Hlangana NamaFlamingo Asekuqaleni Nomlando Wawo

Phakathi nokuphela kwekhulu le-XNUMX nasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, kwavela iqembu lamaciko anekhono eNingizimu Netherlands, abizwa ngokuthi. Ama-Flamingo Okuqala, okwanikeza umlando wesintu iminikelo engapheli yamasiko. Ngakho-ke ukubaluleka kokuba nolwazi ngakho, ngakho hlala nathi futhi ujabulele lesi sihloko esifundisayo.

I-PRIMITIVE FLAMENCO

Ayini ama-Primitive Flamingos?

Imidwebo eyenziwe phakathi kwekhulu le-XNUMX nele-XNUMX yiqembu elikhulu labadwebi abavela eningizimu ye-Netherlands yaziwa ngokuthi ama-Flemish Primitives. Elinye lamaphuzu adlulele kakhulu emlandweni wobuciko libalelwa enkathini enjalo.

Ngamanye amazwi, uma sikhuluma ngaleli hlelo, sikhuluma ngokomlando ngongcweti besikole sokudweba saseFlemish emakhulwini aso okuqala, kusukela kuJan van Eyck engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu leshumi nanhlanu, kuya kuPieter Brueghel Omdala phakathi ekhulwini leshumi nanhlanu.

Ngaphakathi kwaleli qembu, elakhiwe ngo-Dieric Bouts, Hans Memling, Rogier van der Weyden, Jan van Eyck ngokwakhe, phakathi kwabanye, abasekeli balo babehlala futhi basebenza kakhulu emadolobheni aphumelelayo akha lesi sifunda, njenge: Antwerp, Bruges, Brussels. , Ghent kanye Leuven.

Umdwebo we-Flemish wasungulwa izikole ezahlukahlukene: i-Italian ne-reactionary phakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX nele-XNUMX, kanye nesikole samabalabala noma isazi semvelo sase-Antwerp, sekhulu le-XNUMX. Amabili okuqala ayingxenye yobuciko baseNetherlands, eyavela ngesikhathi se-European Renaissance.

Ngokuvamile, kwakuyiqembu lamaciko ayehlukanisiwe ngandlela thize nalokho okwakuyinguquko yeRenaissance futhi, kwabanye, njengalabo besikole sokusabela, ngokumelene nemithelela yobuciko ezayo yaseNtaliyane.

Ngenxa yobungcweti obazalwa ngenxa yendlela entsha yokudweba uwoyela, nombono wakhe ngokwemininingwane, ubuciko bezithombe bungathuthukiswa bufinyelele eqophelweni elingakaze libonwe ngaphambili, lapho inkambo yomlando wezobuciko yashintshwa unomphela.

I-PRIMITIVE FLAMENCO

Kwakuyisikhathi nje lapho amakhomishana ayengaveli kuphela ezinhlanganweni eziphakeme zezenhlalo nezinhlangano zenkolo yangaleso sikhathi, kodwa futhi nezakhamuzi ezivamile namadolobha akude nenhloko-dolobha. Ngokokuqala ngqa eminyakeni eminingi, abadwebi banikezwa indawo ebalulekile emphakathini.

Ngaleso sikhathi, amaciko ayesagcine izici ezimbalwa zasekuqaleni zesitayela sesi-Gothic, kokubili kobuchwepheshe, njengokusetshenziswa kwephaneli esikhundleni sekhanvasi, noma itimu, ngokuvamile ezenkolo nezomoya. Nokho, kuphinde kwaba nokukhula kwamakhono emininingwane, njengoba sekushiwo.

Lezi zithakazelo zithuthukise ngokuphawulekayo uphenyo olusetshenziswayo kanye nokutholwa kombono, kanye nokuqinisekiswa kwezwe njengesihloko esiwumfanekiso, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwendlela yokuma ngobude, enikeze ukujula kwengqondo okuhlaba umxhwele kanye nokuqinisekiswa kokuma kwezwe njengetimu.

