishini, kanye namafilimu asatshalaliswa emithonjeni yamavidiyo noma ahloselwe ukuvezwa kwe-cinematographic.

Iziqephu zingachaza abalingisi abaningi, zihluke ezindaweni nezikhathi ezihlukahlukene, izinhlobo, nezitayela, futhi ngokuvamile ziphuma kuma-manga (amahlaya aseJapane), i-ranobe (inoveli yokukhanya yesi-Japanese), noma imidlalo yekhompyutha. Eminye imithombo efana nemibhalo yakudala isetshenziswa kancane. Kukhona futhi ama-anime angempela angadala izinguqulo ze-manga noma zencwadi.

Ama-manga angamahlaya aseJapan abuye abizwe nge-komikku ngezikhathi ezithile. Nakuba ithuthuke ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II ithonywe kakhulu amasiko aseNtshonalanga. I-manga inezimpande ezijulile zesiko laseJapane lokuqala. I-manga ihloselwe abantu bayo yonke iminyaka futhi ihlonishwa njengobuciko obubonakalayo kanye nesenzakalo sombhalo, yingakho kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlobo nezihloko eziningi ezihlanganisa uhambo, ezothando, ezemidlalo, umlando, amahlaya, izinganekwane zesayensi, ezesabekayo. , i-erotica, ibhizinisi nokunye.

Kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-2006, i-manga isibe elinye lamagatsha amakhulu okushicilelwa kwezincwadi zesi-Japanese, ngenzuzo engamayen ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2009 ngo-2006 kanye nama-yen ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-XNUMX ngo-XNUMX. isithandwa emhlabeni wonke, ikakhulukazi e-United States. lapho idatha yokuthengisa yonyaka ka-XNUMX yayiphakathi kwekhulu namashumi ayisikhombisa nanhlanu kanye namadola ayizigidi ezingamakhulu amabili.

Cishe wonke ama-manga adwetshwa futhi ashicilelwe ngombala omnyama nomhlophe, nakuba kukhona nombala, isibonelo, i-Colorful, ifilimu yopopayi yaseJapane eqondiswa uKeiichi Hara. I-Manga eduma, ngokuvamile uchungechunge olude lwama-manga, ithwetshulwa nge-anime, namanoveli alula, imidlalo yevidiyo, neminye imisebenzi ephuma kokunye ingadalwa.

Ukudala i-anime esekelwe ku-manga ekhona kunengqondo ngokombono webhizinisi: ukudweba manga ngokuvamile kubiza kancane, futhi izitudiyo zopopayi zinekhono lokunquma ukuthi i-manga ethile iyathandwa yini ukuze iqoshwe. Uma i-manga ijwayelana namamuvi noma i-anime, ngokuvamile ibhekana nezimo ezithile: izigcawu zokulwa nezimpi ziyathanjiswa futhi izigcawu ezibeka ingcaca ngokweqile ziyasuswa.

Umdwebi odweba i-manga ubizwa nge-mangaka, futhi uvame ukuba ngumbhali wombhalo. Uma umbhalo ubhalwe umuntu oyedwa, lowo mbhali ubizwa ngokuthi i-gensakusha (noma, ngokuqondile, manga gensakusha). Kungenzeka ukuthi i-manga idalwe ngokusekelwe ku-anime ekhona noma i-movie, isibonelo, ngokusekelwe ku-"Star Wars". Kodwa-ke, isiko le-anime ne-otaku belingeke libe khona ngaphandle kwe-manga, ngoba bambalwa abakhiqizi abazimisele ukutshala isikhathi nemali kuphrojekthi engazange ifakazele ukuthandwa kwayo, ikhokha ngendlela ye-comic strip.

Ingadi yaseJapane

Ingadi inokubaluleka okukhulu emasikweni aseJapan. Ingadi yaseJapane iwuhlobo lwengadi enezimiso zenhlangano ezathuthukiswa eJapane phakathi kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX nele-XNUMX. Kwaqalwa izingadi zamathempeli amaBuddha zakuqala noma izindawo ezingcwele zamaShinto, ezasungulwa izindela zamaBuddha nezihambi, uhlelo lobuciko bengadi yaseJapane oluhle noluyinkimbinkimbi kancane kancane lwaqala ukumila.

