Njengamanje, leli dolobhana lase-Andean laseNingizimu Melika linezakhamuzi ezingaba yizigidi ezi-3 ezindaweni ezahlukene zaleli zwekazi, umlando walo uhlehlela emuva eminyakeni engaba ngu-10.000 XNUMX njengenzalo yama-Inca. Ngalesi sihloko, sikumema ukuthi ufunde okwengeziwe ngaleli dolobha kanye ne Isiko lama-Aymara.
Isiko lama-Aymara
Futhi njenge-Aimara noma i-Aymará, iyisizwe somdabu noma sendabuko saseNingizimu Melika esithathe ngokukhethekile indawo yethafa lase-Andean eLake Titicaca cishe iminyaka eyi-10.000 (inkathi yangaphambi kwe-Columbian), inweba phakathi kwentshonalanga yeBolivia, engxenyeni esenyakatho. insimu yase-Argentina, eningizimu-mpumalanga yePeru nasenyakatho yeChile; Aphinde abizwe ngokuthi ama-Collas, kodwa akufanele ahlanganiswe neqembu lesizwe legama elifanayo elihlala enyakatho yeChile nasenyakatho ye-Argentina, noma negama elithi Colla elisetshenziselwa ukuchaza izakhamuzi zasentshonalanga yeBolivia.
Kusukela ekuhlonipheni iPachamama, kanye nomqondo oqinile wokubhalelana naye; Lena yindlela lesi siko eliye laba ukusekelwa kwezenhlalo nezomnotho koMbuso Wama-Inca. Eqinisweni, laba bomdabu basebenzisa isimiso sama-ayni, indlela yokusizana phakathi kwamakhosi ama-Aymara, eyakhiwe imikhaya emikhulu; lapho ukufaneleka kuhlanganisa ukupha hhayi ukuqongelela, okuyinto ngokusobala eyakha ithonya emphakathini.
Umnotho walesi siko uchazwe ngokuzinikezela kwawo ekwaluseni, ekuthuthukiseni izindwangu kanye nezolimo, lapho bahlakulela khona umkhuba we-chuño noma amazambane aphelelwe amanzi, ukudla okungagcinwa iminyaka engaphezu kwe-15; Ngokufanayo, baye bakwazi ukuphila kuze kube namuhla, ngenxa yokungaguquguquki kolimi lwabo lwesi-Aymara.
I-Denomination
Umqondo wegama elithi "Aymara" wavela ngempela phakathi nekoloni, futhi ngaphandle kwezimo ezingavamile awuzange usetshenziselwe ukuhlonza ngokwezenhlalo nezombusazwe iqembu labantu kulesi sifunda sase-Andean. Ukuqondanisa kwezenhlalo nezepolitiki, izizwe eziyiqiniso ngekhulu leshumi nanhlanu neshumi nesithupha (imibuso yama-Aymara), zahlanganiswa ngaphansi kwesihlonzi esithi "Aymara", ngezinhloso zomnotho, kodwa kugcinwe amagama okuqala ukuchaza, ngokwesibonelo, izinhlangano zezepolitiki ezifanele kakhulu ngokuya ngokuguquguquka. izithakazelo zezomnotho. , zesonto noma ezokuphatha zekoloni.
Ngisho noma i-encommienda ye-"Aymara" icatshangelwa indawo yokuphatha ye-colonial yase-La Paz, imiklamo yendawo yomdabu efana ne-Carangas, i-Soras, i-Casallas, i-Aullagas, i-Uruquillas, i-Azanaques ne-Las Quillas, isetshenziselwa indawo ye-La Plata ngisho Ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili asikho isigaba sezepolitiki esihlonzwe njenge "Aymara" yikoloni. Ngaleso sikhathi, umbhishobhi waseLa Paz ugcina inhlangano yokuphatha, esebenzisa amagama okuqala eSicasica, Pacajes, Omasuyos, Larecaja, Paucarcolla kanye neChucuito.
