AmaZapotec kwakungabantu bomdabu abakhulu kunawo wonke esifundazweni sikahulumeni sase-Oaxaca, abakhona kusukela esikhathini sangaphambi kweSpanishi. Kulesi sihloko, sizokhuluma ngokuthi i- Inhlangano Yezenhlalakahle YamaZapotec, lokhu kumela ngenxa yokuxhumana kwayo nenkolo, umnotho, ezombangazwe nezenhlalo.
Inhlangano Yezenhlalakahle YamaZapotec
Igama elithi "Zapotec" livela olimini lwesiNahuatl, ulimi lwesigodi lokuqala lwama-Aztec olusekhona kuze kube namuhla ngenxa yamaqembu amancane abomdabu abasalukhuluma. NgesiNahuatl, igama elithi "tzapotecatl" elichaza isithelo esaziwa eMexico ngokuthi i-sapote, esinikeza laba bantu bomdabu igama labo.
Esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokutholwa kweMelika, laba bantu bomdabu bakwazi ukwakha isizwe esithuthukile. Eqinisweni, izinsalela zeMonte Albán, Mitla kanye neYagul zembula ukuba khona komphakathi wamaZapotec ngaphambi kwesikhathi sawo; kudala ngaphambi kokufika kweSpanishi.
Nokho, kusukela ekhulwini le-XNUMX, abaseYurophu bavimbezela izifunda zaseZapotec ukuze bakhiphe ingcebo engokwemvelo yendawo; naphezu kwalokhu, laba bantu bomdabu abazange bahlupheke njengabanye (isibonelo: amaMeya nama-Aztec), lapho ukuhlasela kweSpain kwakunomlingisi onamandla wezempi.
Ngezansi ezinye izici zenhlangano yezenhlalo yalaba bantu bomdabu, ngokubhekiselwe kuma-pre-Hispanic kanye nezakhi zesimanje:
Inhlangano yomphakathi
Phakathi kokusebenzelana komphakathi okwasetshenziswa kuleli dolobhana lendabuko, ukuze kuzuzwe izinjongo ezifanayo ngenhlalakahle yabo kanye neyomphakathi, sinakho:
Matrimonio
AmaZapotec enza ukuzalanisa, okubonisa ukuthi amalungu omndeni angashada nelinye ilungu lendawo yawo yomndeni; Kumele kugcizelelwe ukuthi akunqatshelwe ukusungula umndeni nabantu abavela kweminye imindeni.
Bahlukanisa izinhlobo ezimbili zemishado: ukuhlalisana, okulandela umthetho ovamile wamaZapotec, nomshado weSonto LamaKatolika. IBandla liyakwenqabela isehlukaniso, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi imibhangqwana imane ihlukane futhi ihlanganyele ngokukhululekile nabanye abantu.
I-Patriarchy
Imiphakathi yamaZapotec ihlelwe ngokwenqubo yezinzalamizi, okusho ukuthi isikhungo somphakathi ngumuntu; zimbalwa kakhulu izizwe ezihlelwe ngendlela ye-matriarchal.
Umndeni
AmaZapotec akhetha imindeni emikhulu (eyakhiwe abazali, izingane, ogogo nomkhulu, omalume kanye nabazala), kunemindeni yenuzi. Esimeni lapho umndeni ungowenuzi (owakhiwe abazali nezingane kuphela), ngokuvamile bahlala eduze nawo wonke umndeni.
Ifa
Umthetho wamaZapotec uthi, uma kushona abazali, ifa lihlukaniselwa zonke izingane ngokulinganayo; kodwa, ngokuvamile kwenzeka ukuthi ingane encane izuza kakhulu kunezinye izingane, njengoba yayisahlala nabazali bayo lapho befa.
Ngaphezu kwalokhu, inzalo yesilisa ngokuvamile ithola ifa eliningi kunenzalo yabesifazane, ngenxa yokuthi iwumphakathi wezinzalamizi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umhlaba ungatholwa ngisho nangaphambi kokuba abazali bashone: lapho enye yezingane ishada futhi abazali sebekhulile kangangokuthi abakwazi ukusebenza umhlaba.
ukuhlukana komphakathi
Uma sibona ngeso lengqondo ukwakheka kwenhlangano yenhlalo yaseZapotec, ikhonjiswa ngokusatshalaliswa okulula nokuyisisekelo, kodwa ngokwezigaba ezijulile, njengoba ihlukaniswe yaba imindeni emibili enikeza ngokucacile ukuphakama kwesinye sezingqimba.
Eyokuqala yakhiwa "abapristi, abathengisi futhi uyaqhubeka nezempi." Leli qembu lokuqala, elakha isigaba esibusayo, nalo elalinesakhiwo se-pyramidal; okungukuthi, ingxenye engenhla yayihlala abapristi, ilandelwa ngokushesha yizicukuthwane, ezazisebenza endaweni yezohwebo futhi ivala lesi sigaba sezenhlalakahle esivelele, isigaba samasosha.
Isigaba esinqotshiwe noma iqembu lesibili lenhlangano yezenhlalakahle yamaZapotec lalizoqukatha "izakhamuzi, abathwali bempahla, abazingeli nezingcweti", ababephinde bahlukaniswe njengeqembu langaphambilini, kodwa kulokhu ngokusekelwe kwezohwebo nezobuciko ngamunye aziqaphela, uthole isigaba sabaphathi.
Ukwazi amaZapotec enhlanganweni yawo yezenhlalo, kwembulwa ukuthi leli dolobha lokhokho emsuka walo belilokhu lasungulwa ngemibono engokwasezulwini, ngaleyo ndlela linikeza ukucasuka emphakathini esigabeni senkolo noma sabapristi. Kodwa lesimiso esifanayo sokuqala kwadingeka ukuba siguqulwe ekugcineni, ngenxa yobuthakathaka baso hhayi ngokumelene nomphakathi waso siqu, kodwa ngokumelene nabantu besithathu.
Inhlangano yezenhlalakahle yamaZapotec, emakilasini ayo, yayibuthakathaka kakhulu, amalungu ayo ngokuvamile ayengabantu abanomlingiswa ocacile, ngoba imisebenzi yabo yokuqala yokuphila yenziwa emkhakheni womsebenzi ojwayelekile wamaqembu ezolimo nezolimo. okwenziwa abalimi nabazingeli. Babelekelelwa elinye iqembu elibuthaka nakakhulu ngenxa yokuthambekela kwabo kwezobuciko, ababengabakhandi begolide nabaluki.
Izindawo ezingomakhelwane baseZapotec zazizobona lobu buthakathaka bese zibahlukumeza ngamaqembu abusayo. Umndeni omkhulu, ubhekene nesidingo esiseduze sokuvikela konke ababenakho, kuhlanganise nemindeni yabo kanye nempilo yabo; baphoqeleka ukuba benze isinqumo sokwengeza isigaba sezempi, lapho usizo kunoma iyiphi impi luyoba isibopho kuwo wonke amadoda.
Inkolo
AmaZapotec esikhathi sangaphambi kweSpanishi acabanga ukuthi indawo yonke yayivinjezelwe izakhi ezine, ngayinye inethoni ethile yombala kanye nezinto ezithile ezingaphezu kwemvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, balenga onkulunkulu ngezinto zemvelo, njengelanga, imvula, amagagasi, phakathi kokunye; ngokufanayo, phakathi nalesi sikhathi isikhathi sasibhekwa njengesiyingi futhi asikona umugqa.
Namuhla, amaZapotec ngokwengxenye alandela isivumokholo samaKatolika, esavunyelaniswa nezimangalo zangaphambi kweSpanishi. Izimfundiso zamanje ze-Zapotec zifaka:
- Ukuhlonishwa kukaJesu Kristu (ingane nomuntu omdala).
- Ukukholelwa ezilwaneni eziqaphayo (okuthiwa amathoni). Ekuzalweni, umuntu ngamunye uthola ithoni, okungaba yisiphi isidalwa; kukholelwa ukuthi lesi sidalwa sinikeza umuntu ezinye izici zayo zemvelo (amandla, isivinini, ukushesha, ukuhlakanipha, phakathi kwabanye).
- Ukuba khona kwama-warlocks, abathakathi namademoni amafomu abesilisa nabesifazane.
Ngaphandle kwabapristi bamaKatolika, imiphakathi yamaZapotec inabapristi abathile abanomthwalo wemfanelo wokuhola amasiko angokomoya; Laba baphristi babizwa ngokuthi “abathakathi” futhi banomthwalo wemfanelo emikhosini emikhulu, njengokuthi: imishado, imingcwabo, ukubhapathizwa, ukuthuthela ekhaya elisha, ukuhlanzwa ngokomoya, phakathi kokunye.
Imikhosi
AmaZapotec enkathi yangaphambi kweSpanishi enza uchungechunge lwemicikilisho ehloselwe ukujabulisa onkulunkulu. Lamahlelo aqukethe izipho zegazi neminikelo yabantu neyezilwane. Ngokuvamile, amaqhawe ayeboshiwe akwamanye amadolobha ayenikelwa ukuze athole usizo lonkulunkulu ukuze bathole isivuno esihle sokuqeda isikhathi sesomiso, phakathi kwezinye izinto.
Amahlelo anamuhla amaZapotec agxile kakhulu ezenzakalweni eziyingxenye eyinhloko yomjikelezo wokuphila, njengobhapathizo, ukuhlanganyela, imishado, nemingcwabo. Imikhosi emibili ebaluleke kakhulu yileyo eyenzeka ngoSuku Lwabangcwele Bonke kanye nalowo owenzeka ngosuku lukasanta ongumvikeli wendawo ngayinye.
Uma uthole lesi sihloko sithakazelisa Inhlangano Yezenhlalakahle YamaZapotec, sikumema ukuthi ujabulele lezi ezinye: