Ngezikhathi zangaphambi kweColumbian, amaZapotec ayengenye yezimpucuko ezibaluleke kakhulu eMesoamerica, eyaziwa nangokuthi isiko laseMonte Albán; ukuqala kwayo ngokwengxenye kwakuthonywe ama-Olmec. Ngalesi sihloko, sikumema ukuthi ufunde okwengeziwe mayelana AmaZapotec nokuningi
Zapotec Culture
Enye yezimpucuko ezithuthuke kakhulu eMesoamerica ngesikhathi sangaphambi kweColumbian kwakuyisiko lamaZapotec, nakuba umsuka walo ungakacaci, amaZapotec ayekholelwa ukuthi ayeyinzalo yamafu, ngakho-ke, njengabantwana abaqondile bonkulunkulu, bazibiza ngokuthi abantu abahlala emafini noma “binni záa”; isidlaliso esasiphinde sibhekisele nokuhlala kwabo ezintabeni eziphakeme. Lesi siko sithuthuke phakathi kuka-500 BC kanye no-800 AD, sishiya ubufakazi benqubekelaphambili yayo ngethonya elikhulu laseTeotihuacan.
Abantu bokuqala abangamaZapotec bazinza ezifundeni ezinezintaba zesifunda samanje saseMexico i-Oaxaca, futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi basakazekela eGuerrero, ePuebla nase-Isthmus yaseTehuantepec. Ngobuchule, amaZapotec akhetha igquma lendawo echumayo ukuze akhe indlunkulu yawo eyinhloko: i-Monte Albán, okwathi ngenxa yendawo yayo engamamitha angu-400 ngaphezu kwezinga lesigodi nezakhiwo zaso ezimangalisayo, yabonisa amandla ayo. Cishe ngo-750 AD C. isiko lamaZapotec lawa ngokusetshenziswa kweMixtec.
Izindawo zokuhlala e- Zapotec
AmaZapotec azinza esigodini sase-Oaxaca, amakhilomitha angu-200 eningizimu yeDolobha laseMexico lanamuhla; indlunkulu yayo eyinhloko kwakuyi-Monte Albán, eqhele ngamakhilomitha angu-10 ukusuka edolobheni lase-Oaxaca, okwakuyindawo ebalulekile kusukela lapho ungabona izigodi (iqoqo lezigodi ezintathu zemifula). Inhloko-dolobha yayinezakhiwo ezintekenteke ezimise okwephiramidi zezakhiwo ezingcwele, amathuna nezimakethe.
AmaZapotec asungula izindawo zokuhlala eziningana ezibalulekile, ezahlukaniswa zaba amadolobha amathathu: isigodi, izintaba, naseningizimu. Bakwazi ukuzibophezela kulezi zindawo ngobudlelwano obuseduze obukhiqizayo nempucuko yase-Olmec ogwini oluseningizimu yeGulf, ngokuvinjezelwa kwezempi nokuboshwa kwabaholi abayizimbangi abavela emadolobheni aseduze. Cishe ngo-900 AD C. idolobha laseZapotec iMitla (esigodini sase-Oaxaca) laba elibaluleke kakhulu, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ngokwakhiwa kwalo elinezakhiwo eziwubukhazikhazi ezihlelwe eduze kwamaplaza.
I-Zapotec: Inhlangano Yezenhlalakahle
Njengakwezinye izimpucuko zangaphambi kwe-Hispanic, le mpucuko yayimelwe ukuhlukaniswa komphakathi okuphawulekayo:
- Umbusi noma uGocquitao: wayeyisithunywa phambi konkulunkulu endizeni yasemhlabeni kanye nompristi omkhulu.
- Abadala: eyakhiwe ngabapristi, amasosha kanye nabathengisi, ababegcina amandla abo ngemishado nezihlobo zababusi bezindawo ezinqotshiwe.
- Izingcweti: okukhethekile emisebenzini yamatshe, ama-looms kanye ne-ceramics.
- Abalimi: babenesimiso sokunisela esithuthukisiwe, esasibavumela ukuba bakhiqize ukudla okuningi, njengommbila.
Inhlangano Yezepolitiki YamaZapotec
Izizwe zaseZapotec zazibonakala ngentuthuko yezempi eyabavumela ukuba banwebe isiko labo, ngaphansi komyalo wombuso wenkolo. Amadolobha abaluleke kakhulu ale mpucuko kwaba: IMonte Albán, Yagul, Teotitlán kanye neZaachila, abakwazile ukubusa ngobudlelwano bezentengiselwano nama-Olmec angomakhelwane, kanye nokunqotshwa kwezempi nokuthunjwa kwababusi abayizimbangi zamadolobha angomakhelwane.