Kwakunemiphakathi eminingana eyayixhumana nalolu limi lokhokho, futhi eyayiyingxenye yombuso wama-Inca. Ngokunjalo, bathole ubunikazi babo ngegama mbumbulu elithi qullasuyu (eliphinde lihlonzwe ngokuthi i-collasuyo). Lawa madolobha kwakuyi: Aullaga, Larilari, Charcas, Umasuyus, Quillaca, Pacasa, phakathi kwamanye. Isazi se-anthropologist saseBolivia u-Xavier Albó, sizwakalise:
"Ukwenziwa komuntu siqu kwama-Aymara njengomndeni ovamile, nesifunda sawo solimi, ngokwezinga elikhulu kwaba ukutholakala kwengqikithi entsha yamakholoni, "eyabeka" ama-ayllus nemiphakathi ezweni lonke, ngezinhloso zezimali, kancane kancane yanciphisa ubudlelwano nokuthuthuka kwayo kwezinye imvelo kanye nokukhuthaza okuthize «okujwayelekile noma ama-lingua franca», ukuze kube lula ukuvangela.
Ngaleyo ndlela kuhlanganisa izifunda ezimbili ezinkulu zezilimi, esinye isiQuechua nesinye isi-Aymara; le nqubo yokujwayelanisa ubuwena olimini nasezindaweni ezivamile yasetshenziswa ikakhulukazi ekhulwini le-XNUMX.”
Umlando Wesiko Lama-Aymara
Umlando wokukhuphuka noma ukuqala kwesiko lama-Aymara udideke ngandlela thize, futhi kuye kwenziwa amaphepha ahlukene nokucatshangwa ngakho, kodwa ngemva kophenyo olujulile nokuqashelwa izazi ze-anthropologists, izifundiswa, izazi-mlando kanye nabavubukuli abafana noCarlos Ponce Sanginés kanye noMax Uhle, kwaqinisekiswa ngempumelelo ukuthi leli qembu lendabuko lizoba umlandeli wesiko le-Tiahuanaco, ezinye zezimpikiswano zalo ezinkulu yilezi ezilandelayo:
1. E-Tiahuanaco, bakhuluma ngolimi lwesi-Aymara, lena kwakuyijagoni evelele; ngakho-ke, umcabango wokuthi ulimi lwesiPuquina lwalukhulunywa ngesiTiahuanaco uzosekelwe eqinisweni lokuthi umbhali wemilando uReginaldo de Lizárraga wayemelela inani labantu basePuquina. Kodwa-ke, wenza iphutha ekubhaleni kwakhe okubhaliwe, emelela abantu basePuquina njengabaphumelelayo, izazi zezolimo nabalimi, befakazela lo mbono, njengoba ezolimo kanye nokuzalanisa izinkomo kwathuthukiswa eTiahuanaco.
Kodwa-ke, abanye ababhali bengosi abanjengoGuamán de Poma Ayala bangaveza ukuthi isizwe solimi lwama-puquina sasithobeke kakhulu kangangokuthi saze santula izingubo, lokhu kubonisa ukuthi i-Tiahuanaco ayizange ibuse ulimi lwe-puquina, njengoba ngesikhathi sokukhula kwayo lokhu. impucuko izobonisa ukunethezeka, njengoba kubonakala ezithombeni zayo zobumba, imifanekiso eqoshiwe kanye nezindwangu.
Kuphinde kwagcizelelwa ocwaningweni nasekuhloleni okwenziwa nguMax Uhle nabanye ababhali ekwandiseni i-Aymara ngesiko laseTiahuanaco; Ngokunjalo, isethi enkulu yamagama e-Aymara emahlathini aseBolivia abuswa yi-Tiahuanaco izovezwa.
2.Izinsalela zemivubukulo ezitholwe uCarlos Ponce Sangines zibonisa ukuthi iTiahuanaco yayizoba nengxabano yombango, impi eyayizoholela ekuhlakazweni kwalo mbuso emadolobheni amancane esifunda sase-Aymaras, njengoba kufakazelwa ukusungulwa kweTiahuanaco eCaquiaviri (Inhloko-dolobha yase-Aymaras). Señorío Aymara Packages).
Ngesikhathi sokukhula kwe-Tiahuanaco, yagcina inani elincane labantu, kodwa ekupheleni kwe-Tiahuanaco yayizokhula ngokuphawulekayo kanye nenani labantu, njengoba kuboniswa yi-ceramics yayo, okwathi ngesikhathi soMbuso Wase-Aymara, yayiyoba nencazelo yobumba be-Aymara - Tiahuanaco. , kodwa lokhu kuguquka kuzoshintsha kusuka ebumbeni bobuciko kuye ebukhosini be-Aymara, okubonisa ukuthi i-Tiahuanacota yayizothutha futhi yakhe imibuso yesifunda ngezwi elisekelwe kusiko lwe-Aymara yase-Tiahuanaco.
3. Amaphethini okuhlala afundwa nguJordán Albarracín, kusukela esikhathini esingemva kwe-Tiahuanaco, akhombisa ukufuduka kwamaTiahuanacotas aya ezindaweni ezingomakhelwane, lokhu kwaqinisekiswa kamuva ngu-Alan Kolata ocwaningweni lwemivubukulo olwenziwa ngo-2003, lwembula izingcezu zobumba ezihambelana namakhosi ase-Aymara. , ngesitayela esicacile se-Tiahuanacota futhi ngaphandle kwamathonya angaphandle, lesi sitsha sobumba sizodlula esikhathini soshintsho phakathi kwe-ceramics ye-Aymara nama-manors.
Tiwanaku Foundation
I-Tiahuanaco yasungulwa cishe ngo-1580 a. C., njengedolobhana elincane futhi laguqukela ekubeni yidolobha eliphakathi kuka-45 no-300, lathola amandla abalulekile esifundeni esiseningizimu ye-Andes. Ekukhulisweni kwalo okukhulu, idolobha lalilinganiselwa ku-6 km², futhi lalinabantu abaningi abangaba ngu-20.000.
Isitayela sayo se-ceramic sasiyingqayizivele, kusukela kuleso esatholakala kuze kube ngu-2006 eNingizimu Melika. Amatshe amakhulu atholakala endaweni ayisici esibalulekile; cishe amathani ayishumi, abawasika abe isikwele esibaziwe noma isimo esingunxande. Kodwa-ke, yabhidlika cishe ngo-1200, lapho idolobha lashiywa khona futhi nesitayela salo sobuciko sanyamalala nalo.
Ukubukeka kwama-Aymaras
Ngokunyamalala koMbuso WaseTiahuanaco, isifunda sahlukaniswa saba yizizwe zama-Aymara. Laba bahlonzwa ngamathuna abo adalwe ngamathuna asesimweni se-chullpa Towers; kukhona nezibiyelo ezibizwa ngokuthi i-pucará.
I-paradigm lezi zinhlanga eziye zalawulwa ngayo eyokuma mpo noma ukubusa phezu kwezitezi ezahlukene zemvelo ezigcina umnotho wazo unomphela. Akuzange kuboniswe empucukweni noma emasikweni ahlukene, isidingo kanye nokunamathiselwe okuphawulwe ngokobudlelwane nogu nezigodi njengoba kunjalo ngama-Aymara asezindaweni eziphakeme, yingakho isikhungo ngasinye se-puna silawulwa yi- ukwenziwa kwamakoloni kwezindawo ezisezindaweni ezizungezile ezitholakala ezindaweni eziphakeme ezihlukene nezinesimo sezulu esihlukahlukene.
Unkulunkulu oyinhloko walesi sizwe esikhuluma isi-Aymara kwakunguTunupa, unkulunkulu owesabekayo wezintaba-mlilo. Ngokwenhlonipho nangenhlonipho, benza iminikelo nabantu nemikhosi emikhulu. Ezifundweni zemivubukulo yale mpucuko e-Akapana, kutholwe izinto ezifana nezipho, izitsha zobumba, izingcezu zethusi, amathambo ezilwane zama-camelid kanye nokungcwatshwa kwabantu; Lezi zinto zitholwe ezingeni lokuqala nelesibili lephiramidi ye-Akapana, futhi izitsha zobumba zingezeSigaba III se-Tiahuanacota.
Phansi kwezinga eliyinhloko lika-Akapana, amadoda nabafana bahlukaniswa nogebhezi lwekhanda lungekho; lawa mathambo abantu atholakala ehlangene namathambo e-camelid ahlakazekile, kanye nezitsha zobumba. Ezingeni lesibili, kwatholakala isiqu somuntu esihlakazeke ngokuphelele; Ngokunjalo kutholwe abantu abangcwatshwayo abayi-10, abayisi-9 kubo kwakungamadoda. Le minikelo kuthiwa ingeyezipho ezinikezelwe ekwakhiweni kwephiramidi.
Ukuvinjezelwa kwamaInca
Maphakathi nekhulu le-9, umbuso wakwaColla wagcina indawo enkulu nenhloko-dolobha yawo iHatun-Colla. I-Inca Viracocha yangena endaweni, kodwa eyayibusa kwakuyindodana yakhe uPachacútec, umbusi we-Inca wesi-XNUMX. Njengoba nje amaColla ayesenyakatho, eningizimu kwakuneqembu likaCharca, elalinamaqembu amabili: AmaCaranga namaQuillacas azungeze iChibi iPoopó, namaCharcas ayehlala enyakatho yePotosí nengxenye yeCochabamba. UCharcas noCollas bakhuluma isi-Aymara.
Isiko elibambekayo le-Carangas libonisa amathuna amakhulu noma ama-chullpares, amanye awo aseneminonjana yombala ezindongeni zawo zangaphandle. Lapho ama-Inca ethatha amaCaranga, u-Huayna Cápac wawathatha waya nawo emsebenzini esigodini saseCochabamba njengemitimaes. Isithabathaba esibizwa ngeCharca, okwaxhunywa kuso iCara-cara, savinjezelwa amaInca ngesikhathi sikaTupac Inca Yupanqui futhi kwaholela ekunqotshweni kweQuito. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izakhamuzi zaseCara-cara zazingamaqhawe njengamaCharca, asaqhubeka nokulwa endaweni yawo ebizwa ngokuthi "iTinkus".
I-Inca Lloque Yupanqui yaqala ukuthatha indawo yase-Aymara ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, eyanwetshwa abamlandelayo kwaze kwaba maphakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX, futhi ekugcineni yaqedwa nguPachacútec lapho enqoba uChuchi Cápac. Kunoma ikuphi, kunenkolelo yokuthi ama-Inca aba nethonya elikhulu kuma-Aymara isikhathi esithile, njengoba izakhiwo zawo ama-Inca aziwa ngawo, zashintshwa ngokusobala ngendlela yaseTiahuanaco, futhi ekugcineni ama-Aymara agcina ukuzimela ngaphansi kwe-Inca. umbuso.
Ukubuyiselwa kwe-Aymara
Kamuva, ama-Aymara avela eningizimu yeTiticaca asukuma futhi ngemva kokuphikisa ukuhlasela kukaTupac Yupanqui kokuqala, wabuya namabutho engeziwe futhi ekugcineni wawanqoba.
Izakhamuzi zakhona zilinganiselwa phakathi kwesigidi esi-1 kuya kwezi-2 ngesikhathi soMbuso Wama-Inca, zaziyidolobha elikhulu lase-Collasuyo elinqoba entshonalanga yeBolivia, eningizimu yePeru, enyakatho yeChile nase-Argentina. Ngemva kokubusa kwamakoloni eSpain esikhathini esingaphansi kwekhulu leminyaka, cishe abasindile abangu-200.000 noma ngaphansi bacindezelwa; ngemva kokuthola inkululeko, abantu bakhona baqala ukusimama.
Njengamanje, iningi lama-Aymaras likhona endaweni yeChibi iTiticaca futhi liyingxenye eseningizimu yechibi. Indlunkulu yasemadolobheni yesifunda sase-Aymara yi-El Alto, idolobha elinezakhamuzi ezingu-750.000, futhi futhi eLa Paz isikhungo sokuphatha saseBolivia; Futhi, ama-Aymara amaningi ahlala futhi asebenza njengabalimi endaweni ezungezile ye-Altiplano.
Kulinganiselwa futhi ukuthi bangu-1.600.000 300.000 500.000 abantu baseBolivia abakhuluma isi-Aymara. Phakathi kuka-48.000 no-XNUMX abantu basePeru basebenzisa ulimi ezindaweni zasePuno, Tacna, Moquegua kanye ne-Arequipa. E-Chile, kunama-Aymara angaba ngu-XNUMX ezindaweni zase-Arica, Iquique nase-Antofagasta, kanti iqembu elincane litholakala ezifundazweni zase-Argentina iSalta neJujuy.
Ama-Aymaras asebenzisa uhlobo lwe-protokhipus, uhlelo lokubala oluyisisekelo lwe-mnemonic oluvamile ezizweni ezihlukahlukene zangaphambi kwe-Columbian, njengalezo zaseCaral-Supe naseWari (ngaphambi kwama-Aymara), nama-Inca. Akuqinisekwa ukuthi babelujabulela ulimi olubhalwayo, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi abanye, njengoWilliam Burns Glynn, bayangabaza ukuthi amaInca khipus ayengaba uhlobo lwayo.
Izibalo zabantu
Ama-Aymara atholakala emazweni amaningana aseningizimu yeMelika, ngaphansi kwezifundo zezibalo zabantu eziye zenziwa kule mpucuko emazweni ahlukene ayingxenye yemvelo yawo kanye nendawo okuhlalwa kuyo zizoboniswa, phakathi kwazo sinazo:
I-Aymara e-Argentina
I-Complementary Survey of Indigenous Peoples (ECPI) 2004-2005, ngaphezu kokubalwa kwabantu kuzwelonke ka-2001, iNdlu kanye neZindlu, ibe nomthelela ekuhlonzweni kanye/noma ekuqinisekiseni inzalo yokuqala yabantu bomdabu base-Aymara abangu-4.104. Ngonyaka ka-2010, ukubalwa kwabantu kuzwelonke kwembula ukuba khona kwabantu abangu-20.822 abazibiza ngokuthi bangama-Aymara ezweni lonke, okuhlanganisa:
- 9.606 edolobheni laseBuenos Aires,
- abangu-6.152 ezifundazweni zaseBuenos Aires,
- 773 eJujuy,
- 358 eNeuquen,
- 326 eTucuman.
Munye kuphela umphakathi onesikhundla esisemthethweni esiqashelwa uMbuso Kazwelonke, isizwe somdabu saseRodeo San Marcos Luján La Huerta, esivamile kubantu base-Aymara, amaKolla nama-Omaguaca, futhi sitholakala edolobheni laseSanta Victoria Oeste esifundazweni. kwe-Jump.
I-Aymara eBolivia
Inani labantu elazibiza ngokuthi lingama-Aymara ekubalweni kwabantu eBolivia ngo-2001 lalingu-1.277.881 1.191.352 2012; leso sibalo sehle safinyelela ku-XNUMX ekubalwa kwabantu ngo-XNUMX.
I-Aymara ePeru
Ukubalwa kwabantu kuzwelonke kwango-2017 kuthole ukuthi u-2.4% wabantu abaneminyaka engu-12 nangaphezulu (548.292) bazichaza njenge-Aymara yomdabu. Lezi zivame ukuhlangana emphakathini owodwa we-ethnolingistic; nokho, imiphakathi eyahlukene ingabonakala, phakathi kwayo i-lupacas, i-urus nama-pacajes agqamayo.
Emiphakathini yezizwe zama-Aymara ePeru, kukhona futhi imiphakathi emibili yomdabu ehlukanisiwe ngokwendawo nabomdabu base-Aymara abahlala ngokwesiko endaweni ezungeze ithafa laseCollao. Lezi zizwe zingamaJaqarus namaKaki, ahlala ezintabeni zesifunda saseTupe, esifundazweni saseYauyos, esifundeni saseLima; Ulimi lwalamaqembu ezizwe lwatadishwa ngokokuqala ngqá ngo-1959 uMartha Hardman, ebhala ohlwini lwama-Aru noma ama-Aymara.
Inhlangano yomphakathi
Inhlangano yezenhlalakahle yalesi siko isuselwa ekukhulelweni kwe-jaqi, eyenza wonke umuntu (abesilisa nabesifazane), ngomshado noma i-jaqichasiña bakha i-eksisi yokuqala lapho kwakhiwa khona uchungechunge lwezibopho nomphakathi ohilelekile kule ncazelo. ubudlelwano obulinganayo ne-ecosystem, onkulunkulu kanye nomndeni.
Nokho, ukufeza lokhu kokubili amadoda nabesifazane kumelwe badlule enkathini yokuzilungiselela nokufunda eqala ekhaya, okungukuthi, kusukela ebuntwaneni. Ngakho ekuqaleni ngokubheka abazali babo, bafunda ukunakekela izilwane ezincane; futhi ebusheni, insizwa iqala ukuqeqeshwa emisebenzini yezolimo nendwangu, kuyilapho intokazi ifunda ukuphotha isondo lokuphotha, ukuluka, ukupheka nokwelusa.
Lapho bobabili sebebadala, sebevele benolwazi ngempilo yasemaphandleni; isibonelo: owesilisa ubusa kahle kakhulu izindlela zezolimo nezohwebo, kuyilapho owesifazane ekwazile ukwenza kahle ukuphotha ukuze akhiqize noma yiluphi uhlobo lwendwangu. Ngale ndlela, umphakathi wama-Aymara ubheka ukuthi usuwulungiselele umshado, ngakho-ke, ungakha umnyombo ozuzisa le mpucuko.
Esikweni lama-Aymara kunezinhlanga ezahlukene, ezihlukaniswa ngokolimi nangokwenhlalo, kodwa ngokuvamile imodeli yenhlangano yezenhlalakahle inqunywa i-marka, okungukuthi, indawo lapho uhlanga ngalunye lusebenza khona.
Ngalo mqondo, enhlanganweni yezenhlalakahle yama-Aymara kwakukhona ukuhlukaniswa okusobala phakathi kwemboni yezolimo neyemfuyo, futhi ngendlela efanayo, kwaphawulwa ukungalingani kwemvelo yenhlalo egunyazwa abathengisi, abapristi namaqhawe, maqondana nokusebenza. ikilasi.
Nokho, lokho manje sekushintshile, njengoba kulinganiselwa ukuthi ama-80% ama-Aymara ahlala emadolobheni amakhulu enza umsebenzi ongahlelekile.
Iphuzu elibalulekile lesakhiwo senhlalo yama-Aymara abasemasimini ukuthi abantu abahlanganiswe emshadweni kuphela abangabambelela ezikhundleni zamandla nomthelela, kodwa lo myalelo wabesilisa nabesifazane unomunye umbono, njengoba uxhumene kakhulu namandla anonya. ngomsebenzi womuntu; ngokuqondene naye, owesifazane uhlobene namandla acashile olwazi futhi uhlale ebhekwa njengomlingani oqinisekisa lokhu kulinganisa.
Phela, ukuqondaniswa kwenhlalo yama-Aymaras kuwucezu oluyisisekelo lwendida ekubambisaneni okulinganayo phakathi komuntu nendawo ezungezile.
Inhlangano Ezombusazwe
Ezingeni lesifunda, inhlangano yezombangazwe yase-Aymara iyingxenye yomsebenzi wohulumeni abathathu ababebusa ezinye izizinda ezincane; nokho, akukaze kube khona inyunyana ye-geopolitical phakathi kwabo, ngenxa yombango waphakade. Ngale ndlela, lolu hlu lwamandla belwakhiwe yizindawo ezilandelayo:
- imigexo: Ngaphansi kokubusa kweNkosi uCari yenhloko-dolobha iHatun Colla, lona bekuwumbuso wokuqala wama-Aymara endaweni esentshonalanga yeLake Titicaca.
- izibuko zokukhulisa: Itholakala ogwini oluseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeLake Titicaca futhi iqondiswa iNkosi edumile uCurso, ihlukaniswe yaba inhloko-dolobha iChucuito nezinye izifunda eziyisithupha njenge-Ácora, i-Ilave, iYunguyo, iPomata, iZepita neJuli, isifunda ngasinye sahlukaniswa saba kabili. izindawo ezakhiwe ngama-ayllus ambalwa. Nakuba bengahlelekile kangako, baneqhaza ekugcinweni kwesimo sempi phakathi kwemibuso yesiko lama-Aymara.
- Amaphakheji: Itholakala eningizimu-mpumalanga yeLake Titicaca, phakathi kwamakhosi aseCollas naseLupacas, inhloko-dolobha yakhona kwakuyiCaquiaviri, ehlukanisa le miphakathi emibili.
Isakhiwo senhlangano yezepolitiki
Esilinganisweni sombuso sokusatshalaliswa kwezombusazwe kwama-Aymara ngemva kwamakhosi, kwakunomphakathi omncane wabantu abavelele ababebasiza, njengamaMitani ayephoqelekile ukusebenza izinsuku ezithile zonyaka, amaYana ayenikela inkonzo yawo ukuphila kwakhe konke, kanye nama-auroch ayengaphansi ngokwenhlalo kunawangaphambili. Njengoba i-ayllu ngayinye noma iyunithi yomndeni yayihlelwe ngokuvumelana namamodeli okhokho, njengoba sibona ngezansi:
- Jach'a mallku: usebenzise isikhundla somholi oyinhloko we-ayllu, ngamadizayini ezempi, ezomphakathi kanye nezingaqondakali.
- Mallku: ukufeza imisebenzi yenyunyana, ezokuphatha kanye nepolitiki.
- jilakata: ukusebenza kwakhe kwakuhlobene eduze nempilo yezenhlalo ye-ayllus.
- ukuraka: yayinamandla okuhola izimpi noma ukuvikela umphakathi.
- yatiri: Wayethandwa kakhulu emphakathini wama-Aymara, wayengungqondongqondo wedolobha.
- Amawtha: ngokuhlakanipha kwakhe, wasebenzisa ukufundisa kwakhe.
- Suri: Njengoba ayebhekwa njengejaji, ayesingatha amacala empahla nomhlaba ahlobene nefa.
Ngakho-ke, inhlangano yezombangazwe yase-Aymara ayizange ibe nezinguquko ezinkulu lapho ibhubha ngaphansi kokubusa kwe-Inca, okwavumela ukukhula kwayo ezifundeni zase-Ecuadorian naseChile.
Amasiko Amasiko E-Aymara
Uma kunokuthile okudlula isiko lama-Aymara, amanani ayo azungeza impilo ngokuthula nangokuvumelana nakho konke okukuzungezile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zinamasiko amaningana agcinwe kuze kube namuhla, okuhlanganisa:
wifala
Ulimi lwayo lwesigodi ulimi lwesi-Aymara; nokho, abaningi babo basebenzisa inkulumo yeSpanishi ngenxa yekoloni yaseSpain. Ukwelula okuthe xaxa engxoxweni yomlando, namuhla imiphakathi eminingi yama-Aymara kanye nezimo ezihlukahlukene zomphakathi zisebenzisa i-wiphala emibhikishweni nasezimfuno zezombusazwe, kanye nasemigubhweni yezenkolo nemigubho yamasiko. Ingxoxo yokuthi ngabe ukusetshenziswa kwamanje kwe-wiphala kuyahambisana nendaba ngakho-ke ihlala ivulekile.
Ukusetshenziswa kweqabunga le-Coca
Abanye abantu benza i-acullico, umkhuba ohambisana nokusetshenziswa kweqabunga le-coca elingcwele (Erythroxylum coca). Ngenxa yesimo salo njengeqabunga elingcwele ngesikhathi soMbuso Wama-Inca, ukusetshenziswa kwalo kwakulinganiselwe kumaInca, izikhulu nabapristi ngaphansi kwesigwebo sokufa; Ngaphezu kokuhlafuna, basebenzisa amaqabunga e-coca ekwelapheni, kanye nasemikhubeni.
Muva nje, lezi zinhlobo zezitshalo zilethe ukungqubuzana neziphathimandla, ukuvimbela ukwakhiwa kwesidakamizwa i-cocaine. Nokho, i-coca ineqhaza elikhulu enkolweni yama-Aymara, njengoba yenza ngaphambili ngamaInca, futhi manje isiwuphawu olungokwesiko lobunjalo bawo. Izinkolo ze-Amaru, i-Mallku kanye ne-Pachamama ziyizinhlobo zemigubho ezindala kakhulu ezisaqhutshwa ama-Aymara.
umculo
Njengomngane obalulekile wemikhuba yabo, imikhosi kanye nemikhosi, umsindo wayo wesici unikezwa amathuluzi afana ne-charango, i-quena, i-zampona, i-bombo, i-quenacho ne-rondador.
I-Bandera
Nakuba umsuka walo ungacacile, ifulege le-Aymara lakhiwe ngemidwebo enemibala eyisikhombisa ehlukene, uphawu olubonisa lolu hlanga. Umbala ngamunye kweyisikhombisa ewuhlanganisayo umele umcabango:
- I-Rojo: yizwe, izwi lomuntu wase-Andean;
- I-Naranja: umphakathi namasiko, ukongiwa kanye nokukhiqizwa kwezinhlobo zabantu;
- Amarillo: kuyi-verve namandla, isitatimende sezimiso ezibalulekile; umgomo isikhathi, isitatimende senqubekelaphambili yesayensi kanye nesayensi esetshenziswayo, kanye nezobuciko nomsebenzi wobuhlakani;
- oluhlaza: iyinqubo ekhiqizayo neyomnotho yase-Andean, inala yemvelo yomhlaba, indawo ezungezile kanye nezidalwa zayo eziphilayo;
- Azul: iyindawo yasezulwini, yaphakade, isitatimende sezinhlelo ze-sidereal kanye nezimo zemvelo;
- I-Violet: inqubomgomo yefilosofi yase-Andean nokuziphatha, isitatimende sesizinda esivumelanayo somphakathi sase-Andes.
- Mhlophe: inqubo yesikhathi noguquko oluletha ukukhula ngokobuhlakani nobungcweti. Futhi uphawu Markas (izifunda) kanye Suyus (izifunda).
Izindwangu
Ngobuchule bokhokho kanye nekhono elikhulu ekwenzeni izingubo zabo, balukwe ngezinhlamvu ezivela embonweni wabo wezwe.
Aymara Culture Calendar
Unyaka Omusha we-Aymara
Asikho isisekelo esingokomlando sokunquma ukuthi unyaka we-Aymara ugujwa ngo-June 21 noma ukusungula izibalo eziqondile zonyaka oqediwe (ngokwesibonelo, ngo-2017 wawuzofinyelela unyaka wekhalenda lesi-Aymara 5525; usuku olushiwo (Juni 21) kuhambisana ne-solstice yasebusika, eyagujwa ngokokhokho ngabantu baseQuechua emkhosini we-Inti Raymi.Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi kusukela ngo-2013, uJuni 21 "iholide lezwe elingenakuguquleka" eBolivia.
yemukela ilanga
E-Tiahuanaco, ngaphambi komhla zingama-21 kuJuni, amalungu omphakathi kanye nabavakashi abazi futhi ababelana ngalo mkhosi wasendulo ngoJuni 20, benza umlindelo ofana nonyaka omusha wendabuko futhi ukuze bavalelise unyaka odlule.
Kusukela ngo-6:00 ekuseni nango-7:00 ekuseni, balungiselela ngomculo wesintu namasiko esintu ukwamukela uNyaka Omusha phambi kwePuerta del Sol, ngokungena kwemisebe yokuqala yelanga, kanye nokufika i-solstice yasebusika.
Izinkolelo ze-Aymara Culture
Iningi labantu besiko lama-Aymara njengamanje lingamaKatolika. Kodwa kunokuvumelana kwezinkolelo zabo zomdabu zasendulo nemikhuba eyasungulwa ubuKristu. Okuvezwa emikhosini ehlukene yenkolo efana nePhasika noma uSuku Lwabafileyo.
Ngombono womhlaba wesiko lama-Aymara, inhloso enkulu ukuzuza ukulingana phakathi kwabantu nemvelo; kusukela emcabangweni wokuthi imvelo iwumthombo ongcwele futhi iphelezelwa ukufana komuntu.
Ngendlela efanayo, kuma-Aymara, yonke into iphindwe kabili, okungukuthi, indoda nomfazi, imini noma ebusuku; lezi zigxobo eziphambene azilwi, kodwa ziyaphelelisana ukuze zakhe ingqikithi. Ngokulandelayo, balungiselela ukuba khona kwezikhala ezintathu ezingokomoya:
- I-Arajpacha: isibhakabhaka noma indawo yonke, ibeka ngaphandle isimiso samanzi, ukuba khona nokuvikelwa kwendawo yonke.
- Akapacha: ifanekisela indawo engaphezulu kwe-Aymaras. Umehluko obaluleke kakhulu owokugcina ibhalansi yemvelo, lapho behlala khona:
- UMallkus: Imimoya evikelayo evame ukutholakala eziqongweni zeqhwa.
- Pachamama noma umama womhlaba: unkulunkulu oyinhloko wama-Aymaras.
- Amaru: Njengoba iyinyoka, yenza samuntu imimoya ehambisana nemifula nemisele eniselwayo.
- manqhapacha: kuhambelana nomhlaba ongezansi lapho kuhlala khona imimoya emibi noma izinxushunxushu.
Ngokombono wezwe we-Aymara wasendulo, onkulunkulu bokuqala abafana noTata-Inti (ilanga) kanye noPachamama (umama womhlaba), bangamandla amelela ukuphila kwabo.
Uma uthole le ndatshana ye-Aymara Culture ithakazelisa, sikumema ukuthi ujabulele lezi ezinye: