Amasiko aseMesoamerica ayisihloko esithakaselwayo kuze kube namuhla, afakazela ukuthi athuthukile futhi ahlukahlukene. Sikumema ukuthi wazi konke okuhlobene ne Inhlangano yezenhlalo yama-Olmecs, umphakathi ohlehlela emuva ku-1600 B.C. C!
Inhlangano yezenhlalo yama-Olmecs
Ama-Olmec ayehlala ogwini lweGulf of Mexico, endaweni manje eyaziwa ngokuthi izifundazwe zaseMexico zaseTabasco naseVeracruz.
Lesi siko laqala cishe ngo-1600 kuya ku-350 BC, lapho izici eziningi, ikakhulukazi ezemvelo, zenza izindawo zabo zingahlali muntu.
Ama-Olmec aye aqashelwa namuhla ngezithombe ezibaziweyo, amakhanda amatshe amakhulu cishe amathani angamashumi amabili, okucatshangwa ukuthi ayindlela yokukhumbula nokuhlonipha ababusi bawo, abalingiswa ababaluleke kakhulu enhlanganweni yezenhlalo yama-Olmec.
Igama elithi Olmec, elihunyushwa ngokuthi abantu benjoloba, liyigama lesiNahuatl, ulimi lwama-Aztec lasendulo, ukuqoka imiphakathi eyakhiqiza futhi imaketha irabha kuyo yonke indawo yaseMesoamerica.
Ama-Olmec ayeyimpucuko yokuqala enkulu eMexico, ehlala ezindaweni eziphansi ezishisayo eGulf of Mexico, futhi kucatshangwa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ayengabantu bokuqala ukuthola indlela yokuguqula i-latex yesihlahla senjoloba ibe yinto engase olubunjiwe, lwelashiwe futhi lube lukhuni.
Isiko lama-Olmec alizange lithuthukise uhlelo lokubhala oluzohlala, ngaphandle kwamanye ama-glyphs aqoshiwe, izimpawu ezimbalwa eziye zasinda kuze kube yilolu suku, ngakho asazi ukuthi yiziphi igama abazinike zona. Kodwa-ke, atholakala phakathi kwemiphakathi yokuqala nendala ehlelekile neyinkimbinkimbi eMesoamerica, ethonya impucuko eminingi yakamuva, njengamaMeya.
Ubufakazi bemivubukulo bubonisa ukuthi babenza umdlalo webhola odumile, owamukelwa kamuva ngamanye amasiko angaphambi kwe-Columbian, waqoshwa etsheni, njengoba kwenzeka ngamakhanda amakhulu edwala lentaba-mlilo, aziwa ngokuthi i-basalt, futhi kucatshangwa ukuthi futhi wenza amasiko egazi. .
Izigaba zempucuko ye-Olmec
Ukuvela kwesiko lama-Olmec kuhlukaniswe izigaba ezintathu, ezibhekisela endaweni yobukhona nomthelela omkhulu, lezi yizi:
- I-San Lorenzo: eyaziwa njengendawo yokuqala lapho ukuhlaliswa kwe-Olmec kanye nesizinda kwakubalulekile, njengoba kutholwe amasampula okuqala amasiko nezici zalesi siko.
- I-La Venta: le ndawo yazalwa futhi iyachuma kusukela ekunyakazeni kwabantu okuhlukahlukene kanye nokufika kwabasindile besuka enkabeni yeSan Lorenzo. Iningi labacwaningi liyaqinisekisa ukuthi iLa Venta yayiyindawo ebaluleke kakhulu kule mpucuko yaseMesoamerica.
- I-Tres Zapotes: kwakuyindawo yokugcina enkulu yama-Olmec futhi ibhekwa njengento ebaluleke kakhulu kulawa amathathu, nokho inikeze idatha efanele ngesiteji sokuwohloka kwalesi siko, phakathi neminyaka yokugcina yokuphila.
Ukuphela kwama-Olmec
Inani labantu base-Olmec lehla kakhulu phakathi kuka-400 no-350 BC, nakuba imbangela yangempela ingacacisiwe.
Abavubukuli bacabanga ukuthi ukuncishiswa kwabantu kwakubangelwa ukushintshashintsha kwemvelo yabo, okushubile kangangokuthi baphoqeleka ukuba banyakaze, isibonelo ukucwiliswa kwemisele yamanzi, okwaphazamisa futhi kwalimaza kakhulu ukuhlinzekwa komthombo.
Enye inkolelo-mbono yokwehla okukhulu kwenani labantu iphakamisa ukuthuthwa kwezindawo zokuhlala ngenxa yokwanda kwentaba-mlilo njengembangela esikhundleni sokushabalala.
Ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo phakathi nenkathi Yokuqala, Kamuva, kanye Nenkathi Yokwakhiwa Kwamatheminali kwamboza izindawo ezihlukahlukene ezinomlotha, okwaphoqa abantu bomdabu ukuba benze izinguquko ezindaweni zabo zokuhlala.
Izigaba zomphakathi
Ngokusho kwedatha enikezwe ucwaningo ezigabeni ezahlukahlukene zempilo ye-Olmec, sithola amakilasi omphakathi alandelayo:
isigaba esibusayo
Njengasemasikweni amaningi kuwo wonke umlando, isigaba esibusayo, esaziwa nangokuthi i-elite, sakhiwe iqembu elincane labantu ababejabulela amalungelo nokunethezeka komphakathi wama-Olmec.
Lesi sigaba sakhiwe amaqembu ezempi nawenkolo futhi kwezinye izimo, kuye ngokuthi idolobha, abathengisi nezingcweti zezandla. Njengoba sike sabonisa ngaphambilini, ukungabi bikho kwemithombo ebhekisela kulesi siko kwenza kube nzima ukuthola kahle ukuthi izigaba ezahlukene zomphakathi kanye nababusi base-Olmec babenjani.
Nakuba abacwaningi beqinisekisa ukuthi inkolo yayinesisindo esikhulu nethonya kulolu hlobo lwesiko, isigaba esiphezulu nesibusayo sasihlotshaniswa nalesi sici sokuphila kwabo.
Kuyacaca ukuthi izicukuthwane noma isigaba esibusayo sasiphethe ukuphathwa nokuphathwa kwezilimo, amanzi, imithombo yempahla yokwakha, phakathi kokunye, bezigcina njengeqembu elibusayo elilawula lokho okukhiqizwa abanye.
Kunombono wokuthi lezi zigaba eziphakeme kwakuyimindeni eyathola umhlaba ongcono kakhulu futhi yasungula amapulazi angcono kakhulu, inamandla amakhulu phezu kwamanye amaqembu. Bephethe lawo mandla, baba ababusi nabapristi, amaqembu okucatshangwa ukuthi ayafana, njengoba isigaba sabapristi saba amashaman noma amakhosi abapristi.
Lezi zibalo zazihlotshaniswa nonkulunkulu, ngakho zazinamandla angaphezu kwawemvelo futhi imisebenzi yomphakathi yayizungeza kubo. Izinkolelo zakhe zazisekela amandla okwakucatshangwa ukuthi ama-shaman, ngoba yileyo ndlela ayeklanywe ngayo.
Ikilasi eliphansi noma eliphansi
Kusobala kakhulu ukuthi isigaba esihlanganisa inani elikhulu labantu ngabanye abantu abavamile noma labo abangaphansi kwamaqembu abusayo, ngokuvamile labo abenze umsebenzi onzima nemisebenzi ebalulekile ukuze kuphile le miphakathi, kodwa abangawajabulelanga amalungelo.
Lawa maqembu ayebhekwa njengejwayelekile, njengoba ayengenabo ubuhlobo nonkulunkulu ngokungafani nabaphezulu, ngakho-ke, umsebenzi wabo wawunzima kakhulu, imisebenzi efana nezolimo, ukwakhiwa, yayivame kakhulu kubantu abavamile.
Njengoba iningi lama-Olmec laliphethe imisebenzi ehlobene nezolimo, lokhu kungumthombo wezomnotho obaluleke kakhulu womphakathi futhi lowo owawuqinisekisa ukudla kwabo, umhlaba neziza zahlukaniswa phakathi kwamaqembu ezenhlalakahle ahlukene, ayala umkhiqizo wabo. izitshalo esigabeni esibusayo.
Inhlangano yezenhlalakahle nepolitiki
Ngokungafani namanye amasiko aseMesoamerica, kuncane kakhulu okwaziwayo ngenhlangano yezenhlalo yama-Olmec ngakho-ke akukho mayelana nempilo yezepolitiki yalo mphakathi.
Nakuba kunemikhondo embalwa eshiywe yile mpucuko ngale ndaba, kucatshangwa ukuthi amakhanda amakhulu e-basalt nezinye izithombe ezinkulu zimelela abaholi nababusi, ayikho enye imithombo yolwazi efana ne-stelae yamaMayan, ekhuluma ngababusi nababusi. izikhathi zokubusa kwabo.
Kodwa-ke, abanye abavubukuli baqinisekisa ukuthi idatha ehlinzekwe yizifundo zezindawo ezithile ibonisa ukuthi inhlangano yezenhlalakahle ye-Olmec yayiphakathi nendawo, ene-elite engakwazi ukulawula izinsiza ezifana namanzi kanye nohlobo lwetshe elikhulu ukuze asebenzise umyalo futhi enze uhulumeni wakhe abe semthethweni.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kucatshangwa ukuthi umphakathi we-Olmec awunazo izikhungo eziningi kanye nezibalo zempucuko yakamuva, njengamabutho amile, abaphezulu babapristi, njll.
Ucwaningo lwezindawo zokuhlala ezifana ne-Sierra de los Tuxtlas lubonisa ukuthi le ndawo yayakhiwe imiphakathi elingana kakhulu noma engaphansi kokulawulwa kwezikhungo ezinkulu eziphansi. Izindlu ngazinye zazinohlobo oluthile lweshede, into efana nendawo encane yokupaka kanye nomgodi wokugcina izimpande zemifino eduze kwekhaya.
Cishe futhi babenezingadi lapho ama-Olmec ayetshala khona izitshalo zokwelapha nezinye izinhlobo zezitshalo ezifana nobhekilanga.
Awekho amarekhodi abhaliwe omsebenzi wezohwebo, izinkolelo noma amasiko noma inhlangano yezenhlalo yama-Olmecs, kodwa ngokobufakazi bemivubukulo, ulwazi oluphathwayo njengamanje luyasungulwa.
inhlangano yezomnotho
Enye idatha ibonisa ukuthi ibingakhawulelwe ngokwezomnotho, njengoba izinto zobuciko ze-Olmec zitholwe kulo lonke elase-Mesoamerica, okubonisa ukuthi bekunemizila ebanzi yohwebo phakathi kwezifunda.
Ukuhweba kwavumela ama-Olmec ukuthi akhe izakhiwo zawo zasemadolobheni. Ngokuvamile kwakuhloselwe emikhosini nasemisebenzini yezicukuthwane, njengoba iningi labantu abavamile lalihlala emadolobheni amancane.
Inkathi ye-Olmec yayinomsebenzi obalulekile wezohwebo, nemizila yohwebo ehlukene, eminye iqhelelene nezindawo zabo zokuhlala, ngaphezu kwezinhlobonhlobo zezimpahla nezinto ezidayiswayo.
Ukuba khona kwezingcezu ezenziwe nge-jade, i-obsidian namanye amatshe ayigugu anikeza ubufakazi bomsebenzi wezohwebo namaqembu kanye nabantu abangaphandle kogu lweGulf of Mexico, njengoba kokubili i-jade ne-obsidian bevela kwezinye izingxenye zensimu.
Kodwa-ke, ezolimo kwakuyiwona msebenzi omkhulu wezomnotho womphakathi wase-Olmec futhi wawuvame ukwenzeka ngaphandle kwamadolobhana, emasimini asusiwe. Abalimi bokuqala base-Olmec basebenzisa amasu afana nokusika nokushiswa ukuze basuse umhlabathi, ukutshala ummbila neminye imikhiqizo phakathi komlotha, inkinga yayiwukuthi le nqubo yaqeda inhlabathi ngemva kweminyaka embalwa.
Abalimi babe sebeshintsha amasimu, ngaleyo ndlela bephinda lo mjikelezo, ekugcineni kuthinte umhlaba ovundile oseduze. Imikhiqizo enjengombila, ubhontshisi, isikwashi, umdumbula, ubhatata nokotini cishe yayilinywa.
Sikumema ukuthi uthintane nezinye izixhumanisi kubhulogi yethu ezingase zithakazelise:
- Inhlangano Yezenhlalakahle YamaZapotec
- Inhlangano Yezombangazwe Yama-Aztec
- Inhlangano Yezenhlalakahle yaseTeotihuacanos