Ngo-794, inhloko-dolobha yaseJapane yasuswa eNara yayiswa eKyoto. Izingadi zokuqala zazibonakala ziyizindawo zemigubho, imidlalo namakhonsathi avulekile. Izingadi zalesi sikhathi zokuhlobisa. Izihlahla eziningi eziqhakazayo (iplamu, i-cherry), i-azaleas, kanye nesitshalo se-wisteria esikhuphukayo satshalwa. Nokho, eJapane kukhona nezingadi ezingenazo izimila, ezenziwe ngamatshe nesihlabathi. Ngomklamo wabo wobuciko, zifana nomdwebo ongabonakali.

Ezingadini zaseJapane kumayelana nokufanekisela ukuphelela kwemvelo yasemhlabeni futhi ngokuvamile ukwenziwa samuntu kwendawo yonke. Izimpawu zokwakheka kwayo yizintaba namagquma okwenziwa, iziqhingi, imifudlana nezimpophoma, izindlela neziqephu zesihlabathi noma amatshe, ahlotshiswe ngamatshe abunjwa obungajwayelekile. Indawo engadini yakhiwe izihlahla, izihlahlana, uqalo, utshani, izitshalo ezinhle eziqhakazayo ezinamaqabunga kanye nobulembu.

ikebana

I-Ikebana, ivela egameni lesiJapane elithi "ike noma i-ikeru" elisho ukuphila kanye negama lesiJapane elithi "Ban noma Khan" izimbali, okusho ukuthi "izimbali eziphilayo", futhi libhekisela kubuciko bokuhlela izimbali ezisikiwe nama-buds ezitsheni ezikhethekile, njenge kanye nobuciko bokubeka kahle lezi zingoma ngaphakathi. I-Ikebana isekelwe esimisweni sokwenza izinto zibe lula, ezifezwa ngokwembula ubuhle bemvelo bezinto ezibonakalayo.

Ukuze kufezeke i-ikebana zonke izinto ezisetshenziswayo kufanele zibe ezemvelo eziqinile ezihlanganisa amagatsha, amaqabunga, izimbali noma amakhambi. Izingxenye ze-ikebana kufanele zihlelwe ohlelweni lwezinto ezintathu, ngokuvamile zakha unxantathu. Igatsha elide kunawo wonke libhekwa njengelibaluleke kakhulu futhi limelela noma yini esondela esibhakabhakeni, igatsha elifushane kakhulu limelela umhlaba kanti eliphakathi limelela umuntu.

Cha no yu, Umkhosi Wetiye WaseJapane

I-cha no yu, eyaziwa eNtshonalanga njengomkhosi wetiye waseJapan, owaziwa nangokuthi i-Chado noma i-Sado. Kuwumkhuba wamaJapane wezenhlalo nezomoya. Kungelinye lamasiko aziwa kakhulu esiko laseJapan nobuciko beZen. Isiko lakhe lahlanganiswa indela yamaZen Buddhist uSen no Rikyu futhi kamuva nguToyotomi Hideyoshi. I-cha no yu kaSen no Rikyū iqhubeka nesiko elasungulwa izindela zeZen u-Murata Shuko kanye no-Takeno Joo.

Lo mkhosi usekelwe ekukhulelweni kwe-wabi cha, ebonakala ngokulula nokuhluzeka komkhosi kanye nokuxhumana kwayo okuseduze nezimfundiso zamaBuddha. Lo mkhosi kanye nokuzijwayeza okungokomoya kungenziwa ngezitayela ezahlukene nangezindlela ezahlukene. Ekuqaleni ibonakala njengenye yezindlela zokuzindla zezindela zamaBuddha, isibe yingxenye ebalulekile yesiko laseJapane, elihlobene eduze nezinye izigigaba eziningi zamasiko.

Imibuthano yetiye ihlukaniswa njenge-chakai, umbuthano ongakahleleki wokukha itiye, kanye ne-chaji, umcimbi osemthethweni wokuphuza itiye. I-chakai isenzo esilula sokungenisa izihambi esihlanganisa amaswidi, itiye elilula, futhi mhlawumbe nokudla okulula. I-chaji iwumbuthano osemthethweni kakhulu, ngokuvamile ohlanganisa ukudla okugcwele (kaiseki) okulandelwa amaswidi, itiye eliwugqinsi, netiye elicolekileyo. I-chaji ingahlala amahora amane.

