Buyini ubuciko basePheresiya nomlando wabo

Esikhathini esiningi se-Antiquity, isiko lamaPheresiya lalihlala lixubene nelomakhelwane balo, ikakhulukazi iMesophothamiya, futhi lathonywa futhi lathonywa ubuciko baseSumerian namaGreki, kanye nobuciko baseShayina ngo "Silk Road" . Kuleli thuba, sikulethela lonke ulwazi ofuna ukulwazi mayelana ne- ubuciko basePheresiya nokuningi

Ubuciko basePheresiya

Ubuciko basePheresiya ezikhathini zasendulo babonisa ukuthanda kwabo ukuveza iqiniso lempilo nomlando wabo ngokucacile; ingabi yinkimbinkimbi emilayezweni imisebenzi yobuciko okwakuhloswe ukuyidlulisa. E-Greater Iran ehambelana nezifunda zamanje ze:

• I-Iran
• Afghanistan
• I-Tajikistan
• Azerbaijan
• Uzbekistan

Kanye nezinye izindawo eziseduze, zazala ifa lobuciko eliyigugu kakhulu emhlabeni, ubuciko basePheresiya; lapho kwasungulwa khona imikhakha eminingana efana nale:

• Izakhiwo
• Ukudweba
• Izindwangu
• I-Cerámica
• I-Calligraphy
• Insimbi
• Amasonto
• umculo

Ngamasu athuthuke kakhulu kanye nezinkulumo zobuciko ezicatshangelwayo ukuthi kancane kancane sizokwazi ekuthuthukisweni kwalesi sihloko. Ubuciko basePheresiya babuwumfanekiso wezinkinga zabo zansuku zonke futhi babumelwe kuzo zonke izinkondlo ezimangalisayo nezinkondlo ababengazisebenzisa. Akukona nje kuphela izakhiwo, izitsha zobumba, imidwebo, umkhandi wegolide, izithombe eziqoshiwe noma izinto zesiliva ezinweba le ndlela yokukhuluma ezinkondlweni, ukulandisa okungokomlando nezindaba ezimnandi.

Ukwengeza, kungagcizelelwa ukuthi amaPheresiya asendulo ayebonisa ukubaluleka okukhulu engxenyeni yokuhlobisa yobuciko babo, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukwazi isici ngasinye somlando wabo nezici zabo siqu ukuze wazi kahle ukuthi kungani ubuciko babo bavela nokuthi bakwenza kanjani. .

Kubalulekile ukugqamisa ukuthi amaPheresiya abonisa izifiso zawo kanye nezifiso zawo kanye nendlela yawo ethile yokubona ukuphila ngokulondeka, ukuzethemba namandla amakhulu angaphakathi ngokusebenzisa izimpawu eziningi kanye nesitayela sokuhlobisa semisebenzi yabo.

Umlando wokuvezwa kobuciko basePheresiya 

Umlando ngokusobala uyisici esinamandla kakhulu hhayi kuphela ekulolongeni ubunikazi bamasiko besifunda, kodwa futhi ekunikezeni umbala kanye nokuhlonza kwendawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umlando uneqhaza ekukwazini ukuchaza izici ezivelele zamasiko abantu besifunda ngasinye kanye nesikhashana ukuthambekela kwabo kwezobuciko.

Lesi sitatimende sobuciko basePheresiya sibaluleke kakhulu ukucatshangelwa, ngoba enkathini ngayinye yalesi siko lokucabangela ukubonakaliswa kobuciko kwabantu kwakuqaphela kakhulu indawo yabo yezenhlalakahle, ezombusazwe nezomnotho.

Umlando wokuqala

Isikhathi eside sangaphambi komlando e-Iran saziwa ikakhulukazi emisebenzini yokumba eyenziwa kwezinye izindawo ezibalulekile, okwaholela ekulandeleni izikhathi zezikhathi ezihlukahlukene, ngayinye ebonakala ngokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlobo ezithile ze-ceramics, izinto zobuciko kanye nezakhiwo. I-Pottery ingenye yezindlela zobuciko zakudala zasePheresiya, futhi izibonelo zitholwe emathuneni (i-Tappeh) ehlehlela emuva ku-XNUMXth millennium BC.

Kulezi zikhathi, "isitayela sezilwane" esinama-motifs ezilwane zokuhlobisa sinamandla kakhulu emasikweni asePheresiya. Iqala ukuvela ezitsheni zobumba futhi iphinde ivela kamuva e-Luristan bronzes futhi futhi ngobuciko baseScythian. Lesi sikhathi sichazwe ngezansi:

I-Neolithic

Izakhamuzi zasethafeni lase-Iranian zazihlala ezintabeni ezaziyizungezile, njengoba ukucindezeleka okuphakathi, manje ugwadule lwalugcwele amanzi ngaleso sikhathi. Lapho amanzi esebohlile, umuntu wehlela ezigodini ezivundile futhi wakha izindawo zokuhlala. I-Tappeh Sialk, eduze kwaseKashan, kwaba isayithi lokuqala ukuveza ubuciko be-Neolithic.

Ngalesi sikhathi, amathuluzi ombumbi abangela izitsha zobumba ezingahluziwe futhi lezi zitsha ezinkulu, ezimise ngendlela engavamile zadwetshwa ngemigqa evundlile neqondile elingisa umsebenzi kabhasikidi. Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, amathuluzi ombumbi aba ngcono futhi kwavela izinkomishi, ezibomvu ngombala, lapho uchungechunge lwezinyoni, izingulube kanye nama-ibexes (izimbuzi zasendle zasendle) zadwetshwa ngemigqa emnyama elula.

Iphuzu eliphakeme ekuthuthukisweni kwezitsha zobumba ezipendiwe zase-Iranian zangaphambi komlando zenzeka cishe ngenkulungwane yesine BC. Izibonelo ezimbalwa zisekhona, njenge-Painted Beaker evela eSusa c. 5000-4000 BC eboniswa namuhla eLouvre, eParis. Amaphethini akuleli bhikha anesitayela esiphezulu.

Umzimba wembuzi yasezintabeni uncishiswe ube ngonxantathu ababili futhi usuphenduke isithako nje ezimpondweni ezinkulu, izinja ezigijima phezu kwembuzi yasezintabeni zingaphezudlwana kwemigqa evundlile kuyilapho ama-waders ezungeza umlomo wevase afana namanothi omculo. .

Elamu

NgeNkathi Yethusi, nakuba izikhungo zamasiko zazikhona ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zasePheresiya (ngokwesibonelo, i-Astrabad neTappeh Hissar eduze kwaseDamghan enyakatho-mpumalanga), umbuso wase-Elamu eningizimu-ntshonalanga wawubaluleke kakhulu. Umsebenzi wensimbi nobuciko basePheresiya bezitini ezicwebezelayo kwachuma ikakhulukazi e-Elamu, futhi kusukela ezibhebheni eziqoshiwe singaphetha ngokuthi bekunemboni enkulu yokweluka, ukufekethisa, nokufekethisa.

Ukusebenza kwensimbi kwama-Elamu kwaba yimpumelelo ngokukhethekile. Lokhu kufaka phakathi, isibonelo, isifanekiso sethusi sikaNapirisha, unkosikazi wombusi wangekhulunyaka le-19 BC u-Untash-Napirisha, kanye nesitsha sesiliva se-Paleo-Elamite esivela eMarv-Dasht, eduze kwasePersepolis. Lesi siqeshana sinobude obungu-XNUMX cm futhi sisuka maphakathi nenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX BC.

Ehlobe ngesithombe esimile sowesifazane, egqoke ingubo ende yesikhumba semvu ephethe izinsimbi ezinjengo-castanet, ngokunokwenzeka ebizela abakhulekeli endebeni yakhe eyisilinda. Ingubo yalo wesifazane yesikhumba semvu ifana nesitayela saseMesopotamiya.

Ezinye izinto zobuciko zasePheresiya ezitholwe ngaphansi kweThempeli le-Inshushinak, elakhiwe umbusi ofanayo, zifaka i-pendant enombhalo wama-Elamite. Umbhalo ubhala ukuthi inkosi yekhulu leshumi nambili a. U-Shilhak-Inshushinak wayenetshe eliqoshwe indodakazi yakhe u-Bar-Uli, futhi isiqephu esihambisana naso sibonisa indlela elethulwa ngayo kuye.

IMesophothamiya yadlala indima ebalulekile kwezobuciko basePheresiya base-Elamu; nokho, i-Elamu lisalokhu lizimele, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinezintaba, lapho ubuciko basePheresiya bungase buhluke ngokuphawulekayo kobaseMesophothamiya.

Luristan

Ubuciko basePheresiya baseLuristan entshonalanga ye-Iran ikakhulukazi buhlanganisa isikhathi esiphakathi kwekhulu le-XNUMX nelesi-XNUMX BC. C. futhi isidume ngezinto zayo zethusi eziqoshiwe kanye nokubunjwa kwemihlobiso yamahhashi, izikhali namabhanela. Ama-bronze e-Luristan avame kakhulu cishe imihlobiso yamahhashi kanye nemihlobiso yamahhanisi.

Iziqephu ezihlathini ngokuvamile ziba nemininingwane eminingi, ngezinye izikhathi zibe yizilwane ezivamile njengamahhashi noma izimbuzi, kodwa futhi zibe sesimweni sezilwane ezicatshangelwayo njengezinkunzi ezinamaphiko ezinobuso bomuntu.Ikhanda lebhubesi ngokusobala laba umhlobiso owawufiseleka kakhulu izimbazo. Ukuphuma kwenkemba emihlathini evulekile yengonyama kwakuwukunikeza isikhali amandla esilo esinamandla kunazo zonke.

Amabhanela amaningi akhombisa lowo obizwa ngokuthi "ingcweti yezilwane", umuntu ofana nomuntu onekhanda likaJanus, phakathi elwa nezilwane ezimbili. Indima yalezi zindinganiso ayaziwa; nokho, kungenzeka ukuthi zazisetshenziswa njengezindawo zokukhulekela ezifuywayo.

Ubuciko basePheresiya baseLuristan abubonisi ukukhazinyuliswa kobuqhawe nesihluku somuntu, kodwa bujabulela izilo ezicatshangelwayo ezenziwe ngesitayela lapho kuzwakala khona ubizo lwale mpucuko yase-Asia yasendulo.

Ama-bronze aseLuristan kukholakala ukuthi enziwe amaMede, abantu base-Indo-European abathi, ngokubambisana namaPheresiya, baqala ukungena ePheresiya ngalesi sikhathi. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akukaze kufakazelwe, futhi abanye bakholelwa ukuthi baxhumene nempucuko yaseKassite, amaCimmerians, noma amaHurrians.

I-Antiquity

Ngesikhathi se-Achaemenian kanye ne-Sassanian, ukubonakaliswa kobuciko bezilwane ngokusebenzisa igolide kwaqhubeka nokuthuthukiswa kokuhlobisa. Ezinye zezibonelo ezinhle kakhulu zezinto zensimbi izinkomishi zesiliva ezicwebezelayo namapuleti ahlotshiswe ngezigcawu zokuzingela zasebukhosini ezivela ebukhosini bakwaSassanid. Ngezansi izici ezibalulekile zomphakathi ngamunye phakathi nalesi sikhathi:

ama-achaemenids

Kungashiwo ukuthi inkathi ye-Achaemenid yaqala ngo-549 BC. C. lapho uKoresi Omkhulu esusa inkosi yamaMedo i-Astyages. UKoresi (559-530 BC), inkosi yokuqala enkulu yasePheresiya, wakha umbuso owawusuka e-Anatolia uye ePersian Gulf uhlanganisa imibuso yasendulo yase-Asiriya neBhabhiloni; kanye noDariyu Omkhulu (522-486 BC), owamlandela ngemva kweziyaluyalu ezihlukahlukene, wandisa ngokwengeziwe imingcele yombuso.

Izinsalela zesigodlo sikaKoresi ePasargadae eFars zibonisa ukuthi uKoresi wayethanda ukwakhiwa kwesitayela esiyingqopha-mlando. Wahlanganisa umhlobiso osekelwe ngokwengxenye ku-Urartian, ngokwengxenye ebucikweni obudala base-Asiriya naseBabiloni, njengoba wayefuna umbuso wakhe ubonakale uyindlalifa efanelekile ye-Urartu, Assur neBhabhiloni.

IPasargadae yayihlanganisa indawo ecishe ibe ngamakhilomitha angu-1,5 ubude futhi yayihlanganisa nezigodlo, ithempeli, kanye nethuna lenkosi yamakhosi. Izinkunzi ezinkulu ezinamaphiko, ezingasatholakali, zazungeza umnyango wesango, kodwa umdwebo wetshe kwelinye lamasango usekhona.

Ihlotshiswe nge-bas-relief ebonisa umoya womqaphi onamaphiko amane engutsheni ende yohlobo lwama-Elamu, ekhanda layo lithweswe umqhele oyinkimbinkimbi wemvelaphi yaseGibhithe. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX umbhalo oqoshiwe wawusabonakala futhi uchazwe:

“Mina, uKoresi, inkosi, i-Achaemenid (ngenze lokhu)”.

Ihholo elimaphakathi lesinye sezigodlo belinezithombe ezikhombisa inkosi iqhubeka nomphathiswa. Kulo mfanekiso ngokokuqala ngqá emfanekisweni wase-Iranian, kuqhamuka izingubo ezinamaphiko, ngokungafani nengubo engenalutho yomoya womqaphi onamaphiko amane, owenziwe ngokwamasiko obuciko basendulo baseMpumalanga, obungavumeli ukunyakaza okuncane noma ukuphila.

Ubuciko be-Achaemenid Persian lapha buphawula isinyathelo sokuqala ekuhloleni indlela yokukhuluma eyayizothuthukiswa abaculi basePersepolis.

Amathuna asikwe emadwaleni e-Pasargadae, e-Naqsh-e Rustam nakwezinye izindawo awumthombo obalulekile wolwazi ngezindlela zezakhiwo ezisetshenziswa ngesikhathi se-Achaemenid. Ukuba khona kwezihloko ze-Ionic kwelinye lamathuna okuqala kuphakamisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi le ndlela ebalulekile yezakhiwo yethulwe e-Ionian Greece yasePheresiya, ngokuphambene nalokho okuvame ukucatshangwa.

Ngaphansi kukaDariyu, uMbuso Wama-Achaemenid wawuzungeza iGibhithe neLibya entshonalanga futhi udlulele eMfuleni i-Indus empumalanga. Ngesikhathi sokubusa kwakhe, uPasargadae wehliselwa esikhundleni sesibili futhi umbusi omusha waqala ngokushesha ukwakha ezinye izigodlo, okokuqala eSusa bese ePersepolis.

ISusa kwakuyisikhungo sokuphatha esibaluleke kakhulu soMbuso KaDariyu, indawo yayo emaphakathi neBhabhiloni nePasargadae yayithandeka kakhulu. Isakhiwo sesigodlo esakhiwa eShushani sasisekelwe emthethweni waseBabiloni, sinezinkundla ezintathu ezinkulu zangaphakathi lapho kwakukhona indawo yokwamukela kanye nezindawo zokuhlala. Egcekeni lesigodlo, izindonga zazihlotshiswe ngezitini ezicwebe nge-polychrome.

Lezi zihlanganisa ibhubesi elinamaphiko elinekhanda lomuntu ngaphansi kwe-disc enamaphiko, kanye nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi "I-Immortals". Izingcweti ezakha futhi zabeka lezi zitini zazivela eBhabhiloni, lapho kwakukhona khona isiko lalolu hlobo lokuhlobisa kwezakhiwo.

Nakuba uDariyu akha izakhiwo ezimbalwa eSusa, waziwa kakhulu ngomsebenzi wakhe ePersepolis (isigodlo sasePersepolis esakhiwa uDariyu futhi saqedwa nguXerxes), amakhilomitha angama-30 eningizimu-ntshonalanga yePasargadae. Lo mhlobiso uhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwezingcwecwe zodonga eziqoshiwe ezibonisa udwendwe olungapheli lwamagceke, onogada, nezizwe eziyimingenela ezivela kuzo zonke izingxenye zoMbuso WasePheresiya.

Abaqophi abasebenza ngamaqembu baqopha lezi zithombe eziqoshiwe, futhi iqembu ngalinye lasayina umsebenzi walo ngophawu oluhlukile lomakhi. Lezi zithombe ezinhle zenziwe ngendlela eyomile futhi ecishe ibanda, kodwa ehlanzekile futhi enhle, kusukela manje eyabe iyisici sobuciko base-Achaemenid Persian futhi iqhathaniseka nomnyakazo nomdlandla wobuciko base-Asiriya kanye ne-Neo-Babylonian.

Lobu buciko basePheresiya bekufanele bubambe umbukeli ngomfanekiso wabo futhi budlulise umuzwa wobukhulu; Ngakho-ke, amanani wobuciko ehliselwe ngemuva.

Inkosi ingumuntu ovelele emfanekisweni wePersepolis, futhi kubonakala sengathi yonke inhloso yohlelo lokuhlobisa kwakuwukukhazimulisa inkosi, ubukhosi bayo namandla ayo. Ngakho-ke, singabona futhi ukuthi izithombe eziqoshiwe zasePersepolis ziyehluka emifanekisweni yase-Asiriya, okuyizinto ezilandisayo futhi ezihlose ukukhombisa izimpumelelo zenkosi.

Nokho, ukufana kunjengoba kusobala ukuthi ugqozi olukhulu lwalolu hlobo lwempumuzo kumelwe ukuba lwaluvela e-Asiriya. AmaGreki, amaGibhithe, ama-Urartian, amaBhabhiloni, ama-Elamite, namaScythian nawo angabonakala kubuciko be-Achaemenid. Lokhu mhlawumbe akumangazi, ngenxa yobuningi babantu abaqashwe ekwakhiweni kwePersepolis.

I-Achaemenid Persian art, nokho, nayo yayikwazi ukuthonya eyabanye, futhi umshicileli wayo uphawuleka kakhulu kubuciko bokuqala baseNdiya, okungenzeka ukuthi yahlangana nayo nge-Bactria. Ukuba ngokoqobo kobuciko be-Achaemenid basePheresiya bubonisa amandla ako ekumelelweni kwezilwane, njengoba kungabonakala ezithombeni eziningi eziqoshiwe zasePersepolis.

Iqoshwe ematsheni noma ngethusi, lezi zilwane zazisebenza njengabaqaphi beminyango noma, kaningi njengezisekelo zamavase, lapho zaziqoqwe khona ngamathathu, ukuhlangana kwazo ukuvuselela amasiko asendulo ama-tripods anemilenze egcina inselo noma isidladla. eyebhubesi. Abaculi base-Achaemenian babeyinzalo efanelekayo yabaqophi bezilwane baseLuristan.

Umsebenzi wesiliva, ucwebezelisiwe, umsebenzi wegolide, ukubunjwa kwethusi, kanye nomsebenzi wokufakwa ngaphakathi kuvezwe kahle kubuciko be-Achaemenid Persian. I-Oxus Treasure, iqoqo lezingcezu zegolide nezesiliva ezingu-170 ezitholwe uMfula i-Oxus kusukela ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX kuya kwelesi-XNUMX BC Phakathi kwezingcezu ezaziwa kakhulu kukhona amasongo egolide aneziphetho ezisesimweni samagriffin anezimpondo, ingilazi yokuqala eshunyekiwe futhi. amatshe anemibala.

Ubuciko basePheresiya bama-Achaemenids buwukuqhutshekwa okunengqondo kwalokho okwandulelayo, okufinyelela umvuthwandaba ngekhono lobuchwepheshe eliphakeme kakhulu kanye nobuhle obungakaze bubonwe obubonakala e-Persepolis. Ubuciko basePheresiya bama-Achaemenian bugxilile ngesikhathi lapho ama-Irani okuqala efika ethafeni, futhi ingcebo yawo iqoqwe emakhulwini eminyaka ekugcineni yakha impumelelo emangalisayo yobuciko base-Iranian namuhla.

isikhathi hellenistic

Ngemva kokuba u-Alexander enqobe uMbuso WasePheresiya (331 BC), ubuciko basePheresiya baba noguquko. AmaGreki nama-Irani ayehlala ndawonye edolobheni elilodwa, lapho ukuganana kwaba into evamile. Ngakho, imiqondo emibili ehluke kakhulu yokuphila nobuhle yangqubuzana.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, yonke intshisekelo yayigxile ekufaniseni ipulasitiki yomzimba kanye nokuthinta kwayo; kuyilapho ngakolunye kwakungekho lutho ngaphandle kokoma nokuqina, umbono oqondile, ukuqina kanye nokuba phambili. Ubuciko be-Greco-Iranian bekungumkhiqizo onengqondo walokhu kuhlangana.

Abanqobi, abamelelwa ubukhosi bakwaSeleucid bomdabu waseMacedonia, bashintsha ubuciko basendulo baseMpumalanga ngezinhlobo zamaGreki lapho isikhala nombono, ukushukuma komzimba, amakhethini kanye nezinye izinto zazisetshenziselwa ukuphakamisa ukunyakaza noma imizwelo ehlukahlukene, nokho, namanje Ezinye izici zasempumalanga zahlala.

Ama-Parthians

Ngo-250 BC C., abantu abasha base-Iranian amaParthians, bamemezela ukuzimela kwabo kumaSeleucus futhi bamisa kabusha uMbuso WaseMpumalanga owafinyelela e-Ewufrathe. Ukubuyiswa kabusha kwezwe ngamaParthian kwaletha ukubuya kancane kwendabuko yase-Iranian. Ikhono lakhe laphawula ukunyamalala kwefomu lepulasitiki.

Imifanekiso eqinile, evame ukuhlotshiswe ngobucwebe obukhulu, egqoke imvunulo yase-Iranian egcizelelwe ngendlela ewumshini futhi eyisicefe, manje bese ikhonjiswa ngokuhlelekile ibheke phambili, okungukuthi, ngqo kusibukeli.

Lona kwakuyithuluzi elalisetshenziswa emidwebeni yasendulo yaseMesophothamiya kuphela ngezibalo ezibaluleke kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, amaParthian akwenza kwaba umthetho wezibalo eziningi, futhi kusuka kubo kwadlulela kubuciko baseByzantium. Isithombe esihle sethusi (sika-Shami) nezinye izithombe eziqoshiwe (e-Tang-i-Sarwak nase-Bisutun) zigqamisa lezi zici.

Phakathi nenkathi yama-Parthian, i-iwan yaba uhlobo olusabalele lwezakhiwo. Leli kwakuyihholo elikhulu, elivulekile ngakolunye uhlangothi linophahla oluphakeme. Izibonelo ezinhle kakhulu zitholwe e-Ashur naseHatra. Kwasetshenziswa udaka lwe-gypsum olusebenza ngokushesha ekwakhiweni kwala magumbi amakhulu.

Mhlawumbe okuhambisana nokusetshenziswa okwandayo kwe-plaster mortar kwaba ukuthuthukiswa komhlobiso we-plaster stucco. I-Iran yayingajwayelene nomhlobiso we-stucco ngaphambi kwamaParthians, phakathi kwawo okwakuyimfashini yokuhlobisa kwangaphakathi kanye nokudweba odongeni. I-Dura-Europos mural, e-Ewufrathe, ibonisa uMithras ezingela izinhlobonhlobo zezilwane.

Izibonelo eziningi zobumba lwe-Parthian 'clinky', isitsha sobumba esibomvu esiqinile esenza umsindo oqhwazayo lapho sishaywa, singatholakala endaweni yase-Zagros entshonalanga ye-Iran. Kuvamile futhi ukuthola izitsha zobumba ezicwebezelisiwe ezinombala ocwebezelayo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma oluhlaza okotshani, ezipendwe ngezindlela eziphefumulelwe isiGreki.

Ngalesi sikhathi kwavela ubucwebe obuhlotshiswe ngamatshe amakhulu noma amagugu engilazi. Ngeshwa, cishe akukho lutho okungenzeka ukuthi ama-Parthians alubhalile oluye lwasinda, ngaphandle kwemibhalo embalwa yezinhlamvu zemali nama-akhawunti ababhali besiGreki nesiLatini; nokho, lokhu kulandisa bekukude nomgomo.

Izinhlamvu zemali ze-Parthian ziwusizo ekusunguleni ukulandelana kwamakhosi, bazibiza ngalezi zinhlamvu zemali ngokuthi "ama-Hellenophiles", kodwa lokhu kwakuyiqiniso kuphela ngoba babephikisana namaRoma. Isikhathi sama-Parthian kwaba ukuqala kokuvuselelwa komoya kazwelonke wase-Irani. Lobu buciko basePheresiya benza isisekelo esibalulekile soguquko; okwaholela ngakolunye uhlangothi kwezobuciko baseByzantium, kanti ngakolunye uhlangothi kwabakwaSassanid naseNdiya.

ama-sasanid

Ngezindlela eziningi, inkathi yamaSassanian (224-633 AD) yabona impumelelo enkulu kakhulu yempucuko yasePheresiya futhi kwaba umbuso omkhulu wokugcina wase-Irani ngaphambi kokunqotshwa kwamaSulumane. Ubukhosi bakwaSassanid, njenge-Achaemenid, badabuka esifundazweni saseFars. Bazibona njengabalandela ama-Achaemenians, ngemva kokuhlangana kwamaGreki namaParthian, futhi bakubona njengendima yabo ekubuyiseleni ubukhulu be-Iran.

Ekuphakameni kwawo, uMbuso WamaSasani wasuka eSiriya waya enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeNdiya; kodwa ithonya lakhe lazwakala ngale kwemingcele yezombangazwe. I-Sassanian motifs yafakwa kubuciko be-Asia Ephakathi ne-China, uMbuso WaseByzantium kanye ne-Merovingian France.

Ekuvuseleleni izinkazimulo ze-Achaemenid esedlule, amaSassanid ayengebona abalingisi nje. Ubuciko basePheresiya balesi sikhathi buveza ubudoda obumangalisayo. Ngandlela thize, ilindele izici ezithuthukiswe kamuva ngesikhathi samaSulumane. Ukunqotshwa kwePheresiya ngu-Alexander Omkhulu kwakuqalise ukusakazeka kobuciko bobuGreki entshonalanga ye-Asia; kodwa uma iMpumalanga yamukela uhlobo lwangaphandle lwalobu buciko, ayizange iwuthathe ngempela umoya wayo.

Ngezikhathi zamaParthian, ubuciko bamaGreki base buvele bucaciswa kalula ngabantu baseMpumalanga Eseduze, futhi ngezikhathi zamaSassanian kwakukhona inqubo eqhubekayo yokubuphikisa. Ubuciko basePheresiya baseSassanid bavuselela izindlela nemikhuba yabomdabu wasePheresiya; futhi esigabeni samaSulumane bafika ogwini lweMedithera.