Namuhla, usengababaza ifa lobuciko elimangalisayo le-Flemish Primitives. Esifundeni saseFlanders, isibonelo, sithola iRoyal Museums of Fine Arts ebalulekile e-Antwerp naseBrussels, kanye neGroeninge Museum eBruges. Ngokunjalo, iGhent Museum of Fine Arts, M of Leuven, Mayer van den Bergh kanye neSint-Janshospitaal atholakala lapho.

Ngokufanayo, eSpain siphinde sithole imisebenzi eminingi, njengoba amakhosi akhona ayethanda lolu hlobo lomdwebo. Amadiphozithi eMuseo Nacional del Prado agqama kakhulu, lapho kuvikelwe khona umdwebo kaRogier van der Weyden onethalente, "The Descent from the Cross" (1438).

I-PRIMITIVE FLAMENCO

Ingqikithi yomlando-yendawo ye-Flemish yakudala

Ngokuvamile, lolu hlobo lomdwebo lubhekiselwa kulo ngenkulumo ethi Flemish Primitives, enikeza umbono wokuthi kuwumnyakazo ongcolile futhi olula wobuciko, ongazange ukwazi ukufinyelela amandla awo aphelele. Leli gama lavela lapho ubuciko beRenaissance ngokuvamile buthathwa njengephuzu lokubhekisela, ngaphezu kweqiniso lokuthi iNkathi Ephakathi yayibhekwa isikhathi eside njengesikhathi sobumnyama.

Yiqiniso, akukho okwakungase kuqhubeke eqinisweni, ngoba lapho lesi sikole esihle kangaka sivela, ukudweba eNetherlands kwase kunomlando obanzi noqinile ngemuva kwakho, ohlanganisa izikhathi ezingavamile ngezitayela ezifana neRomanesque ne-International Gothic.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kusabizwa ngokuthi "i-Flemish", naphezu kokuthi i-Flemish Region yaseBelgium, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Flanders, iyindawo encane yaseNetherlands. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi, kulo lonke ikhulu le-XNUMX, kwakunezimo ezivumayo ezathonya ukwakhiwa kwesikole sokudweba esidlulele kule ngxenye esenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeYurophu.

Ukuchuma komnotho kwakuphawuleka eFlanders, lokhu kwakuxhumene kakhulu nemboni kanye nohwebo lwendwangu, ngakho-ke, kwadala ukuthuthukiswa kwedolobha okumangalisayo kusukela ekukhuleni konxiwankulu bayo.

Ukudlondlobala kwawo wonke umphakathi kanye namagugu onxiwankulu kwaba yisici esinqumayo ekuthuthukisweni okunamandla komqondo omusha nokuzwela kwezobuciko. Iso, kodwa ongazange alahle, ngokunye, ukuzinikela kwakhe okujulile kwenkolo.

Ngaleso sikhathi, amadolobha adume kakhulu endaweni kwakuyiGhent, iBruges neYpres, ngalinye lakha izindawo zokuxhumanisa phakathi kwamanethiwekhi ezentengiselwano aphethe ukuhlanganisa iNyakatho Yurophu nayo yonke iNtshonalanga eyaziwayo. Isifunda saseSaid sasiyingxenye yeDuchy yaseBurgundy, enababusi ababedlale indima yokuba umsekeli wobuciko beGothic.

I-PRIMITIVE FLAMENCO

Ngaphezu kwalokhu, ibinabantu abaningi, okungenye ephakeme kakhulu kulo lonke elaseYurophu, okugxilwe kuyo emadolobheni nakho kwakungaphezulu kwesilinganiso saseYurophu. Kuyo kwakunamadolobha amaningana avelele anengcebo enkulu, abathengisi ababalulekile nezingcweti eziningi zezandla.

Eqinisweni, lokho kwakuwukubumbana kwangaphakathi komphakathi, kangangokuthi kwavezwa ngokushesha okukhulu kwaba ukuphila okunokuthula nokuhlelekile. Umphakathi wawubuswa izigaba zomphakathi: abathengisi, abakhiqizi, ababhange, njll.

Okwenezela kulokhu iqiniso lokuthi, cishe ngo-1380, ngenxa yeMpi Yeminyaka Eyikhulu, iParis yayingasabhekwa njengenhloko-dolobha yobuciko bomhlaba, njengoba yayinjalo kwaze kwaba yileso sikhathi. Ngakho-ke, amaqembu ezenhlalakahle ayevame ukufuduka aqala ukuhlala ezweni lawo futhi asebenzele onxiwankulu kanye nabathengisi abakhulu bezwekazi.

Lokhu kwabonakala ngaphezu kwanoma yini enye emphakathini waseSpain nowase-Italy owawubazisa ngokwanda ubuciko bawo. Yonke le misebenzi ibisebenzela umphakathi wonxiwankulu, bezwela kakhulu futhi becebile ngamasiko, behlanganiswe iBandla lamaKhatholika kanye namakhulu abashisekeli bamaciko.

Ikhasimende lalikhathazeke kakhulu ngokukwazi ukubuka ukubonakala kobuso balo nomhlaba emidwebeni abayale ukuba yenziwe. Ukwengeza, intuthuko yasemadolobheni yenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukusungulwa kwamanyuvesi okuqala okuthi, kanye nokusungulwa komshini wokunyathelisa, abe umthombo obalulekile wokusabalalisa kanye nomsunguli wamasiko.

I-PRIMITIVE FLAMENCO

Ngaleso sikhathi, ukuba ngokoqobo kwakwaziswa kakhulu, ngisho nenkolo yazuza incazelo engokoqobo. Yingakho yaziwa njengenkathi engokoqobo ngokuphelele. Kusukela ngonyaka ka-1420, umbono wokuthi umoya waphezulu wawukhona kuyo yonke into encane, wenza izethulo zithole ukweqa okuphezulu.

Kokubili okungokoqobo okunengqondo nokuphathekayo kwakunokuthandwa okukhulu. Izinto ziyekile ukuba yizici zesibili eziza kuqala njengama-protagonists. Lapho lokhu kwenzeka, edolobheni Tournai kwakuhlala umdwebi basendulo Flemish, Robert Campin.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inhloko-dolobha yesifundazwe sase-East Flanders, i-Ghent, yabona u-Hubert van Eyck ekhula nomfowabo omncane, futhi ngokuqashelwa okwengeziwe, u-Jan van Eyck. Izifundo zomlando zigomela ukuthi laba abathathu babengabameleli abakhulu benguquko yemidwebo.

Ngamunye ngendlela yakhe waphelelisa ukusetshenziswa kwamafutha ngemiphumela evelele kumphumela wokugcina, esebenzisa imibala yekhwalithi enhle kakhulu, ethola imiphumela emangalisayo ngama-glaze, njll. Ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka, kusukela ku-XV kuya ku-XVI, bonke abaculi baqala ukukhulelwa imiphumela ye-Renaissance yase-Italy.

Kuleli khulu leminyaka, ikakhulukazi ngo-1477, i-duchy eyayinokwazisa okuphelele ngokufaneleka kwayo kwezomnotho, yaba umqhele wase-Habsburg Austrian. Indlu yaseHabsburg yayinegatsha laseSpain kusukela ngesikhathi sikaCarlos I waseSpain, ubukhosi bakwaHabsburg.

Ngenxa yalokhu, i-Spanish Renaissance kanye ne-Baroque art yayinobudlelwane obuseduze namafomu e-Flemish. Kodwa-ke, naphezu kokwamukelwa kweRenaissance okuqhubekayo, abadwebi bahlala bethembekile ekucebeni kwendabuko, ngoba kwakuyinto esaphila futhi inethuba lokudala.

I-PRIMITIVE FLAMENCO

Babembalwa kakhulu abangazange bawulahle ubuciko obuhle, lokho kunambitheka kwemininingwane, ubuqiniso bezithombe kanye nesimo sezwe kwakhiwe ikakhulukazi njengomlingiswa oyinhloko emisebenzini yakhe. Izithombe, imidwebo yeqembu kanye nomoya we-costumbrista kuhambisana nezindikimba zenkolo ngaphandle kwenkinga.

Izici zobuchwepheshe kuma-flamingo akudala

Ngokuvamile, umdwebo we-Flemish awunawo ama-precedents kumafomethi amakhulu, ngaphandle kwengilazi enemibala. Kodwa-ke, ikwenza kuma-miniatures, lapho inesiko elibanzi lekhwalithi engavamile.

Ngenxa yalokhu, izici ezimbalwa zobuciko be-Flemish zanqunywa, njengokusetshenziswa kwemibala egqamile kakhulu ekhonza ukukhumbuza ama-pigments asetshenziswe ekukhanyisweni kwama-miniatures. Ukusetshenziswa kwemininingwane emisebenzini yobuciko emincane kuyengezwa futhi, abayidlulisela emidwebeni ehlukahlukene enamafomethi amakhulu.

Lesi sici sivuna kakhulu intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe ngaphezu kukawoyela, osekutholakele kakade, kodwa okwakusenenqubo yokumisa kancane kakhulu engazange inikeze ukusebenza okuningi.

Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kubalulekile ukugcizelela ukuthi abadwebi bakudala be-Flemish bekhulu leshumi nanhlanu abazange basungule inqubo kawoyela, kuphela ukuthi babenomthwalo wemfanelo wokuyisebenzisa ngokuhlelekile, okwaba nesandla ekuhlanganisweni nasekusabalaliseni kwayo kuleli khulu leminyaka nakwelilandelayo.

Kulokhu, kwasetshenziswa iziyinki eziwuketshezi nezingafihli, zisetshenziswa ngokucwebezela ukuze kutholwe izibani, ukuthungatha okubucayi kanye ne-nuance yombala wengemuva. Abadwebi besifunda basebenzisa indlela exubile phakathi kwe-tempera namafutha.

I-PRIMITIVE FLAMENCO

Isendlalelo sokuqala sasivame ukuba yi-tempera, ukuze kuchazwe umdwebo nokumodela ngezibani zawo, kanye nenkomba encane yombala. Isendlalelo esilandelayo, leso samafutha, sinomsebenzi waso oyinhloko lapho umdwebi azinikezela kuphela ekumeleleni umphumela wechromatic.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kwezinye izindawo ezifana neVenice, ukusetshenziswa kwendwangu kancane kancane kwaduma, iphaneli yayihlala igcinwe njengokwesekwa okuyinhloko, okwakubaluleke kakhulu phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi Ephakathi. Inkomba ecacile yenhlangano esondelene imiqondo yeciko nomdwebi eyayisenayo ngaleso sikhathi.

Ubudlelwano phakathi kweSikole saseFlemish kanye neRenaissance

Isikole sokudweba i-Flemish Renaissance sivame ukubizwa ngokuthi izazi nabagxeki bezobuciko njenge-“Ars Nova”, ehunyushwa ngeSpanishi ngokuthi u-Arte Nueva. Kodwa-ke, igama elinjalo akufanele lididaniswe namagama alo omculo.

Igama laso livela ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe nobungcweti okungahlangene nakancane nemvelo yobuhlakani nebonisayo yezindlela zokuqala zeRenaissance, ezenzeka ngokufana esifundeni saseTuscany.

Abaculi beSikole saseFlemish abazange bathathe i-Classical Antiquity njengemodeli yokubuyisela, akukho sikhathi lapho umqondo wobuciko wokuhweba obekwe etafuleni. Laba, ngaphezu kokwenzela inkantolo umsebenzi, babephinde babe namakhasimende ayeyingxenye yonxiwankulu nabathengisi basemadolobheni anethonya.

Abanduleli bakhe abakhulu abazange bathambekele ekuchazeni ngemibono yabo ehlukahlukene, noma ngobuntu babo, njengoba abantu besikhathi sase-Italy bake benza. Ngokufanayo, umsebenzi waqhubeka ngaphakathi kwemingcele ethile yasekupheleni kwesikhathi esiphakathi, ngaphandle kwabadwebi abambalwa abafana no-Jan van Eyck.

I-PRIMITIVE FLAMENCO

U-van Eyck, kanye nabanye ozakwabo, baqala ukuqaphela kakhudlwana ubuciko babo obuthile futhi bakha umkhuba wokusayina le misebenzi. Ngaleso sikhathi, zazingekho izincwadi zokudweba zaseFlemish, noma imilando yomlando yabahlaziyi bayo abakhulu.

Ukushoda okukhulunywe ngakho ngenhla kokuchaza kabanzi kungase kuvele kubizo lomoya kuphela. Ngenkathi ababhali baseNtaliyane bezama ukuvuselela lonke ulwazi lwezwe ngokulinganisa komuntu, besebenzisa isayensi nesizathu, kumaFlemish asendulo kwakwanele ukuphila phambi kokuhlolwa okuphawulekayo kwezenkolo kokubonakalayo.

Ithatha umbono wama-flamingo akudala

Ngalolu hlelo olufanayo lwemibono, ukwenza iziqhathaniso ezifika ngesikhathi phakathi AmaNtaliyane namaFlemish, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi kokubili ngesikhathi esisodwa kutholwe umbono womugqa nowasemoyeni, kuphela owakamuva ngendlela yokuhlola futhi engalandeli intuthuko yezibalo noma yokubona. ethize.

Ngokujwayelekile, inqubo yokuguquguquka esuka kuhlelo lokuhlela iye kumbono oqondile weQuattrocento yayihamba kancane, okwaba amakhulu eminyaka okugcina eNkathi Ephakathi, isikhathi lapho uvivinyo oluningi, ukuphuthaza kanye nokuhlola okungalungile kwenziwa, ngenhloso enkulu yokwephula umthetho. indiza engokomfanekiso bese ibuyela endaweni yesithathu.

Phakathi kwale mizamo ehlukahlukene kukhona uhlelo lokumelela olusebenzisa i-oblique parallel projection, ebizwa ngokuthi "I-Knight's Perspective" noma "Ukubuka kweso lenyoni", okuhlanganisa ngokuyisisekelo izigcawu ezimele lapho kubonakala sengathi umdwebi utholakala endaweni ethile yokubuka. uphakeme, njengomuntu ogibele ihhashi.

Ngale ndlela, izinto okuthiwa ziseduze kakhulu nesibukeli zibekwe engxenyeni engezansi yokwakheka ngaphambili, ukusuka lapho yonke enye into ibekwe phezulu phezulu njengoba kufanele iqhelelene kakhulu, ngaleyo ndlela ikhulise umdwebo endaweni yawo ephakeme kakhulu lapho umugqa womkhathizwe uvame ukudwetshwa.

I-PRIMITIVE FLAMENCO

Kusukela kulokhu, ukusikisela kobukhulu besithathu kwaqala ngokwesaba okukhulu, ngokululama komdwebo obheke emhlabeni wemvelo. Lezi zindaba ze "gentleman perspective" zavela ngesikhathi somdwebo wamaGothic, lapho igama elithi International noma Courtly Gothic laqanjwa khona.

Ngayinye yalezi zindlela ihlinzeka ngokumelela okucacile kwemvelo kwezwe, egcwele izimpawu ezingokomoya. Ngekhulu leshumi nanhlanu, abadwebi baseFlemish nabamaJalimane basebenzisa zonke izinhlobo zezinhlelo zokubuka izinto, kuhlanganiswe nezindlela ezisetshenziswayo ezifana nesibuko esiyiconvex, esasetshenziswa u-van Eyck emsebenzini wakhe othi "The Arnolfini Marriage".

Ngakho ayemelelwe njenge-engeli ebanzi ehlanganisa indawo enkulu kakhulu. Omunye wemibhalo yetiyetha ehlanganisa izinhlelo zokubuka zeNordic "De artificiali perspective" kaJean Pelegrin, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Viator futhi ithathwa njengelingana ne-Alberti's Treatise on Renaissance paint.

Ukwengeza, kukhona iqoqo lezinye izinhlelo ezifana "nombono we-cornuta", owaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi umbono we-angular noma oblique, umsebenzi wawo wawuzoba inqubo esetshenziswa abadwebi bakudala be-Flemish ingxenye enkulu yekhulu leshumi nanhlanu.

Kodwa-ke, isethulo esivusa isithakazelo esikhulu kule ncwajana yileso esiphatha uhlelo ngephuzu lebanga, esifana kakhulu nombono womugqa wase-Albertian, ngaphandle kokuthi, ngefomula eyenziwe lula elula futhi ecacile, nokuthi iqhubeka ngokucatshangwa komkhuba wama-workshops okudweba eNordic.

Ngokungafani nemidwebo ye-Italian Renaissance, lapho ukukhanya kunesibopho sokwenza izinto nezakhiwo ezibonakalayo emzamweni wokugqamisa amanani we-volumetric, ngombono we-Flemish wokudweba useduze nombono wemvelo.

UMBONO WOMkhathi

Kuyo, umoya uzwakala ngokuzwakalayo, njengokungathi ungokoqobo lomuntu kanye nesici esisodwa esikhona ekubunjweni. Ngokunjalo, amaciko akhetha ukusebenzisa ukuhlukaniswa kombala ukuya kokumpunga okuthe xaxa kokuluhlaza ezintweni ezikude, njengoba kwenza uLeonardo da Vinci ezifundweni zakhe zokubuka kwasemoyeni.

Izingqikithi

Njengasezikhathini ezedlule, izindikimba zezenkolo ziningi kakhulu kulesi sigaba, okungase kukhulunywe kuso okungapheli kweziqephu zebhayibheli noma izikhombo mayelana nempilo yabangcwele noma ama-anchorite.

Abanye abaculi abanjengoBosch noma uBrueghel umdala, babephethe ukwenza imidwebo ebonisa izono nokuthi yayiyini imiphumela yazo. Ngokufanayo, lokhu kungabuye kubhekwe njengemibono elula yefilosofi yomhlaba esekelwe ezinkolelweni eziningi noma izisho ezidumile.

Ukuze kufezeke lezi zidalwa ezinhle kakhulu, zasizwa iphupho eliningi lezakhi nezingoma ezikwazi ukudlulisa umlayezo ngolimi olungokomfanekiso noluyinkimbinkimbi. Nokho, ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwakufanelekile ngempela, uma umuntu ecabangela ukuthi izilaleli zayo zokugcina kwakungonxiwankulu besifunda nezikhungo zenkolo.

ukuqinisekiswa kwe-landscape

Emidwebeni ye-Flemish ungabona isithakazelo kukho konke ngokuphelele, ngoba ngokunemba okufanayo nokunakekelwa ukuthi isici somuntu sipendwe, isilwane, into ngisho nesitshalo sipendwe. Kuyamangaza ukuthi umhlaba uthola kanjani ukubaluleka okukhulu ngaleso sikhathi.

Ngale ndlela, abaculi bakudala be-Flemish babonisa ngokwethembeka indawo ezungezile eyayiyingxenye yendawo ebazungezile, kuphela ukuthi inikeza umlingiswa othile ongokomfanekiso kulokho ngokoqobo. Ngakho-ke, inikela kukubaluleka okungokomfanekiso kwemibala esetshenzisiwe kanye nezinto eziningi zesibili eziveziwe.

I-FLAMENCO LANDSCAPE

Okwakungokwesiko ngesitayela samaGothic, izizinda zegolide nezingathathi hlangothi, ziyanyamalala ngokuphelele futhi zithathelwa indawo yizo zonke izinhlobo zezindawo zemvelo. Ukukhanya akusasebenzi futhi into ngayinye iqala ukuba nesithunzi sayo esithile, njengoba nje igumbi ngalinye linohlaka lwalo lokukhanyisa, indawo ngayinye ithonity yayo ephephile kanye nesici ngasinye ikhwalithi yayo yokufika ngesikhathi.

Ngamafuphi, yonke imidwebo ye-Flemish ihlale ibhekisela ku-landscape ngendlela eyodwa noma enye, noma ngefasitela noma ngoba ngokuqinisekile yenzeka ngaphandle. Lezi zindawo zenziwa ngaphandle kokusikisela kwemvelo, ngakho-ke izakhi zazo zaziyi-stereotyped kakhulu.

Ngaleli phuzu singabala ukuma kwamadwala ayo, aminyene futhi angenawo uhlaza, amadolobha aqhelelene, anemibhoshongo futhi enemibala, izihlahla ezimise okwensiba, ezineziqu ezincane nezinde, phakathi kokunye. Abalingiswa babesatshalaliswa ngendlela elinganayo, phakathi nendawo uma kukhona oyedwa futhi ngokulinganayo uma bebaningi.

Izenzo ngokuvamile zazihloselwe ukuvinjelwa futhi ukunyakaza kwakungavamile ukuvunyelwa. Nakuba ababambiqhaza babekwazi ukwabelana bodwa, abakaze bavunyelwe ukweba ukugqama komlingiswa oyinhloko, indawo.

Ngokuvamile, imisebenzi yenziwa ngefomethi encane kusetshenziswa ibhodi njengokusekela, njengoba bakhulelwa ukuba babekwe ngaphakathi kwezindawo zokuhlala ezinkulu zonxiwankulu kanye nezicukuthwane, izinto zangaphakathi zasekhaya ezazenza ngokukhululeka okukhulu umdwebo ubonise ubungcwele obuseduze nonxiwankulu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, amabhodi ngokuvamile aqukethe amashidi amathathu, yingakho igama lawo elithi Triptych, izinhlangothi ezimbili zihlotshiswe futhi zivale phezulu kwephakathi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ubuso bangaphandle buvame ukupendwa ngamathoni ampunga kanye nenqubo ye-grisaille ukuze kukhiqizwe umuzwa wokuba impumuzo ye-sculptural.

I-TRIPTYCH

Isithombe

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-Flanders ihlonishwa ngesihloko sesinye sezifunda zangaphambili mayelana nokwenza izithombe ngokungena kwengqondo kwemodeli. Izithombe ezibukwayo zomdabu ze-Flemish, kamuva ezamukelwa ngempumelelo enkulu e-Spain abaningi, yilezo ezithwebula ama-protagonists azo ngokudubula okumaphakathi.

Nokho, hhayi njengoba okwamanje yaziwa ngaphambili, kodwa kunalokho ngokugoba okuncane okuzivulayo, njalo kungemuva elingathathi hlangothi lombala omnyama futhi kuhlanganisa ubuso nezandla ngento ethile engokomfanekiso.

Iqiniso lokuthi umlingisi uvezwe ezungeziswe kancane livuna ukuzibandakanya okuphelele esikhaleni, ukuze izethulo zingenziwa ngobuqili befenisha noma isizinda sezakhiwo. Kuphela ngokuba khona kwesibalo esihloniphekile, phezu kwesizinda esilahlekile, ukuba khona kwevolumu kanye nesikhala esithathiwe.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kakade ngekhulu le-XNUMX, esikoleni sase-Antwerp, lapho idolobha liba inqaba yobuciko ye-Flemish Baroque, lolu hlobo lwesithombe lwazikwazi ukuguqukela enkazimulweni yalo enkulu ngesitayela esingokwemvelo futhi esimibalabala.

Ama-exponents ayinhloko

Ngaphambi kokusungulwa kweFlemish Primitives, kwakunabanduleli abathile abanjengothisha onethalente uMelchior Broederlam, kanye neLimbourg Brothers, Brothers, Paul, kanye noJohan. Nokho, abaculi bokuqala abathwebula lezi zinto ezintsha emdwebeni kwakungu-Robert Campin, no-Jan no-Hubert van Eyck.

Laba bathathwa njengabasunguli abasemthethweni besikole sakudala saseFlemish ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX. Singabala phakathi kwemisebenzi yakhe ebaluleke kakhulu ethi "Triptych of the Annunciation", "IMisa likaSaint Gregory", "Seilern Triptych", "Virgin of Canon Van der Paele kanye neNcasakazi yeChancellor Rolin", "Portrait of the Arnolfini Marriage" , phakathi kwabanye.

Njengoba eseshilo kakade, kuzo isizinda segolide sanqatshwa futhi inqubo nokudweba kwamafutha kwaqala ukusetshenziswa njengento eyinhloko yezithombe. Ngokufanayo, indlela yokudweba i-easel idalwe emcabangweni wayo wesimanje, ukuze icatshangwe ukuthi ibonakale eduze.

I-invoyisi yakhe yayicophelela kakhulu futhi inemininingwane eminingi, inomlingisi obambe iqhaza elikhulu ekuthuthukisweni okujulile okutholwe amakhodi amancane enkantolo yamaDukes aseBurgundy, ukunikeza isibonelo, lezi zifundazwe ezingezabo phakathi naleli khulu leminyaka.

Kubalulekile ukugcizelela ukuthi, lapho kwenziwa le nqubo yokucophelela, kwaphawulwa umqondo omuhle wokubheka futhi, ngakho-ke, ukuthambekela kwemvelo okungokwemvelo, yingakho kwafinyelelwa ukuphelela okunzima kakhulu ukukunqoba maqondana nencazelo. zezimfanelo zezindwangu, izingcezu zabakhandi begolide (izinsimbi, ingilazi, isikhumba, njll.) nasezinhlotsheni ezifana ne-portraiture kanye ne-landscape.

Ngaphezu kwalokhu, phakathi kwabadwebi abasebenza engxenyeni yesithathu yekhulu leshumi nanhlanu, futhi basiza ukuhlanganisa izici eziningi zeFlemish School, sithola uRogier van der Weyden ovelele, owaziwa nangokuthi uRogier de la Pasture.

Lo waseBelgium wenza imidwebo ebaluleke kakhulu nebabazekayo efana nethi "Ukwehla esiphambanweni", "Diptych of Felipe de Croÿ with the Virgin and Child", "Isililo nokungcwatshwa kukaKristu", "Madonna Medici", "Polyptych of the final judgement". ”, “I-San Lucas idweba iNcasakazi” nokunye okuningi.

Kakade ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka nasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, abanye abaculi basendulo baseFlemish bagqama abazuze ukuhlolwa nokugcizelelwa kwezinye izici zemisebenzi yabo, njengokuma kwezwe. Ngenxa yalokhu, ngendlela ethile amafomu nezingoma ezazivele zidalwe esikhathini esidlule ziyaphindwa.

Leli phuzu lingabonwa ngobuciko bukaHans Memling noGerard David, nakuba kwakukhona abambalwa abagwema lo mkhuba ngesifiso esicacile sokumelela ukuvela kwabo, njengoba kwenza uBosch. Kulo lonke leli khulu leminyaka, ekuphakameni kweRenaissance, umsebenzi kaPieter Bruegel Omdala noJoachim Patinir wagqama.

UJOACHIM SKATING

Igalelo elikhulu emdwebeni waseFlemish lenziwa noHugo van der Goes, Petrus Christus, Dieric Bouts, Ambrosius Benson kanye noPieter Coecke. OwaseFrance, uJean Fouquet, u-Enguerrand Quarton, uNicolas Froment kanye noMphathi weMoulins. KuGermany, uKonrad Witz, Martin Schongauer, Hans Holbein the Elder noMichael Wolgemut. I-Portugal yayineminikelo kaNuno Gonçalves kuphela.

Odabeni lwaseSpain abaculi bahlukene ngokwesicoco sabo. Owase-Aragon noLuis Dalmau, uJaume Huguet, uJaume Vergós, uRafael Vergós, uPau Vergós, uJacomart, uJoan Reixach, uBertomeu Baró, uPere Nisart noBartolomé Bermejo. Futhi lokho kukaCastile noJorge Inglés, uMphathi weSopetrán, uJuan Rodríguez de Segovia, uSancho de Zamora, uMphathi wamaKhosi angamaKhatholika, phakathi kwabanye.

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  1. Ubhekele idatha: I-Actualidad Blog
  2. Inhloso yedatha: Lawula Ugaxekile, ukuphathwa kwamazwana.
  3. Ukusemthethweni: Imvume yakho
  4. Ukuxhumana kwemininingwane: Imininingwane ngeke idluliselwe kubantu besithathu ngaphandle kwesibopho esisemthethweni.
  5. Isitoreji sedatha: Idatabase ebanjwe yi-Occentus Networks (EU)
  6. Amalungelo: Nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ungakhawulela, uthole futhi ususe imininingwane yakho.