Impucuko yangaphambi kweColumbian eyayihlala esifundeni esiseningizimu-ntshonalanga yePeru yanamuhla, yafinyelela ekuthuthukisweni kwayo okukhulu phakathi kuka-900 no-1450 ngemva kukaKristu, yanyamalala emashumini ambalwa eminyaka ngemva kokufika kwabaseYurophu. Funda konke mayelana ezithakazelisayo Isiko lamaChincha!
Isiko lamaChincha
I-Chinchay noma i-Chincha, igama lesiQuechua elihunyushwa ngokuthi i-ocelot, nakuba kukhona abaqinisekisayo ukuthi lihlobene ne-jaguar. AmaChincha ayiqembu lendabuko lezwe lasePeruvia, elaliseduze noLwandlekazi iPacific eningizimu-ntshonalanga yezwe.
Lesi siko sachuma esikhathini esibizwa ngokuthi sekwephuzile, esathatha phakathi kuka-900 no-1450 ngemva kukaKristu, njengesinye sezifundazwe zasePeru yangaphambi kweColumbian, umkhiqizo wokuhlukaniswa kwamandla ezombusazwe wombuso waseHuari.
Cishe ngo-1480 lesi siko laba yingxenye yombuso wama-Inca, owakwazi ukusabalala esifundeni esibusa amasiko nezizwe ezingaphezu kwamakhulu amabili.
Isiko lamaChincha lafinyelela ukubaluleka njengabathengisi olwandle oluphakeme, besebenzisa indawo yezindawo ababehlala kuzo, isigodi esikhulu, esivundile, esikhiqizayo esinendawo enhle kakhulu. Izinsalela zemivubukulo ezifanele kakhulu ezihlobene nesiko lamaChincha, yaziwa ngokuthi iSentinel futhi iseduze kakhulu nedolobha lamanje laseChincha Alta.
Lo mphakathi wanyamalala emashumini ambalwa eminyaka ngemva kokunqotshwa kwePeru yiSpanishi, okwaqala cishe ngo-1532. Lokhu kwakubangelwa ingxenye enkulu yezifo ezilethwa abantu bangaphandle, ngaphezu kwezinxushunxushu neziyaluyalu ezivezwa ukuhlasela, okwabangela ukufa kwabantu abaningi. ukushabalala kwamasiko amaningi okuqala.
Njengamanje ezinye izindawo nezinhlobo zalesi sizwe saseNingizimu Melika zisakhumbuza lesi siko lendabuko, isibonelo, isifunda saseChinchaysuyo noma izwe lama-jaguar, iziQhingi zaseChincha, iziqhingi ezintathu ezincane eningizimu-ntshonalanga yePeru, isilwane esaziwa ngokuthi i-chinchilla. noma iChincha encane kanye nedolobha laseChincha Alta.
Umlando wesiko lamaChincha
Ukuqala kwabantu baseChinchan kwakusesigodini esikhulu kunazo zonke sesizwe samanje sasePeru, esinegama labo. La mazwe, amakhilomitha angaba ngu-220 eningizimu yeLima, ayevunde kakhulu, ngenxa yokuba khona kwamanzi anamandla oMfula iChincha ogeleza usuka e-Andes unqamule lesi sigodi.
Nokho, izimbungulu zazingezona ezokuqala ezahlala kulesi sigodi, esinamazwe ahlala iminyaka engaba yizinkulungwane eziyishumi. Amasiko ahlukahlukene azinza lapho, njengeParacas, i-Ica-Nazca kanye noMbuso Wari. Phakathi kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX nele-XNUMX, ezinye izinguquko zenzeka esigodini, amasiko nezindlela zabo zokuphila zashintsha, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezisogwini, ezazizokwaziwa ngokuthi isiko langaphambi kweChincha.
Isikhathi salesi sikhathi sasifushane kakhulu, la masiko anyamalala cishe eminyakeni eyikhulu kamuva, enikeza isiko lamaChincha, cishe ngekhulu le-XNUMX.
Amasiko abo, amasu kanye nendlela yokuphila kwakuthuthuke kakhulu futhi kuyinkimbinkimbi kunangaphambili okwakubhekwa njenge-pre-Chincha, nabo babebhekwa njengama-bellicose amaningi, njengoba bebusa isigodi sonke, sona leso esisenegama laso nanamuhla.