I-Sakura noma i-Cherry Blossom

I-cherry blossom yaseJapane ingenye yezimpawu ezibaluleke kakhulu zesiko laseJapane. Kufana nobuhle, ukuphaphama kanye nokudlulayo. Isikhathi sokuqhakaza kwe-cherry siphawula iphuzu eliphezulu ekhalendeni laseJapane kanye nokuqala kwentwasahlobo. E-Japan, i-cherry blossom ifanekisela amafu futhi ifanekisela ukuphila okungapheli. Le ncazelo yesibili engokomfanekiso ivame ukuhlotshaniswa nomthelela weBuddhism, okuwumfanekiso womqondo we-mono noware (ukuzwela ku-ephemerality yezinto).

Ukudlula, ubuhle obedlulele nokufa ngokushesha kwezimbali kuvame ukuqhathaniswa nokufa kwabantu. Ngenxa yalokhu, imbali ye-sakura ifanekisela ngokujulile isiko lamaJapane, isithombe sayo sivame ukusetshenziswa kubuciko baseJapane, i-anime, i-cinema nezinye izindawo. Kukhona okungenani ingoma eyodwa edumile ebizwa ngokuthi i-sakura, kanye nezingoma ezimbalwa ze-j-pop. Ukuvezwa kwezimbali ze-sakura kutholakala kuzo zonke izinhlobo zemikhiqizo yabathengi base-Japan, okufaka phakathi ama-kimono, izinto zokubhala, ne-tableware.

Ngokwesiko laseJapan lama-samurai, ukuqhakaza kwe-cherry nakho kuyaziswa kakhulu, ngoba kucatshangwa ukuthi ama-samurai anempilo emfushane njengembali ye-cherry, ngaphezu komqondo wokuthi izimbali ze-cherry zazimelela amaconsi egazi. elachithwa yi-samurai. ngesikhathi sezimpi. Njengamanje ngokuvamile kubhekwa ukuthi i-cherry blossom imelela ukungabi nacala, ukulula, ubuhle bemvelo kanye nokuzalwa kabusha okuza nentwasahlobo.

Izinkolo eJapane

Inkolo eJapane imelelwa ngokuyinhloko ubuBuddha nobuShinto. Amakholwa amaningi e-Japan azibheka njengezinkolo zombili ngesikhathi esisodwa, okubonisa ukuvumelana kwezenkolo. Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-1886, ngo-1947, phakathi nokubuyiselwa kweMeiji, ubuShinto bamenyezelwa njengowukuphela kwenkolo yezwe neyimpoqo yombuso waseJapane. Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, ngokwamukelwa komthetho-sisekelo omusha waseJapane ngo-XNUMX, ubuShinto balahlekelwa yilesikhundla.

Kulinganiselwa ukuthi amaBuddha namaShinto akha amaphesenti aphakathi kwamashumi ayisishiyagalombili nane namashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nesithupha enani labantu, amelela inani elikhulu lamakholwa ekuhlanganisweni kwazo zombili izinkolo. Nokho, lezi zilinganiso zisekelwe enanini labantu elihlotshaniswa nethempeli elithile, hhayi inani lamakholwa eqiniso. USolwazi Robert Kisala uphakamisa ukuthi bangama-30% kuphela abantu abazikhomba njengamakholwa.

UbuTao obabuthunyelwa buvela eShayina, ubuConfucian, nobuBuddha nabo baba nethonya ezinkolelweni ezingokwenkolo zamaJapane, amasiko, nemikhuba. Inkolo eJapane ithambekele ekwakhiweni kwe-syncretism, okuphumela ekuxubeni kwemikhuba yenkolo ehlukahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, abantu abadala nabantwana bagubha amasiko obuShinto, izingane zesikole ziyathandaza ngaphambi kokuhlolwa, imibhangqwana esemisha ihlela imikhosi yomshado esontweni lobuKristu nemingcwabo ethempelini lobuBuddha.

AmaKristu amelela idlanzana lenkolo, elingaphezudlwana kwamaphesenti amabili abantu. Phakathi kwezinhlangano zamasonto obuKristu ezisebenza ngesilinganiso esivamile saseJapane, enkulu kunazo zonke uMkhandlu Omkhulu WamaKatolika, olandelwa amalungu oFakazi BakaJehova, amaPentecostal, namalungu e-United Church of Christ eJapane. Kusukela maphakathi nekhulu le-XIX, amahlelo enkolo ahlukahlukene. abanjengoTenrikyo kanye no-Aum Shinrikyo nabo baye bavela eJapane.

I-Miyage

I-Miyage yizikhumbuzo zaseJapane noma izikhumbuzo zaseJapane. Ngokuvamile, i-miyage ukudla okumelela okukhethekile kwesifunda ngasinye noma okunemifanekiso yesayithi evakashelwe ephrintiwe noma kuzo. I-Miyage ibhekwa njengesibopho somphakathi (i-giri) esilindelwe njengenhlonipho evela kumakhelwane noma osebenza naye ngemva kohambo, ngisho nohambo olufushane, esikhundleni salokho zivele zizenzekele futhi zivame ukuthengwa lapho ubuya ohambweni.

Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, i-miyage ithengiswa kunoma iyiphi indawo ethandwa izivakashi, kanye naseziteshini zesitimela, zamabhasi, nezezindiza ngezinhlobo eziningi, futhi kunezitolo zezikhumbuzo eziningi kakhulu kulezi zindawo eJapane kunezindawo ezifanayo eYurophu. I-miyage evame kakhulu futhi ethandwa kakhulu i-mochi, amaqebelengwane erayisi aseJapane enziwe ngerayisi elinamathelayo; I-Senbei, ama-crackers erayisi athosiwe kanye nama-crackers agcwele. Ekuqaleni ama-miyage ayengekona ukudla ngenxa yokubola kwawo, kodwa iziphandla nanoma iyiphi enye into engcwelisiwe.

Phakathi nenkathi ye-Edo, abahambi babethola njengesipho sokuvalelisa emphakathini wabo ngaphambi kokuqala uhambo lwazo, i-sembetsu, ehlanganisa imali ngokuyinhloko. Ngokushintshana, ama-pilgrim, lapho ebuya ohambweni, abuyise emphakathini wakubo isikhumbuzo sendawo engcwele evakashelwe, i-miyage, njengendlela yomfanekiso ohlanganisa nalabo ababehlala emakhaya ohambweni lwabo.

Ngokusho kukachwepheshe wezitimela u-Yuichiro Suzuki, ukunyuka kwejubane lezitimela kwakuvunyelwe kuphela ukuze imiyage ehlala isikhathi eside njengokudla ikwazi ukumelana nohambo lokubuya ngaphandle kokulimala. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lokhu kwaholela ekubonakaleni kwezingcweti ezintsha zesifunda ezifana ne-Abekawa mochi, ekuqaleni okwakuyi-mochi evamile, okwathi kamuva iresiphi yayo yathathelwa indawo i-gyuhi, enoshukela omningi oyenze yakwazi ukumelana nohambo olude lwesitimela.

Onsen

I-Onsen igama leziphethu ezishisayo e-Japan, kanye nengqalasizinda yezivakashi evamise ukuhambisana nayo: amahhotela, izindawo zokulala, izindawo zokudlela eziseduze nomthombo. Kuneziphethu ezishisayo ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili zokugeza kuleli zwe elinentaba-mlilo. Ukuzilibazisa kwentwasahlobo okushisayo ngokwesiko kubambe indima ebalulekile kwezokuvakasha kwasekhaya kwaseJapan.

I-onsen yendabuko ihlanganisa ukubhukuda emoyeni ovulekile. Ama-onsen amaningi asanda kulekelelwa ngezindawo zokugeza zasendlini, kukhona ne-onsen evalekile, lapho kuvame ukunikezwa amanzi ashisayo aphuma emthonjeni. Lokhu kokugcina kuhluke ku-sento (izindawo zokugeza zomphakathi ezivamile) ngoba amanzi ase-sento awawona amaminerali, kodwa ajwayelekile, futhi ashiswa nge-boiler.

I-onsen yendabuko ngesitayela esidala saseJapane, esihlonishwa kakhulu umphakathi, inendawo yokugeza exubile yabesilisa nabesifazane, evame ukungezwa ngendawo yokugeza ehlukile yabesifazane kuphela, noma ngezikhathi ezithile zinqunywa. Izingane ezincane zivunyelwe noma kuphi ngaphandle kwemikhawulo.