Ulimi
Isiko lamaZapotec lalisebenzisa ulimi olukhulu, okungukuthi, ulimi olwakhiwa izilimi zesigodi eziningana ezazingaqondakali phakathi kwazo. Lokhu kwakungenxa yobudlelwano obuseduze bezohwebo eyayinabo namadolobha athile angomakhelwane, njengama-Olmec, amaTeotihuacans namaMayans.
AmaZapotec adala indlela yawo yokubhala, esekelwa izimpawu nezimpawu, eziqoshwe ematsheni, ezakhiweni nasemathuneni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bakha isimiso sezinombolo esimelelwa amaphuzu nemigoqo, abasichaza onyakeni wezinsuku ezingamakhulu amabili namashumi ayisithupha futhi esasiyoba isisekelo sekhalenda lamaMayan nama-Aztec.
Inkolo
Inkolo yamaZapotec yabonakala ngokuthi amaZapotec ayekholelwa kunkulunkulu abaningi, ekholelwa ukuthi ukudalelwa komuntu kuhlobene nesilwane. Ngokusho kwalokhu, babevame ukubeka umlotha endlini yomntwana, ukuze umkhondo wesilwane esithile esizokwenza ubuntu bomntwana. Babebahlonipha futhi bebahlonipha abafileyo babo, ababebangcwaba emigqonyeni yobumba futhi behlotshiswa ngeminikelo, base beza bezokwakha amathempeli okungcwaba. Unkulunkulu wabo oyinhloko kwakungu-Xipe Totec, uhlobo lukaZiqu-zintathu owakhiwa:
- I-Totec: unkulunkulu ophakeme owayebabusa.
- Xipe: lowo owazala konke okungakuzungezile.
- tlatlauhaqui: unkulunkulu welanga.
Onkulunkulu abahlukene besiko laseZapotec babehlotshaniswa nezimo zemvelo, izilwane noma impilo yansuku zonke eyayimelwe kanje:
- I-Pitao Cocijo: unkulunkulu wokuduma nemvula, owenziwe samuntu ngenhlanganisela yezici zenyoka, i-jaguar nezingwenya.
- pitao cozobi: unkulunkulu wommbila osemusha, omelelwe ngesifihla-buso sesilwane, esisikwe ngemininingwane yezimpaphe nezikhwebu zombila.
- Coqui Bezelao: unkulunkulu wokufa kanye nomhlaba ongaphansi.
- Xonaxi Quecuya: kubonakale ukuzamazama komhlaba.
- Pitao Cozana: wayengunkulunkulu wamadlozi.
- Picique Zina: Walingisa ilulwane elihlotshaniswa nobumnyama, ukufa, nokunqunywa kwekhanda.
Umnotho
Umnotho waleli siko nomsebenzi walo ubulawulwa yi-agronomy, ukuzingela, ukuvuna, ukudoba kanye nemisebenzi yezandla. Bathuthukela ezindleleni zokutshala ophahleni oluyizitezi, okwabanikeza isivuno esihle sombila, amathanga, utamatisi kanye noshokoledi.
Uhlelo lokuhweba lwaseZapotec lwalusekelwe eqinisweni lokuthi umuzi ngamunye wawusebenza njengenhlangano ekhiqizayo; ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhweba kwenzeka emakethe, lapho kwakusetshenziswa ummbila noma ikhofi njengemali. Izixhumanisi zezohwebo namanye amadolobha futhi, ikakhulukazi, nama-Olmec aholele isiko laseZapotec ukuthi libe isikhungo se-axis yaseMesoamerican.
Enye impahla ebalulekile yomnotho walo mphakathi ukuthi isizwe ngasinye sinendawo ekhethekile kwezomnotho. Esifundeni sasesigodini, izindwangu zobumba nobhasikidi zakhiqizwa ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zemicu yemifino, futhi izindwangu zesikhumba nezokotini zenziwa ngasenyakatho yolwandle.
Ukusebenza koMnotho weZapotec
Iqembu lesizwe samaZapotec ngokuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokunisela nezokutshala emithambekeni yezintaba zobhontshisi nommbila, kanye nemisele esezindaweni eziyisicaba ukuze bathole izithelo nemifino ethile; futhi lokho okwakuyingxenye encane emnothweni waseZapotec kwaba ibhizinisi elinenzuzo enkulu.
Kusukela kubathengi, baba abakhiqizi abakhulu, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukusebenzisa olunye uchungechunge lwezenzo, futhi ngezinga elikhulu, njengokushintshana kwezimpahla ezingaveli, kanye nokuthengisa, okuthuthukisiwe nakakhulu uhlelo lwezomnotho lwaseZapotec. . Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amaZapotec asebenza ngesikhathi esifanayo imboni yohlobo lwezobuciko, elinganiselwe ekukhiqizeni izitsha zobumba kanye nokulungiswa kwemicu yendwangu.
Le migqa kanye nezolimo ngezinga elikhulu kwaze kwaholela ekucacisweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwethusi lensimbi elinomfanekiso we-T. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, siyabona ukuthi umnotho waseZapotec uzihloniphe ngokugcwele izimiso zesistimu yezomnotho yeqiniso: ukusetshenziswa kwempahla. , ukwenziwa kwezimpahla, ukusatshalaliswa kanye nokumaketha okulandelayo. Mhlawumbe lokhu kukhula okusheshayo, kanye nezici zesimo sezulu kanye nezinqubomgomo ezibuthakathaka zezomnotho, kubangele ukwehla kwesiko laseZapotec ekuweni okuphelele kwale mpucuko.
Ukubonakaliswa kobuciko
Isiko lamaZapotec lalinamasiko ahlukahlukene, abonakala ngokuhluka kakhulu ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene, njengalezi:
Izakhiwo
Babehlukaniswa ngomsebenzi wabo wokudweba ngamatshe ekukhululekeni okuphansi njengezinto zokuhlobisa izakhiwo; kwakubuye kubonakale ngokusetshenziswa okuningi kwe-mosaic, umsebenzi ovulekile, amapulangwe kanye nemidwebo yasendongeni njengemihlobiso. Eningini lendalo yakhe, izigcawu zempi nemihlatshelo zazivame kakhulu.
Ukwakhiwa kwamavolumu amafushane ohlobo oluvundlile nakuma-engeli angakwesokudla, kufakazela ubuhlakani obukhulu ekuphathweni kwendawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, baqala ukusebenzisa izinsika ze-monolithic njengezisekelo zophahla oluyisicaba.
ubuciko bomngcwabo
Benza izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi zemingcwabo ngama-vestibules, amakamelo namakamelo, ahlotshiswe ngemidwebo yasendongeni; Ngaphezu kwalokho, bapende imibhobho yobumba ngemibala ehlukene njengophuzi, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, omhlophe, obomvu nomnyama.
I-Cerámica
Kwakuwuhlobo lwe-utilitarian kanye nokuhlobisa kwemikhuba nokungcwaba; basebenzisa amasu athuthukile ukuze baqophe imikhumbi enemifanekiso yabantu noma yezilwane. Ekuqaleni basebenzisa ubumba olumpunga olupholishiwe, kamuva bashintsha baba osawolintshi ngemiklamo yokuhlobisa. Izithombe zobumba ezenziwe ngobuhle obukhulu kanye nesithombe sikankulunkulu u-Pitao Cocijo nazo zagqama.
Izithombe ezibaziwe
Izithombe eziqoshiwe zalesi siko, ziyingxenye eyengeziwe yezakhiwo zayo ezinqenqemeni, amathuna kanye ne-stelae, zazuza umnikelo obalulekile wobuciko, ohlukaniswa ngokuhlanganiswa konkulunkulu noma abapristi ababekwe njengezipho emathuneni.
Igama eliphakeme kakhulu lesithombe se-Zapotec lenziwe samuntu esitsheni se-Los Danzantes, esisendaweni yesikwele esinesichasiso esifanayo e-Monte Albán.
Ukubhala
Umbhalo ovezwa yilesi siko wawunohlobo oluthile lohlamvu ngalunye noma igama lolimi lwalo, olwakhiwe ngezimpawu noma imibhalo yamagama. Ngesikhathi sokuloba, babesebenzisa izinto ezingavuthiwe ezinjengokhuni, indwangu, iphepha, uboya, ngisho namatshe aqoshiwe, amagobolondo, amathambo nezitsha zobumba. Babevame ukuxoxa izindaba zokuphila kwansuku zonke neziqephu zempi.
Izembatho
Izingubo ezisetshenziswa yilaba bantu baseMesoamerica, ngaphambi kokuba abaseSpain bafike kula mazwe, zazibonakala emifanekisweni yasendulo. Siyabona ukuthi amaZapotec abo bobabili ubulili ayevame ukugcina ithorax noma isifuba sawo singamboziwe, okungukuthi, sisobala. Lapho babegqoka khona okokukhanya ukuze bavale isitho sangasese, kwakusuka okhalweni kwehle. Amadoda ayegqoka i-maxtlatl noma i-mastate, uhlobo oluthile lwendwangu ekhalweni, kanti abesifazane babegqoka isiketi, esenziwe ngendwangu ye-rustic fiber ababezidaya yona.
Kunemibono ephikisanayo ngokuphathelene nazo zonke ezinye izilinganiso ezakha izingubo zamaZapotec, abaningi bagcizelela ukuthi babehlala ngaphandle kwezicathulo nanoma yiziphi izesekeli.
Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, ezinye izici zizofakwa engutsheni ye-Zapotec; Nakuba indwangu ekhalweni yayiwuhlobo oluyisisekelo lwezingubo zamadoda, izikhindi zangaphansi ezihlangene zangena esikhundleni sazo kusukela ngekhulu le-XNUMX. Izingubo zabesifazane zizocetshiswa, okokuqala ngokusetshenziswa kwe-enredos, okudaywe ngamadayi emvelo, kanye nama-huipiles ase-rustic nesizotha.
I-decorum yenkolo yaseSpain, kanye nezinye iziqondiso zalesi sintu, zizokwazi ukwengeza ezinye izingubo ezingutsheni zeZapotec. I-huipil eqedwe kakhulu noma i-bidaani, equkethe isikwele esingenamikhono esiphezulu; ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwamapitikoti noma i-bizuudi kwenziwa nsuku zonke kwabesifazane. Kucatshangwa ukuthi abesifazane abakha isigaba esihloniphekile sesiko laseZapotec babegqoke izingubo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwama-earmuffs nemigexo njengemihlobiso.
Ukuqanjwa kokuzalwa kwengane phakathi komphakathi wase-Zapotec, ngaphansi kwesitayela esihle kakhulu, kungakhuthaza abesifazane ukuthi babonakale, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwalabo bomdabu wase-Isthmian, ababefuna ukuluka ama-motifs ase-Mesoamerica abe yingubo ye-Zapotec. nalabo bamanye amasiko angaphandle.
Ikhalenda laseZapotec
Enye yezinto ezikhangayo zesiko laseZapotec, ngokungangabazeki, ukubonwa nokubalwa kwesikhathi ngokusekelwe ezikhathini zezinkanyezi, ngenxa yalokhu basebenzisa amakhalenda amabili:
- Uyaphuza: kwakuyikhalenda lezenkolo nelemikhosi, elathatha izinsuku ezingu-260, lasakazwa ezinyangeni ezingu-13.
- yza: Isingathwa ngemisebenzi yezolimo neyezombangazwe, yayinezinsuku ezingama-365 nezinyanga eziyi-18 ngokususelwa kumjikelezo welanga.
Inyanga ngayinye yayinezinsuku ezingu-20 futhi ekugcineni zibe nezinsuku ezi-5 ezengeziwe zokuqeda unyaka. Nakuba isinyathelo sekhalenda sabelwe amaMeya, kwakungamaZapotec ayesisebenzisa ngaphambili.
Isiko laseZapotec namuhla
Njengamanje, kusekhona abantu abathile baseZapotec ezigodini eziseningizimu ye-Oaxaca nase-Isthmus of Tehuantepec, nokho, naphezu kokuthi beyinkolo yamaKatolika, balondoloza imikhuba ethile yokhokho babo.
Ulimi lwaseZapotec luyingxenye yomlando oyinganekwane, njengoba luphakathi kwezilimi zomdabu ezikhulunywa kakhulu eMexico. Emasikweni amakhulu anezimpande ezijulile, kunemikhosi eminingana yemvelo yenkolo efana nale:
- I-Las Velas, iwumsebenzi ogcwele imibala ogujwa phakathi kukaMeyi 17 no-24 unyaka ngamunye, uvuza izinzuzo zosanta abahlukene eSontweni LamaKatolika.
- Usuku Lwabafileyo luwumkhosi oyinhloko walesi siko, ogujwa izinsuku eziyisishiyagalolunye, kusukela ngo-Okthoba 22 kuya kuNovemba 1, okuthi, ngokwamasiko abo, ukufa kusho ukudlulela kwelinye izwe.
- I-Lunes del Cerro, umgubho obonisa isenzo sokupha, ngalo mqondo, umnikelo uqukethe imidanso nezingoma ezibizwa ngokuthi i-Guelaguetza, ezinikezwa ababambiqhaza.
Iminikelo Yesiko Zapotec
Isiko lamaZapotec lathonywa ama-Olmec; nokho, impucuko yaseZapotec yayikwazi ukucwenga ukuhlakanipha okuzuziwe futhi ifinyelele ukuphakama okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezokwakha, ubuciko, ukuphrinta, nezimboni. Eminye yeminikelo emikhulu emiphakathini yakamuva ihlanganisa:
- Ummbila njengomkhiqizo oyinhloko.
- Uhlelo lokunisela oluthuthukisiwe.
- Ukwakhiwa kwesistimu yayo yokubhala.
- Ukudalwa kwekhalenda.
- Ukwakhiwa kwesistimu yedijithali.
Uma uthole lesi sihloko esivela e-Los Zapotecas sithakazelisayo, sikumema ukuthi ujabulele lezi ezinye: