Ngalokhu okuthunyelwe uzofunda okwengeziwe mayelana ubuciko be-hindu, okuyisisekelo, ubuciko bepulasitiki nokunye okuningi kwalo mphakathi oyinkimbinkimbi onamasiko amaningi ozinikele emkhakheni wenkolo kanye nokusebenzelana kwawo nemvelo njengengxenye yokuhleleka kwendawo yonke. Ngalesi sihloko esithakazelisayo. Ungayeki ukuyifunda!
Imayelana nani i-Hindu Art?
Okokuqala kufanele uqaphele ukuthi Ubuciko BamaHindu buqukethe izithakazelo zawo, amasiko kanye nemibono yomphakathi wamasiko amaningi ngokuya ngokuba khona lapho izici ezinjengokuphelela, ukuguqulwa okuhambisana nobuphakade nesikhathi kuthathwa khona.
Izinkolo ezihlukahlukene ezihlanganiswa ku-Hindu Art, kunjalo indaba yamaHindu, i-Islam, iBuddhism kanye nobuKristu, ukuxhumana nemvelo ukufuna ukuhleleka okungcwele ngokufaka izintaba, izihlahla nemifula.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ubuciko bamaHindu buvela esikweni elicebile labantu abahlukahlukene abangena endaweni, kusukela kubantu bomdabu abanesikhumba esimnyama, ekubeni okhokho bamaDravidians kanye namanye amasiko.
Phakathi kwabo abavela e-Australia, iMesolithic Mediterranean, Armenians, Mongols, Aryan ababekulesi sizwe ngo-1500 BC kanye namaGreki namaPheresiya phakathi kuka-600 no-300 BC.
Ingasaphathwa eyamaParthian nama-post-Mongol angena phakathi kuka-50 no -300 BC, khona-ke kukhona amaHun angena endaweni yamaHindu ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX nelesi-XNUMX, kanye nama-Arabhu phakathi kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX nele-XNUMX ngaphandle kokukhohlwa iTurko. - Ama-Afghan phakathi kwekhulu le-XNUMX nele-XNUMX.
Kuyadingeka futhi ukugqamisa ukuhlasela okwenziwa amaTurko-Mongol phakathi kwekhulu le-XNUMX nele-XNUMX, kanye nabaseBrithani phakathi kwekhulu le-XNUMX nelama-XNUMX, yingakho lokhu kuhlukahluka okukhulu kwamasiko kuye kwaholela ekucebeni kobuciko bamaHindu futhi. ezihlukahlukene ngokwesifunda ngasinye.
I-Hindu Art ikwazile ukusabalalisa ukubonga kuBuddhism, ikakhulukazi eNingizimu-mpumalanga nase-Asia Ephakathi, ngokuba nethonya emasikweni afana neJapane neShayina, futhi emazweni aseNtshonalanga kuyaziwa ngalobu buciko ngenxa ye-Expedition of Alexander the Great.
Lapho bekwazile ukwazisa intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, ezobuciko namasiko yale mpucuko eveza umlingiswa olandisayo ku-Hindu Art lapho kubonwa khona izithombe ezivusa inkanuko, ezibonisa ukucolisiswa kobuhle.
Izici Eziyinhloko Zobuciko BamaHindu
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi izimfanelo eziyinhloko zobuciko bamaHindu ezahlukanisa nezinye izitayela ezavela kulesi sizwe kuwo wonke umlando waso yilezi ezilandelayo:
- Babenekhono elikhulu lokudweba
- inkululeko enkulu yokukhuluma
- Ubuciko buhlanganiswe ezidingweni zobuhle ikakhulukazi emicikilishweni yabantu
- Ngokuphathelene nokuzikhukhumeza kanye nenkanuko, zazihlelwe kusengaphambili ngokuphelele
- Emisebenzini yakhe ukungqubuzana okumbaxambili phakathi kokuphila nokufa kubonakala ngaphezu kwephakade nesikhathi
- Izihloko eziyinhloko ezigqamayo Kubuciko BamaHindu zazihlobene nenkolo nezici ezakha imvelo njengento engcwele.
Isisekelo se-Hindu Art
Njengoba ubona, ubuciko bamaHindu buhlanganiswe nokubonakaliswa kwezenkolo, okuvumela abantu ukuba baxhumane nonkulunkulu, njengoba kubonakala ezakhiweni zezakhiwo.
Lapho isithakazelo singelona uphawu lomdwebi kodwa ukuhlanganiswa kwendawo yemvelo nonkulunkulu abavelele kwezobuciko obuhle, njengoba kunjalo ngezithombe eziqoshiwe ngaphezu kokudweba futhi, njengoba sasishilo, izakhiwo.
Ukwakha ezakho izitayela Zobuciko BamaHindu emdwebeni ngokusebenzisa amasu nezitayela ebezithuthuka zihlanganisa imvelo emisebenzini yakhe, ngokungafani nomuntu waseNtshonalanga obephethe ukulungisa imvelo nemiklamo yakhe.
I-Hindu Art iphethe ukuklama imisebenzi yayo ngokuvumelana nemvelo eyizungezile, njengoba kungabonakala ezindaweni ezingcwele zemigede lapho bemba khona amadwala nasemigedeni, bebonisa ikhono elikhulu emiklamo yabo.
Ngakho-ke, ku-Art Hindu, imvelo iyisihloko esingcwele, ngakho-ke izigcawu lapho izintaba, izihlahla nemifula ihlanganisa khona, kanye neLanga elibizwa ngokuthi i-Surya, iNyanga ye-Chandra, i-Indra yemvula kanye nomlilo u-Agni.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimo sezulu se-monsoon sasiyingxenye ye-Hindu Art ngenxa yomjikelezo wayo kanye nokubili, okwakubonakala kubuntu bomuntu ngamunye wezakhamuzi zalesi sifunda, okubavumela ukuba bahlangane nezitayela eziphikisanayo neziphikisanayo.
Phakathi kwalezi zitayela kukhona i-naturalism, realism, abstraction kanye ne-idealism ekhona emisebenzini yobuciko bamaHindu, okuvumela ukusetshenziswa kobuciko be-eclectic phakathi kwezifiki zokuqala zozalo lwe-Negroid abakha iqembu lobuhlanga noma abomdabu ababizwa ngokuthi ama-Dravidians.
Ezazitholakala eningizimu yesizwe saseNdiya, nakuba ama-Aryan afika kwase kuba amaSulumane, ahlala ephindaphinda ibala lawo elimnyama ngenxa yezimpawu ezifana ne-indigo blue esikhumbeni sezithixo.
Njengokusetshenziswa kwe-sandstone ekwakhiweni ngenhloso yokudala umphumela obonakalayo omnyama maqondana netshe kanye nemabula.
Ngisho nesinye sezigaba ezithakasela kakhulu umhlaba waseNtshonalanga maqondana Nobuciko BamaHindu ukumelwa kwenkanuko ngaphandle kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwe-taboo, okubonisa ukuthi kule mpucuko ubudlelwano bobulili buwuhlobo lomkhuleko phakathi kwabantu nonkulunkulu.
Ingokomoya NgoNkulunkulu
Ukuba yindlela yokukwazi ukudlula maqondana nengokomoya, inkolo ye-lingam iwukubonakaliswa, okuwumfanekiso wobulili besilisa ngaphezu kwe-ion efanekisela ubulili besifazane.
Njengoba ijwayelekile emicikilishweni yenkathi ye-Neolithic mayelana nokuzala futhi ijwayelekile ku-Hindu Art, i-Lingam ingamandla okudala kankulunkulu u-Shiva, okuyiyona ekhonzwa kakhulu emathempelini enkolo.
Lapho kubonakala khona insika ephetha ukuklama kwayo ngendlela ye-glans kusukela ku-naturalistic kuya kwifomu engabonakali ibhekisela kusilinda esibhekisela ku-phallus.
Le phallus inamehlo alingisa ubuso noma kuze kufike kubuso obune ngokuphathelene nesiko lesiko le-Dravidian, okuyilona elidala kunazo zonke ze-Hindu Art, lihlotshaniswa nezinto ezine eziyinhloko zemvelo ezifana naManzi, Umoya, Umhlaba, Umlilo kanye Nomoya. . .
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-ion ifanekisela uMama unkulunkulukazi ogama lakhe linguSakti, kuhlanganise noParvati, ongunkulunkulu omelela ukuzala kwemvelo futhi ungumkaShiva, njengoba ukumelwa kwakhe kwejiyomethri yemvelo kungunxantathu, okwenza ukufana nesitho sangasese sowesifazane.
Ngokwalokho okuqashelwa Kubuciko BamaHindu, i-lingam kanye ne-ioni yakha umfanekiso we-concave lapho i-lingam igqama khona, ebonisa ubunye obungaphakathi kokubili okubonwa endaweni yonke.
Umthombo wokudala oguqula amandla ocansi abe amandla engqondo ukusuka kumuzwa kuya emoyeni. Lokhu kufinyelelwa kusiko lobuciko bamaHindu kusukela kumkhuba ojwayelekile we-yoga.
Ngakho-ke, le mikhuba yahlanganiswa nochungechunge lwe-tantra oluvele lufune iqiniso ngamandla adluliselwa ngumzimba womuntu.
Ukuba umzimba wabantu isithuthukisi esingokomoya ngamandla ocansi aziwa kuleli siko ngokuthi kundalini, kukhona nezindaba noma ukulandisa kwe-Kama Sutra, okuyincwadi enikelwe othandweni emelwe Ubuciko BamaHindu.
Ikakhulukazi ngokuqeqeshwa kwezithombe ezibaziwe lapho kunobufakazi benombolo enkulu ye-mithuna noma izigcawu zokuhlobana okuvusa inkanuko njengokungabonwa ezindaweni ezingcwele zase-Khajuräho nase-Konärak.
Ngakho ubuhle be-Hindu Art bapheleliswa kusukela esikhathini sakwaGupta lapho babenomsebenzi wokuhlaziya, ukutadisha, ukuhlukanisa inani elikhulu lemibhalo.
Izingcingo zamaVeda ezihambisana nemibhalo engcwele yalesi siko ezadluliselwa ngomlomo kusukela ngonyaka we-1500 ngaphambi kwenkathi kaKristu.
Le mibhalo engcwele yayibaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kobuciko bamaHindu, ikakhulukazi labo abaziwa ngaphansi kwegama likaVastu - Sastras, okuyizincwadi eziphathelene nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zezithixo.
Izimiso ze-Aesthetics ngokusho kwePainting
Kukhona nezinye izincwadi ezibizwa ngokuthi i-Silpa - Sastras ezihlobene nezifundo zokudweba nokuqopha ukuze zikwazi ukubhala ngolimi lwezithixo.
Ngakho-ke, abakwaGupta babephethe ukucwaninga amasu nemikhuba elawula Ubuciko BamaHindu, okuhlanganisa izinto zokwakha, izitayela nezithombe ezibonisa izithombe zabo, phakathi kwazo okungabalulwa iSadanga. Lapho kusungulwa khona izimiso eziyisithupha ze-aesthetics maqondana nokudweba:
- U-Rüpa – bheda ophathiswe isayensi yamafomu
- I-Pramani enikeza incazelo kubudlelwano ofuna ukubuthatha
- I-Bhava okuyisayensi ehlobene nomuzwa
- I-Lavanna vojanam ehambisana nomuzwa womusa
- Sadrisyam mayelana nesayensi yokuqhathanisa
- I-Varnika – bhanga ebhekisela kwisayensi yemibala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwaqaliswa ezinye izimiso ezimbili ezinjengoMjaho obhekisela ku-quintessence eyaziwa ngokuthi ukunambitheka kanye ne-Chanda ehambisana nesigqi emisebenzini yobuciko.
Ngokuqondene nohlanga, lukhona emizweni yabantu bomdabu baseHindu Art ngenhloso yokuthwebula ubuciko obukwazi ukunyakaza obuvusa imizwelo phambi kombukeli.
Ngakho-ke, izici eziyisishiyagalolunye ezihlobene nemizwa ziyahlukaniswa ku-Hindu Art futhi zimelelwa ngombala ngendlela ethile, kube yilezi ezilandelayo:
- I-Sringara umbala omnyama futhi imele Uthando esicini esivusa inkanuko
- I-Vira emelwe umbala obomvu futhi umjaho wamaqhawe ufanekisela Inani
- I-Raudra imelwe umbala obomvu futhi ihlanganisa i-rasa ethukuthele efanekisela Intukuthelo.
- I-Hasya ingumbala omhlophe yi-rasa ye-cosmic futhi ifanekisela Injabulo
- I-Adbhuta imele umbala ophuzi, iyi-rasa ebabazayo futhi ifanekisela Ukumangala.
- I-Karuna imelwe umbala ompunga futhi iyi-rasa enyanyekayo ehambisana Nobuhlungu
- I-Bibhasta yalo mzwelo kusetshenziswe umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokuba i-rasa enyanyekayo efanekisela Ukunengeka
- I-Bhayanaka imelwe ngombala omnyama i-rasa esabekayo ifanekisela Ukwesaba
- I-Sänta isetshenziselwa ukumelela kwayo umbala omhlophe futhi ifanekisela i-rasa epholile engu-Peace.
Uzokwazi ukuqaphela ku-Hindu Art ukuthi le mizwa eyisishiyagalolunye ikhiqiza izimo zengqondo nokuma okuhlukahlukene okubizwa ngokuthi i-asana emifanekisweni eqoshiwe nezithombe ezenziwe ngokudweba.
Njengoba amaSamabhanga isimo esibonakala siqinile kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo silinganisela, abadwebi bakwenza kokubili bemile futhi behlezi, kufanekisela ingokomoya elizolile futhi ungabona ezithombeni eziye zenziwa ngoBuddha nabanye onkulunkulu abanjengoVishnu.
Esinye sezimo ukuthi u-Äbhanga ukubukeka okuthambekele kancane okuhumusha njengomuntu osezindlini futhi kuyisici sokuma sama-Bodhisattvas nezinye izithixo ezisezingeni eliphansi.
I-Tribhanga yindlela yokuma ebhekisela ekuguquguqukeni okuphindwe kathathu okubonisa inkanuko kanye nengokomoya, kuvame kakhulu ukufakwa ezithombeni ze-Apsaras ne-Yaksis.
Ekugcineni, kukhona ukuma kwe-Tribhanga lapho kubonakala khona ukuthambekela okweqile, okubonisa ubudlova ezithombeni kanye nedrama ethile.
Isetshenziswa kabanzi ukumela uNkulunkulu uShiva kanye neLokapäla abakhonza isibopho sokuba abaqaphi bomhlaba abaphethe ukuqapha nokuvikela amaphuzu amane abalulekile.
Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezobuciko bePlastiki
Kulesi sigaba uzothola ukuvela kwe-Hindu Art kusukela ekuqaleni kwayo Qhubeka ufunda lesi sihloko esithakazelisayo ukuze wazi ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi iwathole kanjani amasu namakhono aziswa kangaka.
I-Prehistory of Hindu Art
Izinsalela ziye zafakazelwa njengezitsha ezivela ku inkathi paleolithic eyenziwe nge-quartzite ne-flint, iqoshwe kahle noma iphucuziwe futhi ihambisana nenkathi efanayo yezitsha eziye zatholakala esifundeni saseYurophu, ezisezingeni eliphansi.
Esifundeni saseBhimbetka, eduze kakhulu nedolobha laseBhopal, kutholakale imihume engaba yinkulungwane, equkethe imidwebo eminingi emigedeni eminyakeni eyi-7000 ngaphambi kwenkathi yobuKristu.
Izithombe zikhombisa indlela abantu ababehlala emigedeni lapho kubonakala khona imidanso, amasiko, ukuzalwa kanye nemingcwabo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izilwane ezinjengezindlovu, izinyathi, amaturkey, amahlosi nobhejane zichazwe kabanzi kusukela ngo-2003 le ndawo yamenyezelwa njengeNdawo Yamagugu Omhlaba yi-UNESCO.
Kakade esikhathini se-Mesolithic, inani elikhulu lamathuluzi afana kakhulu nama-blade amise okwe-crescent seliqoqwe kusukela ezifundeni zase-Near East naseMpumalanga Yurophu kanye naseNyakatho Afrika.
Enye indawo ebaluleke kakhulu ukuyigqamisa yiDeccan lapho kutholwe khona inqwaba yamathuna emodeli ye-megalithic.
Edolobheni laseBaluchistan, elisenyakatho yeNdiya, kutholwe izitsha zobumba ezipendiwe kanye nezinto ezenziwe ngensimbi ezivela enkathini ye-IV ngaphambi kwenkathi yobuKristu.
Kodwa hhayi lokho kuphela, kukhona nemidwebo kwezinye izifunda ezifana neRaigarh efana naleyo etholakala edolobheni laseCogul eSpain lapho izilwane ezinjengezinyamazane, izindlovu, izinkabi zibonakala khona.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho kumbiwa imivubukulo edolobheni laseKarnataka, kwatholakala amathuna lapho amabhokisi enziwa ngamatshe.
Singaphinde siphawule ngezikhungo zokuvubukula ezihambisana nezifunda zase-Adichanallur naseBrahmagiri zingezabo. inkathi ye-neolithic Kutholwe uhlobo lwe-ceramic olunemibala ebomvu nemnyama, kanye nama-dolmen.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kuye kwenziwa ukuhlukaniswa kwezitsha zobumba ezitholakele, ezifana nokubomvu okuyingxenye ye-hematite yesiko le-Banas, enye enombala ompunga ngokuphathelene nomfula i-Ganges River Basin kanye nomnyama ophucuziwe kakhulu waseJariana. isifunda kanye neDelhi.
I-Indus Culture
Cishe ngonyaka wezi-2500 ngaphambi kwenkathi yobuKristu, impucuko yokuqala yoBuciko BamaHindu yadalwa enkathini ye-Neolithic. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi le ngxenye yesizwe sase-India Zagros yayingeyomzila wezohwebo owawuhlanganisa iMedithera neMpumalanga Ekude.
Ngakho-ke amadolobhana amaningi azuza njengoba kukhonjisiwe ezindaweni zemivubukulo eyenziwe nguJohn Marshall ngo-1920 esifundeni saseMohenjo - Daro endaweni manje eyaziwa ngokuthi iPakistan.
Ngenxa yalokho okutholakele, ukuxhumana neMesophothamiya kwafakazelwa, kwasungulwa isimiso sokubhala esingakacaciswa okwamanje.
Kuleso siza kwakunamadolobha angaba yisishiyagalolunye ayebekwe phezulu, ekhombisa ukuhlelwa kwawo okuhle kwamadolobha, okuhlanganisa nokuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe mayelana nokwakhiwa kwendle kwezakhiwo.
Ngokungeziwe emigwaqweni ehambisanayo, yonke into ihlelwa ngeplanimetry evamile yokulinganisa. Lezi zakhiwo zazenziwe ngobumba olubhakiwe nezitini, zonke izindlu zazijabulela isici esibaluleke njengamanzi.
Sekutholwe ngisho imikhondo yezitini ezakhiwe ngezitini, umuzi wawubiyelwe ngamathafa.
Lapho kwakusatshalaliswa khona izakhiwo zomphakathi, njengamanzi okugeza, ama-cloister nama-palaestra, kodwa ngaphandle kokubheka izinsalela zezindawo ezingcwele noma izinqaba.
Kubalulekile ukugqamisa ukuthi kulezi zindawo zemivubukulo kuye kwatholakala izitembu eziningi ezihlukahlukene ezenziwe nge-steatite lapho izithombe zezilwane ngisho nezilo ezimangalisayo zibonwa ngamaqiniso amakhulu nangokunemba okukhulu.
Kuthiwa bazobonga ithonya lesiko laseMesopotamiya, izithombe eziqoshiwe kanye nezitsha zobumba zatholakala, kanye nezitsha ezenziwe ngegolide, ithusi, ithusi nesiliva, imimese yethusi enezindwani ezigobile kakhulu igqamile, ehluke kakhulu. Isici salesi siko. .
Ngokuphathelene ne-ceramics, yenziwa ngokusetshenziswa kwama-lathes ahlotshiswe ngezibalo zejometri, ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhono lobuciko be-textile ngokukhethekile likotini eliphrintiwe latholakala.
Ngakho-ke, ukuhweba kugqama ngenxa yokuba khona kwezinto ezenziwe nge-lapis lazuli ezivela e-Afghanistan, igolide nesiliva elivela ePheresiya naseJade elivela esizweni saseShayina.
Ngisho nasezindaweni zemivubukulo esifundeni saseMesopotamiya, kuye kwatholakala ubuhlalu obubomvu be-chalcedony obuvela kusiko lwe-Indo.
Maqondana nokudweba, kutholwe izinhlobonhlobo zezithombe ezenziwe ku-terracotta lapho kufanekiselwa khona izilwane, izimoto kanye nabantu, abaningi babo bengenazo izingubo kanye nezimpawu ezihlobene nobulili ezifana ne-lingam ne-ioni ebhekisela emikhubeni yokuzala.
Ngisho nezithombe eziqoshiwe ezenziwe ngethusi, njengomdansi we-Mohenjo-Daro, lapho kuchazwa khona umfanekiso oyindilinga we-anatomical, nangetshe le-limestone, njengeNkosi enguMphristi wendawo efanayo, lapho kugqanyiswe khona izindebe eziwugqinsi, intshebe enentshebe namehlo. kufana nobuzwe base-Asia.
Isiteji seVedic
Kulo mzuzu ongokomlando, abantu base-Aryan bangena esizweni saseNdiya, yingakho bathonya amasiko enkolo, laba bantu yibona abethula ulimi lwesiSanskrit kanye nekhono lokusebenza ngensimbi.
Iphinde iveze ihhashi lesilwane elingaziwa ngesiko lamaHindu futhi babephethe ukudala imibuso emincane ehlukaniswe ngama-castes futhi abapristi bathatha isikhundla esibalulekile esaziwa ngegama elithi Brahmans.
Ngenxa yolimi lwesiSanskrit, kwaphakama izinkondlo ezinkulu eziwumlando njengeMahabharata neRamayana, kanye nababhali befilosofi abaziwa ngokuthi i-Upanishad.
Okwavumela ukuthuthukiswa kobuHindu kube inkolo yesihloko sezinganekwane lapho imikhuba ehlobene ne-esotericism yahlanganiswa.
Onkulunkulu abakhulu bobuHindu nguSiva noVishnu ngisho neminye imiqondo yombono ongacacile njengoBrahman, ongumphefumulo wezwe.
Ngaphezu kwe-atman ehambisana nomphefumulo womuntu ngaphandle kokukhohlwa uMaia, amandla akhohlisa imiphefumulo yabantu futhi abenze baphile emhlabeni wezinto ezibonakalayo.
Inhloso yenkolo yobuHindu iwukusondeza i-atma kuBrahman ukuze kukhululwe iKarma futhi kugwenywe ukulandelana kokuphindukuzalwa okushiwo izenzo zomuntu ekuphileni kwakhe futhi kusungula isimiso sokuhlukaniswa ngokwezigaba endaweni yamaHindu.
Ukuba yi- ama-brahmins isigaba sabapristi nosopolitiki, aba chatrias Yisigaba esihambisana namasosha nababusi, bese belandela isigaba vaisias elihlobene nabathengisi nabalimi.
Bese belandelwa uzojuluka okwezigqila futhi ekugcineni dalits okubhekiselwa kwabaxoshwayo kanjalo nabangaphandle abangathintwa.
Ngokusho kwezinsalela eziye zafakazelwa ezindaweni zokuvubukula ngokusho kwalesi sikhathi, kutholwe izinto ezimbalwa futhi kwasetshenziswa ithusi kuzo.
Ezinye izitsha zobumba, ezinolwazi oluncane phakathi kwalesi siteji nalolo oluhambisana nobuciko baseMauryan, njengoba kwakusetshenziswa izinto ezibolayo, njengokhuni nobumba olubhakiwe, zingashiyi nsalela enkulu yalesi sikhathi.
Cishe ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX ngaphambi kwenkathi yobuKristu, ubuBuddha bavela ngaphezu kobuJain, zombili izinkolo zanikeza abantu insindiso yemiphefumulo yabo futhi zaqeda ukuphindukuzalwa.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ubuBuddha buvumela ngokuzindla futhi umkhuba wokuzincisha injabulo uholela abantu epharadesi eliyi-nirvana.
Kuleli siko, kuyilapho ubuJainism benza izinto ezinhlanu zokuzithiba njenge-jina - kalpa okusho ukuthi ungabulali, i-ahimsa isho ukungaqambi amanga, i-sattva isho ukungebi.
I-Asteya ibhekisela ekungaxhashazini kabi ubulili kanye ne-brahmacharya ehlobene nokungafisi futhi ekupheleni kwalesi sigaba uhambo oludumile luka-Alexander Omkhulu oluya eNdiya lwenziwa cishe ngonyaka we-326 ngaphambi kwenkathi yobuKristu.
Ukuvumela ukuthintana nesiko lamaGreki, ubuciko bamaHindu bufakwe ubuciko bamaGreki kanye nobuciko basePheresiya, okubonisa ukuhlangana okumangalisayo kwezithombe zabo zenkolo.
I-Hindu Art kanye neBuddhism
Lo mbuso wawuphethe ukuxosha esifundeni saseNdiya ababethandwa u-Alexander Omkhulu ababephethe ingxenye emaphakathi yalesi sifunda kanye nenhlonhlo yaseDeccan.
Isiko lamaBuddha njengoba usuqonde kakade Ubuciko BamaHindu lwembuleka ezimfundisweni zikaBuddha njengoba zigunyazwe ku-dharma naphakathi kokuhwebelana okwasuka phakathi kwezizwe zasePheresiya, eGibhithe, eSri Lanka, eGrisi naseNingizimu-mpumalanga Asia.
Itshe lithatha indawo yesitini ezakhiweni ezibonisa isakhiwo esiqine kakhulu njengoba kwenzeka ezindaweni ezingcwele zamadwala esifundeni sase-Baräbar kanye nesigodlo sase-Asoka edolobheni lase-Pätaliputra.
Kwethulwa njengezimfanelo amakholomu e-monolithic abizwa ngokuthi i-stambha lapho kwasetshenziswa khona amatshe aphucuziwe kanye nenhloko-dolobha emise okwensimbi elingisa imbali ye-lotus.
Isilwane esiqoshwe ngosizo saphinde senziwa, kunjalo ngeNhloko-dolobha Yamabhubesi esifundeni sase-Särnäth ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX ngaphambi kwenkathi yobuKristu.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi lesi sithombe senziwa ngetshe lesanti futhi namuhla siyingxenye yejazi lesizwe lalesi sizwe.Lawa makholomu aziwayo amiswa kuhulumeni weNkosi u-Asoka phakathi nokubusa kwayo yonke futhi imibhalo yamemezela ukuzinikela kwakhe kuBuddha. .
Ngokuyeka noma yisiphi isenzo sobudlova, amakholomu ayecishe abe ngamamitha ayishumi ukuphakama futhi imifanekiso yayiqoshwe ikakhulukazi amabhubesi.
Esinye sezikhumbuzo ezivelele kakhulu zalesi siteji yi- stupa , okuyindunduma yomngcwabo eyasetshenziswa njengendawo yokugcina impahla.* Ngaphakathi kwaso, kwatholakala izinkumbulo zomzimba zikaBuddha ngokwakhe.
Inkosi ebabazekayo u-Asoka yayiphethe ukusabalalisa phakathi kwamadolobha amakhulu ombuso wayo omkhulukazi, njengoba yayimele i-Universe.
Ngakho-ke, esakhiweni esikhulu esibizwa ngokuthi i-maedhi esasimelela uMhlaba, kwakukhona idome futhi ukuma kwayo kwakune-hemispherical, ifanekisela i-dome yasezulwini.
Engxenyeni engenhla yayiyisicaba futhi yanikeza uthango olunezinhlangothi ezine kanye nesakhiwo esimise okwensika esimelela i-eksisi yomhlaba.
Ngaphandle kokukhohlwa amadiski amathathu ekuhlelweni okwehlayo alingisa isambulela amagugu amathathu eBuddhism abhekisela kuBuddha, umthetho kanye nezindela noma abapristi.
Ngenxa yokuma okuyisiyingi, kwavumela abathembekile ukuba bakwazi ukuzulazula kuyo njengoba belandela inkambo yenkosi yenkanyezi, yayibiyelwe ngodonga oluqukethe iminyango emine maqondana namaphuzu amane akhadinali.
Zihlotshiswe ngemidwebo lapho izithombe zezilwane zingabonakala ngaphezu konkulunkulu nezigcawu ezivela empilweni kaBuddha.
Lapho umfanekiso wakhe ungazange uvele khona kodwa okufanayo kwakungokomfanekiso lapho amabhubesi asetshenziselwa khona njengesithombe somndeni wakwaSakya uBuddha aphuma kuwo.
Njengekhonsathi eyayizenza izwi likaBuddha, ngaphezu kweBuddhi eyayiwumuthi wokukhanya, ezinye izimpawu ezazisetshenziswa kwakuyi-dharma - chakra.
Kubhekiselwa esondo lomthetho kanye no-Buddha Pada, okuwuphawu lwezinyawo zikaBuddha kanye nophawu lobumsulwa olumelelwa imbali ye-lotus, okugqamisa ama-stupas ngekhwalithi yawo.
Ngakho-ke, ungabona ukuthi izakhiwo zazixhunywe nemvelo ngokuphathelene nezindawo ezingcwele zaseChaitva nezindela.
Eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Vihara, ngokuvamile ku-Hindu Art, ukucaciswa kwezindawo ezingcwele zemihume kufakazelwa, ezambiwa etsheni nasemithambekeni yezintaba.
I-Architecture ibe nendima enkulu Kubuciko BamaHindu, njengoba i-chaitva yayakhiwe ipulani lesitezi se-apsidal elakhiwa ama-nave amathathu kanye ne-vault yomphongolo eyakhiwe uchungechunge lwamakhothamo abizwa ngokuthi i-kudu.
Lawa makhothamo ayejwayelekile e-Hindu Art futhi agqama ngesimo sawo esikhombe kancane esasisekelwa izinsika kuyilapho i-vihara iyindawo yokuhlangana.
Ipulani lalo lephansi eliyisikwele futhi ezinhlangothini zalo kwakunamakamelo ezindela, axhunywe uthango olwakha uphahla oluyisicaba.
Phakathi kwezakhiwo zalo mzuzu ongokomlando, i-chaitya yaseKarli igqamile, eyambiwa etsheni futhi ine-façade lapho kubonakala khona i-ogee arch.
Ngaphakathi iveza i-nave enamaphasishi amaningi kanye nenani elikhulu lamakholomu amise okwensimbi nemifanekiso eqoshiwe yabantu nezilwane ezinjengezindlovu kanye ne-stupa encane ngaphakathi njenge-hemicycle.
Kukulesi sigaba lapho umfanekiso oqoshiwe woBuciko BamaHindu wathuthukiswa ngokusekelwe ekwandisweni kwezihloko ezinkulu ngenxa yethonya lamaPheresiya okuhlanganisa nokumelwa kwezilwane ezethula ibhalansi kumafomu okumele amelelwe.
Mayelana nokukhululeka okuphezulu, bekumile ngenkathi abaphansi belandisa izigcawu, izinsimbi ezaziwa ngokuthi i-védika kulesi sifunda nazo zazihlotshisiwe, ngaphandle kokukhohlwa iminyango yama-stupas.
Kule nkathi izinguqulo zokuqala ze-iconography ye-Hindu Art zivela ngokumelwa kwe-vaksis eyimimoya yemvelo.
Khumbula lobu buciko buhlobene nobungcwele futhi babufanekiselwa ngabesifazane abanqunu ababehlotshiswe nje ngokusebenzisa ubucwebe.
Isibonelo salokhu singabonakala emnyango osempumalanga we-stupa ye-Sanchi futhi zenziwa ngenxa yokugoba kathathu okubonisa ukunyakaza ngenxa yamajika amathathu avame kakhulu kulesi sikhathi soBuciko BamaHindu.
Ngalokhu, izigcawu ezivusa inkanuko ezaziyingxenye yomkhuleko zaqala ukwenziwa ngoBuciko BamaHindu futhi ingokomoya elihambisana nokuvusa inkanuko kwakuhlelwe kuzo.
Ubuciko beGandhara
Ngokuphathelene namakhulu eminyaka okuqala ngaphambi kwenkathi yobuKristu kanye nekhulu lokuqala ngemva kukaKristu, lapho ubukhosi baseMaurya bufa, lokho okwaziwa ngokuthi iNdiya.
Yaqala ukuhlukana yaba imibuso emincane lapho amaHindu atholakala khona kanye nama-Indo-Greek angawohlanga lwamakhosi akwa-Andhra namaSunga.
Eminye imibuso kwakungeye-Indo-Scythian, okwakuwubukhosi bakwaKusana, futhi ngenxa yobuciko be-Indo-Greek, ubuciko beGandhara bathuthukiswa ngesiko elikhulu lamaGreco-Buddhist, lapho ukumelelwa okuqondile kwesithombe sikaBuddha kwaqala, ngokungafani. ezinye izigaba lapho lalifanekiselwa khona kuphela.
Lolu shintsho luthuthukiswa ngenxa yobuBuddha bukaMahayana obaqala ukuhlonishwa kukaBuddha njengonkulunkulu futhi isibalo sakhe sangena embuthanweni wama-bodhisattvas owanquma ukulahla i-nirvana ukuze akhanyisele amadoda ngendlela yokugeza imiphefumulo yawo.
Ngalokhu, i-iconography entsha ehlobene noBuddha ebizwa ngokuthi i-lakshana iqala ku-Hindu Art, eyayifanekiselwa i-mandala eyayibhekisela ku-halo noma ukukhanya okubonisa ubungcwele bakhe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-ushnisha iwumnsalo noma i-protuberance ye-skull ukukhombisa ulwazi oluphakeme mayelana nalesi sithombe uma kuqhathaniswa nabantu futhi urn ubekwe phakathi kwamashiya, omelela ukukhanya kwalo nkulunkulu.
Ngokuphathelene nezindlebe zezindlebe zalo nkulunkulu, kubhekwa ukuthi zinwetshiwe, ezimelela ukuhlakanipha futhi imiphetho ebonwa entanyeni yalesi sithombe imelela injabulo, ngaphezu kwalokho, ingubo ifanekisela ukuqina futhi ngesandla sakhe sokunene unikeza. Izibusiso kubo bonke ababukele.
Ukuze kudalwe lezi zithombe ngobuciko bamaHindu, kwakudingeka ukuthi kugqugquzelwe amanye amasiko anjengesiGreki kanye nesamaRoma, kusetshenziswa indawo ephikisayo ethambile futhi ukuthula nokuthula kubonakala ebusweni bayo, kubhekiselwa kunkulunkulu u-Apollo we Impucuko yamaRoma..
Mayelana nezakhiwo kulo mongo woBuciko BamaHindu, ukwakhiwa kwezigodlo zakhiwe ngezindawo ezingcwele, amagumbi kanye namakamelo okuhlangana.
Njengoba kunjalo nge-vihara esifundeni sase-Takht-i-Bahi, eduze kakhulu ne-Peshawar, lapho ukuvela kwe-stupas kungabonakala khona, ngakho-ke i-dome ibekwe phezu kwesigubhu eside esimise okwesilinda.
Lokho kwakubekwe phezulu esisekelweni ngesimo sesikwele, ekubeni evelele kunazo zonke i-Kaniska esifundeni sase-Peshawar, umsebenzi omuhle kakhulu we-mercantile ubonakala kulesi sikhathi ngenxa yomzila wesilika.
Okuthile kwenani elikhulu njengezinongo kwathunyelwa eNdiya kusukela ngaleso sikhathi zazingekho izindlela zokuqandisa ngaphezu kohwebo oluhlobene namatshe ayigugu nezinsimbi.
Usilika, izindatshana ezingaziwa kanye ne-jade zithunyelwe zisuka esizweni samaShayina, njengoba kubonakala esikhungweni semivubukulo saseKapisa enyakatho yedolobha laseKabul.
Lapho leli dolobha lalihlala khona ehlobo lobukhosi bakwaKusana, kwatholakala izimpondo zendlovu eziqoshwe eNdiya. Njengama-lacquers emvelaphi yamaShayina kanye nama-bronze avela eRoma, ngisho nengilazi ebonisa ubudlelwano obukhulu bezentengiselwano phakathi kwalawa masiko.
Mathura Art
Lesi sitayela sobuciko bamaHindu sakhiwe phakathi kwekhulu lokuqala nelesi-XNUMX lenkathi yobuKristu futhi sasitholakala edolobheni laseGanges phakathi kwezindawo zase-Agra naseDelhi, okwakuyidolobha elikhulu nenhloko-dolobha yobukhosi bakwaKusana.
Kunobufakazi besikole esikhulu sobuciko ebesizosabalala ezweni lonke laseNdiya, okuhlanganisa nobuciko bakwaGupta, kodwa ngenxa yokuhlasela kwempucuko yamaSulumane zimbalwa izethulo ngenxa yokucekelwa phansi kwazo.
Kodwa ngokophenyo olwenziwayo, lolu hlobo lobuciko lwenza ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezingokwesiko zaseNdiya nalezo zempucuko yamaGreki namaRoma.
Phakathi kwazo kugqama iqoqo nezimpondo zendlovu ze-trousseau yenkosazana etholakala edolobheni laseBegram ngokuphathelene nesithombe sikaBuddha.
Wayehlezi ephambanise imilenze, efana kakhulu nokuma kwe-yoga, futhi amasondo ayebonakala ezandleni zakhe zombili nasezinyaweni zakhe.
Uma i-Buddha ibekwe eduze kwezinye izibalo, ubukhulu balokhu babubukhulu kakhulu ngokuhlobene nabanye, bubonisa ku-Hindu Art izinga lokubusa phakathi konkulunkulu.
Ubuciko be-Amaravati
Phakathi kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX nelesi-XNUMX leminyaka yobuKristu, idolobha lase-Amaravati lalitholakala esigodini eduze nomfula iKrishna, linesitayela esifana nesikaMathura.
Ngokuphathelene nethonya lamaGreki namaRoma ngenxa yemiphumela eyabonwa emanxiweni aseVirapatnam eduze kakhulu nePondicherry.
Njengasezigabeni ezedlule, ukwakhiwa kwayo okuvelele kakhulu yi-stupas nezindela, enye yazo igqame ngokuphakama kwayo okungamamitha angama-30.
Njengoba leyo ye-Amaravati futhi ihlobene Nobuciko BamaHindu, umfanekiso oqoshiwe ugqama lapho izingoma eziphakathi nendawo zenziwa lapho iqembu libalulekile ezigcawini okufanele ziqoshwe.
Bonke laba balingisi bakhombisa ukumomotheka okukhethekile, ikakhulukazi abesifazane, futhi basebenzisa izitayela zangaphambilini ezakha ukumelela kwe-eclectic.
Nokho, uBuddha ufanekiselwa njengomuntu futhi kwezinye izigcawu ufanekiselwa njengomuntu ophakeme odinga ezinye izethulo ukuze zimazi.
Nokho, kwakuvame ukufanekisela uBuddha kusetshenziswa isondo elenza ukufana neNkosi Yenkanyezi futhi kwasetshenziswa nesithombe sehhashi.
Lokho wakusebenzisa ngesikhathi enquma ukuqhela empilweni yezwe ngisho nasemkhiwaneni, isihlahla esimele ukuhlakanipha, ngoba ngaphansi kwalesi sihlahla wayephethe ukushumayela izwi.
AmaGupta Art
Lobu buciko baqala phakathi kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX nelesi-XNUMX lenkathi yobuKristu futhi bungenye yezindawo ezivame kakhulu zobuciko bamaHindu, okuyinkathi yakudala lapho ubuBuddha basakazeka khona. Kuzo zonke izifunda zase-Asia ukuvumela ukudalwa kwefilosofi ebizwa ngokuthi Vedanta, ngaphandle izincwadi amadlingozi uyachuma.
Ubuciko BamaHindu buthuthuka ngenxa ye-purism esemthethweni kanye nokuzwana phakathi kwezibalo ezidaliwe ezibonisa ukufezeka kwesibalo somuntu kanye nama-stupas abekwe aqonde phezulu abonisa ukuhambisana okukhulu emhlobisoni wesithombe esiqoshiwe.
Okwenziwe ku-bas-relief ngokusetshenziswa kwamatshe kanye ne-stucco coatings kwenziwa phakathi kwabo, lezo zikaRayagrija, uNalanda noSarnath zigqama.
Imisebenzi yezakhiwo emikhulu kakhulu eyenziwe ngalesi sikhathi soBuciko BamaHindu yizindawo ezingcwele zemigede noma eyaziwa nangokuthi i-vihara.
Phakathi kwabo i-Aurangabad, i-Elephanta, i-Ajanta ne-Ellora. Ngokuphathelene namathempeli akhiwe endaweni evulekile, i-Bhitargaon, i-Bodh Gaya, i-Sanchi, i-Deogarh Sirpur ne-Chezarla ivelele.
Elinye lamathempeli noma izindawo ezingcwele ezigqamayo Kubuciko BamaHindu yi-Ajanta eyenziwe phakathi kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX nelesi-XNUMX lenkathi yobuKristu, yakhiwe imigede engamashumi amathathu.
Eyavubukulwa edwaleni ikakhulukazi e-basalt yentaba-mlilo futhi kuzo izindawo ezingcwele, amagumbi ezindela kanye namakamelo okuhlangana achazwa kabanzi, afaka konke ukubonakaliswa koBuciko BamaHindu okufana nokubaza, izakhiwo kanye nokudweba.
Eyishumi nesithupha yale migede ihlotshiswe ngemidwebo yasendongeni emangalisayo lapho kwasetshenziswa inani elikhulu lezingulube zemifino nezamaminerali ongqimbeni lobumba oluhlanganiswe notshani kwase kwengezwa umcako.
Isihloko esiyinkomba salezi zithombe sithi uBuddha futhi izigcawu zihambisana nezindaba ezidumile zamaBuddha ezaziwa ngokuthi i-jataka ngisho nezigcawu zokuhleleka okujwayelekile kanye nemvelo ebaluleke kakhulu Kubuciko BamaHindu kungafakazelwa.
Lezi zithombe ezitholakala ezindaweni ezingcwele ze-Ajanta ziveza imvelo kanye nenganekwane ye-Mahayana Buddhism lapho i-Bodhisattva ye-lotus eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ibonakala lapho inikezwa khona ubukhulu obukhulu kanye nenani elikhulu lezilwane ezizungezile ngaphandle kokuhleleka noma umbono.
Ukuma ku-flexion kabili futhi ubuhle bobuhle balesi sikhathi bubonakala ezicini zakhe kanye nokuma kwamehlo akhe okufana kakhulu ne-lotus flower petal futhi amashiya akhe abonisa ijika elifana kakhulu ne-Indian arch.
Elinye lamathempeli lapho ubuciko bamaHindu bubonakala khona kubo bonke ubukhazikhazi bawo yi-Ellora phakathi kweminyaka engu-750 no-850. Linikezelwe eSivá Lalakhiwe ngamatshe entaba-mlilo futhi linompheme omkhulu ohlanganisa amamitha ayikhulu ubude.
Isakhiwo sakhiwe izakhiwo ezimbili ezinezitezi ezimbili futhi sinezinsika ezinkulu, kokubili ngaphandle nangaphakathi kwaso kuhlotshiswe ngezibalo zomuntu ezikhundleni eziningi nasezimo zengqondo ezihlukahlukene.
Kuyabonwa imikhuba yobulili, ukulwa, ukuzindla, imidanso, izithombe zabantu ezilingisa ukundiza, kanye nezindlovu ezinobukhulu obuphilayo ezihlobise izindonga zethempeli.
Ngokuphathelene nesigameko esiyinhloko, esingamamitha amane ukuphakama, onkulunkulu uSivá noParvati bethulwa esiqongweni sentaba futhi phezulu kwayo, idemoni elinezingalo namakhanda amaningi okuthiwa iRavana liyabonwa.
Ithempeli elikhulu lenzelwa ukuhlonipha i-lingam futhi lisenkabeni yendlu engcwele kule ndawo engcwele ehlala izindela zamaBuddha namaHindu Brahmins abonisa ukubekezelelana nokuphilisana ngokuthula phakathi kwezinkolo zombili.
Mayelana nethempeli le-Elephanta, lisesiqhingini saseBombay Bay, lapho ufinyelela ethempelini, ungabona isithombe esikhulu sendlovu, yingakho igama elinikezwe amaPutukezi ngo-1712.
Igqamile ngenxa yezinsiza zayo ezimangalisayo, phakathi kwazo ukuqhuma kweSivá Majadeva okwenziwe ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Leli bust lingamamitha ayisithupha ukuphakama futhi limelelwa amakhanda amathathu, iduna elilodwa, owesifazane oyedwa kanye ne-hermaphrodite eyodwa.
Okumele izimiso ezibhekisela ebubilini obakhayo nobubhubhisayo ngaphezu kwengqikithi yaphezulu ekhonjiswa kukho konke.
Mayelana nendlu yesonto eyinhloko yaleli thempeli, liphinde linikezelwe esithweni sowesilisa se-lingam, okuyisici esiyinhloko se-Sivá futhi esifanekiselwa isilinda se-monolithic.
Enye yezimfanelo Zobuciko BamaHindu balesi sikhathi ukuthula nokulinganisela okumelelwe emfanekisweni kaBuddha lapho efanekiselwa khona kahle futhi eveza ubumnandi nobungokomoya obujwayelekile besitayela sikaMathura.
Isithombe esibaziwe esiyinhloko esikaBuddha ehlezi esihlalweni sakhe sobukhosi sengathi uyazindla, imilenze yakhe inqanyuliwe ngokufana nendawo ye-yoga futhi izandla zakhe zisezikhundleni ezihlukahlukene ngokodaka awenzayo, oluyingxenye yolimi lwe-esoteric. .
Esinye isibonelo se-Hindu Art yi-Master Buddha evela e-Samath ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX lapho ubushelelezi emigqeni edaliwe bubonwa.
Ukuphelela okukhulu kuboniswa ekugcwalisekeni kobuso obubonisa ubuhle obuhle kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo okuyinganekwane ngokunyakaza okushelelayo okubonisa inkanuko nengokomoya elivamile kakhulu ku-Hindu Art.
Ngokufanayo, i-torso ye-Bodhisattva igqamile, evela esifundeni saseSanchi, esisukela ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX, futhi sinesikhumba esithambile ngaphezu kwezingubo ezigqoka kanye namatshe ayigugu ahlobisa.
Iphinde iqokomise ukukhululeka kukaVishnu lapho elele khona phezu kwenyoka okuthiwa u-Ananta eduze kwabanye onkulunkulu bamaHindu.
Lobu buciko bakwaGupta busabalala esifundeni sase-Deccan, bukhuthaza ukuhlukahluka kwezitayela ezaziwa nge-post-Gupta futhi, njengoba bekunemibuso eminingana esifundeni saseNdiya, idolobha ngalinye lalisebenzisa ngendlela yalo engcono kakhulu phakathi kwaleyo egqamile.
Inkimbinkimbi yezakhiwo nemidwebo yedolobha laseMahabalipuran kusukela ngo-1984 iyindawo yamagugu omhlaba.
Impumuzo enhle ebizwa ngokuthi i-Descent of the Ganges ifakazelwa futhi inobude obungamamitha angamashumi amabili nesikhombisa futhi ngokuphathelene nokuphakama kwaleli thempeli ngamamitha ayisishiyagalolunye, lakhiwe nge-granite.
Ngaphakathi kunezibalo ezingaphezu kwekhulu phakathi konkulunkulu bamaHindu, abantu kanye nezilwane njengoba kufakazelwa izindlovu ezenziwe ngesilinganiso semvelo endaweni ezungezile amatshe amathathu amakhulu aqoshiwe abanika isimo sebhubesi, indlovu kanye nenkunzi ngokulandelana.
Ngokufanayo, kungase kubonakale izindawo ezinhlanu ezingcwele zegwadle ze-monolithic, ezimise okwezimoto futhi ezinemifanekiso eqoshiwe lapho kungase kubonakale khona imifanekiso nezilwane ze-guamna.
Esifundeni saseBengal izizukulwane zePala neSena nazo zizihlukanise nesitayela sakwaGupta, zakhombisa ubukhazikhazi obukhulu.
Futhi Izinkulumo Ezingezona Ubuntu I-stupa yesitayela sobukhosi be-Pala esinedome efana ne-bulb sadluliselwa endaweni yase-Nepal naseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia ikakhulukazi ezifundeni ezifana neBurma, Thailand kanye ne-Cambodia.
Ubuciko bamaHindu phakathi kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX nele-XNUMX
Ngemva kokuhlasela kwama-White Huns, isifunda saseNdiya saphinde sakhiwa saba imibuso emincane eyayibhekene yodwa.
Ngoba amandla maqondana enyakatho nasentshonalanga yeNdiya kwakugcwele Raiput eyaziwa ngokuthi iNdodana yeNkosi kwakungamaqhawe imindeni.
Laba babephethe ukwakhiwa kwamakhosi amaningi afana ne-Solanki, i-Rastrakuta, i-Chandella ne-Pratihara eyakha izitayela ezintsha zobuciko ezathuthukisa ubuciko bamaHindu kuze kube yisikhathi sokuhlasela kwesizwe samaMongol.
Ngokuphathelene nenkolo yobuBuddha, yalahlekelwa ingxenye yamandla ayo ngokumelene nobuHindu, oba yinkolo yezwe.
Inani elikhulu lezindawo ezingcwele zenkolo zakhiwa ngenxa yeminikelo yabanikazi bomhlaba ababenezindawo ezibanzi, okwavumela isimiso se-feudal.
Ngokuphathelene nokwakhiwa kwalesi sikhathi soBuciko BamaHindu, kubhekwa izindlela ezimbili, njengoba kunjalo ngesakhiwo esimboziwe futhi esinye isakhiwo kwakuyiphiramidi, ejwayelekile kakhulu yobuciko be-Dravidian.
Amathempeli amaHindu abizwa ngokuthi ama-nagara akhiwa eduze kwezindawo ezingcwele zasendulo lapho kwakugcinwa khona izithombe zonkulunkulu.
Ngokuphathelene nokuzala, njengoba kunjalo nge-lingam ne-ion, imiklamo eyindilinga yenziwa ukuvikela lezi zakhiwo zasendulo.
Ngakho-ke, phambi kwesakhiwo, kwakhiwa ithala lapho amagumbi ahlukahlukene abonwa khona ngaphakathi kombhoshongo futhi isakhiwo saboniswa phezulu njengesici sowesilisa esakhiweni esibhekisela ku-ioni yesici sowesifazane.
Uhlelo lwesakhiwo lwenziwa ohlangothini olusempumalanga-ntshonalanga lulandela i-Star King, ngakho-ke umklamo walo wawufanele izifundo zezinkanyezi.
Ukwenza izilinganiso, kwasetshenziswa isikali esiqinile ukwenza izilinganiso ezifanele ngenhloso yokwenza ukufana kwendawo yonke.
Ngalokhu basebenzisa i-lintel system futhi nakuba babeyazi i-dome nama-arches, abazange bacabange ukuthi kudingekile ukuwasebenzisa. Zisetshenziswa lapho amaSulumane efika.
Umhlobiso owawusetshenziswa ku-Art Hindu yalesi sikhathi wawungaphandle kwethempeli ukuze ugweme ukuphazamiseka ngaphakathi okwakumelwe kube mnyama ngenhloso yokukwazi ukwenza inkolo engcwele.
Ngokuphathelene ne-nagara kulesi sigaba soBuciko BamaHindu, izitayela ezine zadalwa, njengaleso esivela ku-Orissa esaklanywa ngokusebenzisa isihlabathi esibomvu.
Kulezi zakhiwo, ukusetshenziswa kwevolumu ephezulu kubonakala, exhunywe umgwaqo oqinile, njengoba kubonakala ethempelini laseLingaraja edolobheni laseBhubaneswar.
Ubuciko BamaHindu phakathi kwekhulu le-XNUMX nele-XNUMX bubonise isitayela esisha esibizwa ngokuthi i-Khajuraho enhloko-dolobha yezenkolo ye-Chandella, enye yezizukulwane ezaziphethe indawo yaseNdiya phakathi kwekhulu le-XNUMX nele-XNUMX.
Bekhombisa ubukhosi obukhulu ekwakhiweni kwamathempeli abo kanye nemifanekiso eqoshiwe eyayiphethe ukuwahlobisa.
Kuthiwa kulesi sigaba kwakhiwa amathempeli alinganiselwa ku-XNUMX, angamashumi amabili nambili kuphela asele esesimweni esihle kakhulu sokongiwa kwemvelo.
Phakathi kwalawa mathempeli, uKhandariya Majadeva uvelele, owadalwa cishe ngonyaka we-1000. Yenziwe endaweni yesikhulumi lapho indawo engcwele ingaphansi kwesakhiwo kanye nezithombe eziqoshiwe zekhwalithi enkulu.
Lapho izigcawu zikhombisa izihloko zezinganekwane, ezivusa inkanuko kanye nezinganekwane ezibonakala ezindongeni zebhilidi futhi kusukela ngo-1986 lesi sizinda samenyezelwa njengeNdawo Yamagugu Omhlaba.
Ithempeli laseLingaraja elitholakala esifundeni saseBhuvaneswari ngonyaka we-1100 lakhiwe ngokuhlonipha unkulunkulu uSivá. Kuyiqoqo lezakhiwo futhi phakathi kwazo i-sikara ivelele njengombhoshongo ogobayo njengoba ukuphakama kuqhubeka futhi njengoba ukuphela kuyitshe. i-disc ebizwa ngokuthi amalaka.
Izindonga zangaphandle zale ndawo engcwele yenkolo zihlotshiswe ngezithombe eziqoshiwe, kuyilapho ngaphakathi kukhona i-lingam esesimweni se-granite block ku-ion efanelekile njengenkokhelo yokuzala.
Enye yezimfanelo zaleli thempeli ukuthi izindonga zangaphandle zihlotshiswe ngemiklamo emincane evela ethempelini ngokwalo, okubonisa ukuthakaseleka kwazo ngokuphindaphindeka kwezinto nenani lazo.
Elinye lamathempeli abaluleke kakhulu kwezobuciko yilelo elakhiwe ngokuhlonipha uNkulunkulu weLanga esifundeni saseKonarak phakathi kuka-1240 no-1258, okuyisibonelo esihle sezakhiwo zalesi sikhathi soBuciko BamaHindu.
Kodwa kulesi sakhiwo kuphela okusele kuyi-mandapa esesimweni senqola namahhashi ayo aqoshwe kahle kanye namasondo phansi kwesakhiwo. Lesi sakhiwo samenyezelwa njengeNdawo Yamagugu Omhlaba ngo-1984.
Singakutshela futhi ngethempeli laseKesava elisendaweni yaseSomnathpur, elakhiwa ngo-1268, eligqama phakathi kwezinye izakhiwo ngomklamo walo ovundlile futhi lakhiwe izindawo ezingcwele ezintathu ezimise okwenkanyezi kanye ne-mandapa engunxande.
Ibonisa inani elikhulu lezithombe zokuhlobisa ezijwayelekile ze-Hindu Art, kukhona namathempeli amakhulu aphilayo atholakala esifundeni saseChola, akhiwa phakathi kweminyaka ye-XI ne-XII.
Ngokuphathelene nesithombe esibaziwe soBuciko BamaHindu, imifanekiso eqoshiwe isasenziwa ezindaweni ezingcwele ezihlukahlukene kanye nemifanekiso engayodwa nezigcawu ezisibonisa iqiniso elilandisayo ngokuqondile ngomjikelezo wamaHindu ohlobene nezinganekwane.
Izigcawu eziningi ezicacile zama-tantra zikhombisa ukuthi ngocansi umuntu angafinyelela kanjani ekuphakameni okungokomoya kwabantu.
Le mifanekiso manje yenziwe ngenye into efana nethusi, esetshenziswa kabanzi esifundeni sase-Bengal nase-Bihar ehlobene nezihloko zamaBuddha.
Ngokufanayo, kwasetshenziswa ithusi ukuze kwakhiwe izithombe eziqoshiwe zaseTamil Nadu, indikimba yenkolo yamaHindu nabanye onkulunkulu, njengoSivá Nataraja, owayeyinkosi yomdanso.
Ebukhosini beChola iTamil Nadu imelwe izingalo ezine ngaphezu kwezinwele ezinde futhi kwesinye sezandla zakhe isigubhu sokukhombisa umsindo ngobuhlakani boBuciko BamaHindu.
Kuyabonakala kwezinye zezandla zakhe ilangabi liyabonwa ukuthi umlilo njengento yokubhubhisa lesi sithombe sizungezwe indandatho emalangabi emele inqubo ye-cyclical ye-Universe.
Okufanayo kuyagqama kulesi sikhathi se-Hindu Art isifanekiso sikaGomatesvara esenziwa ngonyaka wama-978 no-993 esilinganisa cishe ngamamitha ayishumi nesikhombisa ukuphakama esimele inkosi yamaJaini okuthiwa uBahubali.
Isikhathi sobuciko bamaSulumane
Lokhu kuqale phakathi kwekhulu le-XNUMX nele-XNUMX lapho kuqubuka ukuhlasela kwamaSulumane, okwaletha ukuxokozela kwezobuciko bamaHindu njengoba ayephethe ukucekela phansi inqwaba yamathempeli futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuqedwe ubuBuddha esizweni saseNdiya.
Ngemva kokulandelana okukhulu kobukhosi kule nkathi, njengamaGuríes, amaGaznawies, amaTugluquies, ubukhosi baseKhilji kanye nobukhosi bezigqila, uMbuso WamaMongol kamuva wasungulwa, owawuphethe ukuhlanganisa zonke izifunda zalesi sizwe endaweni eyodwa.
Ngakho-ke, ubuciko bamaHindu babucetshiswe ngezinto zesiko lamaSulumane, ikakhulukazi mayelana nezakhiwo, izakhi ezifana ne-arch, i-vault, i-dome yasetshenziswa, ngaphezu kokusetshenziswa kwe-lime mortar.
Kwakhelwa ngisho nezakhiwo ezintsha zesiko lamaHindu, njengezindawo zokukhulekela zamaSulumane, futhi ngokuphathelene nemihlobiso, bafunda ukuhlobisa ngamatshe aqoshiwe nokusebenzisa i-calligraphy, kanye nekhono lokushumeka izinto nama-tesserae ukuze bahlobise.
Ngethonya lamaSulumane, ubuciko bamaHindu bathola umbono omusha womugqa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwendawo yezinto ezaziwayo kakade njengemabula emhlophe nesihlabathi esibomvu.
Ngakho-ke, kwakhiwa ama-mosque amaHindu akhiwe ngama-nave amathathu enzelwe umkhuleko ngokukhethekile futhi udonga luqondiswe ngaseMecca lapho i-mihrab ne-minbar zikhona.
Ngokuphathelene ne-central nave, yenziwe ngama-vaults amathathu kuya kwayisihlanu abekwe ubude futhi emhlobiso wawo asebenzisa umklamo wama-stalactites okuthiwa i-murkana.
Ifakwe umpheme omkhulu kanye nendishi yezindlu zangasese, ngokuvamile ezinompheme ukuze zisetshenziswe njengesixolelo.” Emakhoneni, kwakubekwe izingongolo, kanye negumbi labapristi.
Phakathi kwezivelele kakhulu kulawa ma-mosque ku-Hindu Art singakhomba iSultanate yaseDelhi eyakhiwe ngonyaka we-1210 kanye ne-Oila - i - Kohna Masjid.
Itholakala ePurana Qila esifundeni saseHumayun ngonyaka we-1541 kanye nakuma-sultanates wesifundazwe, i-Atala Masjid igqame edolobheni laseJaunpur elakhiwa ngonyaka we-1408.
Esifundeni saseDehli, uMbhoshongo Wokunqoba ugqamile, uyi-minaret ende kunazo zonke emhlabeni, ubude bawo bungamamitha angamashumi ayisikhombisa nambili, wakhiwa phakathi kuka-1194 no-1199 ngaphansi komyalo ka-Outb ad-Din Avbak owasungula isigqila. ubukhosi.
Lesi sakhiwo sinomklamo we-frustoconical futhi isitshalo sakhiwe ngesimo se-poly esingaguquki esinemigqa ehlukahlukene, sakhiwe ngezitezi ezinhlanu.
Ngayinye inezitezi ezigoqa ama-muqarna, amathathu okuqala enziwe ngetshe lesanti elibomvu kanti enye enye ngemabula emhlophe kanye nomhlobiso we-epigraphic owenziwe ngemigqa.
Sonke lesi sakhiwo sakhiwe ngensika yensimbi elinganiselwa kumamitha ayisikhombisa futhi yakhiwa ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaChandragupta II owaphila phakathi kweminyaka engama-375 no-413.
Okunye okugqamayo kwalesi sakhiwo ukuthi naphezu kosuku esakhiwa ngalo asivezi noma yiluphi uhlobo lokugqwala futhi ngo-1993 sasiyingxenye ye-UNESCO World Heritage Site.
I-Mughal Architecture
Bekungenye yezinto ezithela kakhulu futhi ezethulwa ubukhazikhazi obukhulu kwezobuciko bamaSulumane eNdiya.Phakathi kokuvezwa kwayo kokuqala kukhona i-mosque yase-Babri Masjid eyalelwe ukuba yakhiwe inkosi yokuqala uMughal okuthiwa u-Babur.
Mayelana neFatehpur Sikri, ngokungafani nezinye izakhiwo ezazinomqondo wenkolo, lesi kwakuyisigodlo esakhiwa phakathi kuka-1571 no-1585 eduze kwedolobha lase-Agra ngaphansi komyalo woMbusi u-Akbar ukuze kube isihlalo senkantolo.
Kuyisakhiwo esibiyelwe ngodonga futhi silinganisa cishe amakhilomitha ayisithupha emkhathini, kwakhiwa izakhiwo eziningana. Ngokusekelwe ku-sandstone ebomvu, phakathi kwabo kugqama i-Diwan - i-khas, okwakuyisakhiwo esimise okwe-cube lapho umbusi athola khona izivakashi.
Futhi yayiqukethe ichibi elibizwa ngokuthi i-Anup Talao nezingadi ezithonywe ubuciko basePheresiya obuphindwe kane futhi ngaphakathi kwazo kwakukhona indlu yokuthandaza ebizwa ngokuthi i-Ibadat Khana ngaphandle kokukhohlwa indawo yabesifazane.
Lapho kwaklanywa khona izakhiwo ezimbalwa, njengePanch Mahal, okwakuyinkundla yezokungcebeleka, i-Birbal Mahal, okwakuyigumbi eliyiduplex leNdlovukazi.
Isigodlo semimoya kanye nendlu yendlovukazi kanye nethempeli lamaSulumane elivelele ngenxa yokuthi i-mausoleum yalo yayakhiwe ngemabula emhlophe ehlotshiswe ngamatshe.
I-Mausoleum yedolobha lase-Agra ebizwa ngokuthi i-Itimad-Ud-Daulah eyakhiwe phakathi kuka-1622 no-1628 ibonisa ukuguqulwa kwesakhiwo sokuqala se-Mughal lapho kwasetshenziswa khona isihlabathi esibomvu njengempahla eluhlaza futhi kamuva kwasetshenziswa imabula emhlophe.
Phakathi kwazo, i-Tai Mahal igqamile.Yakhiwa ngaphansi kwemiyalo kaNur Jahan, umka-Jahangir, ukuba angcwabe uyise ogama lakhe lingu-Mirza Ghiyas Beg, owathola isiqu sika-Itimad-ud-Daulá, okusho ukuthi insika yezwe.
Izindonga zalesi sakhiwo zazenziwe ngemabula emhlophe enamathiselwe ngamatshe ayigugu njenge-onikisi, i-lapis lazuli netopazi.
Ngokuphathelene nemidwebo, ithonya lasePheresiya liyabonwa futhi lifanekiselwa izibalo zejometri namavase ezimbali noma izitshalo ezinemihlobiso yokuhlobisa.
Ngakho-ke i-Tai Mahal iwumsebenzi onikezwe ubuhle owenziwe eMughal Art phakathi kweminyaka ka-1632 no-1654 umbusi uSah Yahan ayala ukuba yakhiwe.
Ukuhlonipha unkosikazi wakhe ongasekho uMumtaz Mahal i-mausoleum eyenziwe ngemabula emhlophe, inkundla yokwakha inyakaza amamitha ayisikhombisa izungezwe imibhoshongo emine.
I-facade yalesi sakhiwo ine-arch yohlobo lwe-iwan yasePheresiya nezinye ezincane emaceleni.Igumbi elingaphakathi liyi-octagonal futhi liphakama libe nedomu elikhulu, eliphinde lizungezwe amanye amadome amabili amancane amise okwe-bulb.
Ukuba esinye sezakhiwo ezaziwa kakhulu emhlabeni namuhla sibonga ukuvumelana kwezilinganiso zayo kanye nomhlobiso obucayi lapho kubonakala khona ama-inlay anezinhlobonhlobo zezimbali kanye nokubunjwa kwejometri.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, phambi kwalesi sakhiwo esihle kakhulu kunengadi enhle yasePheresiya ezungezwe imigudu emine yamanzi ephambanayo.
Babhekisela emifuleni emine yasePharadesi lapho kugeleza khona amanzi, iwayini, ubisi noju. Yamenyezelwa njengenye Yezimanga Eziyisikhombisa Zomhlaba Wesimanje ngo-2007.
Ubuciko Bendabuko BamaHindu
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi Ubuciko Bendabuko BamaHindu babusabonakaliswa esifundeni esiseningizimu yendawo yaseDeccan ikakhulukazi embusweni waseVijayanagar phakathi kwekhulu le-XNUMX nele-XNUMX.
Lapho indawo engcwele yaseTiruvengalanatha igqama khona ngonyaka we-1534 eyenziwe ngokuhlonipha unkulunkulu uVishnu kanye neLotus Palace.
Izicabha zalezi zakhiwo zazenziwe zaba namakhothamo angama-lobed, okubonisa ukuhlangana phakathi kwezinhlobo zendabuko zamaHindu nezamaSulumane.
Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwezakhi ezinjengama-vaults, ama-arches nama-domes, ngaphandle kokukhohlwa amakholomu nama-balconi, kwasetshenziswa ubuciko bamaHindu.
Izakhiwo zenkolo zalesi sifunda zazinkulu futhi ziyinkimbinkimbi lapho kwakungabonakala khona inani elikhulu lemibhoshongo yokungena, eyayinde futhi inesimo sephiramidi.
Obekumele iMount Meru, okuyi-Hindu Olympus lapho kubonwa khona amafrieze abekwe phezulu kanye nemihlobiso eqoshiwe eyenziwe nge-stucco nenemibala egqamile.
Elinye lamadolobha angcwele okubalulekile ukugqamisa kulesi sihloko mayelana Nobuciko BamaHindu lihambisana neMadurai, eyadalwa ebukhosini baseNayvak ngekhulu le-XNUMX.
Le ndlu engcwele ihlukaniselwe ukuhlonipha uMinaksi unkulunkulukazi onamehlo afana nenhlanzi kanye no-Sivá Sundaresvara oyiNkosi Enhle.
Iqukethe izithombe ze-polychrome zonkulunkulu bamaHindu futhi indawo engcwele izungezwe uchungechunge lwamaphasishi namahholo e-hypostyle anamakholomu aqoshwe kahle.
Phakathi kwazo okugqame ihholo lamakholomu ayinkulungwane ahlotshiswe ngezithombe zezilwane ezesabekayo, namuhla kuyimyuziyamu lapho kugcinwa khona iqoqo lethusi elivela eChola naseVijayanagar.
Ngokuphathelene nokudweba ku-Hindu Art, kwapheleliswa emkhakheni we-miniature, uhlobo olwamukelwa kubuciko bamaSulumane, ikakhulukazi ku-chromatism.
Ngokombono, kusukela ngekhulu leshumi nanhlanu, imibala ecacile kodwa engahlukanisiwe yayisetshenziswa ezibalo ngaphandle kokukhululeka nasebusweni obunesitayela obunamehlo ahlabayo.
Izikole ezimbili eziyinhloko zakhiwe kule ndawo, okuyiRajasthani leyo eyathuthukiswa ezifundeni zaseMalwa, Mewar, Jaipur, Kishangarh naseBundi lapho izimfanelo zezwe, ukwakheka okumile kanye nezinhlamvu ezidwetshiwe zethulwa ngaphambili.
Esinye isikole i-Pahari eyaqala ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili edolobheni lase-Panvab emibusweni emincane yase-Guler ne-Kangra. Isitayela sizwela kakhulu futhi sinemibala ezigcawini zenkantolo kanye ne-chivalrous, ikakhulukazi enganekwaneni ye-Krishna.
Kungalesi sigaba lapho ubuciko bezindwangu buchuma khona ezintweni ezifana nosilika nokotini, bukwazi ukusebenza ezinhlotsheni ezihlukene zikakotini eziyikhulu namashumi amahlanu.
Lapho kuqashelwa khona izindlela eziningi ngokuya ngesifunda, kunjalo ngendwangu ependiwe yase-Deccan kanye nendwangu exutshwe nokotini eyenziwe e-Gujarat.
Lezi zindwangu zapendwe, zanyatheliswa, zadaywa futhi zafekethiswa ngezicelo eziningi, okubonisa ikhono labadali bazo.
Ngisho nobuciko beJain bathuthukiswa ngokuvumelana okukhulu, okwakuyisitayela esithakazelisa kakhulu emazweni aseNtshonalanga esasibonakala emathempelini nasezidwebeni eziqoshiwe ezenziwe ngemabula emhlophe.
Lapho kwenziwa khona imihlobiso yamatshe ayigugu anemibala ehlukahlukene futhi evumela umhlobiso omkhulu ezindaweni ezingcwele phakathi kwabo, ithempeli laseRanakpur ligqama kanye nethempeli laseNeminath eNtabeni u-Abu.
Ngokufanayo, ubuciko obuncane buyabonakala, njengoba kunjalo ngemifanekiso ye-Kalpa-sutra, okuwumbhalo ongcwele wamaJaini olandisa ngezenzo zikaMahavira, owayengumsunguli waleli hlelo lenkolo.
Lo mbhalo ubukwifomethi evundlile eyenziwe ngamahlamvu esundu lapho kwasetshenziswa khona imibala emibili eyinhloko, njengobomvu ne-indigo, kanye nezibalo ezimile ezinomphambili oqinile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kulesi sigaba kwathuthukiswa imisebenzi eyinhloko yamaqhawe angamaSikh futhi inkolo yabo yasungulwa ngo-1469 inzalamizi uNanak, esekelwe enkolelweni kaNkulunkulu ongenakubizwa ngegama nasekukhulekeleni incwadi yakhe engcwele.
Okubizwa ngokuthi iGuru Granth Sahib phakathi kwezikhumbuzo ezinkulu kakhulu zalesi sifanekiso ezisedolobheni lase-Amritsar edolobheni lasePavab elakhiwa ngo-1574 lapho kugqame khona iThempeli Legolide elibizwa ngokuthi iGurdwara Har Mandir.
ubuciko bekoloni
Lokhu kwenziwa phakathi kwekhulu le-1757 nelama-XNUMX lapho iGreat Britain inqoba iFrance futhi idla izwe laseNdiya ngo-XNUMX ebizwa ngokuthi iMpi Yeminyaka Eyisikhombisa.
Lapho kuphakama umsebenzi wamaNgisi, kwasabalala isitayela sobukoloni esinesandla kubuciko bamaHindu izilimi ezihlobene nesitayela saseYurophu.
Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi phakathi nalokhu kungqubuzana kwamasosha aseFrance namaNgisi, izakhamuzi zabela izitayela zobuciko zombili, njengoba kungabonakala ezifundeni ezinesitayela sesiFulentshi njengeBaroda, Hiderabad neNagpur.
Ngokunjalo, isitayela sezakhiwo samaPutukezi samafomu e-baroque sabonwa kubuciko bamaHindu obabhaxabulwa ngobuciko bamaHindu futhi bagqama eKhathedrali laseGoa elakhiwa phakathi kweminyaka ka-1562 no-1619.
Kanye naseBasilica likaJesu Omuhle waseGoa elakhiwa phakathi kuka-1594 no-1605 lapho kugcinwa khona izinsalela zethuna laseSan Francisco Javier.
Injalo intshisekelo yalezi zakhiwo zamaPutukezi ezinobuciko bamaHindu ukuthi beziyingxenye yeNdawo Yamagugu Omhlaba kusukela ngo-1986.
Ngokunqotshwa kwamaNgisi, kwadalwa isitayela se-neoclassical esasifana kakhulu nalesi esasiqhutshwa e-United States kanyekanye.
Injalo indaba yeFort of Saint George eMadras, eyakhiwa phakathi kuka-1644 no-1714, kanye neCathedral of Saint Thomas eBombay, eyakhiwa ngo-1718.
Kumelwe kuphawulwe ukuthi ngo-1690 kwasungulwa idolobha laseCalcutta, lapho kwamiswa khona indlunkulu yeBritish East India Company.
Ngakho-ke, kusukela ngekhulu le-XNUMX bekulokhu isihlalo sokuphatha isizwe samaNgisi esifundeni samaHindu futhi phakathi kwezakhiwo zokuqala zamasosha esazenza.
I-Fort Williams itholakala phakathi kweminyaka ka-1700 no-1716 ngemva kwalokhu, ithempeli lezenkolo njengoba kwenzeka eKhathedrali laseSan Juan elakhiwa ngo-1787.
Ngaphezu kwesihlalo sobukhosi, iRaj Bhayan Palace yakhiwa phakathi kuka-1798 no-1805, yakha idolobha elinezikhala ezinkulu ezinezingadi, njengeMaidan Park, i-Government Plaze, iZoo, iBotanical Garden kanye neDalhousie Square.
Ngekhulu le-XNUMX, isitayela se-Victorian neo-Gothic sasetshenziswa ikakhulukazi ezakhiweni ezisemthethweni zokuhlasela kwamaNgisi futhi elinye lamadolobha abonisa ubukhazikhazi ngalesi sitayela kwakuyiBombay, lapho kwenziwa khona ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezinkulu.
Phakathi kwazo kuneHholo Ledolobha ngo-1855 kanye nethempeli lezenkolo elinjenge-Afghan Memorial Church ngo-1857.
IMakethe yaseCrawford ngonyaka ka-1867 kwase kuba iRajabai Tower ngonyaka we-1874 futhi yahambisa iVictoria Terminus Station phakathi kweminyaka ye-1840 ne-1847.
Edolobheni laseCalcutta, isibhedlela sakhiwa ngo-1835, kanye nethempeli lezenkolo, iSt. Imyuziyamu.
Phakathi nekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye
Ubuciko bendabuko bamaHindu bagqama edolobheni laseJaipur, inhloko-dolobha yaseRavastan, ngo-1728 futhi babizwa ngokuthi idolobha elibomvu ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwe-terracotta.
Ukudweba izakhiwo phakathi kwalesi sakhiwo sezakhiwo, i-Maharaja Palace kusukela ngonyaka we-1728 igqamile, bese kuba i-Ishvarlat Tower eyakhiwa ngonyaka we-1743.
Ngaphezu kweSigodlo Semimoya kusukela ngonyaka we-1799, inodonga oluhle olwakhiwe ngezivalo zamatshe lapho kwakusetshenziswa khona imibala ebomvana nomhlophe, yasetshenziswa njengombono wabesifazane bendlu yabesifazane.
Omunye wemisebenzi egqamayo i-Jantar Mnatar eyakhiwa ngo-1728, kanye nendawo yokubuka izinkanyezi eyenziwe ngemabula ne-sandstone, inama-sundials, ama-astrolabes nama-chandeliers.
Ngenxa yeNkampani yaseBrithani East India, ebhekele ukuthunyelwa kwemikhiqizo yezolimo njengetiye, izinongo, irayisi, ikhofi noshukela, kanye nemikhiqizo evela endaweni yendwangu, ivumele ukushintshaniswa kobuciko.
I-English Company yayinentshisekelo yokwenza izifundo ezihlobene ne-cartography kanye ne-ethnography yesifunda. Ngalokhu, yayiphethe ukuletha abaculi bomdabu wase-Europe.
Ngenhloso yokukwazi ukubhala izikhumbuzo eziyinhloko ze-Hindu Art kanye nezindawo ezinhle zesifunda samaHindu. Ngenxa yobuciko baseNtshonalanga, ukuguqulwa kwenziwa ku-Hindu Art njengoba befunda indlela yokudweba uwoyela kanye nokusetshenziswa kombono kanye ne-chiaroscuro.
Ukudala isitayela esaziwa ngokuthi ubuciko benkampani lapho indlela yasentshonalanga yasetshenziswa khona ekumeleleni Ubuciko BamaHindu ikakhulukazi ezigcawini ezinhle ezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu onxiwankulu bamaNgisi.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kobuciko besiNgisi nobuciko bamaHindu, isitayela esibizwa ngokuthi i-Kalighat pat sadalwa eCalcutta, esasibophezele ekuxubeni izimpande zamaHindu nobuqiniso obushiwo ubuciko baseNtshonalanga.
ubuciko besimanje
Ngemuva kokugqugquzela okukhulu, i-India yazuza ukuzimela kwayo ngo-1947 futhi kwenziwa ukwakhiwa okusha ngenxa yokuxoxisana kwabadwebi bangaphandle.
Injalo indaba kaLe Corbusier edolobheni laseChandigarh, leli dolobha ladalwa umakhi wemvelaphi yaseSwitzerland ngo-1953 nguhulumeni omusha ngenxa yenhlangano yenkululeko.
Lo mdwebi wamapulani wayephethe ukuklama ipulani yedolobha ledolobha ngaphezu kokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo eziningi ezisemthethweni njengePhalamende, Izinkonzo, Izinkantolo kanye nesigodlo sikaHulumeni.
Lapho ukusetshenziswa kwevolumu yejometri ngendlela ehlanzekile kubonakala ngaphezu kokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezintsha kanye namasu afana nokhonkolo nengilazi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwasebenza omunye umakhi wendabuko wasentshonalanga, njengo-Otto Königsberger, futhi ngo-1939 wamiswa njengenhloko yesifunda saseMysore.
Kulesi sifunda iHindu Institute of Science yakhiwa phakathi kuka-1943 no-1944 kanye neVictoria Hall ngo-1946 edolobheni laseBangalore ngaphandle kokukhohlwa uhlelo lwedolobha laseBhubanesvara.
Ngekhulu lama-XNUMX, idolobha laseCalcutta laliyisikhungo se-Hindu Art eNdiya, lakha isikole saseBengal, esavumela ukuvuselelwa kobuciko bendabuko bamaHindu ukuthi buchume ngoxhaso lomndeni wakwaTagore.
Ikakhulukazi u-Rabindranath Tagore owaklonyeliswa ngendondo yeNobel for Literature ngo-1913 futhi phakathi kwezimfanelo zakhe kwagqama lokho kokuba umdwebi obonisa ngokucacile umbala omnyama.
Ngo-1920, wasungula i-Faculty of Fine Arts yaseSantiniketan, eduze kakhulu nedolobha laseCalcutta. Kubalulekile ukugqamisa ithonya lalo mndeni ekuthuthukisweni kobuciko bamaHindu.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi umndeni wakwaTagore wathola isazi sefilosofi saseJapane nomculi u-Okakura Kakuzö eNdiya ngo-1902, ngakho lo mndeni wakhulelwa inqwaba yezihlakaniphi nabaculi.
Ngemuva kokuzimela kwalesi sizwe, ubuciko bobuHindu bufakwe amasu ahlukahlukene aseNtshonalanga ngenxa yokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke.
Njengoba kungase kubonakale, ngo-1946 uFrancis Newton Souza wasungula iqembu elibizwa ngokuthi iBombay Progressives, ngaphezu kokuba nemibono eqinile yesokunxele, eyayivuna Ubuciko BamaHindu.
Phakathi neminyaka engu-1050 no-1970, i-neotantrism iqala, inhlangano yobuciko ebonisa ubuciko bamaHindu ngokombono wesimanje ngokombono ongabonakali, bese kuvela i-cubism.
Namuhla Ubuciko BamaHindu butholakala emkhakheni wezobuciko bepulasitiki besimanje futhi ngo-2007 kwakunamaHindu angaba ngu-500 phakathi kohlu lwabaculi abafunwa kakhulu emhlabeni.
Sikutshela kulesi sihloko mayelana Nobuciko BamaHindu okwamanje umculi ofunwa kakhulu mayelana nezithombe eziqoshiwe u-Anish Kapoor okwazile ukuthengisa inkatho ye-24 enikeza inani lama-euro angu-6.440.150.
Ezinye izinkulumo zobuciko zalesi siko
Okunye ukubonakaliswa kobuciko obuhle esikweni lamaHindu kuyabonwa, okukhombisa ukuhlukahluka okukhulu ngenxa yethonya lamasiko ahlukahlukene abebusa indawo yamaHindu.
Ezincwadini
Emkhakheni wezincwadi, lokhu kuqala ngonyaka we-1500 ngaphambi kwenkathi yobuKristu ngombhalo wesiSanskrit owawudluliselwa ngomlomo izakhamuzi zakhona.
Kakade ezikhathini zasendulo, ngenxa yethonya lezinye izimpucuko, ukubhala kwase kwethulwe kulesi sifunda futhi kubhekwe izindlela ezimbalwa, phakathi kwazo idrama igqamile, ebhekisela kuma-epic ezinganekwane lapho umlingisi oqanjiwe ebonakala khona.
Phakathi kwale mibhalo kugqama uBhavabhuti owayengumbhali weMalatimadhaya indaba yothando efana nekaRomeo noJuliet.
Mayelana nenkondlo eyingqophamlando, efaneleka kakhulu iRamayana, ephuma ohlotsheni olusha olunegama elithi mahakavva elibhekisela ezihlokweni zezinganekwane nezomlando.
Izinkondlo zeLyrical zimelelwa embhalweni owaziwa ngokuthi u-Sataka olungiselelwe u-Bhartrihari ngempilo yansuku zonke yamaHindu kanye nendlela yokubona ukuphila ngokuphathelene nezinkondlo ezihlobene nendikimba yothando i-Gitagovinda eyakhiwe nguJavadeva.
Izinganekwane lapho kubonwa khona izindaba ezimfishane ezinomfanekiso omuhle futhi ezijwayelekile zezinganekwane zamaHindu ezibonisa umlingiswa wazo ofundisayo phakathi kwababhali abagqamayo kulesi sihloko uNaravana noSivadasa.
Enye incwadi edumile yezincwadi Zobuciko BamaHindu iKamasutra eyabhalwa ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX eyabhalwa uVatsyavana lapho kuqashelwa khona inani elikhulu lemithetho nezeluleko ezihlobene nothando, njengoba esikweni lamaHindu ubulili buyindlela yomthandazo evumela ukufinyelela ukukhanyiselwa.
Ngenxa yokuhlaselwa kwesiko lamaSulumane, ukuchuma kwezilimi zesifunda kubonakala esifundeni saseNdiya, yingakho kwakhiwa inani elikhulu lezincwadi ngesiHindi, isiTamil, isiBangali, isiMahratta, isiRavastani, isiGirati nesiTelugu.
Uhlobo olumangalisayo lwabonisa inqubekelaphambili enkulu futhi lwasakazeka kuso sonke isifunda samaHindu, omunye ogqame kakhulu u-Ananda Raya Makhin.
Ubani owayengumbhali wencwadi ethi Yiva-nandana, yachazwa kabanzi ngonyaka we-1700 lapho kuxoxwa khona ngedrama yomphefumulo womuntu wenkosi eboshiwe esigodlweni sayo, okungumzimba ngokwawo.
Ngokunjalo, izincwadi zesimanje ze-Hindu Art zithonywa yizimo zamazwe ngamazwe ngenxa yokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke, okugqama phakathi kwayo isizinda sesiNgisi.
Kunezibalo eziningi zamaHindu emhlabeni wezincwadi ezifana noMadhusudan Datta, Sri Aurobindo, Rabindranath Tagore, Bankim Chandra Chattopadhvav, Jaishankar Prasad, Munshi Premchand, Mirza Galib phakathi kwezinye izifundiswa ezinkulu zalesi sifunda esihle.
Emkhakheni Womculo
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ngenxa yamasiko ahlukahlukene ahlanganiswe Kubuciko BamaHindu, umculo ubonisa isitembu se-eclectic kusukela ekuqaleni kwesiko lama-Aryan esasinezingoma ezakhiwe ngamanothi omculo amabili kuphela.
Nakuba ama-Dravidians ayenomculo oyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, kanye nemidanso yalesi sizwe esiyinzalo yezakhamuzi zaseNdiya, yayihlobene kakhulu nokuzala.
Ngokuqondene nama-proto-Medithera, basivumela ukuba sithole izinsimbi zomculo ezintsha ezifana namagudhi neziyaziwa kakhulu emhlabeni wonke ngoba izinyoka ziloywa ngalo mtshingo.
Ezikhathini zasendulo umculo wawuphinyiswa futhi uhambisane nezinsimbi zomculo ezifana nezinsimbi zamaGreki namahabhu. Kubalulekile ukugqamisa izincwadi zomculo ezenziwe, njengeBrijad-deshi eyabhalwa uMatamga ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX.
Ngaphezu kweNarada's Naradiva-siksa ekhulwini le-XNUMX futhi ungakhohlwa iSamgita-Ratnakara yaseSarnga Deva ekhulwini le-XNUMX. Amanothi omculo ayenziwe ayisikhombisa athi sa, ri, ga, ma, pa, dha, kanye no-ni.
Ukwenza izingoma, zenziwe ngezakhiwo ezihlukahlukene zemijikelezo ye-tonal enemihlobiso eminingi ehlanganiswe nesilinganiso esithile sesikhathi esivumela ukumaka isigqi esihamba kancane, esiphakathi noma esisheshayo.
Kamuva umculo wathola ithonya lamaSulumane elidala ukuhlukana kwamasiko amabili emculweni owaziwa ngokuthi owasenyakatho owagcina ithonya lamaSulumane elingokothando, ukuhlobisa kanye nelinye eliseningizimu elilandela kakhulu Ubuciko BamaHindu okufakazela ukuthi kulukhuni futhi kunobuhlakani.
ubuciko bokudlala
Ubuciko BamaHindu bahlomula ngeshashalazi, ingoma, umdanso kanye nokulingisa futhi bebuqondiswe ezindikimbeni zezinganekwane zonkulunkulu bamaHindu namaqhawe alesi sizwe.
Kugqame imvunulo nokwakheka kwabalingisi ngamunye esiteji kuphela futhi bekwenziwa ngezindlela ezilandelayo: imidlalo eyisikhombisa ehambisana negama elithi Sakuntala kanye nelemidlalo eyishumi kaMricchakatika.
Ngokuphathelene nezikhathi zasendulo, i-mahanataka ivelele, okwakuwumdlalo omuhle kakhulu obhekisela kuma-epic wamaHindu, i-dutangada lapho umlingisi esho umbhalo futhi abanye abalingisi baphethe ukuhlelwa kwesakhiwo nomdanso.
Bese kuvela enye indlela ebizwa ngokuthi i-kathakali lapho kugcizelelwa khona ukushukuma komzimba okuhambisana nomculo. Umdanso uyingxenye yetiyetha futhi kuyo inkulumo ye-corporal kanye nokuthinta umzimba kubhekwa ekuhambeni komculo.
Ifilimu yaseNdiya
Ngenxa yobuchwepheshe kulesi sizwe, sekwenziwe ifilimu enkulu efana neyaseMelika, kodwa bayibiza ngeBollywood ngoba yakhiwe edolobheni laseBombay, izihloko ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ezezinganekwane, ngo. ngaphezu kwemidanso yesintu.
Esinye sezici okufanele sicatshangelwe ukuthi umphakathi wamaHindu inani labantu elithanda kakhulu ukuya kumasinema futhi irekhodi lingaphezu kwabasebenzisi abayisigidigidi ezinyangeni ezintathu nje.
Njengedatha yomlando, umthwebuli wezithombe wabazalwane baseLumiere wafika kulesi sizwe ngo-1896 futhi ngo-1913 kwenziwa ifilimu yokuqala yomdabu yalesi sifunda ebizwa ngokuthi i-Harishandra kaDadeseheb Phalke.
Mayelana nesihloko sokuqala esasihlanganisa okulalelwayo, kwakuyi-Alam Ara ngo-1931, eyakhiqizwa u-Ardeshir Irani, ngaleso sikhathi base benze amafilimu ayikhulu ngonyaka ngokukhethekile ngesi-Hindi, isiBengali nesiTamil.
Kakade ngawo-1940 nawo-1950, indlela entsha yokwenza amafilimu yavela embonweni wezenhlalo, ebonisa umphakathi wamaHindu ngendlela engokoqobo.
Phakathi kwabaqondisi abagqamayo kukhona abalandelayo: Mehboob Khan, Bimal Roy, Pather Panchli, Farah Khan, Satvajit Ray, phakathi kwabanye abenzi bamafilimu abanohlonze.
Uma uthole lesi sihloko sithakazelisa, ngikumema ukuthi uvakashele izixhumanisi ezilandelayo: