Kulesi sihloko ngikumema ukuba wazi konke mayelana izakhiwo ze-neoclassical, isakhiwo esabusa ingxenye yekhulu le-XNUMX nekhulu le-XNUMX, kulo lonke izwekazi laseYurophu ngemininingwane yalo yobuciko esekelwe esikweni lamaRoma nelamaGreki, okwenza izakhiwo ezisezingeni eliphakeme futhi zisuse noma yimiphi imihlobiso ukuze isakhiwo sisebenze ngokugcwele kuzo zonke izingxenye zaso. Funda futhi uthole konke!
izakhiwo ze-neoclassical
I-Neoclassical architecture inomsuka wayo ngekhulu le-XNUMX, futhi yaziwa njengesitayela sezakhiwo zasentshonalanga esinikeza ukuphila ukunyakaza kwe-neoclassical, lapho i-neoclassical architecture yayinenhloso yayo eyinhloko ukusabela ngokumelene nobuciko be-baroque bokuhlobisa kwemvelo. Lokho kubangelwa yilokho ochwepheshe bezobuciko ababekubiza ngokuthi i-baroque engasekho. Kodwa izakhiwo ze-neoclassical zanda kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-XNUMX.
Kamuva, i-neoclassical architecture yaqondana nezinye izinhlobo zobuciko, ezifana ne-historicist architecture kanye ne-eclecticism ye-architectural. Izici ezinikeza ukuphila ekwakhiweni kwe-neoclassical kwakuyisimo senhlalo nezombusazwe esasikhona ekhulwini leshumi nesishiyagalombili, phakathi kwalezi zici zizogqamisa isimo esibucayi sombuso omdala, uguquko lwezimboni, i-encyclopedism, imidwebo kanye nesisekelo seZikhungo.
Isibonelo, isici esibalulekile ekuzalweni kwezakhiwo ze-neoclassical kwakuyiNguquko Yezimboni ngoba yayiyisizinda esiyisisekelo sokuguqula indlela yokuphila eyayisenzeka emadolobheni amakhulu futhi lokhu kwaholela entuthukweni entsha yobuchwepheshe nasekwakheni nasekusetshenzisweni kwezinto ezintsha eziyinkimbinkimbi. , ezagcinwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngisho nokuthuthukisa amasu.
Abaningi babaculi abadume kakhulu, abaklami bezakhiwo, nonjiniyela babefuna umlingiswa ongokwesayensi kwezobuciko. Ngakho abaningi balaba baculi base beba abasunguli nochwepheshe bezobuciko ngokwazo, kunokuba nje balingise noma abadali bobuciko. Ngakho-ke basebenzisa lowo moya wesayensi ababenawo ngaphakathi ukuze baqale ukucabangela izinketho zobuciko bakudala njengobuciko benqubekelaphambili eyinkimbinkimbi.
Lobo buciko benqubekelaphambili babungeke bube nemihlobiso eminingi engenancazelo noma usizo oluthile, oluhlale lufuna ukupheleliswa komsebenzi. Ngakho-ke, ekwakhiweni kwe-neoclassical, abaculi nabakhi bezakhiwo bafuna ukuhambisana nokuphelela kwemithetho engaguquki. Ngaphandle kokuthi aboshwe emibonweni ethintekayo futhi engaphelele umdwebi amnike yona.
Iziqondiso ezintsha ezazisetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwe-neoclassical, zibangele ukwenqatshwa kwezakhiwo zokugcina ze-baroque ezazenzeka ekhulwini leshumi nesishiyagalombili, futhi abadwebi nabadwebi bezakhiwo baqala ukufuna amafomu amasha namamodeli ezakhiwo ngokusekelwe kwingqalasizinda edlule kodwa ngohlobo lwezakhiwo. ubuciko obungaba semthethweni emhlabeni wonke.
Ngale ndlela, ekwakhiweni kwe-neoclassical, uchungechunge lwezinyathelo ezibucayi lwaqala ukuzalwa inhloso yalo eyinhloko kwakuwukuthola isidingo sokuqeda yonke imihlobiso evela ezakhiweni njengoba zingenayo injongo noma ukusebenza.
Yingakho abadwebi bezakhiwo abahlukahlukene baqala ukusabalalisa amasu nezindlela ezintsha zokuthuthukisa izakhiwo ze-neoclassical, phakathi kwabo okulandelayo: UFrancesco Milizia (1725-1798): owathi ngonyaka we-1781 nencwadi yakhe enesihloko esithi Principi di Architettura Civile wasakaza kulo lonke elase-Italy naseningizimu. I-Europe imibono emisha ye-neoclassical architecture.
U-Abbé Marc-Antoine Laugier (1713-1769): Lo mklami wakhuthaza eFrance imisebenzi yakhe eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Essai sur l'Architecture ngonyaka ka-1752 kanye ne-Observations sur l'Architecture ngonyaka we-1765, isidingo sokwakha izakhiwo lapho zonke izingxenye yenze ibe nokusebenza ngaphansi kwengqikithi nokusebenza kwe-neoclassical architecture, nakuba lezi zakhi beziwukuhlobisa kuphela.
Ngalezi zindlela, i-neoclassical architecture ikhuthaza ukuthi i-architecture esebenzayo kufanele yenziwe futhi izakhiwo kufanele zakhiwe ngendlela enengqondo, zisebenzisa incazelo yomnotho kodwa ziguqule ukusebenza kwezakhiwo kodwa zenze izinguquko ezinhlelweni zenhlangano yendawo kanye nobudlelwano. ekhona phakathi kokuqinile nokungenalutho.
Kuseseqenjini lokukhanyisela bekunenkolelo yokuthi umuntu ubengeneme ngenxa yokungazi abekuthatha ngenxa yokungabi nangqondo akuphethe empilweni yakhe. Nakuba indlela yenjabulo kubantu kwakuwukuba nokukhanya kokucabanga ngemfundo.
Kungakho kwadalelwa iziKhungo zokuqala zokufunda nokufunda ezobuciko ezazalelwa e-Italy kusukela ngekhulu le-XNUMX. Kodwa iziKhungo ezasungulwa ngekhulu le-XNUMX, zase zinomqondo weNkathi Yokukhanyiselwa futhi zazisetshenziselwa ukudlulisa imibono eyayiphikisana nobuciko be-baroque, kodwa eyayivuna ukudlulisa ulwazi lwe-neoclassical architecture.
Ngendlela efanayo, ulwazi lwezobuchwepheshe nesayensi olwalusetshenziswa ekusebenzeni nasekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo ezihlukahlukene lwaqala ukudluliselwa, nge-neoclassical architecture kusukela kwagcizelelwa kakhulu emibhalweni ye-Renaissance yobuciko obuthathu obuhloniphekile. Ngemva kwalowo mzuzu, izimiso zokuziphatha zisetshenziswa futhi yilapho izakhiwo ze-neoclassical ziqala ukuhlaziya njengenye yamagatsha obuciko bezenhlalakahle nezokuziphatha.
Ngale ndlela efanayo i-Encyclopedism eyasungulwa ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili, ifaka i-neoclassical architecture amandla futhi iwukuthonya amandla nemicabango yamadoda, yingakho amasiko amadoda athonywa ekwakhiweni okuhlukene okwakuthuthukisa izimpilo zabantu. njengezibhedlela, iminyuziyamu, amatiyetha, amapaki, imitapo yolwazi phakathi kwezinye eziningi.
Njengoba ayeklanyelwe ukusebenzisa izici ze-neoclassical architecture ukuze abe yisikhumbuzo ngokwemvelo. Ngomoya owawuphila kuNguquko YaseFrance, kwakukhona nezinguquko emcabangweni wothando owawubanjwe kusukela eGreece Lasendulo.
Nokho, kuleso sakhiwo kwakudingekile ukuba umfundi abe nolwazi lwemithombo yasendulo efana neVitrubio, Palladio, Vignola; Kodwa esikhundleni salokho wanikezwa ulwazi lwezakhiwo zamaGreki, amaRoma, ngisho namaGibhithe. Ukuze sifune ukuhluzeka nokusebenza kahle kukho konke ukwakhiwa kwesikhathi esidlule.
Kungakho abadwebi bezakhiwo abasekela izakhiwo zabo kumodeli yamaGreki namaRoma babenezakhiwo eziyisikhumbuzo ezazisekelwe ekukhiqizeni kabusha amathempeli asendulo ahlukene kodwa zinikeza incazelo entsha emphakathini. Isibonelo esicacile kwakuwukusetshenziswa okunikezwe iphrofayili yePropylaea e-Athens, eyasetshenziswa umJalimane uCarl Gotthard Langhans ukwenza umklamo wakhe weSango laseBrandenburg eBerlin (1789-1791). Umsebenzi omuhle we-neoclassical architecture.
Lo msebenzi uphinde waphindwa emnyango weDowning College eCambridge (1806), umsebenzi owenziwa umakhi wamapulani oyiNgisi uWilliam Wilkins. Ngokufanayo, iNgisi uJames Stuart (1713-1788), owayenomsebenzi wobungcweti bezakhiwo futhi ebizwa ngokuthi umAthene, waklama itshe lesikhumbuzo elalaziwa ngokuthi iLysicrates eStaffordshire, elalifana kakhulu netshe lesikhumbuzo elatholakala e-Athens, okwakuyisikhumbuzo esimangalisayo sase-Athene. Ama-Lysicrates.
Ngenkathi izelamani zakwa-Adams ziqala ukusabalalisa izakhiwo zabo ze-neoclassical kulo lonke elaseNgilandi, kwakuyimodeli yokuhlobisa yangaphakathi enezindikimba ezathathwa emivubukulweni futhi umsebenzi owadonsa ukunaka kakhulu kwakungu-Osterley Park, okwakuyigumbi elimangalisayo lase-Etruscan. E-Italy, ukusetshenziswa kwamamodeli asendulo okwakungekhulu le-XNUMX kwakuthandwa, okwakusetshenziswa kakhulu kwakuyiPantheon of Agrippa eyenziwe edolobheni laseRoma, eyayiphindwaphindwa emathempelini amaningana.
Ngenkathi amanye amaciko asebenzisa i-neoclassical architecture, ayaziwa umphakathi njengama-utopia, ababukeli, noma abaguquli. Njengoba imisebenzi yakhe yezakhiwo yayihlelwe ngezindlela ezahlukene zejometri. Ngale ndlela laba bakhi bezakhiwo abazange balahle ifa lesikhathi esidlule sakudala. Kodwa bayisebenzisa imithetho yokulinganisa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezikhumbuzo ezinkulu.
Lezi zakhiwo zakhiwe ngokuhlanganiswa kwezimo eziningi zejometri. Phakathi kwamaciko nabadwebi bezakhiwo abavelele kwakuno-Étienne-Louis Boullée (1728-1799) noClaude-Nicolas Ledoux (1736-1806), abangabanduleli balo mbono. Ngokusebenzisa iqoqo elikhulu lamaphrojekthi ezakhiwo ayengenakukwazi ukwenziwa. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi phakathi kwala maphrojekthi kukhona i-cenotaph ka-Isaac Newton eyaklanywa uBoullée.
Umklamo onjalo wawuzoba nesimo esiyindilinga ngendlela eyingcaca kusukela kuphethini eyayisetshenziswa. Njengoba nje lesi sakhiwo sasizoba nesisekelo esiyindilinga esasinomsebenzi wokuvikela ithuna lalo sosayensi omkhulu u-Isaac Newton.
UClaude-Nicolas Ledoux ukwazile ukwakha izakhiwo ezimbalwa, enye yalezi zakhiwo etholakala edolobheni elibonakalayo lezimboni leMines of Arc-et-Senans, yefektri eyindilinga eseFrench Territory noma esakhiweni saseVillette edolobheni. waseParis.
Ngaphandle kwale mibono emibili yezakhiwo, kunomunye ongakhetha kukho, okwakuyizakhiwo ezinyakazayo. Kusukela lapho kuqhubeke, yayiyini i-XNUMXth century ekhangayo ye-neoclassical architecture yezingadi zamaNgisi yayingcono ngesimo sayo semvelo. Ngokungafani nezingadi zaseFrance ezazinomumo wejometri ngaphezulu. Ingxube yalezi zakhiwo ezakhiwe ngokwemvelo kanye nezakhiwo iyaziswa.
Kulesi sakhiwo se-neoclassical sinesethulo ama-horizons emvelo ezakhiweni ezizama ukwenza ukulingisa imisebenzi yezakhiwo yasendulo noma yenkathi ephakathi, njengaleyo yaseShayina naseNdiya. Ukuzijabulisa kwafuna indlela yokukhiqiza imizwelo ku-visualizer eyenza amafomu amahle alezi zakhiwo anikeze inzuzo yokukhanya kwelanga futhi akwazi ukuba sendaweni evulekile.
UHorace Walpole (owazalwa ngonyaka ka-1717 futhi wafa ngonyaka ka-1797) wakha okwakuyiStrawberry Hill House (1753-1756) emaphethelweni edolobha laseLondon, eNgilandi. Kumbhali kwakuyiphupho lamagothic, ngakho waveza ukuthi lokhu kwakungenye yezikhuthazo zakhe ukuthi abhale umsebenzi weThe Castle of Otranto. Ngesitayela sobuciko se-gothic, esishiwo ngomphumela wokuphefumulelwa kwezakhiwo ezishiwo.
Njengoba nje uWilliam Chambers (1723-1796) asungula izinhlobonhlobo zezakhiwo ze-neoclassical e-Kew Gardens eDolobheni laseLondon (1757-1763) ngokwethula indawo engcwele yaseShayina. Ngakho kwabonisa ukuthi wayenombono wokuthi zaziyini izakhiwo zaseMpumalanga.
Ukuzalwa kwezakhiwo ze-Neoclassical
I-Neoclassical architecture ihlose ukuba umlandeli walokho okuyizakhiwo zakudala. Le mbono yacatshangwa ngumdwebi wasendulo uVitruvius esivumelwaneni sakhe. Lapho acacisa khona umbono wemiyalo emithathu yokuthi i-Doric yayiwuhlelo lwamaGreki ngokuphelele, i-Ionic ngokulandelana kwezikhathi ingeyesibili phakathi kwama-oda futhi ekugcineni i-Korinte, echazwa njengesakhiwo esinesifanekiso esisesimweni sesitshalo.
Ekwakhiweni kwe-neoclassical, i-Vitruvian iyireferensi yabadwebi bezakhiwo ukusekela ukulungiswa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezibalo zasendulo, ezaqala phakathi nekhulu le-1850 futhi zahlala kwaze kwaba maphakathi nawo-1760. Nakuba ochwepheshe abaningi bezobuciko sebeze baqinisekisa okwaqala eFrance ngo- ngonyaka we-XNUMX.
Ngale ndlela, ekwakhiweni kwe-neoclassical, kwakuhloswe abakhi bezakhiwo ukuthi baphendukele ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zamaGreki esikhundleni sezakhiwo zase-Italy. Njengoba i-neoclassical architecture ngokobuhlakani yayinesifiso sokubuyela ekuhlanzekeni kobuciko baseRoma. Nakuba umbono owawunawo wawungowobuciko bamaGreki njengobungcono futhi obungewona umqondo omncane kwakuwukusebenzisa ubuciko be-Renaissance classicism obabuphila ngekhulu le-XNUMX okwakuwumthombo wokuqala wogqozi lwezakhiwo zeBaroque.
Kungakho i-neoclassical architecture igqugquzelwe ukunyakaza kwamazwe ngamazwe kusukela eRussia kuya eNyakatho Melika futhi kuye kwaphawulwa imisinga eminingana, lapho isigaba esaziwa ngokuthi yiPalladianism sihlukaniswa, okuyisona esidala kunazo zonke esathuthuka emaphandleni ase-UK.
Lokho kwagqugquzelwa u-Inigo Jones nozakwabo uChristopher Wren futhi kwasetshenziswa ezakhiweni ezazizimele zodwa, ezakhiweni zasemaphandleni kanye nalezo ezinesakhiwo esihlangene futhi ithonya lalo lalivela ezikhathini zasendulo zase-Italy.
Kukhona futhi isigaba esaziwa ngokuthi i-neo-Greek umdwebi wawo oyinhloko kwakungumFulentshi u-Ange-Jacques Gabriel, owayebambe isikhundla somdwebi wamapulani wokuqala wenkosi ngaphansi kukaLouis XV.
Futhi umthelela wokugcina wezakhiwo ze-neoclassical kwakuyisitayela se-neoclassical esizoba nempumelelo ehlala njalo engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye esasetshenziswa ezakhiweni zomphakathi nezizimele eNtshonalanga konke lokhu kwasetshenziswa phakathi neminyaka ye-1770 kuze kube unyaka osuka ku-1830.
Abaningi balaba baklami bezakhiwo ababebambelele ekwakhiweni kwe-neoclassical ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX bathonywa imidwebo namaphrojekthi aqhutshwa u-Étienne-Louis Boullée waseFrance noClaude Nicolas Ledoux. Eminingi yale midwebo yenziwe nge-graphite futhi yethula isethi yezibalo zejometri ezilingisa ukuphikelela kwendawo yonke. Lapho umqondo usekelwa ku-neoclassical architecture lapho isakhiwo ngasinye kufanele sikhulume nomsebenzi waso kobukele
Ukugxeka Okunezithombe
Ku-architecture ye-neoclassical ingahlaziywa njengelinye lamagatsha obuciko bezenhlalakahle nezokuziphatha. Ngokwe-Encyclopedism, yayinamandla okuthonya ukucabanga komuntu ngamunye namasiko akhe. Yingakho izakhiwo ze-neoclassical zenziwa izakhiwo ezihlukahlukene ukuze kuthuthukiswe izimpilo zabantu okwakuyizibhedlela, imitapo yolwazi, iminyuziyamu, izinkundla zemidlalo yaseshashalazini, amapaki, njll.
Ngale ndlela, ukunyakaza okubalulekile okuhlukile okunesithakazelo ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo ezahlukene ngokusebenza nokuqeda yonke imihlobiso kunikezwa ukuphila.
Phakathi kwabadwebi bezakhiwo abakhulu abanikeza ukuphila kukho konke lokhu kunyakaza kokugxeka okukhanyiselwe, abagqama kakhulu kwakunguFrancesco Milizia (1725-1798) no-Abbé Marc-Antoine Laugier (1713-1769), ababenombono wokwakha izakhiwo lapho zonke izingcezu zabo zazinabo. umsebenzi othile kanye nezakhi zokuhlobisa zacindezelwa, ngaleyo ndlela kunikeza izakhiwo ze-neoclassical isethi yezakhiwo ezinengqondo nezisebenzayo.
Abaningi babaklami bezinyathelo zokugxeka ezikhanyisiwe bathonywa ukuqonda kwezakhiwo ezazihlobene nezici zesikhathi esedlule futhi zazisekelwe kumamodeli ezakhiwo zaseGreece, eRoma naseGibhithe ezaziyizinkomba zomklamo wokwakha kusukela umbono we-neoclassical architecture.
izakhiwo ezinhle
Phakathi kwamaqembu amaningi agqamayo ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo ze-neoclassical, izakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu ezazalelwa kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi izingadi zaseNgilandi ekhulwini le-XNUMX. Lezi zingadi zaklanywa ngendlela engokwemvelo futhi zahlanganiswa ukubaluleka kwemvelo nezakhiwo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izakhiwo ezihlukahlukene zifakiwe ezinezici ezihlukahlukene ezingaba yinkathi ephakathi, yamaNdiya noma yaseShayina. Lapho kusetshenziswa uchungechunge lwamafomu afuna ukusizakala ngokukhanya kwemvelo futhi akhiqize imizwa eyahlukahlukene kusibukeli.
Isibonelo esicacile kwakuyisakhiwo iStrawberry Hill esaklanywa eLondon phakathi kuka-1753 no-1756 ngumdwebi wezakhiwo uHorace Walpole. Kwakuyisakhiwo se-gothic, lapho aphefumulelwa khona ukubhala inoveli ye-gothic. Khona-ke umdwebi uWilliam Chambers waklama isethi yezingadi ezinhle kakhulu edolobheni laseLondon phakathi kuka-1757 no-1763. Lapho abeka khona imininingwane eminingi yezakhiwo zamaShayina njengoba wayenolwazi oluningi mayelana nalesi siko, evumelana ne-neoclassical architecture.