I-Origami

I-Origami ngokwezwi nezwi isho ukuthi "iphepha eligoqiwe" ngesiJapane, iwuhlobo lobuciko bokuhlobisa nobusebenzayo; i-origami noma ubuciko basendulo bokugoqa izibalo zephepha. Ubuciko be-origami busuka eChina lasendulo, lapho iphepha lasungulwa khona. Ekuqaleni, i-origami yayisetshenziswa emikhosini yenkolo. Kwaphela isikhathi eside, leli fomu lobuciko lalitholakala kuphela kubameleli bezigaba eziphezulu, lapho isibonakaliso sefomu elihle sasiyikhono lenqubo yokugoqa iphepha.

I-origami yakudala iqukethe ukugoqa ishidi lephepha eliyisikwele. Kukhona isethi ethile yezimpawu ezivamile ezidingekayo ukuze uchaze uhlelo lokugoqa lomkhiqizo oyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, zingase zibhekwe njengezithombe zephepha. Iningi lezimpawu ezijwayelekile zaqala ukusebenza ngo-1954 yinkosi edumile yaseJapan u-Akira Yoshizawa.

I-origami yakudala ichaza ukusetshenziswa kwephepha ngaphandle kokusebenzisa isikelo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngokuvamile ukuphonsa imodeli eyinkimbinkimbi, okungukuthi, ukuyiphonsa, futhi ukuze igcinwe, ukufakwa kweshidi lokuqala elinamakhompiyutha anamathelayo aqukethe i-methylcellulose isetshenziswa.

I-Origami yaqala ngokusungulwa kwephepha kodwa isifinyelele ekuthuthukisweni kwayo okusheshayo ngasekupheleni kwawo-XNUMX kuze kube namuhla. Kutholwe izindlela ezintsha zokuklama eziye zathandwa ngokushesha ngokusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi nezinhlangano ze-origami emhlabeni jikelele. Kule minyaka engamashumi amathathu edlule, ukusetshenziswa kwezibalo kwethulwe ekuchazeni kwayo, into ebingacatshangwa ngaphambilini. Ngokufika kwamakhompiyutha, kuye kwaba nokwenzeka ukuthuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwephepha nezisekelo ezintsha zezibalo eziyinkimbinkimbi, njengezinambuzane.

Geisha

UGeisha ungowesifazane ojabulisa amakhasimende akhe (izivakashi, izivakashi) emaphathini, emibuthanweni, noma emadilini ngomdanso waseJapane, ecula, eqhuba umcimbi wetiye, noma ekhuluma nganoma yisiphi isihloko, ngokuvamile egqoke i-kimono kanye nezimonyo (oshiroi) kanye nendabuko. isitayela sezinwele. Igama lomsebenzi liqukethe ama-hieroglyphs amabili: "ubuciko" kanye "nomuntu", okusho ukuthi "indoda yobuciko".

Kusukela ekubuyiselweni kwe-Meiji, umqondo we-"geiko" usetshenziswa futhi kumfundi umqondo we-"maiko". Abafundi baseTokyo geisha babizwa ngokuthi i-hangyoku, “itshe eliyigugu eliyigugu,” njengoba isikhathi sabo siyingxenye yegeisha; kukhona negama elivamile elithi o-shaku, "ukuthela ngenxa".

Umsebenzi oyinhloko wama-geisha uwukwenza amadili ezindaweni zokudlela zetiye, amahhotela aseJapane nezindawo zokudlela zesi-Japanese, lapho ama-geisha esebenza njengabasingathi bephathi, ejabulisa izihambeli (abesilisa nabesifazane). Idili lesitayela sendabuko libizwa ngokuthi i-o-dzashiki (igumbi le-tatami). I-geisha kufanele iqondise ingxoxo futhi iqhubekisele phambili ubumnandi bezivakashi zayo, ivame ukudlala ngothando nazo, kuyilapho igcina isithunzi sayo.

Ngokwesiko, emphakathini wamasiko aseJapane, imibuthano yezenhlalo yahlukaniswa, ngenxa yokuthi abafazi baseJapane babengakwazi ukuya emadilini nabangane, lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwabangela i-geisha, abesifazane ababengeyona ingxenye yomhlangano wangaphakathi wezenhlalakahle. umndeni.

Ngokuphambene nenkolelo evamile, i-geisha ayiyona into yaseMpumalanga elingana nesifebe, umbono oyiphutha owavela eNtshonalanga ngenxa yokusebenzelana kwamanye amazwe nama-oiran (ama-courtesans) nabanye abathengisa ngomzimba, ababebukeka befana ncamashí ne-geisha. .

Indlela yokuphila yama-geisha nama-courtes yachazwa ngokucacile: isikhathi sabo esiningi, ikakhulukazi ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe II, sasichitha ezindaweni zasemadolobheni okuthiwa i-hanamachi (idolobha lezimbali). Izindawo ezinjalo ezidume kakhulu yi-Gion Kobu, Kamishichiken kanye ne-Ponto-cho, etholakala e-Kyoto, futhi lapho indlela yokuphila ye-geisha yendabuko igcinwe khona ngokucacile.

i-japan karate

Igama elithi Japanese Martial Arts libhekisela enanini elikhulu nezinhlobonhlobo zobuciko bokulwa obuthuthukiswe abantu baseJapane. Kunamagama amathathu olimini lwesiJapane ahlonzwa nobuciko bokulwa baseJapane: "Budo", okusho ukuthi "indlela yokulwa", "bujutsu" engahunyushwa ngokuthi isayensi, ubuciko, noma ubuciko bempi, kanye "bugei". ", okusho ukuthi "ubuciko bokulwa".

I-Budo yigama lokusetshenziswa kwakamuva futhi libhekisela ekwenzeni ubuciko bokulwa njengendlela yokuphila ehlanganisa izilinganiso ezingokwenyama, ezingokomoya nezokuziphatha ukuze kuthuthukiswe umuntu ogxile ekuzithuthukiseni, ekugcwalisekeni nasekukhuleni komuntu siqu. I-Bujutsu iqondise ngokuqondile ekusetshenzisweni okungokoqobo kwamasu namaqhinga ekulweni kwangempela. I-Bugei ibhekisela ekuzivumelaniseni noma ekuthuthukisweni kwamaqhinga namasu ukuze kube lula ukufundisa nokusabalalisa ngendlela ehlelekile endaweni yokufunda ehlelekile.

NgesiJapane, i-Koryute, "Isikole Esidala", ibhekisela ezikoleni ze-karate zaseJapane ezandulela, mayelana nokusungulwa kwazo, i-Meiji Restoration ka-1866 noma i-Edict of Haitorei ka-1876, eyenqabela ukusetshenziswa kwenkemba. Ubuciko bokulwa baseJapane bathuthukiswa ngaphakathi kwe-koryu phakathi namakhulu eminyaka kwaze kwaba ngu-1868. Ama-samurai no-ronin afunda, asungula izinto ezintsha, futhi adlulela kulezi zikhungo. Kube nenqwaba ye-koryu lapho izikhali nobuciko besandla esingenalutho kuye kwafundwa ama-warrior knights (bushis).

Ngemva kuka-1868 kanye nezinxushunxushu zayo kwezenhlalo, indlela yokudlulisela yashintshwa, ushintsho oluchaza ukuhlukaniswa ngezigaba ezimbili i-Koryu Bujutsu (i-karate yasesikoleni esidala) kanye ne-Gendai Budo (i-karate yesimanje). Namuhla, lezi zindlela ezimbili zokudlulisela ziphila ndawonye. Eminyakeni yamuva eYurophu, singathola kokubili uKoryu Bujutsu noGendai Budo. Ngezinye izikhathi, eJapane njengakwezinye izindawo, othisha abafanayo nabafundi abafanayo bafunda kokubili izinhlobo zakudala nezanamuhla zemidlalo yokulwa.

etiquette e-japan

Amasiko kanye nemikhuba emihle eJapane ibaluleke kakhulu futhi inquma kakhulu ukuziphatha komphakathi kwabantu baseJapane. Izincwadi eziningi zichaza imininingwane yelebula. Okunye ukunikezwa kwe-etiquette kungase kuhluke ezifundeni ezahlukene zase-Japan. Amanye amasiko ayashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Inhlonipho

Ukukhothama noma ukushayela indesheni mhlawumbe kuwumthetho owaziwa kakhulu wase-Japan emhlabeni jikelele. Ngaphakathi kwesiko lamaJapane ukukhothama kubaluleke kakhulu, kangangokuthi, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izingane zifundiswa kusukela zisencane ukukhothama ezinkampanini, izifundo zinikezwa abasebenzi mayelana nendlela yokukhothama kahle .

Iminsalo eyisisekelo yenziwa ngeqolo eliqondile, amehlo abheke phansi, abesilisa nabafana bebeke izandla emaceleni, futhi abesifazane namantombazane befake izandla eziketini zabo. Umnsalo uqala okhalweni, lapho umcibisholo ude futhi uphimisa ngokwengeziwe, ubonisa imizwelo nenhlonipho enkulu.

Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zomnsalo: ongakahleleki, osemthethweni futhi osemthethweni kakhulu. Ukukhothama okungakahleleki kusho ukukhothama cishe amadigri ayishumi nanhlanu noma ukutshekisela ikhanda phambili. Ngeminsalo ehlelekile umnsalo kufanele ube ngamadigri angamashumi amathathu, eminsalweni ehlelekile kakhulu umnsalo ugqame nakakhulu.

Yenza inkokhelo                                  

Kuvamile emabhizinisini aseJapane ukubeka ithreyi elincane phambi kwerejista yemali ngayinye, lapho ikhasimende lingafaka khona ukheshi. Uma ithreyi elinjalo lifakiwe, kuwukwephula i-etiquette ukuyiziba nokuzama ukuletha imali ngqo ku-cashier. Lesi sici se-etiquette, kanye nokukhetha ukukhothama ngaphambi kokubambana ngesandla, kuchazwa "ukuvikela indawo yomuntu siqu" yawo wonke amaJapane, ahlotshaniswa nokuntuleka okujwayelekile kwendawo yokuhlala eJapane.

Esimweni lapho ibhizinisi livuma ukuthi izinkokhelo zenziwe ngokuqondile ezandleni, kufanele kulandelwe eminye imithetho ehlanganisa ukulethwa kwamakhadi noma enye into ebalulekile: into kufanele ibanjwe ngezandla zombili zombili lapho iletha futhi lapho iyithola, lokhu ukuze kusikiselwe ukuthi into eyethulwe ithathwa njengebaluleke kakhulu futhi yamukelwe ukuyinika ukunakekelwa okukhulu.

mamatheka ngesijapan

Ukumamatheka ngesiko lama-Japanese akukhona nje ukubonakaliswa kwemvelo komzwelo. Futhi kuwuhlobo lokuziphatha okuhle, okubonisa ukunqoba komoya lapho ubhekene nobunzima nezingqinamba. AmaJapane afundiswa kusukela ebuntwaneni, ngokuvamile ngesibonelo somuntu siqu, ukumamatheka ekugcwaliseni umsebenzi womphakathi.

Ukumamatheka sekuyisenzo sokunganakwa okuncane e-Japan futhi kubonakala ngisho nalapho umuntu omomothekayo ekholelwa ukuthi akabonwa. Ngokwesibonelo, indoda yaseJapane izama ukubamba isitimela esitimeleni esingaphansi komhlaba, kodwa iminyango ivaleka phambi kwekhala layo. Ukusabela kokwehluleka ukumamatheka. Lokhu kumomotheka akusho injabulo, kodwa kunalokho kusho ukuthi umuntu ubhekana nezinkinga ngaphandle kokukhononda nangenjabulo.

Kusukela esemncane, amaJapane afundiswa ukugwema ukuveza imizwelo, okungase kuphazamise ukuzwana komphakathi okubuthaka ngezinye izikhathi. EJapane, ukusetshenziswa kwezimpawu ezikhethekile zokumamatheka kuvame ukweqisa. Usengabona abantu abashonelwe bemamatheka. Lokhu akufanele kuthathwe ngokuthi kusho ukuthi abashonile abazilelwa. Umuntu omomothekayo ubonakala ethi: yebo, ukulahlekelwa kwami ​​kukhulu, kodwa kukhona okubaluleke kakhulu okukhathazayo okuvame kakhulu, futhi angifuni ukucasula abanye ngokubukisa ngobuhlungu bami.

Izicathulo

EJapane, izicathulo ziyashintshwa noma zisuswe kaningi kunanoma yiliphi elinye izwe. Kufanele ukhumule izicathulo zakho zangaphandle ezisetshenzisiwe bese ushintsha ama-slippers alungiselelwe agcinwe ekhabetheni elinamakamelo amaningi. Izicathulo zangaphandle zikhishwa emnyango, lapho izinga lephansi liphansi kunalo lonke igumbi. Kucatshangwa ukuthi wangena emagcekeni hhayi ngesikhathi evala isicabha ngemuva kwakhe, kodwa ngemuva kokukhumula izicathulo zasemgwaqeni wafaka iziliphu zakhe.

Kufanele ukhiphe izicathulo zakho lapho ungena emathempelini. Uma izicathulo ezishintshayo zinganikezwa, amasokisi kufanele agqokwe. Ikhabethe elinamakamelo amaningi kulezo zindawo lisetshenziselwa ukugcina izicathulo zangaphandle. Uma ugqoke izicathulo ngaphandle, sicela unganyatheli irack yokhuni phambi kwamabhokisi ezicathulo.

Ngokukhipha izicathulo ngaphambi kokungena ethempelini, isivakashi asisizi nje kuphela ukugcina ukuhleleka ethempelini, kodwa futhi sihlonipha imibono yamaShinto ngokuthanda onkulunkulu, i-kami, nobumsulwa: i-kiyoshi. Umgwaqo onothuli nodoti uphikisana nendawo ehlanzekile yethempeli nekhaya ngayo yonke indlela.

Ukuvakashela endaweni yokudlela yendabuko yaseJapane kuhilela ukususa izicathulo zakho ngaphambi kokukhuphukela endlini yokudlela, isiteji esifakwe ocansini base-bamboo futhi esifakwe amatafula aphansi. Bahlala kumata nemilenze yabo ngaphansi. Kwesinye isikhathi kuba nama-indents ngaphansi kwamatafula ukuze kuhlaliswe imilenze endikindiki ukusuka endaweni engajwayelekile.

imikhuba yokudla

Ukudla ngesiko lesiJapane ngokwesiko kuqala ngegama elithi “itadakimas” (ngiyamukela ngokuzithoba). Leli gama lingacatshangwa njengebinzana laseNtshonalanga elithi "bon appetit", kodwa lizwakalisa ngokwezwi nezwi ukubonga kubo bonke ababambe iqhaza ekuphekeni, ekulimeni noma ekuzingeleni ngisho nasezikhundleni eziphezulu ezihlinzeka ngokudla okuhlinzekwayo.

Ngemva kokuphela kokudla, amaJapane aphinde asebenzise inkulumo enesizotha ethi “Go Hase hashi yo de shita” (kwakuwukudla okumnandi), ebonisa ukubonga nenhlonipho kuwo wonke umuntu okhona, umpheki, namandla aphakeme ngokudla okuhle kakhulu.

Ukungadli ngokuphelele akuthathwa njengokungahloniphi e-Japan, kodwa kunalokho kuthathwa njengophawu kumsingathi ukuthi ufuna ukuphiwa okunye ukudla. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukudla konke ukudla (kuhlanganise nelayisi) kuwuphawu lokuthi wanelisekile ngokudla okunikezwayo nokuthi kwakwanele. Izingane zikhuthazwa ukuba zidle zonke izinhlamvu zokugcina zelayisi. Kuwukudelela ukukhetha izingxenye zesitsha bese ushiya okunye. Kufanele ihlafuneke kuvalwe umlomo.

Kuvunyelwe ukuqeda isobho noma ukuqeda irayisi ngokuphakamisa isitsha emlonyeni. Isobho le-Miso lingaphuzwa ngokuqondile endishini encane ngaphandle kokusebenzisa isipuni. Izitsha ezinkulu zesobho zingasetshenziswa nge-spoon.

Nazi ezinye izixhumanisi onentshisekelo kuzo:

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  1. Ubhekele idatha: I-Actualidad Blog
  2. Inhloso yedatha: Lawula Ugaxekile, ukuphathwa kwamazwana.
  3. Ukusemthethweni: Imvume yakho
  4. Ukuxhumana kwemininingwane: Imininingwane ngeke idluliselwe kubantu besithathu ngaphandle kwesibopho esisemthethweni.
  5. Isitoreji sedatha: Idatabase ebanjwe yi-Occentus Networks (EU)
  6. Amalungelo: Nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ungakhawulela, uthole futhi ususe imininingwane yakho.