Ubuhle lapho amakhosi akwaSassanid aphila khona bumelwe ngokuphelele izigodlo ezasala zimile, kanye nalezo zaseFiruzabad naseBishapur eFars, kanye nedolobha elikhulu laseCtesiphon eMesopotamiya. Ngokungeziwe emikhubeni yendawo, ukwakheka kwe-Parthian kumele kube yisiqinisekiso semininingwane ehlukahlukene ye-Sassanid yezakhiwo.

Zonke zibonakala ngama-iwans avale umgqomo ezethulwa ngesikhathi sama-Parthian, kodwa manje athole inani elikhulu, ikakhulukazi e-Ctesiphon. Ikhothamo lehholo elikhulu elinesitezi laseCtesiphon elihunyushwe ngokubusa kukaShapur I (AD 241-272) linobude obungaphezu kwamamitha angu-80 futhi lifinyelela ubude obungamamitha angu-118 ukusuka phansi.

Lesi sakhiwo esiwubukhazikhazi sadonsa abaklami bezakhiwo ezikhathini zakamuva futhi siye sanconywa njengesinye sezingcezu ezibaluleke kakhulu zezakhiwo zasePheresiya. Eziningi zezigodlo zinehholo lezethameli elitholakala, njengase-Firuzabad, ekamelweni elilungiswe i-dome.

AmaPheresiya axazulula inkinga yokumisa idome eliyindilinga endaweni eyisikwele nge-squinch. Okungeyona into engaphezu kwekhothamo eliphakanyiswe ekhoneni ngalinye lesikwele, ngaleyo ndlela liyiguqule libe i-octagon lapho kulula ukubeka idome. Igumbi ledome lesigodlo eFiruzabad liyisibonelo sokuqala esisekhona sokusetshenziswa kwe-squinch, ngakho-ke kunesizathu esihle sokubheka iPheresiya njengendawo yayo yokusungulwa.

Phakathi kwezici zezakhiwo zeSassanian, ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwesikhala kungashiwo. Umakhi wezakhiwo wakwaSassanid wacabanga ukwakhiwa kwakhe ngemibono yevolumu nezindawo; ngakho-ke ukusetshenziswa kwezindonga zezitini eziqinile ezihlotshiswe nge-stucco ehleliwe noma esebenzayo.

Imihlobiso yodonga lwe-stucco ivela e-Bishapur, kodwa izibonelo ezingcono zilondolozwe kusukela e-Chal Tarkhan eduze kwase-Rayy (emva kwesikhathi i-Sassanid noma i-Islamic yakudala ngedethi), futhi kusukela ku-Ctesiphon no-Kish e-Mesopotamia. Amaphaneli abonisa izibalo zezilwane eziyindilinga, amabhasi abantu, kanye ne-geometric and floral motifs.

E-Bishapur, ezinye izitezi zazihlotshiswe ngamatshe aqoshiwe abonisa amaqiniso ajabulisayo njengasedilini; Ukubusa kwamaRoma lapha kucacile, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi ama-mosaic afakwe iziboshwa zaseRoma. Izakhiwo zazihlotshiswe nangemidwebo yodonga; izibonelo ezinhle ngokukhethekile zitholwe eKuh-i Khwaja eSistan.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umfanekiso we-Sassanid unikeza umehluko ophawulekayo ngokulinganayo kunalowo waseGrisi neRoma. Njengamanje, kusekhona izithombe eziqoshiwe zamatshe ezingamashumi amathathu, eziningi zazo ezitholakala eFars. Njengalezo zenkathi ye-Achaemenid, ziqoshwe ngokukhululeka, ngokuvamile emadwaleni akude futhi angafinyeleleki. Abanye bacekelwe phansi kakhulu kangangokuthi bazimele; ezinye zingaphezu kwe-graffiti. Inhloso yawo ukudunyiswa kobukhosi.

Imidwebo yokuqala yamatshe e-Sassanid ezokwethulwa yileyo kaFiruzabad, exhunywe ekuqaleni kokubusa kuka-Ardashir I futhi isaxhumene nezimiso zobuciko baseParthian Persian. Impumuzo ngokwayo incane kakhulu, imininingwane yenziwa ngokusikeka okubucayi futhi amafomu asindayo futhi maningi, kodwa hhayi ngaphandle kokuqina okuthile.

Umdwebo owodwa, oqoshwe edwaleni e-Tang-i-Ab Gorge eduze kwase-Firuzabad Plain, uqukethe izigcawu ezintathu ezihlukene eziwuveza ngokusobala umqondo wempi wase-Iran njengochungechunge lwezingxoxo zomuntu ngamunye.

Abaningi bamele ukutshalwa kwezimali kwenkosi ngunkulunkulu "Ahura mazda" ngezimpawu zobukhosi; abanye ukunqoba kwenkosi phezu kwezitha zayo. Kungenzeka ukuthi bagqugquzelwe yimisebenzi yokunqoba yamaRoma, kodwa indlela yokwelapha neyethulo ihluke kakhulu. Ama-reliefs aseRoma angamarekhodi ezithombe ahlala enomzamo wokuba ngokoqobo.

Izithombe eziqoshiwe zamaSasanian zikhumbula isenzakalo ngokumelela ngokomfanekiso isigameko sokugcina: isibonelo, emfanekisweni we-Naksh-i-Rustam (ikhulu le-XNUMX), uMbusi waseRoma u-Valerian ubeka izingalo zakhe kumnqobi u-Shapur I. Abalingiswa baphezulu nabasebukhosini bamelwe isikali esikhulu kunesabantu abaphansi. Izingoma, njengomthetho, zi-symmetrical.

Izibalo zomuntu zivame ukuba lukhuni futhi zibe nzima, futhi kukhona ukungalungi ekunikezeni imininingwane ethile ye-anatomical njengamahlombe nomzimba. Isithombe esibaziwe sokusiza safinyelela esicongweni ngaphansi kuka-Bahram I (273-76), indodana ka-Shapur I, owayebhekele isigcawu esihle somkhosi e-Bishapur, lapho amafomu elahlekelwe khona yibo bonke ukuqina kanye nomsebenzi onobuciko futhi unamandla.

Uma kucatshangelwa lonke iqoqo lezithombe eziqoshwe edwaleni laseSassanian, ukukhuphuka nokuwa okuthile kwesitayela kuba sobala; Kusukela ezinhlotsheni eziyisicaba zemidwebo yokuqala esekelwe kusiko lamaParatian, ubuciko basePheresiya baba yinkimbinkimbi futhi, ngenxa yethonya laseNtshonalanga, amafomu ayindingilizi avela ngesikhathi seSapphire I.

Ifinyelele umvuthwandaba esigcawini esimangalisayo somkhosi we-Bahrain I e-Bishapur, bese ibuyela kumafomu okugetshengwa nangakhuthazwa ngaphansi kwe-Narsah, futhi ekugcineni ibuyele kusitayela esingajwayelekile esibonakala ezithombeni eziqoshiwe ze-Khosroe II. Akukho mzamo wokuveza ngobuciko basePheresiya baseSassanian, noma kule mifanekiso noma emifanekisweni yangempela evezwe ezitsheni zensimbi noma zemali yazo. Umbusi ngamunye umane uhlukaniswa nesimo sakhe esithile somqhele.

Ezobuciko obuncane, ngokudabukisayo akukho mdwebo oye wasinda, futhi inkathi ye-Sassanid imelelwa kangcono yimisebenzi yayo yensimbi. Inani elikhulu lemikhumbi yensimbi liye lashiwo kule nkathi; eziningi zalezi zitholwe eningizimu yeRussia.

Afika ngezinhlobonhlobo zomumo futhi aveza izinga eliphezulu lekhono lobuchwepheshe elinomhlobiso owenziwa ngokusando, ukuthepha, ukuqoshwa noma ukulingisa. Izihloko ezivame ukuvezwa ezingcwecweni zesiliva zazihlanganisa ukuzingela kwasebukhosini, izigcawu zemikhosi, inkosi ebekwe esihlalweni sobukhosi noma amadili, abadansi nezigcawu zenkolo.

Izitsha zazihlotshiswe ngemiklamo eyenziwe ngamasu ahlukahlukene; amaphakethe acwebile, acwecwe noma agxilile kanye noqweqwe lwawo lwe-cloisonné. Ama-Motif ahlanganisa abantu bezenkolo, izigcawu zokuzingela lapho inkosi ithatha indawo ephambili, nezilwane zasenganekwaneni ezifana ne-griffin enamaphiko. Le miklamo efanayo iyenzeka ezindwangu ze-Sassanid. Ukweluka usilika kwaqalwa ePheresiya ngamakhosi aseSassanian kanye nokweluka usilika wasePheresiya kwaze kwatholakala imakethe eYurophu.

Zimbalwa izindwangu ze-Sassanid ezaziwa namuhla, ngaphandle kwezingcezu ezincane ezivela ezindlini zamabhilidi ahlukahlukene zaseYurophu kanye namakhathedrali. Ezindwangu zasebukhosini ezifekethisiwe kakhulu, ezihlotshiswe ngamaparele namatshe ayigugu, akukho lutho oluye lwasinda.

Baziwa kuphela ngezikhombo ezihlukahlukene zemibhalo kanye nesigcawu somkhosi eTaq-i-Bustan, lapho uKhosroe II egqoke ingubo yobukhosi efana naleyo echazwe enganekwaneni, elukwe ngentambo yegolide futhi egcwele amaparele nobuhlalu.

Okufanayo kuya ku-rug rug edumile, "Spring of Khosroe". Yenziwe ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaKhosroe I (531 - 579), ikhaphethi yayingamamitha-skwele angama-90. Okabani incazelo yezazi-mlando zama-Arab enjena:

“Umngcele wawuyizimbali ezinhle kakhulu zamatshe aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, abomvu, amhlophe, aphuzi, aluhlaza; ngemuva umbala womhlaba wawulingiswa ngegolide; amatshe acwebile njengekristalu anikeza inkohliso yamanzi; izitshalo zazenziwe ngosilika futhi izithelo zenziwe ngamatshe anemibala».

Nokho, ama-Arabhu asika lesi sithako esihle sibe izingcezu eziningi, ezabe sezithengiswa ngokwehlukana. Mhlawumbe isici esihluke kakhulu sobuciko beSassanid umhlobiso wawo, owawuhloselwe ukuba nomthelela omkhulu kwezobuciko bamaSulumane.

Imiklamo ijwayele ukuhambisana futhi ukusetshenziswa okuningi kwenziwa ngezindondo ezinamathiselwe. Izilwane nezinyoni ngisho nezimbali ezimibalabala zazivame ukwethulwa nge-heraldically, okungukuthi, ngababili, zibhekene noma zibuyela emuva.

Amanye ama-motif, njengeSihlahla Sokuphila, anomlando wasendulo eMpumalanga Eseduze; abanye, njengodrako nehhashi elinamaphiko, bembula uthando oluqhubekayo lobuciko base-Asia nenganekwane.

Ubuciko basePheresiya baseSassanid basabalala endaweni enkulu esukela eMpumalanga Ekude kuya ogwini lwe-Atlantic futhi babamba iqhaza elibalulekile ekwakhiweni kobuciko benkathi ephakathi base-Europe nase-Asia. Ubuciko bamaSulumane, nokho, buyindlalifa yeqiniso yobuciko be-Persian-Sassanid, imibono okwakumelwe ihlanganiswe futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, ifakwe impilo entsha namandla avuselelwe.

isikhathi sokuqala se-islamic

Ukunqotshwa kwama-Arab ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX AD kwaletha iPheresiya emphakathini wamaSulumane; Nokho, kwakusePheresiya lapho inhlangano entsha yobuciko bamaSulumane yahlangabezana novivinyo olunzima kakhulu. Ukuxhumana nabantu abaphumelele kakhulu kwezobuciko namasiko okhokho kwenza umbono ojulile kubanqobi bamaSulumane.

Lapho ama-Abbasid enza iBaghdad inhloko-dolobha yawo (eduze nedolobha elikhulu lasendulo lababusi baseSassanian), kwavela ithonya elikhulu lamaPheresiya. Ama-caliph amukela isiko lasendulo lamaPheresiya; inqubomgomo iphinde yalandelwa ezinkantolo zezikhulu zendawo ezizimele (amaSamanids, Buyids, njll.), okwaholela ekuvuselelweni okuqaphelayo kwamasiko asePheresiya kwezobuciko nezincwadi.

Nomaphi lapho kwakungenzeka khona, impilo entsha yaphefumulelwa emafeni amasiko obuciko basePheresiya, futhi amasiko angahlobene ngokuphelele ne-Islam agcinwa noma aphinde aqanjwe kabusha. Ubuciko bamaSulumane (imidwebo, insimbi, njll.) buthonywe kakhulu izindlela zamaSassanian, futhi amasu asePheresiya asetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zamaSulumane.

Zimbalwa izakhiwo zezwe eziye zasinda kusukela esikhathini sangaphambili, kodwa uma sibheka izinsalela, kungenzeka ukuthi zigcine izici eziningi zezigodlo zaseSassanian, 'njengehholo lezethameli elinophahla oluphakeme' kanye 'nohlelo oluhlelelwe igceke elimaphakathi'. Ushintsho oluyinhloko olulethwe yilesi sikhathi ekuthuthukisweni kobuciko kwakuwukukhawulela ukumelwa kwezithombe ezingokoqobo noma ukumelwa kwempilo yangempela yezenzakalo zomlando.