I-El Chincha ingenye yezigodi ezinkulu ogwini loLwandlekazi iPacific lwesizwe sasePeruvia, ezungezwe ugwadule lapho imvula ingekho khona, ukuzala kwale ndawo kungenxa yokuba khona koMfula iChincha, ogeleza usuka e-Andes. ,
Le ndawo ikala cishe amakhilomitha angamashumi amabili nanhlanu ukusuka enyakatho kuya eningizimu eduze nogu, inwebe amakhilomitha angamashumi amabili phakathi nezwe. Inqamula isigodi soMfula iPisco ngokunwetshwa okufanayo futhi okutholakala cishe amakhilomitha angamashumi amabili nanhlanu eningizimu.
Isigodi esimise okonxantathu esibanzi sinamahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili nambili omhlaba olinywayo namuhla futhi kucatshangwa ukuthi ngezikhathi zangaphambi kweColumbian kwakuyinani elifanayo. Okulandelayo sizokutshela kabanzi mayelana nomlando walesi siko lomdabu:
Isiteji sangaphambi kweChincha
Kucatshangwa ukuthi abanye abantu babehlala ogwini lwasePeru kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, kucatshangwa ukuthi lezi zindawo sezihlalwe cishe iminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyishumi.
Abanye babafiki bakhona bokuqala basinda ekudobeni, bafunda ukuxhashazwa futhi baphila ngokuceba kwamanzi olwandle eHumboldt Current. Kamuva, ukuthuthukiswa kwezolimo eziniselwayo ezigodini zemifula kwakuzoba umsebenzi ohambisana nokuhlala okuzinzile nokunethezeka.
Kulinganiselwa ukuthi izindawo zokuqala zokuhlala zabantu ezaziwayo eSigodini saseChincha zisukela ngonyaka wama-XNUMX BC futhi zaziwa ngesiko laseParacas.
Cishe ngonyaka wekhulu ngaphambi kukaKristu kuze kube ngamakhulu ayisishiyagalombili emva kukaKristu, kunethonya elikhulu esigodini saseChincha samasiko. I-Ica-Nazca eyathuthukiswa ngokuyinhloko isuka emnyangweni manje wase-Ica, kodwa leyo yayihlanganisa iChincha enyakatho, i-Arequipa eningizimu nezintaba zase-Ayacucho. Kuyaqinisekiswa ukuthi phakathi neminyaka engamakhulu amahlanu nenkulungwane ngemva kukaKristu, isigodi saseChincha sasilawulwa umbuso. Wari, impucuko eyachuma endaweni yase-Andean futhi yanqoba imibuso eminingi nobukhosi besikhathi sayo.
Phakathi kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX nele-XNUMX, ngemva kokuwohloka kwama-Waris, imiphakathi ehlukene endaweni yethula izinguquko ezidume kabi ezindleleni zayo nasezimodelweni zamasiko, yaqondisa kabusha indlela yayo yokuphila kumasu nezitayela ezivele kulesi sifunda sogu lweCaribbean.
Konke kukhomba ukuthi lesi sitayela esisha kanye nezinguquko ezenzeke ziwumphumela wegagasi lokufuduka okungacaci kahle umsuka walo, owawubizwa nge-Pre-Chincha culture. Njengoba kubhekwa njengento engavamile, isiko langaphambi kweChincha, phakathi kwezici zalo eziyisisekelo, lalithembele kakhulu emsebenzini wokudoba kanye nokuqoqwa kwemikhiqizo ehlukahlukene evela olwandle, njengamagobolondo.
Isiteji saseChincha
Olunye uphenyo luqinisekisa ukuthi lezi zindawo zokuhlala zangaphambi kwe-chincha zivela esikweni lamaChavín, umphakathi owawuchuma endaweni engaphansi kwezintaba zase-Andean.
Ngasekupheleni Kwenkathi Ephakathi, kwasungulwa iqembu elihlelekile eSigodini saseChincha, imibhalo yaseSpain esiyibiza ngokuthi UMbuso WaseChincha. Isiko eliyinkimbinkimbi, elihlelekile futhi eliphikisanayo kunangaphambili, elibangelwa ithonya lamagagasi ahlukene okufuduka esuka ezindaweni eziphakeme.
Kwakuyisiko elakwazi ukubusa sonke isigodi, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuthambekela kwaso ekuxabaneni njalo, ukuhlasela kanye nokubuswa eminye imiphakathi. Bazibheka njengenzalo ye-jaguar, lokhu kungesinye sezizathu zokuthanda kwabo impi nokunqoba.