I-Visionary Architecture
I-Visionary Architecture ibe ngesinye sezici ze-neoclassical architecture, kulesi sigaba abaklami bezakhiwo baziwa njengabantu ababona imibono, abantu abavelelayo kanye nabaguquguqukayo, abahlongoza izakhiwo ezisekelwe ekubunjweni kwejiyomethri ezahlukene, besebenzisa i-architecture yakudala yezikhathi zangaphambili kodwa njalo behlonipha imithetho yokulinganisa. kanye nesikhumbuzo somsebenzi ngamunye.
Izakhiwo ezazakhiwe ngezakhiwo zombono ezigxile ekwakhiweni kwe-neoclassical zaziwumphumela wokuhlanganisa izibalo zejometri. Abamele izakhiwo zombono babe. U-Étienne-Louis Boullée noClaude-Nicolas Ledoux yibona ababephethe amaphrojekthi amakhulu, nakuba eminingi yayo ingazange yenziwe. Iphrojekthi ebaluleke kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwe-neoclassical yileyo eyakhiwa u-Étienne-Louis Boullée futhi yaziwa ngokuthi i-Cenotaph ka-Isaac Newton.
Lo msebenzi wokwakha unomumo wendilinga njengoba uyisithombe esifanele esimi phezu kwesisekelo esiyindilinga lapho kukhoseliswe khona i-sarcophagus kasosayensi u-Newton. Ngenkathi omunye umakhi. U-Ledoux wayebambe iqhaza ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo eziningana futhi ikakhulukazi wakha ingxenye enkulu yedolobha lezimboni elidumile elaziwa ngokuthi i-Arc-et-Senans Salt Pans, enohlelo oluyisiyingi eFranche-Comté noma iVillette complex eParis.
I-Neo Roman ne-Neo Greek Art
Ekwakhiweni kwe-neoclassical, abaklami bezakhiwo babesekelwe ekufuneni imithombo yakudala ukuze benze imisebenzi yabo yezakhiwo, lapho imithombo emibili yayisekelwa ukwakhiwa kwemisebenzi futhi yaxhashazwa eFrance naseJalimane.
E-France, kusukela eMbusweni oholwa nguNapoleon Bonaparte, kwatholakala ukuthi lezi zisekelwe kumodeli wobuciko bombuso waseRoma ukwakha imisebenzi emikhulu yengqalasizinda eyayinezinjongo ze-propaganda nokukhulisa isibalo soMbusi uBonaparte.
Izibonelo zezakhiwo ze-neoclassical ezigxile kubuciko bamaRoma yiThempeli Lenkazimulo yeGrande Armée, okwamanje elaziwa njengesonto laseLa Magdalena, nguPierre Alexandre Vignon, elaklanywa nguNapoleon ngokwakhe.
Ngenkathi beseJalimane nase-United Kingdom, abadwebi bezakhiwo basekela imisebenzi yabo ekwakhiweni kwe-neoclassical egxile engqalasizinda eyakhiwa amaGreki ezikhathini ezedlule, njengeMnyuziyamu i-Altes eBerlin, kaKarl Friedrich Schinkel, lesi kuyisakhiwo sokuqala esakhiwa futhi sasetshenziswa. njengemnyuziyamu.
I-Neoclassical Architecture eYurophu
Ukunyakaza kwe-neoclassical architecture kwenzeka phakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX nasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, futhi kubonakala ngokusetshenziswa kwezakhiwo zamaRoma, amaGreki kanye nezakudala, okunikeza ukusetshenziswa kuzo zonke izingxenye zengqalasizinda yesakhiwo futhi kuqedwa yonke into eyayingasetshenzisiwe kanye nawo wonke umhlobiso wesakhiwo. isakhiwo.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dvOvrQgHER8
Kungakho i-neoclassical architecture yayaziwa ngokumaka inqubekelaphambili emphakathini ngaleso sikhathi futhi yasabalala emazweni amaningana kulo lonke izwekazi laseYurophu, phakathi kwawo amazwe alandelayo agqamayo:
I-Neoclassical Architecture eFrance: I-Neoclassical architecture yavela e-France phakathi kweminyaka yawo-1760 no-1830 futhi yathinta ubuciko, ukuklama, nezakhiwo zomphakathi wase-French. Nakuba kuvela eFrance nge-frivolity kusukela eziningi zokwakha zazinokuhlobisa okuningi kwe-baroque ne-rococo. Ngenkathi isekwakhiweni kwe-neoclassical, yethulwa eFrance ngokuhluzeka okukhulu kanye nezimo eziningi zejometri nemigqa eqondile esekelwe ezakhiweni zamaGreki nezamaRoma zesikhathi esidlule.
Phakathi kwezakhiwo ezimele kakhulu ezasetshenziswa kwakuyi-pediment kanye nompheme owaqala ukwakhiwa ekubuseni kukaLouis XV phakathi kuka-1715 no-1774. Futhi ebukhosini bukaLouis XVI waba namandla phakathi kuka-1774 nonyaka ka-1792. Futhi waqhubeka. ezosetshenziswa kuze kufike iNguquko YaseFrance. Kamuva yathathelwa indawo yi-romanticism kanye ne-eclecticism yezakhiwo.
Isigaba sokuqala se-neoclassical architecture eFrance savezwa ngefenisha kanye nomklamo wangaphakathi futhi saziwa ngokuthi isitayela sikaLouis XV, esasinokunambitheka kwesiGreki. Kuze kube iNkosi ingena esihlalweni sobukhosi futhi iba uLouis XVI kanye nonkosikazi wakhe iNdlovukazi uMarie Antoinette benze imihlobiso eminingana yoMbuso lapho kwavela khona izitayela ezahlukene ze-neoclassical architecture.
Ukwakhiwa kokuqala okwenziwa eFrance ngesitayela se-neoclassical architecture ngezikhathi zikaLouis XV, kwakuqondiswa abadwebi bezakhiwo u-Ange-Jacques Gabriel noJacques-Germain Soufflot, futhi beqondiswa uMarquis de Marigny, owayephethe isikhundla. Umqondisi Jikelele Wezakhiwo Zenkosi phakathi kuka-1751 no-1773.
Imisebenzi esemqoka eyakhiwa kwakuyiCompiegne Palace ngonyaka we-1751, isikwele esaziwa ngokuthi uLouis XV safinyelela umvuthwandaba ngonyaka we-1775, iSikole Sezempi esakhiwa phakathi kuka-1751 futhi safinyelela umvuthwandaba ngonyaka we-1756, Yonke le misebenzi eyaziwa njenge-neoclassical architecture.
EFrance, abaklami bezakhiwo kanye namakhosi babelane ngokunambitha izakhiwo zasendulo. Kanye nokubuyela ku-classism kusukela ukwakhiwa okuningi engxenyeni yezakhiwo zomphakathi, ezenkolo nezizimele zinemodeli enamathele kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwe-neoclassical. Esinye sezibonelo ezibaluleke kakhulu ezikhona namuhla yiBandla laseSaint-Sulpice neSaint Genevieve. Kanye nezindawo zomphakathi ezifana neCasa de la Moneda kanye neParis School of Surgery.
Kodwa kunezakhiwo eziningi ezinezici ezihlukene ezihlanganiswa yi-neoclassical architecture, njengoba abaklami abakhulu baseFrance abenza imisebenzi emikhulu kwakungu-Ange-Jacques Gabriel (1698-1782), uJacques-Germain Soufflot, u-Étienne-Louis Boullée noClaude Nicolas Ledoux. (1736-1806).
Abanye abadwebi bezakhiwo abakhulu nabo bavela ohlwini, njengoJacques Denis Antoine, uJean-Benoît-Vincent Barré, uFrançois-Joseph Bélanger, u-Alexandre Brongniart, uJean-François-Thérèse Chalgrin (1739-1811), uCharles François-Jean-Jean-Delaudin , Charles DeWailly.
UJacques Gondouin, uJean-Jacques Huvé, uVictor Louis, uRichard Mique, uPierre-Louis Moreau, uPierre-Adrien Pâris, uMarie-Joseph Peyre, uBernard Poyet, uJean-Augustin Renard, uPierre Rousseau, abanikele ngemibono namaphrojekthi amaningi amakhulu ekubuseni kaLouis XV.
Lapho iNguquko YaseFrance iqhuma inkathi eyaziwa kakhulu ehlanganisa phakathi konyaka ka-1789 kuya ku-1799 bese kuvela uMbuso WaseFrance emlandweni ohlanganisa kusukela onyakeni ka-1804 kuya onyakeni ka-1814, kuphawulwa isiteji esikhulu emlandweni. izakhiwo ze-neoclassical zaseFrance njengoba kwakukhona ukuzwela okukhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwesilulumagama sokuhlobisa ezakhiweni ukuthi abaklami bangaleso sikhathi baphefumulelwe yi-Antiquity ekubuseni kukaLouis XVI.
Kuhlanganisa neminye imihlobiso eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Pompeian noma i-Etruscan. Kuphinde kwaba nobumnandi eFrance ngesikhathi seNguquko yaseFrance ebibizwa nge-ephemeral architecture kwazise ibikhona ezinhlakeni ezahlukene, emicimbini kwazise abadwebi bezakhiwo bebezinikela ekuhlobiseni igumbi obekubanjelwe kulo imibukiso.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakhiwa amatshe esikhumbuzo, njengamatshe amatshe namakholomu, umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu i-obelisk enikezelwe amabutho amavukelambuso kanye nemithombo eminingana yomphakathi ngokuthinta izakhiwo ze-neoclassical.
U-Emperor Napoleon I waba nephupho elihle lokwakha iParis njengeRoma Elisha futhi wayala ukwakhiwa kwenani elikhulu lezakhiwo ezisekelwe ekwakhiweni kwe-neoclassical ukukhumbuza umphakathi ngoMbuso WaseRoma omkhulu.
Lokhu kube neqhaza labadwebi bezakhiwo abaningana abafana noCharles Percier noPierre-François-Léonard Fontaine, abaklama imisebenzi ezophawula ingqopha-mlando emlandweni womhlaba njenge-rue de Rivoli, ikholomu ye-Vendôme, i-Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel, i-Arc. de Triomphe endaweni yase l'Étoile.
Kwathi ngonyaka ka-1800 eFrance kwakhiwa imisebenzi eminingana eyayisekelwe ezakhiweni zaseGreece yasendulo njengoba yayenziwe ngokusebenzisa indlela yokuqopha nokuqopha. Lokhu kwanikeza ithuba lokunikeza umfutho omusha ekwakhiweni kwe-neoclassical eyaziwa ngokuthi iMvuselelo YamaGreki noma Imvuselelo YamaGreki.
Ngale ndlela, izakhiwo ze-neoclassical zaqhubeka nokuthela izithelo kwezobuciko bezemfundo ingxenye enkulu yekhulu le-XNUMX. Nakuba i-antithesis ye-neoclassical architecture kwakuyi-romanticism noma ebizwa nangokuthi imvuselelo ye-Gothic eyaba nomlando wayo phakathi neminyaka yokugcina yekhulu le-XNUMX.
Ukuba lo mnyakazo wobuciko obhekwa ochwepheshe abaningi njengobuciko besimanje nobuphendulayo obuhlala emadolobheni amaningana emazweni athile aseYurophu njengeSaint Petersburg, Athens, Berlin kanye neMunich. Lawa madolobha aba iminyuziyamu yeqiniso yezakhiwo ze-neoclassical. Ngenkathi sisedolobheni laseParis imvuselelo yamaGreki ayizange ibe nosuku oluhle.
Kodwa okwaqala kahle yilokho abaningi ababekwazi njenge-crypt kaCharles De Wailly ebandleni laseSaint Leu-St Gilles (1773-1780), kanye ne-Barrière des Bonshommes (1785-1789), kaClaude Nicolas Ledoux.
Ukuthi kwakuwubufakazi obukhulu bezakhiwo ze-neoclassical ezisekelwe ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zamaGreki lapho amaFulentshi engazange akunike ukuhlobana okukhulu ngenxa yethonya elinamandla uMarc-Antoine Laugier ababenalo ezimfundisweni zakhe ezazama ukucacisa izimiso zezakhiwo zamaGreki ezenziwe eFrance.
Njengoba kwakukhona ukunambitheka okuningi kanye nogqozi emphakathini waseFrance mayelana nezakhiwo ze-neoclassical lapho i-historicism, i-eclecticism kanye ne-rationalism ye-architectural yayibhekwa njengamaphuzu aqinile we-neoclassical architecture eyathuthukiswa e-France ngaleso sikhathi.
I-Neoclassical Architecture eJalimane: Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili i-neoclassical architecture ivela eJalimane ngokusekelwe ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zakudala zasendulo. Kodwa njengendlela yokusabela ngokumelene nobuciko be-baroque kanye ne-rococo obenziwe iminyaka ngaphambili.
Ukuqala kwezakhiwo ze-neoclassical eJalimane kuneziqalo zako zokuqala ngonyaka we-1769 lapho inkosana yangaleso sikhathi uLeopold III ithuma umakhi uFriedrich Franz von Anhalt-Dessau ukuthi adizayine ipaki iWörlitz, kodwa abe nesitayela esifanayo nengadi ye-English landscape. Namuhla iWörlitz Park iyingxenye yamagugu omhlaba e-UNESCO.
Ngendlela efanayo, ukwakhiwa kweNqaba yaseWörlitz kuqala eJalimane, ngenjongo yokumelela indlu yasebukhosini yaseJalimane. Lo msebenzi waphathiswa uFriedrich Wilhelm von Erdmannsdorff, owaqala umsebenzi wakhe ngokubhidliza indawo yokuzingela ye-baroque futhi wakhuthazwa yizakhiwo ezahlukene zamaNgisi zangaleso sikhathi. Iphinde isekelwe ekwakhiweni kuka-Andrea Palladio. Lesi sakhiwo saqedwa ngo-1773.
Umsebenzi uye wacatshangelwa ochwepheshe abaningi njengesakhiwo sokuqala se-neoclassical architecture eJalimane esekelwe ekwakhiweni kuka-Andrea Palladio. Esinye sezakhiwo ezinkulu futhi esiwumsebenzi obalulekile wezakhiwo ze-neoclassical kwakuyiSigodlo saseWilhelmshöhe esakhiwe phakathi kuka-1786 no-1798.
Edolobheni laseKassel futhi elaklanywa abadwebi bezakhiwo uSimon Louis du Ry kanye noHeinrich Christoph Jussow weLandgrave uWilliam I waseHesse-Kassel. Ipaki yalo msebenzi yakhiwa izingadi ze-baroque ezakhiwa ngonyaka we-1763.
Kodwa umsebenzi owaletha amandla amaningi ekwakhiweni kwe-neoclassical eJalimane yilowo owakhiwa phakathi kuka-1789 futhi wafinyelela umvuthwandaba ngonyaka we-1789 owaziwa ngokuthi iSango laseBrandenburg, elenziwa eBerlin ngumdwebi uCarl Gotthard Langhans kanye nochwepheshe abaningi bobuciko. wabiza ngokuthi isikhumbuzo esiqinile se-Doric se-German neoclassical architecture.
Njengoba lo msebenzi ungowokuqala ohlotsheni lwayo ngokusekelwe kusethi yokwakhiwa kabusha engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-XNUMX, enezici zePropylaea yase-Athens njengoba iyimodeli yamaGreki ethatha inguqulo ye-Roman Doric kodwa eyenziwe lula kakhulu owokuqala.
Umsebenzi obizwa ngokuthi iSango laseBrandenburg waba nomthelela omkhulu emphakathini waseJalimane ukuthi iphrojekthi eyenziwa yiNgisi uWilliam Wilkins, ngonyaka we-1806, yayiwukungena e-Downing College eCambridge, efana kakhulu nomsebenzi we-neoclassical architecture wesango. eBrandenburg.
Ngokufanayo uThomas Harrison, wenza iphrojekthi yaseChester Castle, eyayiqukethe esigcawini umsebenzi owaziwa ngokuthi iMunich Glyptotheque kanye neStaatliche Antikensammlungen. Omunye umsebenzi owenziwa maphakathi nekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili ohlobene ne-neoclassical architecture yizifundo zikaFriedrich Gilly, owayehlala kancane futhi akazange abe nethuba lokuvakashela e-Italy futhi waklama iNational Theatre eBerlin kanye netshe lesikhumbuzo elalimiselwe. ngoFrederick Omkhulu.
Yize iNational Theatre yaseBerlin ingumsebenzi onobudlelwano obuningi nezakhiwo zamaGreki nezamaRoma. Njengoba kufana namaphrojekthi aqhutshwa ngumFulentshi uLedoux. Umakhi osemusha uFriedrich Gilly, enkundleni yemidlalo yeshashalazi kazwelonke wanquma ukuqeda ingxenye enkulu yemihlobiso futhi aqinise amavolumu ukuchaza amafomu azoba nemisebenzi ethile ekwakheni.
Kungakho umakhi wezakhiwo wayememezela amasu amasha ezakhiwo ze-neoclassical kodwa umphakathi waseJalimane awuzilungiselelanga izenzakalo ezinjalo njengoba abanikazi ababengabantu ababenomcebo omkhulu kodwa ngokwesiko bempofu kakhulu babengawavuleli la masu amasha womdwebi wezakhiwo osemusha owashona ethwele abaningi. ngemibono yakhe naye.
Umfundi womdwebi wezakhiwo osemusha owaziwa ngokuthi uKarl Friedrich Schinkel okwathi ngemva kokwenza imisebenzi enezici zesiGothic, wasondela ku-neoclassical architecture, egcizelela amamodeli e-neo-Greek futhi isitayela sakhe saduma kulo lonke elaseJalimane. Njengoba umsebenzi wakhe wokwakha wahlanganisa izakhi eziningi ze-gothic, ezibukekayo, zakudala ezixutshwe ekwakhiweni kwe-neoclassical.
Nakuba umakhi uKarl Friedrich Schinkel, wayeseduze neFrance neNgilandi ukuze achaze imisebenzi yakhe kanye nezakhiwo ze-neoclassical. Incazelo yakhe yemisebenzi ehlukene iyoba phambili kodwa ngeminyaka ka-1910 kuze kube unyaka ka-1940. Lapho isitayela sakhe sichazwa ngokuthi sivela emazweni akude njengaseFinland.
Eminye imisebenzi umakhi agqamisa isigodlo se-charlottenhof esakhiwa ngonyaka we-1826, iMuseum Altas kanye neBerliner Schauspielhaus eyakhiwa edolobheni laseBerlin ngonyaka ka-1830. Umakhi wezakhiwo wayehlale ehlanganisa itimu ye-portico namamodeli aseGrisi lasendulo.
Emisebenzini yakhe ehlukene waba nomphumela omuhle kakhulu, isibonelo enkundleni yemidlalo yaseshashalazini yaseBerlin wagqamisa izinhlobo ezahlukene nokusebenza kwethiyetha enikeza isakhiwo imiqulu ehlukene kanye nobukhulu obuthathu obuqinile ngaleyo ndlela enikeza izici ezintsha ekwakhiweni kwe-neoclassical.
Omunye umdwebi ogama lakhe kwakungu-Leo von Klenze (1784-1864), futhi owaziwa ngokuba imbangi eqinile yesu elisetshenziswa u-Schinkel, lo mdwebi waqala umsebenzi wakhe ovelele nge-Bayerischer Hof. Kodwa udumo lwakhe lwaphawuleka nakakhulu lapho enza umsebenzi owaziwa kakhulu i-Königsplatz eMunich ngo-1816, owawuhlanganisa inkimbinkimbi yamamodeli e-neo-Greek.
Enye iphrojekthi eyenziwa umakhi wezakhiwo yiDanube phakathi konyaka we-1830 nonyaka ka-1842. Kulo msebenzi, kuyavela ukuthi yonke imiphefumulo yamaqhawe awile empini yaqoqwa kanjani futhi yaziwa ngokuthi ithempeli elizungezile ngesitayela sikaDoric, lo msebenzi ufana kakhulu nomsebenzi oshiwo ngaphambili kuFrederick Omkhulu ngumdwebi wezakhiwo owashona esemncane. Laba baklami baphakathi kwabantu abadume kakhulu ngokwakhiwa kwabo okugxile ekwakhiweni kwe-neoclassical.
I-Neoclassical Architecture eBrithani: ENgilandi ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, ukwakhiwa kwe-Andrea Palladio kuyaziwa, ngenxa yokusabalalisa kuka-Inigo Jones owanikeza imisebenzi yakhe ehlukahlukene yezakhiwo. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, izakhiwo zasePalladian zaba nethonya elikhulu eGreat Britain.
Njengoba yayibusa ukwakhiwa kweNgisi, iba yisakhiwo esihle kakhulu, kwaze kwaba yilapho umakhi uRobert Adam (1728-1792), eqala ukusebenza ngezakhiwo ze-neoclassical kanye nesitayela samaGothic enguqulweni eyaziwa ngokuthi i-classist.
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, izindlu ezimbalwa eziphawulwe ngesitayela samaNtaliyane zaqala ukwakhiwa, njengeHolkham Hall kanye neChiswick House, ezaklanywa abadwebi bezakhiwo uWilliam Kent kanye noLord Burlington. Kusukela emsebenzini ohlanganyelwe walaba balingisi ababili kwavela ihholo lokungena eHolkham Hall elaziwayo, elachazwa ngokuthi "enye yezinto zangaphakathi ezinhle kakhulu zekhulu le-XNUMX".
Kodwa kwakuyiphrojekthi engakaze ibonwe ngumdwebi wezakhiwo u-Andrea Palladio, futhi i-apse yengezwa eyayisetshenziswa emasontweni aseVenetian, futhi iphrojekthi yomdwebi ofanayo. Phakathi kwemininingwane yamagumbi angaphansi aphefumulelwe ukwakhiwa kabusha okuhlukahlukene kwemivubukulo eyanyatheliswa emiqulwini ethi "Edificados antiques de Rome desde 1682" iphuzu lokugcina ukuthi lo msebenzi wezokwakha wawunalo lwakudala olwaphefumulela igumbi elinomqondo omangalisayo weBaroque.
Indawo yokuqala echazwa ngokuthi yi-neoclassical architecture e-Great Britain itholakala ekamelweni lapho umvubukuli nomdwebi wezakhiwo uJames Stuart (1713-1788), owaziwa ngokuthi i-Athene, elakhiwa edolobheni laseLondon eSpencer House ngonyaka we-1758. Nakuba umvubukuli engazange akhe imisebenzi eminingi yezakhiwo ekuphileni kwakhe, waziwa kakhulu ngokunikeza lokho kunambitheka kwamamodeli wamaGreki ekwakhiweni kwe-neoclassical okwenziwa eGreat Britain.
Isibonelo esicace kakhulu somsebenzi wakhe ekwakhiweni kwe-neoclassical ipaki yase-Hagley Hall, enezici ze-Doric neo-Greek ezasakazekela kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Lapho kwakopishwa itshe lesikhumbuzo likaLisícrates elise-Athens futhi lenziwa edolobheni laseStaffordshire.
Nakuba ukuhlelwa kwamadolobha okwakwenziwa kwaba nezinguquko eziphawulekayo ngokuchema kwesigaba okwakhuthazwa edolobheni laseBath, lokhu kwenzeka engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-XNUMX. Umdwebi wamapulani owaziwa ngokuthi uJohn Wood the Elder, wenza uchungechunge lweziyalezo olusekelwe kumamodeli esikhathi esidlule aziwa ngokuthi amaForamu aseRoma.
Lo msebenzi waqedwa yindodana yakhe uJohn Wood osemncane, ngokwengezwa kweCrescent eyayinomzimba ogobile isici sayo esiyinhloko kwakuwukuhlelwa kwamakholomu amakhulu aqhubekayo. Ukuguqulwa okwenzeka edolobheni laseBath kuthonya amazwe amaningana, ikakhulukazi e-United States, kusukela ngonyaka we-1740 ngokusetshenziswa kwePittoresque, izakhiwo zizosakaza uthando olukhulu lwamanxiwa.
Okuningi abaklami bezakhiwo baqala ukwakha amaphrojekthi ezakhiwo ezahlukene ezashiywa futhi ziwohloka. Ngoba aphenduka amanxiwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Iphrojekthi yokuqala yesiNgisi esekelwe ekwakhiweni kwe-neoclassical ifakwe kule nhlangano, okuyi-mausoleum yeNkosana yaseWales ngonyaka we-1751.
Iqondiswa nguScotsman William Chambers; Lo msebenzi, owenziwa ngaphansi kwemithetho yezakhiwo ze-neoclassical, iphrojekthi izohlakazeka emcabangweni wothando we-mausoleum ezokwethulwa ngendlela ezoba nayo lapho incithakalo.
Indlela eyaziwa ngokuthi enhle isuka kubuciko basengadini esikhundleni sezakhiwo ze-neoclassical kanjalo. Njengoba ipaki yesiNgisi isuselwa kumodeli yase-Italian Renaissance izingadi ezaklanywa ngu-Alexander Pope kanye nomakhi uWilliam Kent.
Ingadi yokuqala eyayinokunambitheka kwesiNgisi yaklanywa u-Alexander Pope efuna ukuzuza i-Twickenham, lokhu kwaqala ukuklanywa nokwakhiwa kwayo ngonyaka we-1719 futhi yayinendawo enkulu yasehlathini, i-grotto kanye nethempeli elincane kakhulu elalinedome eliyi-semi-dome. lalibukeka njengegobolondo.
Khona-ke umklami uWilliam Kent ensimini eyaziwa kakhulu yase-Elysian waklama ithempeli ngepulani eliyindilinga elifana ne-Ancient Virtue ngonyaka ka-1734. Lapha umakhi wezakhiwo waphefumulelwa imisebenzi nezinhlelo ezahlukene uPalladio ayezisebenzisele iThempeli laseVesta e. Tivoli . Khona-ke umklami ofanayo uKent uklama ingadi eyaziwa kakhulu yaseRousham, edolobheni lase-Oxfordshire, efana kakhulu nomsebenzi wakhe wangaphambili kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezihlukahlukene.
Ukwenza ukuqhathanisa phakathi komsebenzi ogxile engadini wase-Kent owenziwe phakathi kwawo-1740 no-1760s e-Stourhead e-Wiltshire. Amapaki anenhlanganisela yesayensi yemivubukulo, izakhiwo, izingadi, izinkondlo, i-esotericism kanye ne-topography.
Nakuba aklanywe ebangeni elifushane ukusuka e-Salisbury nase-Glastonbury, esigodini sechibi esaziwayo esinohlaza olukhulu. Kwasungulwa izindawo ezingcwele eziningana ezazinezakhiwo ze-neoclassical, njengethempeli likaClaudius noVirgil, elaqedwa ngo-1754. Ngaphakathi kwalo mkhosi, lalihlotshiswe ngezithombe zikaFlora, uLivia Augusta noHercules.
Kunemisebenzi eminingi eyenziwa nguRobert Adam kusukela enza ukuhlanganiswa phakathi kwesiko lamaNgisi kanye nokuthandwa kwezwekazi laseYurophu, lapho avakashela khona amazwe amaningana, okugqama kuwo iFrance ne-Italy, futhi wayengumngane nobuntu ezithakazelisayo ngaleso sikhathi. .njengoba kwakunjalo ngoPiranesi, ezincwadini ezaziwa ngokuthi The Works in Architecture kaRobert noJames Adam. Isitayela esisetshenziswe ezincwadini ezihlukahlukene sasimayelana nobuciko be-classical kanye nobuciko be-Palladian obuphela nge-neoclassical architecture.
Izincwadi eziningi zikaRobert noJames zazinezinkomba eziningi ezakhiweni zamaGreki nezamaRoma okuyisisekelo okusekelwe kuso i-neoclassical architecture. Kanye nezici eziningi zezakhiwo zamaRoma nezamaGreki. Njengoba kungabonakala ku-antechamber ye-Syon House, lapho u-Adams ngokwakhe enza iqoqo lemihlobiso ethathwe e-Erechtheion.
Lapho ikhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili seliphelile, kukhona umsebenzi kaJoseph Bonomi Omdala, uJames Wyatt noHenry Holland. Umlingiswa wokuqala wazalelwa e-Italy kodwa ngonyaka ka-1767 wafika eNgilandi. Phakathi kwemisebenzi yakhe ebaluleke kakhulu, izinkumbulo zemivubukulo kanye nesonto lasePackington Park zigqamile, ezifana kakhulu nezakhiwo ze-neoclassical ezisetshenziswa uLedoux eFrance kanye noGilly EJalimane kodwa esigcawini sesiNgisi uhlukile.
Njengoba inamafomu aqinile, ingaphandle lenziwe ngobumba oluhlanzekile futhi likhanyiswa ngamafasitela amakhulu ane-bevel enomkhawulo ophakathi nendawo. Ingaphakathi laleli sonto lifana kakhulu nethempeli laseNeptune e-Paestum, elinezinsika ze-Doric ezisekela i-vault.
Ngenkathi uJames Wyatt aziwa njengembangi ka-Adam, wayenedumela elibi kakhulu e-Oxford Street Pantheon eyakhiwa ngo-1770. Manje isibhidliziwe futhi yayiyibhilidi elikhulu elisetshenziselwa ukuzijabulisa kwesonto likaHagia Sophia e-Istanbul. Ubuye wabamba iqhaza kumaphrojekthi amaningana futhi ukhunjulwa ngeqhaza lakhe emkhakheni wezokwakhiwa kweGothic kanye nokubuyiselwa kwamasonto amakhulu amaNgisi.
Kodwa-ke, waphinde wazinikela ekuklameni nasekwakheni izindlu zezwe eziningana ezigxile ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zakudala. Njengoba kwakunjalo eDodington, eGloucestershire lapho ungabona khona imininingwane eminingi yezakhiwo zamaGreki.
Ebudlelwaneni obuseduze obukhona phakathi kuka-Wyatt no-Adam, ngu-Henry Holland owathi emsebenzini wakhe wokuqala kwakuyi-Brooks Club e-London ngonyaka we-1776. Ngemva kokwenza lo msebenzi, waqala ukusebenza endlini eyisithabathaba edolobheni laseHerefordshire, lapho enza khona izinguquko eziningana lapho benezici zezakhiwo zaseFrance njengoba babengabokuqala ukunikeza imihlobiso yefenisha.
Kuze kube sekuqaleni kwekhulu le-1753, izinguquko eziphawulekayo zazisenzeka ekwakhiweni kwe-neoclassical, nakuba izibonelo ezivelele kakhulu yiBritish Museum etholakala edolobheni laseLondon, iSt George's Hall edolobheni laseLiverpool kanye nemisebenzi eyenziwa nguJohn Soane ( 1837- XNUMX).
Ngakho-ke kungaphawulwa ukuthi iBritish Museum ingumsebenzi oyisikhumbuzo owakhiwa ngonyaka we-1820 futhi usekelwa ikholomu enhle ye-Ionic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umakhi wezakhiwo uthatha izingqikithi eziningi zakudala futhi ngaphakathi kwawo ugxilisa i-dome enkulu eyenziwe ngensimbi ekhonjiwe etholakala ngaphezu kwegumbi lokufunda.
Ngenkathi ihholo laseSt. George edolobheni laseLiverpool linesakhiwo esikhulu esasihloselwe umphakathi ophucuzekile wedolobha. Ngakho-ke, i-civil basilica yaklanywa inamakamelo amaningana ahlanganiswe ndawonye ngesethi yama-facade esakhiweni esinawo.
Lesi sakhiwo saklanywa umdwebi wamapulani uHarvey Lonsdale Elmes, kodwa akakwazanga ukusiqeda selokhu ashona futhi umsebenzi waqedwa umklami uCharles Robert Cockerell, owanikeza imiqulu eyengeziwe emakamelweni ahlukene, okugqama kuwo ihholo lekhonsathi. enomhlobiso omuhle wakudala ogqamisa ukuhluzeka kwengaphandle.
Ngenkathi ochwepheshe abaningi beveze ukuthi ummeleli omkhulu wezakhiwo ze-neoclassical e-Great Britain nguJohn Soane, umguquli waseNgilandi owathonywa uGeorge Dance (1741-1825) kanye nomakhi wezakhiwo uLedoux, lo mlingiswa wemvelaphi yesiNgisi wayenodumo olukhulu ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, ngomsebenzi awenza ekwakhiweni kweBhange LaseNgilandi, elisedolobheni laseLondon.
Kuyisakhiwo esibonakala ngokuba nezindlwana ezimbalwa ezehlisiwe futhi ezinobulula kulo lonke uhlaka lwaso. Phakathi kwemisebenzi evelele kakhulu eyenziwa umakhi wezakhiwo odumile, i-Soane Museum igqamile, angeke akwazi ukuyenza iyonke, ngoba yasebenzisa ubulula futhi isebenzisa ama-arches amakhulu kumafacade, afana nesakhiwo soguquko esathathwa nguLedoux. ngaphandle.
Ngenkathi ngaphakathi kweMnyuziyamu bekuminyene futhi i-claustrophobic kakhulu, yaqeda yonke i-neoclassical architecture eyayilapho futhi inqubo ekhangayo yayiwukuthi ibeke izibuko eziningi, kunezingaphezu kuka-90 zazo, futhi lokhu kwenza amakamelo abukeke amakhulu, nakuba ukukhanya iphelele ngoba ivela phezulu futhi amakhothamo avela ezindongeni.
Ushintsho oluvelele kakhulu lwasemadolobheni phakathi ne-neoclassical architecture kwakungezasemadolobheni, lapho imigwaqo ye-Regent's Park kanye ne-Regent Street e-London igqama, eyaklanywa umakhi u-John Nash. Lokho kuthonywa kakhulu yilokho okwenziwa edolobheni laseBath lapho uhlobo lwendwangu yasemadolobheni lwenziwa phakathi kwayo yonke imigwaqo nemigwaqo emikhulu.
Lokho umdwebi ayefuna ukukuchaza kwakungama-lintels kanye nemigqa yedolobha njengoba yayihambisana nenkolelo-mbono esetshenziswe ku-neoclassical architecture. Kodwa lapho ubuka idolobha, wethula isimo esingaguquki esasibonakala kakhulu edolobheni laseParis. Lapho ukunambitheka kwezothando kwakuhlanganiswe ne-neoclassical architecture.
Kodwa abadwebi baqala ukuthakaselwa izakhiwo zamaGothic futhi babezihlobanisa namasiko enkolo nawobuhlakani angaleso sikhathi futhi e-Oxford, eCambridge naseLondon izinguquko ezintsha ekwakhiweni kwe-neoclassical maphakathi nekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye. Kodwa eScotland isizini yachuma lapho abadwebi bezakhiwo beqala ukwenza i-neoclassical architecture ngesibonelo esicacile salokhu kwakuyi-Picton Reading Room eyenziwe edolobheni laseLiverpool ngonyaka we-1875.
Ngokufanayo, imisebenzi eminingana yenziwa esontweni elakhiwa ngu-Alexander Thomson edolobheni laseGlasgow ngaphansi kwethonya lezakhiwo ze-neoclassical, nakuba kuthiwa uthonywe ulwazi lukaSchinkel noCockerell.
I-Neoclassical Architecture e-Italy: Izakhiwo ze-Neoclassical e-Italy zinesiqalo ngekhulu le-XNUMX ezifundazweni ezincane ezazibuswa amandla angaphandle ayendulelwe ngaphansi kombuso obumbene weVittorio Emmanuel II.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, izakhiwo ze-neoclassical azizange zibonakale ngendlela efanayo kuyo yonke indawo yase-Italy, ngoba kwakungekho isiko elihlangene futhi kwakukhona ubumpofu obukhulu obusongela yonke inhlonhlo, yingakho zazingekho izici ezinhle ze-avant- ukukhiqizwa kwezakhiwo ze-garde.
Nakuba ngaleso sikhathi inkathi engavamile yayizibonakalisa ngobuciko be-Baroque eRoma. Izikhumbuzo ezimbalwa zaqala ukwakhiwa, njengePiazza di Spagna, iFontana di Trevi kanye nePiazza Sant'Ignazio. Ngenkathi abaculi abaningi abanjengoFilippo Juvarra (1678-1736) noBernardo Antonio Vittone (1704-1770) basebenza. Babezinikele ukusebenza ePiedmont.
Njengoba abaculi uFerdinando Fuga (1699-1782) noLuigi Vanvitelli bazinikele ekwenzeni imisebenzi yabo edolobheni laseNaples. Ngokuqondile e-Albergo dei Poveri yasebukhosini nasendlini yasebukhosini. Nakuba le ndlu ibonise izimpawu ze-neoclassical architecture, ibhekwa njengomsebenzi wokugcina we-baroque wangaleso sikhathi.
Yingakho ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo e-Italy kwakuyinkathi ehamba kancane futhi enzima kakhulu ngenxa yesimo sezwe futhi yasebenzisa ulwazi oluvela phesheya ngabadwebi bangaphandle, ikakhulukazi amaFulentshi.
Ithonya lesiFulentshi elabonakala e-Italy labonakala kangangokuthi ungaphambili lwenkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini yaseSan Carlos edolobheni laseNaples lwaklanywa umdwebi waseFrance. Kodwa ukuphela kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili kanye nokuqala kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, ezweni lonke kusukela ezigodlweni, izindlu zangasese kanye namasonto. Kanye nezakhiwo nezingadi kuze kufinyelele ingaphakathi lalezi zakhiwo ezifanayo, zazisekelwe ekuvuseleleni kabusha amamodeli enziwe eRoma yakudala.
Nakuba babenezici ezithile zokwakha zamaGreki. Kodwa izakhiwo eziningi ezakhiwe zakhuthazwa iPantheon of Agrippa. Kanye nesonto leGran Madre di Dio edolobheni laseTurin noma iBasilica edumile yaseSan Francisco de Paula (1816-1846). Okwakungelinye lamabandla abaluleke kakhulu angaleso sikhathi.
Yonke le misebenzi igqugquzelwe ngu "La Rotonda" umsebenzi owenza u-Andrea Palladio angafi, njengomdwebi omkhulu wezakhiwo kanye nesazi sezakhiwo ze-neoclassical. Futhi konke lokhu kwenzeka ngaphambi kokuba kutholakale amadolobha alahlekile aseHerculaneum nasePompeii. Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kwaba ugqozi lwabaklami emanxiweni okuvubukula kanye nezakhiwo zakudala.
Yingakho i-neoclassical architecture yahlanganiswa kanye nokuhluka kwayo kwe-neo-Greek, yakhiqiza inqwaba yemisebenzi evelele kakhulu ezweni. Njengoba kwakuyi-café yasePedrochip eyaziwa kakhulu ngo-1816. Kanye nePadua (nguGiuseppe Jappelli), iThempeli laseCanoviano (1819-1830) ePossagno. Indawo yaseshashalazini yaseCarlo eseGenoa, eyakhiwa kabusha ngekhulu lama-XNUMX. I-cisternone edolobheni laseLivorno. Zonke lezi zakhiwo zinezici ezicacile ze-neoclassical architecture.
Kuyadingeka futhi ukusho konke ukungenelela okwenziwa enkundleni yemidlalo yaseshashalazini yaseVerdi nasebandleni laseSan Antonio edolobheni laseMilan nase-Arco della Pace di Luigi Cagnola, kanye nesonto laseSan Carlo eCorso elise kusuka ePalermo. Kuzo zonke lezi zakhiwo, izici zezakhiwo ze-neoclassical ziyabonwa, kodwa sekwephuzile kancane, ngenkathi emisebenzini eklanywe ngu-Alessandro Antonelli, njenge-Basilica yaseSan Gaudencio edolobheni laseNovara, ine-.
Izici zokunyakaza kwe-neoclassical
Nakuba izwe ladlula ebunzimeni obunamandla kakhulu, azikho izifundo ezenziwayo mayelana nezakhiwo zase-Italy neoclassical, ezanciphisa isikhathi eside ekuhlolweni okujulile. Nakuba izifundo ezenziwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ziye zaveza izici eziningi ezifana nezici nezici ezihlukile ezicini ezibaluleke kakhulu zokukhiqizwa kwe-Italian emisebenzini ehlukene yezakhiwo esifundeni ngasinye nasezindaweni.
I-Neoclassical Architecture eSpain: Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi eSpain, ubuciko be-baroque kwakuyinhlangano yobuciko eyayibusa phakathi kwekhulu le-XNUMX nasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, njengoba yayikhona kuwo wonke amahlelo awo ochungechungeni lwezikhumbuzo zenkolo nasezindlini ezihlukahlukene zezigodlo. Isizwe samaSpanishi.
Ngendlela efanayo badla kakhulu ezikoleni nasezindaweni zokuhlala. Nakuba umehluko phakathi kwezakhiwo ze-Churrigueresque kanye ne-neoclassical architecture eyafundwa abadwebi bezakhiwo kwesinye isikole bekunzima kakhulu njengoba bekuyizinto ezimbili zobuciko emazweni aphikisanayo.
Kwathi engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili, izakhiwo ze-neoclassical zabekwa yi-Academy of Fine Arts edolobheni laseSan Fernando elisedolobheni laseMadrid.
Lapho, baqala ukuthuthukisa amaphrojekthi amakhulu okushintsha indawo yasemadolobheni yedolobha. Umsebenzi oyinhloko wawuphethe umklami nomdwebi wamapulani uJuan de Villanueva futhi wawuseduze neSalón del Prado nendawo eyizungezile, eyayineRoyal Astronomical Observatory, isibhedlela esidala saseSan Carlos, iBotanical Garden, kanye nePrado Museum yamanje.
I-Architecture kwezinye izizwe zaseYurophu: Ukusatshalaliswa okwenzeka ngokuphathelene nezakhiwo ze-neoclassical kwakukulo lonke izwekazi laseYurophu, nakuba kwakukhona okuhlukile okuningana njengeSpain okungazange kube negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwezakhiwo ze-neoclassical.
Isibonelo, eVienna kwakukhona amathonya amakhulu ekwakhiweni kwe-neoclassical okwenzeka emashumini eminyaka okuqala ekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili, isibonelo esibaluleke kakhulu iKarlskirche ka-Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach, ekubeni ubuciko bobuciko bezakhiwo ze-neoclassical, isakhiwo sakhiwe uhlobo lwe-hexastyle portico, esekelwa amakholomu amabili aziwa ngokuthi ama-colloid afana kakhulu namakholomu e-Trajan asetshenziswe okokuqala eRoma.
Nakuba i-neoclassical architecture yazenza yazizwa kakhulu ngekhulu le-XNUMX ngemisebenzi yezakhiwo ethi Theseustempel kanye ne-Burgtor, le misebenzi yobuciko inezici ze-neo-Greek zomakhi u-Pietro Nobile.
E-Poland, kakade ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, izakhiwo ze-neoclassical zaqala ukusabalala, ziphuma kumaphrojekthi amaningi oguquko ayenziwa umakhi wezakhiwo owazalwa eFrance uLedoux,
Esinye sezikhumbuzo ezivelele kakhulu ezenziwe ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX ku-architecture ye-neoclassical singatholakala ku-facade ye-Vilnius Cathedral manje eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Lithuania. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi yahlanganiswa ePoland yiNhlangano eyaziwa kakhulu yasePoland-Lithuanian.
Ngekhulu le-XNUMX, umakhi u-Antonio Codazzi ungumlingiswa oyinhloko wokwakhiwa kwezigodlo eziningi eWarsaw. Ngenkathi izicukuthwane zinikeze umsebenzi othile wokwakhiwa kwe-neoclassical kumdwebi wezakhiwo uFriedrich Schinkel ezindaweni zakhe zokuhlala ezihlukene.
EPrague, izakhiwo ze-neoclassical zazisemuva kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa namazwe amaningi ezwekazini laseYurophu. Ngenkathi ngiseHungary bekuvele kunekhefu ngezakhiwo ze-baroque futhi ukuvulwa kwenzeka ngokuphathelene nezakhiwo ze-neoclassical.
Kungesikhathi bakha iCathedral of Vac enompheme omkhulu onomqhele. Kodwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, isitayela esikhulu semisebenzi yezakhiwo sawohloka futhi safinyelela umvuthwandaba ngokuklanywa kwe-Esztergom Cathedral, eyakhiwe isitshalo kanye nedome elimaphakathi. Kanye neHungarian National Museum eBudapest enezici eziningi zeNeo-Greek. (Lo msebenzi wokugcina uklanywe ngu-Mihály Pollack).
Kungakho kudingekile ukugqamisa ukuthi izakhiwo ze-neoclassical zathuthukiswa eGreece engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-XNUMX lapho ukwakhiwa kuqala ukuvuselela idolobha lase-Athene. Ngaleso sikhathi ithimba elikhulu lamaciko, abadwebi bezakhiwo kanye nonjiniyela abavela kuzo zonke izindawo zezwekazi laseYurophu bahlanganyela kulelo qembu, labo abagqama kakhulu amaFulentshi, amaDanes namaJalimane.
Imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu ezogqama iwumjikelezo owaziwa kakhulu weZappeion, owaqala ukwakhiwa ngo-1874 ngokwezinhlelo zikaTheophil Hansen.
I-Architecture eZwenikazi laseMelika
Emibusweni yaseMelika eyayiholwa yiSpain nePortugal, ukwakhiwa kwe-neoclassical kwaqala ukusabalala ngamaphrojekthi ahlukahlukene ayenziwa kulo lonke izwekazi laseYurophu, kungaba ngabadwebi bomdabu baseCreole noma abantu bakwamanye amazwe abakhiwa. amadolobha abaluleke kakhulu.
Kunezibonelo eziningi zokuthi i-neoclassical architecture isakazeka kanjani, ngoba isikhathi eside yenza i-syncretism yezinto ezihlukahlukene ze-baroque yamakholoni. Isibonelo esivelele kwakuyiCathedral eyaziwa ngokuthi iTulancingo ngonyaka ka-1788 eDolobheni laseMexico.
Ezinye izindlela ezingezokwakhiwa kwe-neoclassical zitholakala eChile ngokunembile ePalacio de la Moneda, umsebenzi owaqala ukwakhiwa ngonyaka we-1748 futhi waqedwa ngonyaka we-1800. Ngakho, i-Metropolitan Cathedral yaseSantiago yakhiwa ngonyaka we-1784 kuze kube unyaka ka-1805. Yomibili le misebenzi inezici zezakhiwo zase-Italy futhi yaklanywa umdwebi wamapulani wase-Italy u-Joaquín Toesca.
EMexico, iSigodlo Sezimayini sakhiwa phakathi kuka-1797 futhi safinyelela umvuthwandaba ngonyaka we-1813 ngezici eziningi zase-Italy kanye ne-Hospice yamakamelo atholakala edolobheni laseGuadalajara. Isebenza ngumqambi ofanayo u-Manuel Tolsá.
Ngethonya eliye lenzeka kulo lonke elaseMelika e-Ecuador, umakhi u-Antonio García waqala ukwakhiwa kweSigodlo Sikahulumeni saseQuito, esaqala ngonyaka we-1790 futhi umsebenzi waqedwa ngo-1801. Ngemva kokuba amazwe amaningi ethole inkululeko yawo. ISpain iqala ukwenza amaphrojekthi amakhulu amaRiphabhulikhi ayo amasha.
Ngakho-ke, edolobheni laseBogotá, ukwakhiwa kweNational Capitol yaseColombia kuyaqala, umsebenzi owenziwe nguJalimane Thomas Reed, owaqeqeshwa futhi waphothula eBerlin Academy. EBrazil, iyizwe lokuqala elithola isihlalo senkantolo yobukhosi basePortugal.
Ngemva kokuthola inkululeko ePortugal, yaqala ukubizwa ngokuthi uMbuso WaseBrazil lapho waqala khona ukwenza izakhiwo ezahlukene usebenzisa i-neoclassical architecture ukuze uthole amandla ezombusazwe ngokuqasha abaklami bezakhiwo abaningi ababeqeqeshwe ezikhungweni ezahlukene zeParis Academies.
I-Academy of Fine Arts nayo yasungulwa edolobheni lase-Rio de Janeiro ngonyaka we-1822, ngendlela efanayo ne-Imperial Palace yasePetrópolis eyakhiwa ngayo. Ngonyaka ka-1840.
E-Argentina ingelinye lamazwe afuna ukugqashula kulokho okwedlule kwekoloni, ngakho baqala ukuhlela kabusha izwe ngemuva kokuthola inkululeko ngo-1810, osopolitiki bangaleso sikhathi baqala ukucubungula amandla oMbuso phezu kwempucuko yase-Argentina. .ukuzinikela okukhuthazayo nenhlonipho kodwa okuhlanganisa izakhiwo ze-neoclassical ezakha izakhiwo ezinesitayela sesi-French esisekhona nanamuhla.
Ukuhlaziya isiko lamazwe amaningi aseMelika, kungabonakala ukuthi amaningi alawa mazwe aqala ukukopisha amamodeli amasiko aseYurophu ukuze aguqule isiko lamakholoni ayenalo kusukela esigabeni sokuzithoba kweSpain.
I-Architecture e-United States phakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX nele-XNUMX
E-United States, umsuka wezakhiwo ze-neoclassical uzophinde uphume ekusabalaleni kwePalladianism lapho izindlu zasemaphandleni ziqala ukuklanywa. Lokhu kubonakala ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX. Abadwebi bezakhiwo abadumile bangaleso sikhathi kwakunguBenjamin Latrobe noThomas Jefferson.
Ngale ndlela umdwebi wezakhiwo uThomas Jefferson waqala ukusebenza ekuqaleni konyaka we-1771, endlini yakhe eMonticello eSifundazweni SaseVirginia emsebenzini wakhe omusha maqondana nemisebenzi yesiNgisi yangaleso sikhathi, umakhi wezakhiwo waphefumulelwa uMaison Carrée. de Nimes, Ngale ndlela waqala ukwenza iphrojekthi ye-capitol yedolobha laseVirginia nakuba kwakungeyona eyangempela.
Ngemva kwalokho wayenemisebenzi eminingana kodwa eyayidume kakhulu kwakuyikhampasi yeNyuvesi yaseVirginia, imidwebo yayo yokugcina ihlehlela emuva ku-1817. Isici esasehlukanisa kwamanye amaphrojekthi kwakuwukwengeza i-rotunda yokufaka i-University Library enovulandi owawune-Palladian. izici lapho umzimba oyindilinga uhlanganiswa khona okhuthaza i-pantheon.
Okunye okugqame ngaleli bhilidi ukuthi selakhiwe kabusha selokhu lasha kanzima ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX. Ngakho-ke, inamakamelo amabili kuphela avuleka ngendlela eyi-elliptical. Ngenkathi omunye umdwebi uBenjamin Latrobe nguyena owaphakamisa uThomas Jefferson ukuthi asebenzise indlela yeRotunda. Emsebenzini wakhe wokuqala, umdwebi wezakhiwo, uBenjamin Latrobe, wakha iJele laseRichmond kanye neBhange LasePennsylvania, osekucekelwe phansi manje.
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, wayenomsebenzi omkhulu wokuphothula ukwakhiwa kweWashington Capitol, kwakuyisakhiwo lapho abadwebi bezakhiwo abaningi babehlanganyele khona kodwa imiphumela ababenayo yayingabazeka kakhulu.
Ngemva kokuqedwa kweSigele, kwaqala ukwakhiwa kweChamber of the Supreme Court. Kuleyo ngxenye, ukusetshenziswa kwejometri kanye nemininingwane ayibeke ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo kunokuhambisana kakhulu namamodeli asetshenziswa umakhi wezakhiwo waseFrance uLedoux kanye nomakhi uSeoane.
Phakathi neminyaka engu-1089 no-1818 ngemva kokuphothulwa ngempumelelo kwe-capitol, kwaqala ukwakhiwa kwe-Baltimore Cathedral edumile. Kodwa kuye kwaba nezinguquko eziningi kakhulu ngesikhathi sokwakha, nakuba umdwebi kamuva waqinisekisa ukuthi ingenye yezakhiwo lapho ayejabule khona kakhulu.
Khona-ke ngesitayela esasisetshenziswa kuzo zonke izakhiwo ze-neoclassical e-United States, imisebenzi eyenziwa abadwebi uRobert Mills noWilliam Strickland, ababengabafundi bomdwebi wezakhiwo uLatrobe ngokwakhe. UDe Robert Mills wenze amaphrojekthi ambalwa agxile esontweni endaweni emaphakathi eRichmond nasePhiladelphia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wasebenza emisebenzini eyahlukene yokwakha eBaltimore nasenhloko-dolobha yesizwe.
Mayelana noWilliam Strickland, waduma e-United States njengomdwebi wezakhiwo owaziwayo ngokuba umklami webhange lesibili e-United States. Uphinde waba nephrojekthi yokuqala yokwakha iPhiladelphia Stock Exchange kanye neNashville Capitol (1845-1849), lokhu kwaklanywa ngezibani ezimbalwa eziphefumulelwe yisikhumbuzo seChoragic saseLysicrates.
Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX e-United States, i-neoclassical architecture yayizoba yisizinda samasiko nethiyori ekwakhiweni kwamadolobha amasha njengenhloko-dolobha iWashington, lapho kufiswa khona ukukhulelwa idolobha njengebhodi lokuhlola lapho likhulu khona. izakhiwo zezigaba eziphezulu zomphakathi. Lapho sisedolobheni laseNew York, kwahlelwa intuthuko entsha ezindaweni ezinkulu, ezihilela izindawo ezingaseWall Street.
Ngalokhu kuhlelwa, bakha izakhiwo ngesitayela esidala. Ngale ndlela, phakathi nekhulu lama-XNUMX, i-neoclassical architecture yaba isitayela sokwakha izakhiwo zikahulumeni njengoba ziyizakhiwo ezakhiwe ngohlobo lokhiye ophikisana nesimanje lapho amandla oMbuso ezobonakala khona ngenhloso yokugqamisa futhi abe. ukwazi ukuthola udumo emhlabeni jikelele.
Kunezibonelo ezimbalwa ezingagqanyiswa ekwakhiweni kwe-United States, ikakhulukazi enhloko-dolobha yayo, iWashington. Njengesakhiwo esikhulu esaziwa ngokuthi iLincoln Memorial esaqedwa ngonyaka we-1922.
Ingenye yezakhiwo ezizama ukusabalalisa edolobheni ukufana nezakhiwo zalokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-Imperial Rome. Yabuye yaklanywa njengesikhumbuzo esikhulu sokukhumbula uMongameli Abraham Lincoln, ogqame ngokulwa nobugqila. Lesi sikhumbuzo saklanywa saba sezingeni elifanele ngonyaka ka-1867.
Ngonyaka we-1930 kwaqala ukwakhiwa kweNkantolo Ephakeme Yezobulungiswa, eyaqedwa ngonyaka we-1935, lesi sakhiwo siqukethe ukwakheka kwe-neoclassical ku-facade yayo eyinhloko lapho kuboniswa khona isitayela saseKorinte. Okuvezwe nguCass Gilbert, umdwebi wamapulani owayaziwa yibo bonke abahlaziyi bezobuciko bamazwe ngamazwe ngokuklama i-Woolworth Building eNew York, ngesikhathi saso, esinye sezakhiwo ezinde kunazo zonke e-United States nasemhlabeni.
Isakhiwo sokugcina salolu hlobo esinezakhiwo ze-neoclassical yisakhiwo esikhulu iJefferson Memorial esavulwa enhloko-dolobha yase-United States ngonyaka ka-1943. Lesi sakhiwo esihle saklanywa uJohn Russell Pope, elingisa amavillas asePalladian. amathempeli amaningi amaRoma namathempeli ahlukahlukene amaGreki.
Lesi sakhiwo sakhiwe eduze kwesethi ejikelezayo yamakholomu e-Ionic afinyelela umvuthwandaba nge-pronao ebheke uMfula i-Potomac. Imodeli eyakhiwe imise okwerotunda yomdwebi wezakhiwo kanye nomongameli wase-United States uThomas Jefferson. Okunikezelwe kuso lesi sakhiwo esikhulu esakhiwe eNyuvesi yaseVirginia. Lesi sakhiwo siyimvuselelo ekude kakhulu nezitayela ezintsha kanye nezakhiwo ezisetshenziswa ekhulwini lama-XNUMX.
Ngoba isikhathi eside amasu amasha ayesetshenziswa ukuze akwazi ukunqamula ubuhlobo nesikhathi esidlule kanye nemigomo yesitayela eyayibekwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe izakhiwo ezinezakhiwo ezihloniphekile futhi ezibonisa isigaba esisha somsebenzi.
Lapho kuqala imisebenzi emisha yeshumi leminyaka lokuqala lekhulu lama-XNUMX, izakhiwo ezaziklanywa uHenry Bacon zazinezithombe eziqoshiwe nemifanekiso eminingana eyayikopisha izithombe eziqoshiwe zamaRoma ezaziklanywe ngethusi kodwa zalahleka. Nakuba umqondo wabuye wathathwa eGrisi lasendulo. Lesi yisimo sesithombe esikhulu sikaMongameli uLincoln esabekwa phakathi nendawo yetshe lesikhumbuzo ukuze sibonwe wumphakathi wonke.
i-architecture e-russia
Izakhiwo ze-Neoclassical eRussia zizothuthuka engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-28, ngemva kokuba uCatherine II ethatha amandla eRussia futhi ehlala esihlalweni sobukhosi, uzoba indlovukazi yayo yonke iRussia ngoJulayi 1762 wonyaka we-XNUMX, kulelo zwe lonke izwe. ulwazi oluvela emazweni aseNtshonalanga lwase lufikile, ikakhulukazi edolobheni laseSaint Petersburg.
Kodwa-ke kusukela ngonyaka we-1760 ukwakhiwa kweRussia kuseyi-rococo kusukela umNtaliyane uBartolomeo Rastrelli wayesengumlingisi womphakathi kulo lonke elaseRussia ngemisebenzi yakhe yezokwakha. Kodwa ubani oqala ukwethula izakhiwo ze-neoclassical emasikweni aseRussia yiNdlovukazi uCatherine Omkhulu enhloko-dolobha yalelo zwe.
Kusukela athuma umakhi wemvelaphi yaseFrance, uJean-Baptiste Vallin de la Mothe (1729-1800), eminye yemisebenzi ye-Imperial Academy of Arts eRussia.
Ngonyaka ka-1779, uGiacomo Quarenghi (1744-1812) wamukelwa eRussia ukuze abe sedolobheni laseSaint Petersburg. Kuleyo ndawo uzohlala kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe ethola umsebenzi osemthethweni womdwebi we-Empress Catherine II. Phakathi kweminyaka eyi-1780 m kanye nonyaka ka-1785. Waqala ukuguqula idolobha laseSaint Petersburg laba idolobha lokuqala laseRussia, elingesimanje kakhulu, lilandela ezinyathelweni zedolobha lasendulo.
Kulelo dolobha umdwebi wamapulani wakha izigodlo eziningi futhi wenza amatshe esikhumbuzo abe semfashinini.Lo mdwebi wamapulani wakhuthazwa yi-architecture yasePalladian.Isibonelo esicacile ukuthi wakha inkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini eyaziwa ngokuthi ecebe kakhulu emhlabeni.Hermitage Theatre (1782-1785).
Kanjalo, indoda yaseScotsman uCharles Cameron (1743-1812) naye wayeseRussia, owayeklame iGalari yeSigodlo seNdlovukazi uCatherine edolobheni elaziwa kakhulu laseTsárskoye Seló, kuleyo ndawo lapho aqala khona ukuphinda athathe umthombo. -isitayela sesiNgisi esaziwayo somakhi u-Adam. Aqala ukuklama iSigodlo SoMbusi Omkhulu uPaul edolobheni lasePavlovsk, lo msebenzi waqala ukwakhiwa ngonyaka ka-1781 futhi waqedwa ngonyaka ka-1796. Ukwenza elinye lamapaki amahle kakhulu eRussia.
Izakhiwo ze-Neoclassical eRussia zaba imfashini lapho uMpress Catherine II efinyelela iphuzu lokushintsha lapho eseno-Alexander I. ezigodini ezinhle ze-Stock Exchange ezisedolobheni laseSt. Yaklanywa umakhi wemvelaphi yesiFulentshi futhi eyaziwa ngokuthi uJean-François Thomas de Thomon futhi yaqedwa ngo-1804. Lesi sigodlo siyisibonelo esicacile sesiko le-neo-Greek eliphefumulelwe ithempeli likaHera.
Uma uthole le ndatshana mayelana ne-neoclassical architecture ibalulekile, ngikumema ukuthi uvakashele izixhumanisi ezilandelayo: