Ulimi lwesiJapane okwamanje lukhulunywa abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyikhulu namashumi amabili emhlabeni, okungelona lwesishiyagalolunye olukhulunywa kakhulu emhlabeni wonke. Ngenxa yesisindo sawo emnothweni wezwe kanye nomthelela wawo wamanje emasikweni, ikakhulukazi isiko lentsha, kubalulekile ukwazi mayelana Izinhlamvu zesiJapane.
Izinhlamvu zesiJapane
Umbhalo wesi-Japanese ususelwa kumbhalo wesiShayina owafika e-Japan ngokusebenzisa i-Korea cishe ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Kunezinhlelo ezintathu eziyinhloko zokubhala ngesi-Japanese sesimanje: i-Kanji, okuyizinhlamvu zomsuka wesiShayina, kanye nama-alfabhethi amabili e-syllabic adalwe e-Japan: i-hiragana, i-syllabary. amagama omdabu waseJapani kanye ne-katakana, isilabhari esisetshenziswa ikakhulukazi amagama omsuka wangaphandle kanye ne-Romaji, emele isiJapane ngezinhlamvu zesiLatini.
Izinhlamvu zesiLatini zivame ukusetshenziswa emibhalweni yesiJapane, ezisetshenziselwa ukubhala izifinyezo ezivamile (njenge-DVD noma i-NATO) nezinye izinjongo. Ukuhunyushwa kolimi lwesi-Japanese kuzinhlamvu zesiLatini kubizwa ngokuthi i-Romaji futhi akuvamile ukutholakala emibhalweni yesi-Japanese.
Ukubhala izinombolo, izinombolo zesi-Arabhu zivame ukusetshenziswa. Ukukhishwa kwanoma yiziphi izinhlobo zeskripthi esohlwini noma ukufakwa esikhundleni kwesinye kwesinye ekusetshenzisweni kwaso okwamukelekayo kwenza umbhalo ufundwe kanzima noma ungaqondakali nhlobo - lokhu, mhlawumbe, akusebenzi ezinhlamvwini zesiLatini, indima yazo nokusetshenziswa kwayo okwamanje kuncane kakhulu. uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlelo ezintathu eziyinhloko.
kanji
I-Kanji yizinhlamvu zesiShayina ezisetshenziswa ekubhaleni kwesi-Japanese ikakhulukazi ukubhala amabizo esi-Japanese, izenzo nezichasiso namabizo okuyiwonawona. Imibhalo yokuqala yesiShayina ilethwa eJapan izindela zamaBuddha ezivela embusweni waseKorea waseBaekje ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX AD. C. Namuhla, kanye nezinhlamvu zokuqala zesiShayina, izimpawu ezidalwe eJapane ziyasetshenziswa: okuthiwa kokuji.
Kuye ngokuthi uyithola kanjani i-kanji emshweni wesiJapane, ama-hieroglyphs angasetshenziswa ukubhala igama elilodwa noma ahlukile noma, ngokuvamile, ama-morphems. Ngokombono womfundi, lokhu kusho ukuthi i-kanji inencazelo eyodwa noma ngaphezulu. Ukukhethwa kwencazelo ye-kanji kuncike kumongo, inhlanganisela nenye i-kanji, indawo emshweni, njll. Amanye ama-kanji asetshenziswayo anokufundwa okuyishumi noma ngaphezulu okuhlukile.
IHiragana
I-Hiragana ingelinye lama-syllabaries asetshenziswa olimini lwesiJapane. I-Hiragana iphumela ekwenziweni lula kwezinhlamvu zesiShayina eziyinkimbinkimbi ezafika ngaphambi kokuqala kokuhlukaniswa kwamasiko ase-Japanese. Esinye sezici eziyinhloko ze-hiragana imivimbo yayo egobile futhi elula; Ekuqaleni yanikezwa igama le-onnade elisho "isandla sowesifazane", ngoba ladalwa ngabesifazane lapho ukuze kube nenguqulo enhle kakhulu yezinhlobo eziqondile ze-katakana.