Bakha imisebenzi ebalulekile yezakhiwo kanye nezinhlelo zokunisela ezazivuna ezolimo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bajwayela ukuvundisa indawo ukuze kulinywe izilwane ezifile, ikakhulukazi izinyoni nama-guano, ulwazi nezindlela amasiko kamuva ezazuza njengefa.
Ikhono lakhe lokuhweba lalifanele futhi, ukugcina imizila yokuhweba emhlabeni namanzi. Bahamba imigwaqo nemihlambi yezilwane ezithwala impahla, beya ezindaweni zase-Altiplano naseCusco.
Amakhono abo okushayela ayethuthuka futhi enziwa abesimanje, bakha izihlenga ezinezingodo ezinkulu ezikwazi ukuthwala imithwalo emikhulu nabantu abangaphezu kweshumi nambili. Basebenzisa useyili obavumela ukuba bahambe amabanga amade, ukuze izindawo zabo zokuhweba zifinyelele eMelika Ephakathi.
Abasolwandle baseChincha babehlonipha inkanyezi abayiqamba ngokuthi iChungui futhi okungenzeka ukuthi kwakuyinkomba yokuhamba.
Umlindi noma I-Chinchaycamac, esisengamanxiwa njengamanje, kwakuyisakhiwo esikhulu esinwebe amahektha angaba ngu-75 futhi sibonisa imibhoshongo emibili emikhulu eyaziwa ngokuthi iLa Centinela neTambo de Mora.
Lezi zakhiwo ezinkulu zazakhiwe ngodaka, uhlobo oluthile lwesitini esenziwe ngodaka notshani, bese somiswa elangeni. Lezi zingcezu zihlanganiswe ndawonye nobumba, okuvumela izindonga, ama-facade, izindlu futhi kulokhu kwakhiwa amaphiramidi.
Imibhoshongo yayiyizindawo zokuhlala zababusi babantu baseChincha futhi ezizungezile indawo lapho izingcweti ezihlukene zazihlala khona, ziphethe izingcezu zesiliva, izinkuni, izitsha zobumba kanye nezindwangu ezihlukahlukene. Kodwa-ke, kucatshangwa ukuthi, njengakwamasiko amaningi angaphambi kwe-Columbian, i-Sentinel yayinenhloso enkulu yemikhosi nenkolo kuneyokuhlala.
Kwakukhona yonke inethiwekhi yemigwaqo nemigwaqo emikhulu, eyaqala ukusuka eLa Centinela, eningizimu nasempumalanga ngomugqa oqondile. Lezi zivumela ukufinyelela kwezinye izikhungo zemikhosi futhi ziphinde zithuthe izimpahla eziya esigodini saseParacas nasezindaweni eziphakeme zase-Andes, lokhu kusho ukuthi eminingi yale migwaqo, esabonakala, ihamba cishe amakhilomitha angamashumi amabili ukusuka lapho ivela khona.
Eminye yemibhalo yaseSpain ithi inani labantu baseChincha lidlula abantu abayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu, elasakazwa phakathi kwezinhloko zemizi, okulinganiselwa ukuthi abanye abayizinkulungwane eziyishumi nambili babengabalimi, abanye abayizinkulungwane eziyishumi ezizinikele ekudobeni kanye nabathengisi abangaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyisithupha. phakathi kweminye imisebenzi noma ukuhweba.
Lezi zinombolo zibonisa ukubaluleka kokukhiqizwa komhlabathi nolwandle, ngaphezu kohwebo, emnothweni wayo. Izakhamuzi eziningi zaphila ngenxa yale misebenzi, kuyilapho zilondoloza umbuso ochumayo ngaleso sikhathi. Lesi siko, njengeminye imiphakathi esifundeni sase-Andean, sasebenzisa imali emisebenzini yezohwebo.
Ithonya lamaInca
Ulwazi oluningi oluvezwa emibhalweni yaseSpain lwaluqoqwe kubantu bomdabu endaweni, ngezinye izikhathi luphikisana. Kodwa-ke, bavumela ukwazi ngokujwayelekile umlando kanye nokuthuthuka kancane kwesiko lamaChincha.
Bachaza amaChincha ngokuthi "isifundazwe esikhulu, esahlonishwa ezikhathini zasendulo... esihle futhi esihle... esidume kakhulu kulo lonke elasePeru, kangangokuthi abantu bomdabu abaningi bayayesaba."