"Ngosuku lokuvuka, uNkulunkulu uzobheka abenzi bezithombe njengabantu abafanelwe ukujeziswa"

Ukuqoqwa kwamazwi oMprofethi

Njengoba inkolo yamaSulumane ingazange ikubekezelele ukumelelwa kwezidalwa eziphilayo ezinezinhlangothi ezintathu, izingcweti zasePheresiya zathuthukisa futhi zandisa umlando wazo okhona wezinhlobo zokuhlobisa, zabe seziwuphonsa etsheni noma nge-stucco. Lokhu kunikeze into efanayo lapho abaculi bakwamanye abezindaba badweba khona.

Iningi lama-motifs lihlehlela emuva empucukweni yasendulo yase-Near Eastern: zifaka izilwane ezinhle ezifana ne-sphinx enamaphiko ekhanda lomuntu, ama-griffins, ama-phoenixes, izilwane zasendle noma izinyoni ezibanjwe inyamazane yazo, kanye nemishini yokuhlobisa njengama-medallions, imivini, izimbali zezimbali. kanye ne-rosette.

Amakholwa angamaSulumane ayebekezelela kakhudlwana ayengaqinile kangako ekuboniseni ubuciko obungokomfanekiso, futhi ezindlini zokugeza, imidwebo yokuzingela noma yezindawo zothando ukuze kujabulise abaxhasi kwakungavamile ukuvusa ukuphikisa.

Kodwa-ke, ezikhungweni zenkolo, imibono engacacile kuphela yezinhlobo zabantu noma zezilwane ezazibekezelelwa. AmaPheresiya akwazisa ngokushesha ukubaluleka kokuhlobisa kombhalo wesi-Arabhu futhi athuthukisa zonke izinhlobo zemihlobiso yezimbali nengabonakali. Ukuhloba kwePheresiya ngokuvamile kuhlukaniswa nokwamanye amazwe amaSulumane.

Ukwelashwa kwe-Arabesque kuvame ukukhululeka ePheresiya kunakwezinye izindawo, futhi ngokuvamile, nakuba kungenjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi, kugcina izinhlobo zezitshalo ezingokwemvelo nezibonakalayo. Ama-Palmettes, ama-frets, ama-guilloches, ama-interlacing kanye nezibalo zejiyomethri eziyinkimbinkimbi njengenkanyezi ye-polygonal nazo ziyakhiqizwa.

I-Calligraphy iyindlela yobuciko ephakeme kakhulu yempucuko yamaSulumane futhi njengazo zonke izinhlobo zobuciko ezihlangene ne-Iran, yathuthukiswa futhi yathuthukiswa amaPheresiya. I-Ta'liq, "umbhalo olengayo" (kanye nosuselwe kuwo othi Nasta'liq) yenziwa yaba semthethweni ngekhulu leshumi nantathu; nakuba kade ikhona amakhulu eminyaka ngaphambi kwalokhu, futhi kuthiwa ithathwe embhalweni wakudala wangaphambi kobuSulumane weSassanid.

Ikhasi elibhaliwe labuye lanothiswa ubuciko be-"Illuminator" futhi kweminye imibhalo yesandla ngumdwebi, owafaka imidwebo emincane. Ukuqina kwesiko lamasiko lasePheresiya kuwukuthi, naphezu kwamakhulu eminyaka okuhlasela nokubusa kwamanye amazwe ngama-Arabhu, amaMongol, amaTurkey, ama-Afghan, njll. Ubuciko bakhe basePheresiya buveza intuthuko eqhubekayo, kuyilapho kugcinwa ubuyena.

Phakathi nokubusa kwama-Arabhu, ukunamathela kwenani labantu bendawo ehlelweni lamaShia of Islam (elalimelene nokugcinwa kwemithetho yobu-Orthodox eqinile) kwaba nendima enkulu ekumelaneni kwawo nemibono yama-Arabhu. Ngesikhathi i-orthodoxy ibamba, ngokunqotshwa kwamaSeljuk ekhulwini leshumi nanye, isici sasePheresiya sase sigxile kakhulu kangangokuthi sasingeke sisasishulwa.

isikhathi eside

Lapho ukushaqeka kokuqala kokuhlasela kwama-Arab sekuphelile, ama-Irani aqala ukusebenza ehlanganisa abanqobi bawo. Amaciko nezingcweti bazenza batholakala kubabusi abasha kanye nezidingo zenkolo entsha, futhi izakhiwo zamaSulumane zamukela izindlela nezinto zenkathi yamaSassanid.

Ubukhulu bezakhiwo namasu okwakha ngesikhathi se-Abbasid bubonisa ukuvuselelwa kwezakhiwo zaseMesopotamiya. Izitini zazisetshenziselwa ukwakha izindonga nezinsika. Lezi zinsika zabe sezisebenza njengezisekelo ezizimele zezindlu zangasese ezazisetshenziswa ngokuphindaphindiwe kuwo wonke umhlaba wamaSulumane, ngenxa yokushoda kwezingodo zokufulela.

Ukuhlukahluka okubanzi kwamakhothamo ekwakhiweni kwe-Abbasid kuholela umuntu ekukholweni ukuthi amafomu awo ahlukahlukene asebenzela izinjongo zokuhlobisa kunezidingo zesakhiwo.

Kubo bonke ubuciko bokuhlobisa, izitsha zobumba zenze intuthuko ephawuleka kakhulu ngesikhathi se-Abbasid. Ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX, kwasungulwa amasu amasha lapho imiklamo enesibindi yapendwe nge-cobalt eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka eqinile kungemuva elimhlophe. Imibala ehlukahlukene ekhazimulayo ngezinye izikhathi yayihlanganiswa ingemuva elimhlophe, kuhlanganise okubomvu, okuluhlaza okotshani, okusagolide, noma okunsundu.

Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX, imiklamo yezithombe zezilwane neyomuntu yavamile, endaweni engemuva ethafa noma embozwe ngokuminyene. Izitsha zobumba kusukela ekupheleni kwesikhathi se-Abbasid (ikhulu le-XNUMX ukuya ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX) zihlanganisa:

• Izibani ezibaziweyo noma ezibunjiwe, izishisi zempepho, amatafula aphansi namathayili anoqweqwe oluluhlaza oluluhlaza.

• Izimbiza nezitsha ezipendwe ngezimbali ezimibalabala, amagalani, izilwane noma izibalo zabantu, njll., ngaphansi kwe-glaze eluhlaza noma esobala.
• Izimbiza, izitsha, namathayili apendwe ngokukhazimula okunsundu ngokumnyama phezu kokucwebezela okuluhlaza okukhanyayo; i-glitter ngezinye izikhathi ihlanganiswa nemigqa eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka neluhlaza.

Imidwebo yakudala yenkathi ye-Abbasid yaziwa ngezingcezu ezimbiwe eSamarra, ngaphandle kwasentshonalanga ye-Iran (cishe amakhilomitha ayi-100 enyakatho ye-Baghdad, e-Iraq).

Le midwebo yasodongeni yatholakala emakamelweni okwamukela izivakashi ezindlini zonxiwankulu nasezindaweni ezingezona zomphakathi ezigodlweni, ikakhulukazi ezindlini zamakhosikazi, lapho ingazange yenziwe khona imicimbi yenkolo.

Indawo eyintandokazi yemihlobiso enjalo kwakuyizingosi ezingaphezulu kwamaphasishi ayizikwele. Isithombe esiningi sinezici ze-Hellenistic, njengoba kufakazelwa abaphuzi, abadansi, nabaculi, kodwa isitayela ngokuyisisekelo singesassanian emoyeni nokuqukethwe. Eziningi zakhiwe kabusha kusetshenziswa amatshe esikhumbuzo aseSassanian anjengamatshe aqoshiwe, izimvu zamanzi, njll.

Empumalanga ye-Iran, umdwebo wekhanda lowesifazane (ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX noma ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX) otholakala eNishapur ufana kakhulu nobuciko baseSamara; nokho, alithintwa neze amathonya obuGreki.

Ubuciko be-Pictorial Persian (amancanyana) esikhathini sokugcina ngaphambi kokubhujiswa kwe-caliphate butholakala ikakhulukazi emibhalweni yesandla ebonisa imisebenzi yesayensi noma yemibhalo futhi yayivinjelwe kakhulu e-Iraq.

ama samanids

Ngokuncipha kwamandla ama-caliph ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX nele-XNUMX, amakhosi abusa kancane kancane abuyela emandleni, esungula izikhulu ezizimele empumalanga ye-Iran; enye yezibalulekile yayibuswa amaSamani. Ababusi baseSamanid babengabaxhasi abakhulu bobuciko basePheresiya futhi benza iBukhara neSamarkand eTransoxiana ibe izikhungo zamasiko ezidumile.

Imibhalo ephelele kakhulu yobuciko be-Samanid Persian itholakala ku-ceramics yayo, futhi phakathi nekhulu lesi-XNUMX, izinto ze-Transoxiana zazidume kakhulu ezifundazweni ezisempumalanga yePheresiya. Izitsha zobumba ezaziwa kakhulu nezicwengisiswe kakhulu zalolu hlobo olusuka e-Samarkand yileyo enemibhalo emikhulu ngesi-Kufic (inguqulo yakudala yombhalo wesi-Arabhu osetshenziswe kuyi-Koran, eqanjwe ngegama ledolobha lase-Kufa e-Iraq) ependwe ngokumnyama kungemuva eliMhlophe.

Umhlobiso wesithombe awuzange uvele kulezi zimpahla zeTransoxiana futhi ama-motifs ayevame ukukopishwa ezindwangu ezifana nama-rosette, ama-roundels, nomsila wepigogo "amehlo". Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izitsha zobumba zamaKhorasan zenkathi yamaSamanid ezaziwa ngokuyinhloko ngezinto ezambiwa eNishapur, azizange zisiqede isimo somuntu, futhi kunezibonelo zemifanekiso yabantu emelene nezizinda ezinothile ngezilwane, izimbali, nemibhalo eqoshiwe.

Ngeshwa, cishe akukho lutho olusele lwemidwebo noma izithombe ezincane zama-Samanid ngaphandle kwezingcezu ezimbalwa zemidwebo yodonga etholakala e-Nishapur. Olunye ucezu olunjalo lubonisa umfanekiso wosayizi wokuphila we-falconer egibele ihhashi, igibele "igalophu endizayo" ngezindlela ezisuselwe kusiko lamaSassanid. I-falconer igqoka ngesitayela sase-Iranian esinamathonya avela ku-steppe, njengamabhuzu aphezulu.

Ngokuqondene nezindwangu, okusindile yizibonelo ezimbalwa ze-tiraz (umcu wendwangu osetshenziselwa ukuhlobisa umkhono) ovela eMerv naseNishapur. Akukho okusele ekukhiqizweni okubanzi kwezinkundla zokucobelelana ngolwazi zezindwangu zaseTransoxiana naseKhorasan, ngaphandle kwesiqephu esidumile sikasilika nokotini okwaziwa ngokuthi "Indwangu kaSt. Josse."

Lesi siqeshana sihlotshiswe ngezindlovu ezibhekene zodwa ezigqanyiswe imingcele yezinhlamvu ze-kufic nemigqa yamakamela e-Bactrian. Ibhalwe ku-Abu Mansur Bukhtegin, isikhulu senkantolo yaseSamanid esagwetshwa ukufa ngu-Abd-al-Malik ibn-Nuh ngo-960. Indwangu cishe isuka endaweni yokusebenzela yaseKhorasan. Nakuba izibalo ziqinile impela, amamodeli eSassanian alandelwe eduze, kokubili ekwakhiweni kwawo wonke kanye nakumotif ngayinye.

ama-seljuks

Isikhathi seSeljuk emlandweni wezobuciko nezakhiwo sithatha cishe amakhulu amabili eminyaka kusukela ekunqotshweni kukaSeljuk engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-XNUMX kuya ekusungulweni kobukhosi bakwa-Ilkan engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-XNUMX. Ngalesi sikhathi, isikhungo samandla emhlabeni wamaSulumane sasuka ezindaweni zama-Arab saya e-Anatolia nase-Iran, nezikhungo zendabuko manje esezihlala ezinhloko-dolobha zaseSeljuk: iMerv, iNishapur, iRayy, ne-Isfahan.

Ngaphandle kwabahlaseli baseTurkey, le nkathi yokuvuselelwa kabusha kwePheresiya eqala ngokushicilelwa kwe-"Shah-namah" ka-Firdawsi ihlanganisa isikhathi sokuthuthuka kobuciko okunamandla kwePheresiya. Ukukhiqiza okuphelele kwalawa makhulu eminyaka kwezobuciko obubonakalayo uma kuqhathaniswa nobuciko bamakhulu eminyaka adlule umele ukugxumela phambili okukhulu.

Ukubaluleka kobuciko be-Seljuk Persian ukuthi yasungula isikhundla esiphezulu e-Iran futhi yanquma intuthuko yesikhathi esizayo yobuciko emhlabeni we-Iranian amakhulu eminyaka. Ukuqamba okusha kwesitayela okwethulwa abakhi bezakhiwo base-Irani balesi sikhathi kwaba nemiphumela emihle, kusukela eNdiya kuya e-Asia Minor. Kodwa-ke, kukhona ukunqwabelanisa okuqinile phakathi kobuciko be-Seljuk namaqembu esitayela ama-Buyids, ama-Ghaznavids njll.

Ezimweni eziningi, abaculi benkathi ye-Seljuk bahlanganisa, futhi ngezinye izikhathi bacwengisiswa, amafomu nemibono eyaziwa isikhathi eside. Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi isithombe asicacile njengoba kufanele, ngesilinganiso esikhulu sokumba okungekho emthethweni e-Iran eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule.

Isici sesici sezakhiwo zalesi sikhathi ukusetshenziswa kokuhlobisa kwezitini ezingasetshenzisiwe. Ukusetshenziswa kwangaphambili kwezingubo ze-stucco ezindongeni zangaphandle, kanye nangaphakathi (ukufihla ubuphansi bempahla yokwakha), kwanqanyulwa, nakuba kwaphinde kwavela kamuva.

Ngokusungulwa kweSeljuk Turks (1055-1256) kwethulwa uhlobo oluhlukile lwe-mosque. Isici sayo esigqama kakhulu i-vaulted niche noma i-iwan eyayivele yagqama ezigodlweni zaseSassanian futhi yayaziwa ngisho nangenkathi yama-Parthian. Kulolu hlelo olubizwa nge-"cruciform" mosque plan, i-iwan ishuthekwa ezindongeni ezine zenkantolo ezizungezile.

Lolu hlelo lwamukelwa ukwakhiwa kabusha kwe-Great Mosque yase-Isfahan ngo-1121 futhi lwasetshenziswa kabanzi ePheresiya kuze kube manje. Isibonelo esiphawulekayo iMasjid-i-shah noma i-Royal Mosque eyasungulwa ngu-Shah Abbas e-Isfahan ngo-1612 futhi yaqedwa ngo-1630. Umhlobiso wesithombe uvele ezitsheni zobumba ze-Seljuk kusukela phakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX kuya phambili.

Ekuqaleni, umhlobiso wawuqoshwe noma ubunjiwe, kuyilapho uqweqwe lwawo lwaluyi-monochrome, nakuba izinto eziqoshiwe zemibala ehlukahlukene zazisetshenziswa ku-lakabi (ukudweba). Ngezinye izikhathi umhlobiso wawusetshenziswa ebhodweni, upende ngesiliphu esimnyama ngaphansi kwe-glaze ecacile noma enemibala ukuze udale umphumela we-silhouette.

Izinyoni ezinkulu, izilwane, nezidalwa ezimangalisayo zakha iningi lezithombe, nakuba imifanekiso yabantu ivela ku-silhouette. Izibalo ze-silhouette zivame ukuzimela, nakuba kuvamile ukuthi amafomu omuntu nezilwane ahlale ethulwa noma abekwe phezulu ngemuva kwamahlamvu.

Ikota yokugcina yekhulu le-XNUMX yabona ukudalwa kwezitsha zobumba ze-minai (glaze) zikanokusho, ezenziwe kusetshenziswa indlela yokudubula okukabili ukuze kubekwe iqhwa phezu kocwebezelayo. Lolu hlobo lwezitsha zobumba, olwaqalwa e-Rayy, Kashan futhi mhlawumbe ne-Saveh, lubonisa imininingwane yokuhlobisa efana nezitsha zobumba ezipendwe ngokugqamile zaseKashan. Ezinye izingoma zimele izigcawu zempi noma iziqephu ezithathwe ku-Shah-namah.

Ama-miniatures we-Seljuk okusele imikhondo embalwa yawo ngenxa yokucekelwa phansi okusabalele ukuhlasela kwamaMongol, kufanele futhi ukuthi ayehlotshiswe ngokwedlulele, njengezinye izinhlobo zobuciko basePheresiya bangaleso sikhathi, futhi ngokuqinisekile kufanele ukuthi abonise izici ezifanayo ekudwebeni kobumba.

Isikhungo esiyinhloko sokudweba izincwadi ngekhulu le-XNUMX nele-XNUMX kwakuyi-Iraq, kodwa lo mdwebo wawunethonya eliphawulekayo lase-Iranian. Izibonelo ezimbalwa ezinhle zama-Seljuk Qur'an zisekhona, futhi ziphawuleka ngomdwebo wazo omuhle wekhasi lesihloko, ngokuvamile oqinile wejometri ngohlamvu, neskripthi se-Kufic esiholayo.

Ngesikhathi se-Seljuk, ukusebenza kwensimbi kwakusakazeke ikakhulukazi ngamazinga aphezulu kakhulu wabasebenzi. I-bronze kwakuyinsimbi esetshenziswa kakhulu phakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX nele-XNUMX (ithusi liwukungezwa kamuva).

Izinto zobuciko zazibunjwa, ziqoshwe, ngezinye izikhathi zihlotshiswe ngesiliva noma ithusi noma zibulawe e-fretwork, futhi kwezinye izimo zize zihlotshiswe ngemihlobiso yoqweqwe lwawo. Ngekhulu leshumi nambili, amasu e-repoussé nokuqoshwa ayengezwa kulabo abafaka ithusi noma ithusi ngegolide, isiliva, ithusi ne-niello.

Isibonelo esiphawulekayo ikhiyubhu yethusi ehuqwe ngesiliva nethusi manje egcinwe eHermitage Museum eLeningrad. Ngokombhalo wayo, yenziwa eHerat ngo-1163.

Ngaleso sikhathi kwakhiqizwa izinhlobo eziningi zezinto ezifana nezishisi zamakha ezivame ukuba yizilwane, izibuko, izibambi zamakhandlela, njll. futhi kubonakala sengathi ezinye zezingcweti ezihamba phambili zihamba kakhulu ukuze zenze amakhomishini ngezingcezu ezinhle ezithunyelwa amabanga amade.

Isikhathi se-Seljuk ngokungangabazeki sasingesinye sezikhathi zokudala kakhulu emlandweni womhlaba wamaSulumane. Ibonise impumelelo ebabazekayo kuyo yonke imikhakha yezobuciko, enomehluko ocashile ukusuka kwesinye isifunda kuya kwesinye.

AmaMongol kanye ne-Ilkhanate

Ukuhlasela kwamaMongol ngekhulu le-1220 kwashintsha impilo e-Iran kakhulu futhi unomphela. Ukuhlasela kukaGenghis Khan ngeminyaka yawo-1258s kwacekela phansi izimpilo kanye nempahla enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Iran ngezinga elikhulu. Ngo-XNUMX, uHulagu Khan, umzukulu kaGenghis Khan, waqeda ukunqoba i-Iran futhi wahlanganisa ukulawula kwakhe i-Iraq, i-Iran nengxenye enkulu ye-Anatolia.

Enenhloko-dolobha yakhe eMaragha enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Iran, wasungula umbuso we-Ilkhanid, ongaphansi kweGreat Khan, uQubilai, umbusi waseChina kanye neMongolia.

Ubukhosi base-Ilkan, obathatha kusukela ngo-1251 kuya ku-1335, bumele ubuciko basePheresiya (imidwebo, izitsha zobumba kanye negolide) isikhathi sethonya elikhulu eMpumalanga Ekude. Kamuva i-Ilkhanates yazama ukulungisa enye incithakalo eyabangelwa ukuhlasela kwabo okulimazayo ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, bakha amadolobha amasha futhi baqasha izikhulu zomdabu ukuze zilawule izwe.

Ukwakhiwa kwe-Ilkania kwakungesona isitayela esisha ngesikhathi saso, kodwa kwaqhubeka izinhlelo namasu we-Seljuk. Izakhiwo eziphindwe kabili ze-Seljuk zazidume kakhulu phakathi kwama-Ilkhanates kanye nemibukiso yezitini zokuhlobisa, nakuba zingalahliwe ngokuphelele, zavulela ukusetshenziswa okwandayo kwezitsha zobumba ezicwebezelisiwe.

E-Iran, izindawo ezinkulu zangaphakathi nezangaphandle zaqala ukumbozwa ngemifanekiso emikhulu ye-faience (i-tile mosaic) ye-geometric, izimbali, kanye ne-calligraphic motifs ekhulwini le-XNUMX. Le nqubo cishe yathunyelwa kabusha ngalesi sikhathi isuka e-Asia Minor, lapho abaculi basePheresiya babebalekele khona ngaphambi kokuhlasela kwamaMongol. Enye yezikhumbuzo zakuqala zase-Iran ezinezindawo ezinkulu ze-faience mosaics yi-Oljeitu Mausoleum eseSultaniya.

Ngokuphathelene nezitsha zobumba, wonke umsebenzi eRayy waphela ngemva kokubhujiswa kwamaMongol ngo-1220, kodwa izitsha zobumba zaseKashan zahlehla ngokushesha ebunzimeni bazo ngo-1224.

Amathayela asetshenziswe kakhulu ekuhlobiseni kwezakhiwo naku-mihrab naku-Imamzada Yahya yase-Varamin, ene-mihrab esukela ku-c. 1265, nesiginesha yombumbi odumile waseKashan u-Ali ibn-Muhammad ibn Ali Tahir. Laba babizwa nge-kashi ngesikhungo sabo sokukhiqiza eKashan.

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezitsha zobumba ezihlotshaniswa kakhulu nama-Ilkhanates, enye i-"Sultanabad" (ogama layo lathathwa lapho izingcezu zokuqala zatholakala khona esifundeni saseSultanabad) kanti enye i-"Lajvardina" (umlandeli olula wenqubo ye-Minai). . Ukupenda ngaphezulu kwegolide okucwebezelayo okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwenza i-Lajvardina tableware ibe ngenye yezinto ezinhle kakhulu ezake zakhiqizwa ePheresiya.

Ngokuphambene nalokhu, i-Sultanabad ware inebhodwe kakhulu futhi isebenzisa kaningi isiliphu esimpunga esinezinhlaka eziwugqinsi, kuyilapho olunye uhlobo lubonisa upende omnyama ngaphansi kokucwebezela kwe-turquoise. Iphethini ingeyekhwalithi engenandaba, kodwa izitsha zobumba sezizonke zinesithakazelo esikhethekile njengesibonelo sakudala sendlela ama-motifs aseShayina ahlasela ngayo isiko lezitsha zobumba zasePheresiya.

Insimbi eyayichuma enyakatho-mpumalanga yePheresiya, eKhurassan, naseTransoxiana, nayo yahlupheka kakhulu ngenxa yokuhlasela kwamaMongol; nokho, ayizange iphele nya. Ngemva kwegebe ekukhiqizeni elicishe libe ikhulunyaka, elingase lifane eduze kwezokwakha nokudweba, imboni yavuselelwa. Izikhungo ezibalulekile zazise-Asia Ephakathi, e-Azerbaijan (isikhungo esiyinhloko samasiko amaMongol), naseningizimu ye-Iran.

Inhlanganisela yezitayela zasePheresiya, eMesopotamiya naseMamluk iyisici sayo yonke i-Ilkhanate goldsmithing. Ukufakwa kwensimbi yaseMesophothamiya kubonakala sengathi kugqugquzelwe amasu obuciko basePheresiya, eyathuthukiswa futhi yapheleliswa. Indawo yethusi yaya ngokuya ithathelwa indawo yethusi, okufakwe igolide esikhundleni sethusi elibomvu.

Kwakukhona futhi ukuthambekela emsebenzini waseMesophothamiya ukumboza yonke indawo ngamaphethini emihlobiso emincane, futhi izibalo zabantu nezilwane zazihlale zichazwa kahle. Nokho, izincwadi zasePheresiya zabonisa ukukhetha kwendlela yokunamathisela nokuqopha eyayigwema amakhonsathi aqinile nanembayo. Kuphinde kwaba nokungabaza ukumboza yonke indawo ngemihlobiso.

Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, umthelela waseMpumalanga Ekude ubonakala kuzo zombili izitayela zasePheresiya naseMesophothamiya ekuphatheni okungokwemvelo kwemihlobiso yezitshalo (okuhlanganisa nembali ye-lotus…) kanye nesimo somuntu esivame ukuba side.

ama timurids

Eminyakeni eyikhulu namashumi amahlanu ngemva kokuba amaMongol ehlasele i-Iran okokuqala, amabutho kaTimur the Lame (uTamerlane, umnqobi owayesabeka kancane kunokhokho wakhe uGenghis Khan) ahlasela i-Iran esuka enyakatho-mpumalanga. Izingcweti zasinda ekubulaweni kwabantu abaningi futhi zayiswa enhloko-dolobha yazo iSamarkand, ezizihlobise ngezakhiwo eziwumbukwane, kuhlanganise nezigodlo esezihlulwe manje ezinemidwebo yodonga ebonisa ukunqoba kukaTimur.

Ngesikhathi sika-Shah Rukh no-Oleg Begh, ubuciko basePheresiya bezinto ezincane bafinyelela izinga lokuphelela kangangokuthi baba isibonelo kuzo zonke izikole zakamuva zokudweba ePheresiya. Isici esiphawuleka kakhulu sesitayela esisha seTimurid (yize sisuselwa esikhathini sangaphambili se-Ilkan) umbono omusha wendawo.

Emdwebeni omncane, i-horizon ibekwe phezulu ukuze izindiza ezahlukene zakhiwe lapho izinto, izibalo, izihlahla, izimbali kanye nemidwebo yezakhiwo zihlelwe cishe ngokubuka. Lokhu kwavumela umdwebi ukuthi apende amaqembu amakhulu anezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu nezikhala, futhi ngaphandle kokuminyana. Konke kubalwa, lezi yizithombe ezenza izimfuno eziphezulu kumbukeli futhi azivezi izimfihlo zabo kalula.

Izikole ezimbili ezazinomthelela omkhulu kwakuseShiraz naseHerat. Ngakho ngaphansi kokusekelwa kukaSultan Ibrahim (1414-35), isikole saseShiraz, esakhelwe phezu kwesitayela sangaphambili seTimurid, sakha indlela yokudweba enesitayela esiphezulu lapho imibala egqamile nenamandla yayigqame khona. Izingoma bezilula futhi zinezibalo ezimbalwa.

Lona leli dolobha kamuva laba isikhungo esibalulekile sesitayela samaTurkmen esaqanjwa ngobukhosi obubusayo basentshonalanga naseningizimu ye-Iran. Izimpawu zalesi sitayela zinemibala egqamile ecebile kanye nomklamo oyinkimbinkimbi, okwenza zonke izici zomdwebo zibe yingxenye yohlelo olucishe luhlobise. Lesi sitayela sasisabalele kwaze kwaba yisikhathi sokuqala se-Safavid, kodwa kubonakala sengathi sesiphelile maphakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX.

Imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yesikole yizithombe ezincane ezingu-155 ezivela ku-Ibn-Husam's Khavar-nama, kusukela ngo-1480. Ama-miniatures okuqala kaHerat ayesesimweni, inguqulo ephelele kakhulu yesitayela sakuqala saseTimurid, esasiphumelele ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka. . Ngaphansi kokusekelwa kwenkosana yokugcina yaseTimurid, uSultan Hussain ibn Mansur ibn Baiqara (1468 - 1506), uHerat wachuma ngendlela engakaze ibonwe ngaphambili futhi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi kulapha lapho umdwebo wasePheresiya wafinyelela umvuthwandaba wawo.

Isitayela sakhe sihlukaniswa ngombala owubukhazikhazi kanye nokunemba okucishe kungakholeki kwemininingwane, ubunye obuphelele bokuqanjwa, ukugqama komuntu ngamunye kwesibalo somuntu, kanye nokuzwela okukhulu ekudluliseni umkhathi usuka kokuzothile uye kokudlalwayo emdwebeni olandisayo.

Imisebenzi yobuciko emikhulu esekhona yesikole saseHerat ihlanganisa amakhophi amabili eKalila wa Dimna (iqoqo lezinganekwane zezilwane ezinokuziphatha nezombusazwe), iGolestan kaSa'di ('Rose Garden') (1426), kanye okungenani neShah-nama ( 1429).

Njengakwezinye izikhathi 'zobuciko bezincwadi', ukudweba kwakuyisici esisodwa nje sokuhlobisa kwamaSulumane. I-calligraphy yayihlale ibhekwa njengenye yezindlela zobuciko eziphakeme kunazo zonke e-Islam, futhi yayingenziwa kuphela ngabadwebi be-calligrapher abaqeqeshiwe kodwa nayizikhulu zaseTimurid kanye nezikhulu ngokwazo.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VkP1iHzExtg

Lo mculi ofanayo wayevame ukwenza ubuciko be-calligraphy, ukukhanya nokudweba. UMirak Naqqash, ngokwesibonelo, waqala njengomdwebi wezinhlamvu, wabe esekhanyisa imibhalo yesandla, futhi ekugcineni waba ngomunye wabadwebi abakhulu besikole senkantolo yaseHerat.

Ama-calligrapher asePheresiya ayehamba phambili kuzo zonke izitayela zokubhala ngokuhlanganisa; i-muhaqqaq enkulu enhle, i-rihani ecolekileyo (zombili ezineziphetho ezicijile), i-ghubar efana ne-twilight, kanye nombhalo osindayo, we-thuluth. Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, 'Umar Aqta' (enqunywe isandla), wabhala iKur'an encane ye-Timur, eyayincane kangangokuthi yayingafakwa ngaphansi kwesokhethi yendandatho enophawu.

Lapho uTimur ephika ngenxa yokuthi, ngokwesiko lesiprofetho, iZwi likaNkulunkulu kwakumelwe libhalwe ngezinhlamvu ezinkulu, umdwebi wezinhlamvu wakhiqiza enye ikhophi, uhlamvu ngalunye luyingalo ubude.

Lesi futhi isikhathi sokuthuthuka okukhulu kwezobuciko bokuhlobisa: izindwangu (ikakhulukazi ama-rugs), insimbi, izitsha zobumba, njll. Nakuba abekho omata abasindile, ama-miniatures anikeza imibhalo ebanzi yamaragi amahle enziwe ngekhulu le-XNUMX. Kulezi, i-geometric motifs emfashini yaseTurkey-Asian ibonakala ikhethwa.

Isilinganiso esincane somkhandi wegolide sekhwalithi ephezulu siye sasinda kusukela ebukhosini baseTimurid, nakuba futhi amancanyana asuka kuleso sikhathi (imininingwane yawo ejulile iwenza abe umhlahlandlela omuhle kakhulu wezinto zesimanje) abonisa ukuthi izimbiza ezinama-spout amade agobile zakhiwe ngalesi sikhathi.

Izinto ezimbalwa ezimangalisayo kodwa ezingazodwa zikhomba lo mkhakha osesasebenza kakhulu, okuhlanganisa nesisekelo sekhandlela esakhiwe ngamakhanda kadrako amafindo kanye nepheya lamabhodwe amakhulu ethusi.

Emisebenzini yegolide nesiliva, ngaphandle kwezingcezu ezimbalwa, akukho lutho oluye lwasinda kulokho okumelwe ukuba kwaba ukukhiqizwa okumangalisayo kwezinto kanye nemihlobiso yezinsimbi eziyigugu. Izithombe ezincane zibonisa ubucwebe begolide kwesinye isikhathi obumbelwe ngamatshe.

Ukusetshenziswa kwamatshe ayigugu kanye nengxenye eyigugu yezinto zasendlini kwasakazeka ngaphansi kwethonya eliqondile lamamodeli aseShayina. I-jade ikakhulukazi yayisetshenziselwa izitsha ezincane, izimbiza eziphethwe udrako, namandandatho anophawu. Ucwaningo lwakamuva lubonise ukuthi inani lezitsha zobumba zaseTimurid alilincane njengoba kwakucatshangwa. Ekuqaleni kwenkathi yeTimurid asazi isikhungo sokukhiqiza izitsha zobumba.

Nokho, kuyiqiniso ukuthi inhloko-dolobha yaseTimurid (iMashad neHerat eKhurassan, eBukhara naseSamarkand e-Asia Ephakathi) yayinezimboni ezinkulu, lapho kwakungavezwa khona kuphela amathayili amahle kakhulu ayehlobisa izakhiwo zangaleso sikhathi, kodwa nezitsha zobumba.

I-porcelain yaseShayina eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nomhlophe (ikakhulukazi izitsha nezingcwecwe ezinomugqa obanzi), ezethulwa ePheresiya engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-XNUMX, waqala imfashini entsha eyayibusa ukukhiqizwa kwezitsha zobumba phakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX.

Emuva elimhlophe, izimbali ze-lotus, amafu amise okweribhoni, odrako, amadada kumagagasi anesitayela, njll., adwetshwe ngemibala ehlukahlukene ye-cobalt eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Lesi sitayela saqhubeka kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-XNUMX, lapho kwakhiwa khona ama-motifs anesibindi anezindawo nezibalo ezinkulu zezilwane.

Ngokombono wezokwakha, kumbalwa okusha okwenziwe ngesikhathi seTimurid ngama-mosque asekelwe ohlelweni oludala lwe-Seljuk. Umnikelo obaluleke kakhulu wezakhiwo zeTimurid; nokho, isemhlobiso wayo.

Ukwethulwa kwe-faience mosaic (i-tile mosaic) kwaguqula konke ukubukeka kwezakhiwo zeTimurid futhi, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezitini ezinamaphethini, kwaba isici esivelele kakhulu sokuhlobisa kwezakhiwo. Izindawo ezinkulu zazihlotshiswe ngezingubo eziqoshiwe ze-arabesque namathayili acwebezelayo. I-koqweqwe lwawo lwaluluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma oluluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, lumhlophe emibhalweni.

I-Persian Miniature

Umdwebo omncane wasePheresiya waqala enkathini yamaMongol ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, lapho abadwebi basePheresiya bevezwa ubuciko baseShayina futhi abadwebi baseShayina basebenza ezinkantolo zase-Ilkan e-Iran. Akwaziwa ukuthi abaculi basePheresiya baya eChina ngaphambi kwekhulu le-XNUMX; kodwa kuyiqiniso ukuthi abadwebi baseShayina abangeniswe ngababusi baseMongol baya e-Iran, njengalabo abasetshenziswa u-Arghun ukudweba izindonga zamathempeli amaBuddha.

Ngeshwa, imisebenzi yalaba baculi, kanye neqoqo lonke lemidwebo yezindonga zezwe, yalahleka. Umdwebo omncane wobuciko obuphezulu wawuwukuphela kwendlela yokudweba ukusinda kulesi sikhathi.

Ezithombeni ezincane ze-Ilkanid, isibalo somuntu esasivezwe ngaphambilini ngendlela eqinile nengafaneli manje siboniswa ngomusa owengeziwe nangezilinganiso ezingokoqobo. Kanye, imiphetho yamakhethini yanikeza umbono wokujula.

Izilwane zazibhekwa kakhulu kunangaphambili futhi zalahlekelwa ukuqina kokuhlobisa kwazo, izintaba zalahlekelwa ukubukeka kwazo okuthambile, futhi isibhakabhaka sanyakaza ngamafu amhlophe asongekile amise okwezimbali ezisontekile. Lawa mathonya ahlanganiswa kancane kancane nemidwebo yase-Iranian futhi agcina enziwe amafomu amasha. Isikhungo esiyinhloko somdwebo we-Ilkan kwakunguTabriz.

Eminye yemiphumela yethonya lamaShayina ingabonakala emdwebeni kaBahram Gur othi "The Battle with the Dragon" ovela kuDemotte odumile "Shah-namah" (Incwadi Yamakhosi), eboniswe eTabriz engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-XNUMX. . Imininingwane yezintaba nokuma kwezwe ivela eMpumalanga Ekude, njengoba kunjalo, udrako lapho iqhawe livalelwe khona ekulweni.

Ngokusebenzisa ifremu njengefasitela nokubeka iqhawe elifulathele umfundi, umdwebi udala umbono wokuthi umcimbi uyenzeka ngempela phambi kwamehlo ethu.

Okungacace kangako, kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu, ubudlelwano obungacacile nobungapheli phakathi kwengaphambili eliseduze nengemuva elikude, kanye nokunqamuka kokuqamba okuzumayo kuzo zonke izinhlangothi. Iningi lezithombe ezincanyana zika-Demotte Shah-namah kufanele zicatshangelwe phakathi kobuciko besikhathi sonke, futhi lo mbhalo wesandla ungenye yamakhophi amadala kakhulu enkondlo yeqhawe likaFerdowsi.

I-Shah-namah yayivame ukuboniswa ngesikhathi se-Ilkhanid, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuthi amaMongol aqala ukunambitheka okuphawulekayo kwe-epic phakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX nele-XNUMX. Ababhali be-Ilkhanate nezikhanyisi baletha ubuciko bencwadi phambili.

Izikole zaseMosul naseBaghdad zancintisana nomsebenzi omuhle kakhulu kaMamluke, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi zawubeka isisekelo sawo. Isici salesi sikole ukusetshenziswa kwamakhasi amakhulu kakhulu (afika ku-75 x 50 cm, 28" x 20") wephepha lase-Baghdad nokubhala okuhambisanayo okukhulu, ikakhulukazi i-muhaqqaq.

ama-safavids

Uzalo lwamaSafavid, oludabuka eTurkey, ngokuvamile lubhekwa njengoluhlala kusukela ngo-1502 kuya ku-1737, futhi ngaphansi kokubusa kwe-Shah Isma'il Shiite imfundiso yaba yinkolo yombuso. I-Safavids iqhubekile nemizamo ye-Ilkani yokuqinisa ubudlelwano obusondelene bezokuxhumana namandla aseYurophu, ukuze kuqiniswe imifelandawonye ngokumelene nama-Ottomans. Ngenxa yalobu budlelwane obuseduze, amaSafavid avula umnyango wethonya laseYurophu.

Kusukela encazelweni yabahambi baseNtshonalanga kuyaziwa ukuthi imidwebo yodonga yake yaba khona; ngezigcawu zempi e-Shiraz ezibonisa ukuthunjwa kuka-Hormuz ku-Portuguese, kanye nezigcawu ezivusa inkanuko e-Julfa, nezigcawu zokwelusa esigodlweni sase-Hazar Jarib e-Isfahan.

Ngaphakathi kwezigodlo zeSafavid, umhlobiso wesithombe wawusetshenziswa eceleni kwemihlobiso yendabuko kuKashi noma izitsha zobumba. Umdwebo wangaphambili we-Safavid uhlanganise amasiko e-Timurid, u-Herat kanye no-Turkoman Tabriz ukuze ufinyelele isiqongo sokufaneleka kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nokuvezwa kwemizwelo, okuyinto kwabaningi inkathi enkulu kakhulu yomdwebo wasePheresiya.

ubuciko bezincwadi

Umsebenzi wobuciko wangaleso sikhathi yi-Shahnama-yi Shahi (Incwadi Yenkosi Yamakhosi, eyaziwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi i-Houghton Shah-nama) enemidwebo engu-258, okwakuyi-Shah-nama enemifanekiso eminingi kakhulu eyaqoshwa kuwo wonke umlando wasePheresiya.

I-Herat yayiyisikhungo esikhulu somdwebo omncane we-Iranian wenkathi ye-Timurid, kodwa ngo-1507 ngemva kokuthunjwa kwayo yi-Safavids abaculi abahamba phambili bathutha, abanye baya eNdiya kanti abanye baya enhloko-dolobha yaseSafavid iTabriz noma inhloko-dolobha yaseShaybanid iBukhara.

Enye yezinto ezintsha eziqanjiwe zama-miniaturists aseBukhara kwaba ukwethulwa kwezithombe zezitshalo nezilwane emaphethelweni amancanyana azo. KwakuseTabriz, esinye isikhungo esincane esiyinhloko sangaleso sikhathi, lapho ngo-1522 u-Shah Ismail aqoka umqondisi odumile womtapo wakhe wezincwadi eBehzad.

Izici zobuntu zesikole sase-Tabriz zingabonakala emifanekisweni evela kumbhalo wesandla we-Nezami's Khamsa; wabulawa phakathi kuka-1539 no-43 ngu-Aqa Mirak wase-Isfahan, umfundi wakhe uSultan Muhammad, abaculi baseTabriz uMir Sayyid 'Ali, uMirza 'Ali noMuzaffar 'Ali. Ama-miniatures ka-Tabriz asebenzisa ububanzi bemibala egcwele, futhi ukuqanjwa kwawo kuyinkimbinkimbi futhi kugcwele izibalo ezigcwalisa isikhala.

Umlandeli ka-Shah Ismail, waqasha u-Shah Tahmasp ngokwakhe njengomdwebi ngokwandisa indawo yokusebenzela yasebukhosini. Nokho, engxenyeni yokugcina yekhulu le-XNUMX, uShah Tahmasp waba umshisekeli wenkolo, waphelelwa isithakazelo sokudweba, futhi wayeka ukuba umxhasi. Lokhu kwaba ukuqala kokuphela kwencwadi kanokusho.

Amaciko amaningi aphambili ashiye inkundla, abanye baya eBukhara, abanye baya eNdiya lapho baba nesandla ekusungulweni kwesitayela esisha sokudweba, isikole iMughal. Amaciko asele asukile ekukhiqizeni imibhalo yesandla enezithombe ezinothile ukuze ahlukanise imidwebo nezithombe ezincane zabaxhasi abacebile.

Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-1597, ngokudluliselwa kwenhloko-dolobha eShiraz (XNUMX), ukuhoxiswa okusemthethweni kwekhodi yendabuko yokudweba izincwadi kwenzeka. Abanye abadwebi baphendukela kweminye imidiya, bezama izembozo zezincwadi ku-lacquer noma amafutha agcwele ubude.

Uma imidwebo yangaphambili ibikhuluma ngomuntu endaweni yakhe yemvelo, leyo yasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX nasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX ikhuluma ngomuntu ngokwakhe. Umsebenzi walesi sikhathi ubuswa ukuvezwa okukhulu kwama-seed dervishes, ama-Sufi sheikh, izinxibi, abathengisi… okunokubhuqa njengokuyimbangela yalezi zithombe.

Abanye babaculi abafanayo baboleke amathalenta abo ohlotsheni oluhluke ngokuphelele lokudweba, oluvusa inkanuko noluvusa inkanuko, olunezigcawu zezithandani, abesifazane abazinikele, njll. Zazithandwa kakhulu futhi zakhiqizwa ngomshini ngomzamo omncane.

Izici ezimbili eziyinhloko ezithonye abaculi phakathi kuka-1630 no-1722; Imisebenzi kaRiza nobuciko baseYurophu. Emidwebeni ka-Riza, ukugoqa kwamafomu ayisisekelo kuhambisana nokuthanda ukugoqa, okuvame ukugcizelela ukugoba okuvusa inkanuko kwefomu lomzimba, kodwa kuvame ukuya endaweni yokukhipha ngokuphelele.

Ezweni elinesiko eliqinile le-calligraphic, ukubhala nokudweba kuhlale kuxhumene, kodwa ngalesi sikhathi isixhumanisi sibonakala sinamandla ikakhulukazi, ukuze ukudweba kuthatha ukubonakala komzimba we-Shikastah noma i-Nasta'liq calligraphy.

Ngasekupheleni kwengxenye yesibili yekhulu le-XNUMX, lapho u-Shah Abbas II ethumela umdwebi u-Muhammad Zaman ukuba ayofunda eRoma, isidingo sokuthola izindlela ezintsha zokukhuluma savuka kubadwebi. U-Muhammad Zaman ngokwakhe wabuyela ePheresiya ngokuphelele ngaphansi kwethonya lamasu okudweba ase-Italy. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kwakungeyona intuthuko enhle ngesitayela sakhe sokudweba. Eqinisweni, ama-miniatures akhe e-Shah-nama ngokuvamile awavumelekile futhi awanawo umuzwa wokulinganisela.

Uma kukhulunywa ngezokwakha, indawo yokuhlonipha ukunwetshwa kwe-Isfahan, eyaklanywa u-Shah Abbas I kusuka ngo-1598, okungesinye sezinhlelo zokuhlela zasemadolobheni ezifisa kakhulu futhi ezintsha emlandweni wamaSulumane.

Emhlobiso wezakhiwo ukubaluleka okukhulu kwakunanyathiselwe ku-calligraphy, eyaguqulwa yaba ubuciko bemibhalo eqoshiwe, ukuthuthukiswa kokufaneleka okukhethekile kwezobuciko kubuciko be-kashi. Umqambi wayo omkhulu kwakunguMuhammad Riza-i-Imami owayesebenza eQum, Qazvin futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, phakathi kuka-1673 no-1677 eMashad.

I-Cerámica

Ukufa kuka-Shah Abbas I ngo-1629 kwaphawula ukuqala kokuphela kwenkathi yegolide yezakhiwo zasePheresiya. Imininingwane yezitini ezikhazimulayo e-Sheikh Lutfullah Mosque e-Isfahan, ebonisa umbhalo we-Quranic ngezinhlamvu ze-Kufic ezenziwe isitayela.

Iminyaka eyishumi yokugcina yekhulu le-XNUMX yaba nokuvuselelwa ngamandla kwemboni yezobumba e-Iran. Izinhlobo ezintsha zezitsha zobumba ze-Kubachi eziphefumulelwe nge-polychrome eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nezimhlophe zathuthukiswa ngababumbi be-Safavid, mhlawumbe ngenxa yethonya lababumbi baseShayina abangamakhulu amathathu kanye nemindeni yabo eyahlala e-Iran (e-Kerman) ngu-Shah Abbas I.

Amathayela e-Ceramic akhiqizwa ngokukhethekile, eTabriz naseSamarkand. Ezinye izinhlobo zezitsha zobumba zihlanganisa amabhodlela nezimbiza ezivela e-Isfahan.

umbhoxo wasePheresiya

Izindwangu zathuthukiswa kakhulu ngesikhathi seSafavid. I-Isfahan, i-Kashan kanye ne-Yezd ikhiqize usilika kwathi i-Isfahan ne-Yezd yakhiqiza i-satin, kuyilapho i-Kashan yayidume ngama-brocades. Izingubo zasePheresiya zekhulu le-XNUMX zazivame ukuba nomhlobiso wezimbali kungemuva elikhanyayo futhi i-motif yasendulo yejiyomethri yanikeza ithuba lokuboniswa kwezigcawu zangempela-mbumbulu ezigcwele abantu.

Okhaphethi bathatha indawo ehamba phambili emkhakheni wendwangu, abanezikhungo zokuluka ezibalulekile eKerman, Kashan, Shiraz, Yezd nase-Isfahan. Kwakunezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo ezifana nengubo yokuzingela, icansi lezilwane, icansi lasengadini, nesitsha sevazi. Umlingiswa oqinile wesithombe wamaragi amaningi e-Safavid ukweleta okuningi ekudwebeni kwencwadi ye-Safavid.

Insimbi

Emsebenzini wensimbi, indlela yokuqopha eyasungulwa eKhurassan ngekhulu le-XNUMX yahlala idumile kuze kube yinkathi ye-Safavid. I-Safavid metalwork ikhiqize izinto ezintsha ezibalulekile kwifomu, ukwakheka, kanye namasu.

Kuhlanganisa uhlobo olude oluphethe ithoshi eline-octagonal esisekelweni esiyindilinga, uhlobo olusha lwembiza ephefumulelwe yesiShayina, kanye nokunyamalala cishe okuphelele kwemibhalo yesi-Arabhu evuna leyo equkethe izinkondlo zasePheresiya, ngokuvamile ezibhalwe ngu-Hafez no-Sa'di.

Emsebenzini wegolide nesiliva, iSafavid Iran yayikhethekile ekukhiqizeni izinkemba nezinkemba, kanye nezitsha zegolide njengezitsha nezimbiza, ezivame ukubekwa ngamatshe ayigugu. Imisebenzi yensimbi ye-Safavid, njengobunye ubuciko obubonakalayo obuningi, yahlala iyindinganiso yabaculi bakamuva ngezikhathi ze-Zand ne-Qajar.

Izikhathi ze-Zand ne-Qajar

Ubukhosi baseQajar obabubusa iPheresiya kusukela ngo-1794 kuya ku-1925 kwakungeyona ukuqhubeka okuqondile kwenkathi yeSafavid. Ukuhlasela kwezizwe zase-Afghan Ghilzai ngokuhlala ngo-1722 kwenhloko-dolobha yaseSafavid i-Isfahan kanye nokuwa koMbuso WaseSafavid eminyakeni eyishumi eyalandela kwafaka i-Iran enkathini yezinxushunxushu zezombusazwe.

Ngaphandle kwesikhawu se-Zand (1750-79), umlando we-Iran wekhulu le-1796 wonakaliswe udlame lwezizwe. Lokhu kwaphetha ngokugcotshwa kuka-Aqa Muhammad Khan Kayar ngo-XNUMX, okwaphawula ukuqala kwenkathi yokuzinza kwezombusazwe ebonakala ngokuvuselelwa kwempilo yamasiko nezobuciko.

Umdwebo we-Kayar

Izikhathi ze-Zand ne-Qajar zabona ukuqhubeka komdwebo kawoyela owethulwa ngekhulu le-XNUMX kanye nokuhlobisa amabhokisi e-lacquer nokubopha. Imibhalo yesandla yomlando enezithombe nemifanekiso yekhasi elilodwa nayo yakhiqizelwa abaxhasi abahlukahlukene, ngesitayela esihambisana nesika-Muhammad Ali (indodana ka-Muhammad Zaman) kanye nabantu besikhathi sakhe.

Nakuba ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwethunzi ngezinye izikhathi kunikeza le misebenzi ikhwalithi emnyama, ibonisa ukuqonda okungcono kokudlala kokukhanya (okuvela emthonjeni owodwa) ngamafomu amathathu-dimensional.

Ukuvela kobuciko basePheresiya ngekhulu le-1750 nele-79 kungahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezahlukene, kusukela ekubuseni kukaKarim Khan Zand (1797-1834), uFath Ali Shah (1848-96), noNasir ad-Din Shah (XNUMX- XNUMX).

Ngesikhathi se-Zand, iShiraz ayizange ibe inhloko-dolobha kuphela kodwa futhi isikhungo sokwenza kahle kwezobuciko e-Iran, futhi uhlelo luka-Karim Khan lokwakha edolobheni lwazama ukulingisa i-Isfahan ka-Shah Abbas. IShiraz yaphiwa izinqaba, izigodlo, ama-mosque nezinye izinsiza zomphakathi.

UKarim Khan uphinde waba ngumvikeli owaziwayo wokudweba, futhi isiko leSafavid-European lokudweba abantu abayisikhumbuzo lavuselelwa ngaphansi kobukhosi bakwaZand, njengengxenye yokuvuselelwa okujwayelekile kwezobuciko. Abaculi beZand bebeguquguquka njengabandulelayo.

Ngaphezu kokuthuthukisa imidwebo yobukhulu bokuphila (imidwebo edwetshiwe namafutha ku-canvas), imibhalo yesandla, imidwebo, imibala yamanzi, imisebenzi ye-lacquer kanye nama-enamel obukhosi baseSafavid, bangeze indlela entsha yokudweba amanzi.

Emidwebeni yakhe, nokho, imiphumela ngokuvamile yayibonakala iqinile, njengabadwebi be-Zand, ukuze balungise ababekubona njengokugcizelela ngokweqile kobude obuthathu, bezama ukulula ukuqamba ngokwethula izinto zokuhlobisa. Ngezinye izikhathi amaparele nobucwebe obuhlukahlukene kwakupendwe esigqokweni nasezimpahleni zezifundo.

izithombe zasebukhosini

UKarim Khan, owancamela isihloko esithi Regent (Vakil) kunesikaShah, akazange afune ukuthi abadwebi bakhe bahlobise ukubukeka kwabo. Wakujabulela ukuboniswa embuthanweni ongakahleleki futhi ongenakuzidla endaweni enesizotha yezakhiwo. Ithoni yale midwebo ye-Zand ihluke kakhulu nezithombe zakamuva zikaFath Ali Shah (ongowesibili kubabusi abayisikhombisa bobukhosi baseQajar) kanye nenkantolo yakhe.

Kukhona ifa le-Zand elingangatshazwa kubuciko bakudala basePheresiya baseKayar. Umsunguli wobukhosi bakwa-Qajar, u-Aqa Muhammad Khan, waziwa ngokuthi uhlobise inkundla yakhe yaseTehran ngemidwebo ephangiwe esigodlweni sase-Zand kwathi uMirza Baba (omunye wamaciko asenkantolo kaKarim Khan) waba umdwebi wokuqala othole indondo ka-Fath 'Ali Shah.

U-Fath Ali Shah wayewamukela ngokukhethekile amathonya asendulo ase-Iranian, futhi imidwebo eminingi yamatshe yayiqoshwe ngesitayela se-neo-Sassanid, esibonisa umbusi we-Qajar ecashe uKhosroe. Imidwebo eyaziwa kakhulu itholakala e-Chashma-i-Ali, e-Taq-i-Bustan naseduze kweSango leKoran eShiraz.

Ngaphansi kukaFath Ali Shah kwakukhona ukubuya okucacile esikweni. Kodwa-ke, ngasikhathi sinye isitayela senkantolo yaseYurophu sasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX savela ezigodlweni zaseTehran. Amathonya aseYurophu abuye axutshwe nezindikimba zeSassanian neNeo-Achaemenid ku-stucco eqoshiwe engokomfanekiso yalesi sikhathi (njengoba kungabonakala ezindlini eziningi eKashan).

Wasebenzisa nemidwebo emikhulu namaseyili ukuze akhe isithombe somuntu siqu sasebukhosini. Izithombe zezikhulu nezigcawu zomlando zazisetshenziselwa ukuhlobisa izigodlo zazo ezintsha futhi ngokuvamile zazimise okwekhothamo ukuze zingene endaweni eyikhothamo esodongeni. UFath Ali Shah uphinde wasabalalisa imidwebo eminingana emazweni angaphandle anjengeRussia, iGreat Britain, iFrance kanye noMbuso wase-Austro-Hungary.

Ukusebenzisana kwesitayela somdabu kanye nomthelela waseYurophu kubonakala nakakhulu emdwebeni, nezinto ze-Flemish ne-Florentine ezivela kumdwebo ka-Madhi Shirazi (1819-20) woMdansi we-"Mazda". Ngokwethulwa kokunyathelisa nokudweba okukhulu, abanye abadwebi abangcono kakhulu abancane bakwa-Kayar baphendukela emisebenzini ye-lacquer efana nalokhu: ukubopha izincwadi, amabhokisi, namakesi okubhala (qalamdan).

Isitayela ikakhulukazi sihlangene futhi siyisici senkantolo ezame ukuhlanganisa izitayela zePersepolis, Isfahan neVersailles.

Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-XNUMX, uNasir al Din Shah, ngaphezu kokuqoqa imisebenzi yobuciko yaseYurophu, wasekela isikole sendawo sezithombe esashiya isitayela sikaFath Ali Shah sakhetha isitayela semfundo esithonywe yi-Europe. Imisebenzi yalaba baculi bendawo isukela ezithombeni zombuso ezisemafutheni kuya kumbala wamanzi wemvelo engakaze ibonwe.

Ukuthwebula izithombe manje kwaqala ukuba nomthelela omkhulu ekuthuthukisweni komdwebo wasePheresiya. Ngokushesha ngemva kokwethulwa kwayo e-Iran ngawo-1840, ama-Irani abuthatha ngokushesha ubuchwepheshe. Ungqongqoshe wezincwadi kaNasir-al Din Shah, u-I'timad al-Saltaneh, uthe ukuthwebula izithombe kusebenzele kakhulu ubuciko besithombe nokuma kwezwe ngokuqinisa ukusetshenziswa kokukhanya nethunzi, izilinganiso ezinembile, kanye nombono.

Ngo-1896 uNasir al-Din Shah wabulawa kwathi phakathi neminyaka eyishumi i-Iran yaba nephalamende layo lokuqala lomthethosisekelo. Lesi sikhathi soshintsho lwezombangazwe nezenhlalo sabona amaciko ehlola imiqondo emisha, ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwemingcele yesithombe sombuso.

Emfanekisweni okabili ka-Muzaffar al-Din Shah, umbusi osekhulile ngaphambi kwesikhathi uboniswa emise ingalo eyodwa phezu kodondolo kanti enye engalweni esekela undunankulu wakhe. Iciko lapha lidlulisa kokubili impilo entekenteke yeNgonyama kanye noBukhosi. Iciko elibaluleke kakhulu lakamuva lesikhathi sika-Ajar kwakungu-Muhammad Ghaffari, owaziwa ngelika-Kamal al-Mulk (1852-1940), owakhuthaza isitayela esisha semvelo.

Amathayili

Amathayili e-Kayar ngokuvamile awanaphutha. I-repertoire yalokho okubizwa ngokuthi amathayela ezintambo ezomile kubonisa ukusuka okusha ngokuphelele kuleyo yenkathi ye-Safavid. Ngokokuqala ngqa, ukumelwa kwabantu nezilwane kuyindikimba eyinhloko.

Kukhona futhi izigcawu zokuzingela, imifanekiso yezimpi zikaRostam (iqhawe le-epic kazwelonke, u-Shah-nama), amasosha, izikhulu, izigcawu zempilo yangaleso sikhathi, ngisho namakhophi emifanekiso nezithombe zaseYurophu.

I-Kayar technique par excellence, iphinde iqhutshwa ithonya laseYurophu, kulokhu ingilazi yaseVenetian, kwakuyisibuko. Amaseli e-Mugarnes abheke izibuko akhiqize umphumela wokuqala futhi omangalisayo, njengoba kungabonwa eGolestan Palace eTehran noma eHholo Lezibuko eMashad Shrine.

Izindwangu

Emkhakheni wobuciko obusetshenziswayo, ukuluka kuphela okwasala kubalulekile okwadlulela ngalé kwemingcele ye-Iran, futhi phakathi nenkathi ye-Qajar, imboni yokhaphethi yavuselelwa kancane kancane ngezinga elikhulu. Nakuba imiklamo eminingi yendabuko yagcinwa, yavezwa ngezindlela ezihlukene, ngokuvamile ngesilinganiso esincane kune-prototypes yazo ye-Safavid, ngokusetshenziswa kohlu olugqamile lwemibala.

umculo

Umculo wasekuqaleni wasePheresiya uqukethe lokho okuyi-Dastgah (uhlelo lomculo we-modal), melody kanye ne-Avaz. Lolu hlobo lwe-contusica lukhona ngaphambi kobuKristu futhi lweza ngokuyinhloko ngomlomo. Izingxenye ezinhle nezilula zigcinwe kuze kube manje.

Lolu hlobo lomculo lwaba nomthelela iningi lase-Asia Emaphakathi, e-Afghanistan, ePakistan, e-Azerbaijan, e-Armenia, eTurkey naseGreece. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngamunye wabo waba nesandla ekubunjweni kwayo. Phakathi kwabaculi abadumile basePheresiya base-Iran yasendulo, kukhona:

• Barbod
• Isi-Nagisa (Nakisa)
• Ramtin

Imidwebo ezindongeni zomhume wasendulo ibonisa intshisekelo yabantu base-Irani emculweni kusukela kudala. Umculo wendabuko wase-Iran njengoba kushiwo ezincwadini ube nomthelela emculweni womhlaba. Isisekelo senothi elisha lomculo waseYurophu sihambisana nezimiso zika-Mohammad Farabi, usosayensi nomculi omkhulu wase-Iranian.

Umculo wendabuko wasePheresiya wase-Iran iqoqo lezingoma nezingoma ezidalwe emakhulwini eminyaka kuleli zwe futhi ubonisa ukuziphatha kwabantu base-Irani. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ubuhle kanye nohlobo olukhethekile lomculo wasePheresiya kunxenxa abalaleli ukuba bacabange futhi bafinyelele emhlabeni ongabonakali. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uthando nesigqi salo mculo sisekelwe emoyeni wasendulo nowomlando wabantu base-Irani, oqhuba umlaleli ukuthi anyakaze futhi alwele.

Literatura

Imibhalo yesi-Persian iyindikimba yemibhalo ngesi-New Persian, uhlobo lolimi lwesi-Persian olwabhalwa kusukela ngekhulu le-XNUMX ngendlela enwetshiwe kancane yezinhlamvu zesi-Arabhu kanye namagama amaningi okubolekwa esi-Arabhu. Indlela yokubhala yesi-New Persian yaziwa ngokuthi isiFarsi e-Iran, lapho kuwulimi olusemthethweni lwezwe futhi ibhalwe ngezinhlamvu zesiCyrillic ngamaTajik ngesi-Tajikistan nase-Uzbekistan.

Sekungamakhulu eminyaka, isiPheresiya Esisha siwulimi lwamasiko oludumile eNtshonalanga Emaphakathi Ye-Asia, ezwenikazi laseNdiya naseTurkey. Isiko lase-Irani mhlawumbe laziwa kakhulu ngemibhalo yalo, eyavela ngendlela yayo yamanje ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Abafundisi abakhulu bolimi lwesiPheresiya:

• Ferdowsi
• Neami Ganjavi
• Ḥafeẓ Shirazi
• jam
• I-Moulana (Rumi)

Abaqhubeka nokukhuthaza ababhali base-Iranian esikhathini samanje. Izincwadi zesiPheresiya ezingachazwanga zathonywa ngokujulile amasiko okubhala nefilosofi aseNtshonalanga ngekhulu le-XNUMX nelama-XNUMX, kodwa isalokhu iyindlela esebenzayo yesiko lase-Iranian. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuyi-prose noma izinkondlo, iphinde yasebenza njengenqola yokuhlola amasiko, ukuphikisa kwezombusazwe, kanye nombhikisho womuntu siqu wababhali base-Iranian abanethonya njengokuthi:

• Sadeq Hedayat
• Jalal Al-e Ahmad
• Sadeq-e Chubak
• sohrab sepehri
• UMehdi Akhavan Saales
• ahmed shamlu
• Mayelana neFarrokhzad.

I-Calligraphy

Njengoba kushiwo kukho konke okuqukethwe kwangaphambilini, i-calligraphy kubuciko basePheresiya ekuqaleni kwayo yayisetshenziselwa imvelo yokuhlobisa nje, ngakho-ke kwakuvame kakhulu ukuthi abaculi basebenzise ukushiya lolu hlobo lobuciko ku: izitsha zensimbi, izitsha zobumba, kanye nase imisebenzi ehlukahlukene yezakhiwo zakudala. Umbhali waseMelika kanye nesazi-mlando uWill Durant unikeze incazelo emfushane ngayo:

"I-calligraphy yasePheresiya yayinezinhlamvu zezinhlamvu ezingu-36, abantu base-Irani basendulo babevame ukusebenzisa amapensela, ipuleti le-ceramic nezikhumba ukuze bazithwebule."

Phakathi kwemisebenzi yokuqala enenani elikhulu okwamanje, lapho lolu hlobo lwezindlela ezibucayi zemifanekiso kanye ne-calligraphy lusetshenziswe futhi, singabala:

• I-Qur'an Shahnameh.
• Divan Hafez.
• I-Golestan.
• I-Bostan.

Iningi lale mibhalo igcinwa futhi ilondolozwe kumamnyuziyamu ahlukahlukene kanye nabaqoqi emhlabeni jikelele, phakathi kwezikhungo eziqapha lokhu yilezi:

• I-Hermitage Museum e-Saint Petersburg.
• Igalari yamahhala eWashington.

Ukwengeza, kubalulekile ukugcizelela ukuthi ubuciko basePheresiya kulesi sigaba busebenzise izitayela ezimbalwa ze-calligraphy, phakathi kwazo okulandelayo okuvelele:

• Shekasteh
• Nasta'liq
• naskh
• uqaqe

Amathayili wokuhlobisa

Amathayela ayeyingxenye eyisisekelo yezakhiwo zasePheresiya mayelana nokwakhiwa kwama-mosque, ngenxa yalesi sizathu ukugqama kwalesi sici kungabonakala, isibonelo, e-Isfahan lapho intandokazi bekuyiyo enamathoni aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Phakathi kwezindawo zasendulo ezaziwa kakhulu ngokukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa kwethayela lasePheresiya iKashan neTabiz.

Izizathu

Ubuciko bezilwane bubonise isikhathi eside, indalo eyingqayizivele yemiklamo eye yasetshenziselwa ukuhlobisa izinto ezihlukahlukene noma izakhiwo, okungenzeka zishukunyiswe:

• Izizwe eziyimizulane, ezazinesu lokudala imiklamo yejometri esetshenziswa kabanzi kumiklamo ye-kilim ne-gabbeh.
• Umbono mayelana nejometri ethuthukisiwe ethonywe yi-Islam.
• Ukucatshangelwa kwemiklamo yasempumalanga, ebuye ibonakale eNdiya nasePakistan.

Eminye imisebenzi yezandla exhumene nobuciko basePheresiya

Ubuciko basePheresiya bungabonakala bubonakala nakweminye imiphakathi ukuthi ngenxa yokusondelana nePheresiya kwathonywa yilesi siko, nakuba kwezinye zazo okwamanje zingekho izinto ezibambekayo zokubonakaliswa kwayo kobuciko, ubukhona bayo bungaqashelwa. ubuciko bakhe. Phakathi kwalezi zinkampani, singabala:

• Ama-Aryans noma ama-Indo-European Iranians, afika ethafeni ngenkulungwane yesibili BC, e-Tappeh Sialk.

• Isiko lokwalusa laseMarlik.
• Izakhamuzi zesifunda sasendulo eduze kwasePheresiya, eManayi.
• AmaMede, isizwe sama-Indo-European, njengamaPheresiya, ayengene entshonalanga ye-Iran.
• AmaGhaznavids, athatha igama lawo ohlwini lozalo olwasungulwa yi-Turkish sultan Sabuktagin, abaholi bayo ababebusa eGhazni (lapho manje sekuyi-Afghanistan).

Uma uthole le ndatshana emayelana nobuciko basePheresiya ithakasela nomlando wayo, sikumema ukuthi ujabulele lezi ezinye:

• ubuciko bekoloni
• Ubuciko be-Kinetic
• Izici ze-Gothic Architecture