I-Hiragana ingadlulisela imisindo yonkamisa, inhlanganisela yamagama, nongwaqa. Isetshenziselwa amagama angaqukethe i-kanji, njengezinhlayiya nezijobelelo. I-Hiragana isetshenziswa ngamagama esikhundleni se-kanji ezimweni lapho umfundi kungafanele azi amanye ama-hieroglyphs, noma lawa ma-hieroglyphs awajwayele umlobi, kanye nokubhalelana okungagunyaziwe. Izinhlobo zezenzo nezichasiso nazo zibhalwe nge-hiragana. Futhi, i-hiragana isetshenziselwa ukubhala izinkomba zefonetiki ukufunda i-kanji - furigana.
Ekuqaleni, i-hiragana yayisetshenziswa kuphela abesifazane ababengakwazi ukufinyelela imfundo enhle. Elinye igama le-hiragana "uhlamvu wesifazane." I-Tale of Genji (i-Monogatari Genji), i-Japanese classic, kanye namanye amanoveli abesifazane basendulo abhalwe ekuqaleni noma ngokukhethekileyo ngesi-hiragana. Namuhla, imibhalo ebhalwe yi-hiragana kuphela itholakala ezincwadini zezingane zasenkulisa. Ukwenza ukufunda kube lula, izincwadi ezinjalo zinezikhala phakathi kwamagama.
I-alfabhethi yesiJapane ye-hiragana iqukethe izinhlamvu ezingamashumi amane nesithupha sezizonke, ezingamashumi amane zazo ezimele ama-syllables akhiwe ngongwaqa kanye nonkamisa, abahlanu bangonkamisa (a, i, u, e, o); kanye nongwaqa ongahamba wodwa, u-“n” (ene).
I-hiragana isetshenziswa ekubhalweni kwamagama emvelaphi yesiJapane, izinhlayiya neziphetho zamazwi; ngokungafani ne-katakana esetshenziselwa amagama angaphandle kanye ne-onomatopoeia. Ngakho-ke, i-hiragana yizinhlamvu zokuqala zesiJapane ezifundwa izingane zesiJapane. Njengoba befunda i-kanji, abafundi bashintsha izinhlamvu ze-syllabic basekela izinhlamvu zesiShayina.
I-Katakana
I-Katakana ingelinye lama-syllabaries amabili asetshenziswa ekubhaleni kwesiJapane, kanye ne-hiragana. Yakhiwa indela yamaBuddha uKūkai, noma uKobo Daishi. Ngendlela efanayo, i-katakana ishiwo kunoma yimuphi uhlamvu olusetshenziswe kule alfabhethi yesiJapane. Lapho ama-syllabaries amabili esetshenziswa ndawonye, i-hiragana ne-katakana zibizwa ngokuthi i-kana. I-Katakana yintsha kune-hiragana.
Izinhlamvu ze-Katakana azinancazelo, ukusetshenziswa kwazo kuyifonetiki kuphela. I-Katakana i-alfabhethi yesi-Japanese equkethe izinhlamvu ezingamashumi amane nesithupha ezimele ama-syllables akhiwe ngongwaqa kanye nonkamisa, noma unkamisa oyedwa. Kongwaqa, u-"n" (ene) kuphela ongahamba yedwa.
I-Katakana ivumela umsindo ukuthi udluliselwe ngendlela efanayo ne-hiragana. Isetshenziselwa ukubhala amagama athathwe ezilimini ezingasebenzisi izinhlamvu zesiShayina: amagama angaphandle, amagama angaphandle, kanye ne-onomatopoeia namagama esayensi nezobuchwepheshe: amagama ezitshalo, izingxenye zomshini, njll.
I-Katakana isetshenziselwa ukubhala amagama avela ezilimini zakwamanye amazwe, okwamanje ulimi olusetshenziswa kakhulu isiNgisi, iphinde isetshenziselwe ukubhala i-onomatopoeia. Isetshenziselwa ukugqamisa igama elithile, ngendlela efanayo naleyo ekubhalweni kwaseNtshonalanga izimpawu zokucaphuna noma omalukeke. Isetshenziswa emibhalweni yesayensi ukubhala amagama ezilwane, izitshalo, njll. Kwezinye izinhlobo zemibhalo zibhalwe nge-kanji noma i-hiragana.
Empeleni ama-syllabaries amabili, i-hiragana ne-katakana ayalingana, nakuba ukusetshenziswa kwelinye ngalinye kuhlukile. Njengaku-alfabhethi yesiLatini, kunokuthile okufanayo ekusetshenzisweni kwezinhlamvu ezinkulu nezincane, ngomqondo wokuthi ukupela nokusetshenziswa kuyehluka kodwa kuyalingana.
Romaji
I-rōmaji ibhekisa cishe kuzinhlamvu zamagama zesiLatini. Ngokuvamile, leli gama lisetshenziswa eNtshonalanga ukukhombisa ukubhalwa kolimi lwesiJapane ngezinhlamvu zesiRoman noma zesiLatini, ngokuphambene nengxube evamile ye-kanji, i-hiragana, ne-katakana.
I-Rōmaji ivamise ukusetshenziswa ezimpawini nasezingomeni zabantu bangaphandle abavakashela e-Japan; ukuloba kwamagama abantu, izinkampani noma izindawo okumele ziqashwe ngolunye ulimi noma izwe; izichazamazwi noma izincwadi zokufunda zabafundi bolimi lwesiJapane; iningi lezinkampani eJapan amagama azo abhalwe nge-rōmaji; njenge-katakana ukwenza igama ligqame.
EJapane ngemishini yokukhiqiza ehlukene (izimoto, amathelevishini, njll.). Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kunwetshwe kakhulu lapho kubekwa igama lemboni kanye namamodeli ayo, ku-rōmaji; kukho kokubili imeyili yamazwe ngamazwe angenayo naphumayo, nakumeyili wangaphakathi nawo angasetshenziswa.
Kunezinhlelo ezimbalwa ze-Romanization yama-Japanese. Uhlelo lokuqala lwe-Romanization lwaseJapane lwalusekelwe olimini lwesiPutukezi nezinhlamvu zalo, futhi lwathuthukiswa cishe ngo-1548 ngamaKhatholika aseJapane. Ngemva kokuxoshwa kwamaKristu eJapane ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, i-rōmaji yaqala ukusetshenziswa futhi yasetshenziswa ngezikhathi ezithile kuphela kwaze kwaba yilapho Ukubuyiselwa kweMeiji maphakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX, lapho iJapane iphinde yavula ithuba lokuxhumana namanye amazwe. Zonke izinhlelo zamanje zathuthukiswa engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-XNUMX.
Uhlelo oluvame kakhulu lwe-Hepburn lusekelwe ku-phonology yolimi lwesiNgisi futhi lunikeza izikhulumi zesiNgisi ukuqonda okungcono kakhulu kokuthi igama liphinyiselwa kanjani ngesiJapane. Olunye uhlelo luqashelwa njengezinga lombuso e-Japan: i-Kunrei shiki, edlulisela ngokunembe kakhudlwana ukwakheka kolimi lolimi lwesiJapane.
I-Kunrei shiki, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-monbushō, iwuhlelo lwe-Romanization lokuhumusha ulimi lwesi-Japanese luluyise olimini lwesiRoman. Kuwuhlelo olukhethwa yiMonbushō (Umnyango Wezemfundo WaseJapane), nakuba lusetshenziswa ngaphezu kwakho konke eJapane, i-Hepburn romanization isakazeke kakhulu, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwezikhulumi zesi-Hispanic.