Phakathi kwekhulu le-XNUMX nele-XNUMX lapho lesi siko siqala ukusabalala ogwini lwasePeru nasogwini lwase-Andes, ama-Inca nawo asungula umbuso wawo onamandla.
I-Chincha yayibusa ukuhweba olwandle, ehlanganisa imizila emide nekhiqizayo, ixoxisana ngezingcezu zikanokusho zenani elikhulu ezenziwe ngegolide nesiliva, ngokuvamile. Uhambo olwaluhlanganisa ugu lwasePacific lusuka engxenyeni eseningizimu yeColombia luya engxenyeni esenyakatho yeChile, okungenzeka lwafinyelela eMexico. Uhambo lokuqala olunamarekhodi alo, lwabameleli be-Inca embusweni wakwaChincha, lwaluholwa umholi wezempi uCápac Yupanqui, umfowabo wombusi uPachacuti owabusa phakathi kuka-1438 no-1471.
Lolu hambo lwalunenhloso yokusungula ukuxhumana okunokuthula nobungane, hhayi ukuhlasela noma ukunqoba, baletha izipho ezibalulekile ezivela enkosini yabo futhi bazisa omakhelwane babo ukuthi kufanele bamukele kuphela ukuphakama namandla e-Inca, ukuze bagcine impilo yabo enokuthula injalo.
AbakwaChincha abazange bangabaze ukuzamukela izicelo futhi bakwazi ukuqhubeka bephila njengoba babenjalo, ngaphandle kwezinkinga nomakhelwane babo. Kodwa-ke, cishe ngonyaka we-1471, lapho inkosi yama-Inca u-Topa Inca Yupanqui iqala ukubusa, umbuso wamaChincha wahlanganiswa noMbuso wama-Inca.
Kodwa-ke, abaholi baseChincha bagcina ukuzimela nobuholi obuthile bezombangazwe nezomnotho phezu kwabantu babo. Ngenxa yalezi zinhlinzeko, inkosi yesiko lamaChincha yayichitha izinyanga ezimbalwa ngonyaka ezinkantolo zombusi ongumakhelwane, lapho yayiphathwa njengezicukuthwane zamaInca.
Umbusi waseChincha, wayenamalungelo abaningi ababehamba neNkosi yamaInca ababengenawo, wayebhekwa njengomngane wombusi nenkosi yasezintabeni, wabonisa ingcebo enkulu, kangangokuthi wadideka nombusi wamaInca. Atahualpa emhlanganweni noFrancisco Pizarro kanye nabanqobi. Empini yaseCajamarca wabulawa kwathi u-Atahualpa wathunjwa ngabaseYurophu.
Ubudlelwano be-Inca-Chincha babuseduze, laba bakamuva babengabambisene beqembu le-Atahualpa phakathi nempi yombango yalesi siko elibalulekile.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amaInca ayethanda ukulawula amaChincha kunezindawo zawo, egcina ukuphathwa nomthelela wohwebo lwasolwandle. Ama-Inca ahlasela, adiliza futhi abusa isiko nomnotho weChimú, azinza enyakatho yezwe lasePeruvia cishe ngo-1470, enikeza ukulawula le ndawo yokuhweba kumaChincha. Lezi zindawo, eziseduze kakhulu nezindawo ze-Inca ezindaweni eziphakeme, zavumela indlela elula kakhulu, ukufinyelela eminye imizila yokuhweba ngakho-ke ububanzi obukhulu bemisebenzi yabo.
Ukunqotshwa kweSpanishi
IsiGodi saseChincha, esivundile futhi esiphumelelayo, satholwa abanqobi ngo-1534, futhi umkhankaso wokuqala wama-Dominican Roman Catholic wasungulwa kulawo mazwe cishe ngo-1542.
Njengasezindaweni eziningi zomdabu, ukufika kwabantu baseSpain e-Chincha kumelele ukufa nokushabalala. Izakhamuzi zalombuso onamandla zathonywa isiphithiphithi nesiyaluyalu esasimelelwe yilombuso wangaphandle owafika uziphoqelela futhi owaletha nawo, ngaphezu kokufuna ukuvelela ngokweqile, izifo eziningi ezaqeda abantu bomdabu.
Abacwaningi balinganisela ukuthi amaphesenti angamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nesishiyagalolunye abomdabu baleli siko anyamalala eminyakeni yokuqala engamashumi ayisishiyagalombili yokubuswa kwamakoloni kanye nokubusa kweSpain, ngakho lo mbuso onamandla awuphindanga walulama.
Inhlangano yomphakathi
Umphakathi wamaChincha wawungowezikhundla futhi kucatshangwa ukuthi wawunokuthambekela kwezempi. Yahlukaniswa yaba izigaba zomphakathi ezazibuswa inkosi noma I-Chinchaycamac. Ngakho-ke uhlelo lwabo lukahulumeni lwaziwa ngokuthi yi-manor, lapho i- I-Chinchaycamac, uhlela, uqondise futhi unqume isiphetho sezakhamizi zemiphakathi yazo.
Ulimi
Kunemibono ethile ebonisa ukuthi ulimi lwesiQuechua luvela esikweni lamaChincha, elahlala e-Andes nasogwini lwasePeru nase-Ecuador.
Abanye, ngokuphambene nalokho, baqinisekisa ukuthi yazalelwa ezindaweni ezimaphakathi nePeru, isakaza ngenxa yomsebenzi wezohwebo futhi yamukelwa ngamanye amasiko, okuhlanganisa isiko lamaChincha. Laba base besabalalisa nakwezinye izindawo eziningi ezazingaphakathi komzila wabo wokuhwebelana. Kungenzeka ukuthi amaChincha ayekhuluma ulimi lwesigodi lwesiQuechua, olwaziwa ngokuthi i-Iy Yunkai Quechua.
Inkolo
Isiko lamaChincha, cishe njengawo wonke amasiko angaphambi kwe-Columbian, ayekholelwa kunkulunkulu abaningi futhi ezwa inhlonipho nokuhlonipha amandla emvelo. Unkulunkulu wayo oyinhloko kwakunguChinchaycámac, nokho akukho ukumelwa kwakhe okubonwayo.
Umnotho
Umnotho waseChincha ugxile kwezolimo, ukudoba kanye nemisebenzi yezohwebo. Bahlanganisa imizila emikhulu yezohwebo, ngenxa yoxhaxha lwemigwaqo eyayihlanganisa isigodi futhi idlulela ngalé kwemingcele yaso. Nokho, okwakumangalisa nakakhulu kwakuwukuhweba olwandle, izindlela zohwebo zazibaluleke kakhulu kunezasemhlabeni.
Izindlela zabo nezindlela zabo zokuhamba, kanye nobuchwepheshe ababuthuthukisa, zabavumela ukuba bahlanganise imizila emide eya enyakatho naseningizimu, bafinyelele eMelika Ephakathi, lapho amagobolondo e-Spondylus atholakala khona kokunye ukumba, i-mollusk ehlala e-Ecuador nasePeru, igobolondo layo. yayisetshenziselwa ubucwebe, izesekeli, imihlobiso yomngcwabo, njll.
Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi kungenzeka kube nomzila wokudayiswa kwe-Spondylus ngokusebenzisa i-Pacific futhi okuhlanganisa amadolobha asuka eMichoacán (Mexico), eMelika Ephakathi, eColombia nase-Ecuador, efinyelela emazweni asePeruvia.
Baphinde baklomelise lokho okubizwa ngokuthi unxantathu wezohwebo ohlanganisa ithafa laseCollao, ugu olumaphakathi nendawo yasePeruvia kanye nendawo esenyakatho yesizwe sase-Ecuador. Imikhiqizo edayiswayo ihlanganisa inyama eyomisiwe, uboya. izinsimbi njll Ithonya labo lezentengiselwano ladlulela nasezindaweni ze-Inca, kudala ngaphambi kokuba babambisane.
Mayelana nezolimo, bathuthukise amakhono amaningi kanye nobuchwepheshe, ukulima okusha kanye nezinhlelo zokunisela. Balungisa indawo yokutshala, bayivundisa nge-guano, ingxenye encane evela ekunqwabeleni ubulongwe obuvela kumalulwane, izinyoni nezimvu zamanzi, kanye nengxube yenhlabathi nezilwane ezifile.
Izinkulumo zobuciko nobuchwepheshe
Lapho behlala esigodini, ama-chinchas athuthukisa amasu namakhono amaningi acebile futhi ahlukahlukene, okufana nendaba yemisebenzi yabo yezakhiwo, i-ceramics, navigation, njll.
Ukuzulazula kuhlobene
Babebonakala ngokuba amatilosi amakhulu nokuthuthukisa amasu amaningi ayenza iphephe. Baphinde baklama futhi bakha izikebhe ezinkulu ezinoseyili. Isikebhe ngasinye sasithwala abantu abangaba amashumi amabili, kanye nempahla. Kuthiwa laba basolwandle bafinyelela ezingxenyeni ezithile zeMelika Ephakathi njengengxenye yemizila yabo yezohwebo.
I-Cerámica
Amasampula e-ceramic avela kusiko lwe-Chincha agcina ithonya lawo elisuka esikweni lama-Nazca, ikakhulukazi ekusebenziseni imibala ukuhlobisa kanye nobujamo bejometri, obufana kakhulu nobendwangu. imiphakathi esogwini nalabo abahlala ezindaweni eziphakeme zasePeruvia nasezindaweni ezizungezile.
Izingcezu zivame ukupendwe ngamathoni amnyama kanye ne-carmine abomvu, abonisa imiklamo yejometri, ama-rhombuses, ama-zig-zag, imibuthano, ehlelwe ngemigqa. Ezinye zazihlotshiswe ngemidwebo yezilwane, ngokuvamile izinkawu noma izinyoni, kodwa lokhu kwakungavamile kakhulu.
Izitsha, ikakhulukazi lezo ezisetshenziswa emikhosini, zaziwugqinsi, ziluhlaza ngandlela thize, futhi zinomlomo obanzi ophumele ngaphandle.
Ezinye izingcezu zazihlotshiswe nangezinye izimo nezinhlobo zezilwane eziyinqaba ezinemilenze emine efana nenja noma ikati kanti ezinye zifana nokuma kwenyoni enoqhwaku olugobile.
Isitayela sezitsha zobumba zaseChincha saba nomthelela emasikweni angomakhelwane, isibonelo, ezitsheni ze-Cañete kuvame kakhulu ukubona into yesitayela. Ngokusho kwamaqoqo atholakala ekumbiweni okwenziwa ezindaweni ezahlukene zesigodi, isibonelo, eTambo de Mora, ama-ceramics e-Chincha ahlukaniswe izigaba ezimbili:
- I Chincha-kamuva, lapho kungekho ubudlelwano noma ithonya ngesitayela Incas.
- II Chincha-kamuva, ehlotshaniswa noma yathonywa ngandlela thize nezinhlobo zama-Inca.
Zonke izingcezu ngaphambi kwalezi zigaba zaziwa nge-Proto-Chincha, okungukuthi, ngaphambi kwama-Chincha noma ngaphambi kwama-Chincha.
Izakhiwo
Isiko lamaChincha, njengamanye asogwini lwasePeruvia, asebenzisa i-adobe ekwakhiweni kwawo kwezakhiwo, ezitholakala ikakhulukazi ngasezigodini zaseChincha, Tambo de Mora, Lurincincha naseSan Pedro, izindawo ezazihlalisa lezi zikhungo ezokuphatha nemikhosi.
Isikhungo sawo esiyinhloko nesampula yezakhiwo sasibizwa ngokuthi i-Huaca La Centinela, indawo lapho kwakuhlala khona izinkulungwane zabomdabu nalapho kwakukhona inethiwekhi yemigwaqo nemigwaqo emikhulu eyayinwebeka kuso sonke isigodi nangale kwalokho, phakathi kweminyaka engu-900 no-1450 ngemva kukaKristu.
Yakhiwe nge-adobe endaweni ebabazekayo, umbhoshongo omkhulu obizwa ngokuthi iSentinel kwakuyindawo lapho abaholi be-chincha babehlala khona, kanye nokuba isikhungo semikhosi, esizungezwe amanye amaphiramidi amancane, kodwa abukeka ngendlela efanayo, ehlukaniswa izindonga nemigudu emincane.
Lezi zakhiwo kwakuyizigodlo zezicukuthwane zaseChincha futhi zazakhiwe ngamapulatifomu aphakeme, angaphezulu angamakamelo kanye namapulangwe abalulekile. Ezinyaweni zayo kwakunendawo enkulu yokuhlala lapho abantu bomdabu bemisebenzi ehlukahlukene: abalimi, abadwebi bezandla, abadobi, njll., babechitha khona izinsuku zabo.
Isikhuhlu
Kuvame kakhulu ukwenza imifanekiso yokhuni ehlotshiswe ngemihlobiso ehlukene, ngokuvamile yamaphini okuqondisa umkhumbi, izigwedlo noma amathuluzi okusebenza ezweni.
Kukhona izingcezu ezisagcina imibala, ebomvu, eluhlaza, eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ephuzi, yamathoni ansomi, phakathi kwabanye. Isibonelo ezinye izigwedlo, ziningilize kakhulu ezikala phakathi kwemitha elilodwa namabili. Ukubaza kwenziwa okhunini olulodwa, okubonisa ngokucacile izingxenye ezintathu.
- Ifosholo: enesimo esingunxande, esiyisicaba futhi esibushelelezi, akuvamile ukuba ibe nemidwebo noma imidwebo.
- Isibambo kanye nesiphetho: ziqoshiwe noma zivulekile, zinezibalo zabantu ezithambile nezicophelelayo, izilwane ezinjengezinyoni nezinhlanzi, nobujamo bejometri. Kukhona ezinye izigwedlo ezinamagobolondo kanye neminye imihlobiso egxilile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezibalo zabantu ezincane namakhanda angalingani, afana nokuqoshwa kwezigwedlo, lezi ngokuvamile ziyizicaba, azinawo umthamo omkhulu.
Ezinye izingcezu, okucatshangwa ukuthi ziyizigxobo ezisetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa okuhloswe ukwenza imikhosi yenkolo, ziveza umfanekiso oqoshiwe ekugcineni kwebha, isidalwa esinezici zomuntu, kanye nezimfoloko, iziqu noma izinti ezimise okuka-Y ezisebenza amagatsha okusekela. , ama-slats, njll nokuthi nazo zaziqoshwe ngobuso.
izindwangu
Basebenza ikakhulukazi ukotini, ngethonya elithile leNazca neParaca, benza izingcezu ezinhle, ezithambile neziyinkimbinkimbi. Imiklamo nemibala efana naleyo esetshenziswa ezitsheni zobumba igqamile, ngokuvamile i-geometric, yomuntu kanye ne-zoomorphic.
Ukutholwa nokutadisha isiko Chincha
Phakathi nenqubo yokunqoba iSpanishi nokuba amakoloni amazwe asePeruvia, abalobi baseYurophu bashiya ulwazi ngamasiko athile, kuhlanganise namaChincha. Eminye yemibhalo isho umbuso endaweni yesigodi kanye nenkosi eyayikhona eCajamarca, lapho umbusi wama-Inca, u-Atahualpa, athunjwa futhi wabulawa khona.
Nokho, intshisekelo ocwaningweni lwalo mphakathi okukhulunywe ngabo babhali, ibonakala ngesikhathi umvubukuli waseJalimane uMax Uhle, owahlela izinkambo ezimbalwa eMelika, enza imivubukulo ethile kuleyo ndawo futhi ethola amasampula avusa isithakazelo sokutadisha lelo siko. Columbian
Ekuqaleni ezazibhekwa njenge-proto-archaeology, kwakuyizifundo zokuqala zamasiko omdabu ePeru ezafakwa esenzweni ngamaqembu ahlukene abantu ababenesithakazelo esikhethekile ezintweni zakudala zamasiko okuqala, phakathi kwekhulu le-XNUMX nele-XNUMX.
Amaqembu e-expeditionary ezimweni eziningi ayenziwe izakhamuzi, ezenkolo nezempi, ezazifuna ukuphenya futhi zisondele kulawa masiko, ngenhloso yokuwazi nokufunda, ezibheka njengamaphayona esayensi yemivubukulo ePeru.
Izingcezu ezitholwe ngenxa yokumbiwa zabonwa futhi ukumelwa kwesithombe, imidwebo nemidwebo yamahhala yenziwa, ehambisana nezincazelo.
Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, iningi laliholwa abantu abakhanyiselwe abavela ezwekazini elidala, ababengathakazeli nje kuphela isayensi yezesayensi yezitshalo nezwe, kodwa nasezindaweni zasendulo nezinye izinhlobo zezifundo zomhlaba wonke.
Isithakazelo esinjalo sabaholela ekubeni bangene ezindaweni eziqhelile, njengezintaba zase-Andean, izindawo eziwugwadule, izigodi namathafa asePeruvia.
Siphakamisa ezinye izixhumanisi ezivela kubhulogi yethu, okungenzeka uzithakasele: