Iqhawe elinamandla iRoma lasendulo eyalisebenzisa cishe iminyaka engamakhulu amahlanu, kwaze kwaba ukuwa koMbuso WaseNtshonalanga ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX AD, lihlala lingesinye sezikhathi ezithakazelisa kakhulu futhi ezifundwayo emlandweni wesintu, ikakhulukazi kubaholi bawo abayinkimbinkimbi. Ake sazi umlando wezimfihlakalo kanye ne-eccentric amakhosi aseRoma.
Ubani babengababusi baseRoma?
IRoma yakhula yaba inhloko-dolobha enkulu ebusa abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingamashumi ayisithupha eYurophu, e-Afrika nase-Asia, umbuso onamandla onababusi abahlukahlukene abanamandla kuwo wonke umlando wawo, ngamunye enezimfanelo, izitayela zokubusa kanye nobuntu obukhethekile.
Okukhethekile, ukuthi umlando wababusi baseRoma unakho konke: uthando, ukubulala, impindiselo, ukwesaba nokuhaha, umona nokuziqhenya, ngisho nokuthinta ubuhlanya. Indaba yakhe ngayinye iwuhambo oluhamba phambili ukusuka ekuthuleni nasekuchumeni kuye kokwesaba nokucindezela, ikakhulukazi ekhulwini lokuqala.
Kodwa kungani ekhulwini lokuqala leminyaka kuneziyaluyalu kangaka? Impendulo ilula, enye yezimbangela ezinkulu umthetho wofuzo. Esikhathini esiningi salesi sikhathi, lezi zibalo zeziphathimandla azikhethwanga ngesisekelo sekhono noma ukwethembeka, kodwa ngenxa nje yokuthi zazalelwa emndenini ofanele.
Yingakho isiphetho sombuso ngoMbusi ngamunye waseRoma sasingaqiniseki, njengoba abaningi babengenawo amakhono aleso sikhundla. Kuwo wonke umholi omkhulu, njengo-Augustus, uClaudius, noVespasian, kwakukhona umashiqela njengoCaligula, uNero, noma uDomitian. Ekupheleni kwalesi sikhathi kuphela lapho iRoma lazithathela khona ngokwalo ukulandelana kwalo, likhetha abantu elalibabheka njengabanengqondo, abahlakaniphile, abathembekile, nabasezingqondweni zabo ezifanele.
Lo mbuso onamandla waqala ngobudlova futhi uthembele emandleni. Ngokuvamile, abaBusi baseRoma babengasinda kuphela uma abantu babo bekholelwa ukuthi bangabadlula bonke. Uma ibutho linganelisekile, umbusi wayeba senkingeni, kodwa uma ukunganeliseki kwanda kakhulu, nakanjani wayephelile.
Impi yombango yayibeke uKhesari emandleni, esephethe futhi engenandlalifa, wamukela u-Augustus, waba ngowokuqala ukwenza ukulandelana kwefa, kodwa wayengeyena owokugcina. Ngokwesibonelo, uKlawudiyu wayilahla eyakhe indodana esikhundleni sikaNero.
Ngesihlalo sobukhosi esinikeza amandla angenakubalwa kanye nemithetho yefa ehlala ivulekele ukutolikwa, kulula ukucabanga ukuthi amalungu omndeni wasebukhosini azolwela isikhundla, esebenzisa izindlela ezeqisayo uma kunesidingo ukuze azuze umphumela ozuzisa wona.
Lapho ekugcineni sebesesihlalweni sobukhosi, yayingasekho indlela elula yokuphuma, lungekho ukhetho, lunqunyelwe isikhathi, lungasekho umhlalaphansi. Kwakuwumsebenzi wokuphila konke, ngakho-ke uma umbusi ehlanya, embi noma eyingozi, isisombululo kuphela kwakuwukufinyeza lokho kuphila futhi wonke umuntu wayekwazi, ngakho-ke i-paranoia yayibusa.
Kwabaningi, ukuzidela okwakudingeka ukuze bathole isikhundla esiphezulu kwakukukhulu: UTiberiyu kwadingeka ahlukanise nowesifazane ayemthanda ngenxa yowesifazane ayengamthandi, uCaligula wabona iningi lomkhaya wakubo libulawa noma lidingiswa, uClaudius wakhashelwa futhi wadliswa ushevu abesifazane. .
Nakuba imivuzo yamandla yayimikhulu, lokho akunakuphikwa, abaningi abazange bayijabulele ngemva kokuyithola, injalo indaba yamadoda afana noTitus, uGalba noma uVitellius, abangazange babe naso isikhathi sokuzama izingubo zobukhosi ngaphambi kokuba bafe. Empeleni ekhulwini lokuqala, ezombangazwe zazingaba yingozi kakhulu empilweni.
Kwakunjani ukuphila kubabusi baseRoma?
Esicongweni somphakathi waseRoma kwakukhona umbusi kanye nezigaba zama-patrician, nakuba babejabulela ingcebo ebabazekayo, amandla kanye nelungelo, lezi zinzuzo zafika ngentengo. Njengabaholi bamaRoma, imibango yezikhundla eyingozi yayingenakugwenywa.
Ukuphila kwakhe okuzungezwe ukunethezeka njengombusi ophelele waseRoma kanye nombuso omkhulu ayenawo, kwamenza isisulu sokufisa ukuvelela ngokweqile. Umbusi nomkhaya wakhe babephila ngendlela elindeleke kubantu ababaluleke kangaka, behlala ezindlini ezinhle kakhulu, bedla ukudla okuphambili, futhi bembethe izingubo eziwubukhazikhazi kuphela.
Impilo yayiwubukhazikhazi, iwubukhazikhazi futhi idla ngokuzitika, izihlobo zombusi zazichitha izinsuku zazo zijabulela ukuzijabulisa ezizikhonzile, njengomculo, izinkondlo, ukuzingela kanye nemijaho yamahhashi, ngaphandle kwezibopho ezinkulu.
Noma kunjalo, kwakungeyona impilo elula, babezungezwe imigilingwane engapheli, ikakhulukazi njengoba ukulandelana kwababusi bamaRoma kwakungelona ifa eliqinile, isihlalo sobukhosi sasingase sidlulele kubazalwane, izingane zokutholwa noma izikhulu zenkantolo ezithandwayo, kodwa noma iyiphi indlalifa kwakufanele ivunyelwe. ngaphambi kweSenethi.
Lokhu kwadala uzungu oluqhubekayo lwezombangazwe ezigodlweni, njengoba ababengase babe izindlalifa kanye nemindeni yabo njalo kwakudingeka babeke amagama abo etafuleni, bathole abangani, benze isimangalo sabo, futhi bajahe izikhundla.
Ngakho-ke, ababusi baseRoma kwakudingeka bahlale beqaphile izimbangi zabo, ezazihlanganisa amalungu omndeni wabo, futhi banake kakhulu amaqembu ezombusazwe ngaphakathi kweSigele. Ezimweni eziningi ukuthola isikhundla sakhe kungadinga ukuvukela umbuso, ukuhlehla kanye nokubulala. Lokhu kwakuyimpilo ecindezela kakhulu, okwakungasinda kuyo kuphela abanamandla nabazimisele kakhulu.
ama-patricians
Ngezansi nje kwababusi bamaRoma nezihlobo zabo, sithola ama-patricians. Igama Patricio Kuvela esiLatin obaba, okusho ukuthi abazali. Imindeni yama-patrician yayibusa iRoma nombuso wayo, njengoba babengabaholi bezombangazwe, bezenkolo nabezempi bombuso.
Iningi lalabo ababengabafundisi lalingabaninimhlaba abacebile abavela emikhayeni emidala, kodwa ikilasi lalivulekele abambalwa ababekhethwe umbusi ngamabomu.
Izingane ezizalelwa kule mindeni zithole imfundo ebanzi, ngokuvamile evela kumfundisi ozimele owayenomthwalo wemfanelo wokuzifundisa izifundo okufanele izicukuthwane eziyinkimbinkimbi zisingathe, emisebenzini yazo yesikhathi esizayo. Izihloko ezifana nezinkondlo, izincwadi, umlando kanye nezwe, izinganekwane ezithile, nezilimi ezinkulu njengesiGreki.
Izifundo ze-oratory nezomthetho zaziyingxenye ebalulekile yemfundo enhle eRoma lasendulo, njengoba intsha eningi efundisa izingane yayiqhubeka nemisebenzi yezombangazwe kanye nohulumeni, okuyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu kunoma yimuphi wale misebenzi. Nakuba amaqembu amaningi emindeni yama-patrician nawo ayelindele inzalo yawo ukuba isize ukuqhubeka nobupristi obudala.
Ngempela ayenesikhundla esikhethekile kuphela ezicini ezithile, ngokwesibonelo, amalungu awo ayekhululiwe emisebenzini ethile yezempi eyayilindelwe kwezinye izakhamuzi futhi enethuba lokuba ababusi.
Kodwa ukukhetha isihlalo sobukhosi kwakhanga izingozi ezinkulu, babengase bahileleke emaqinisweni esigodlo agcina ecekele phansi isikhundla sabo nokuphila kwabo okunethezekile, babengase balahlekelwe ikhaya labo, izindawo zabo ngisho nokuphila kwabo, ukube babelahlekelwa kalula. ohlangothini.
Kodwa ngaphandle kozungu kanye nezombusazwe, imindeni yomibili yasebukhosini kanye nemindeni yayinemithwalo yemfanelo emincane yasebukhosini futhi yasala inempilo entofontofo futhi ebukekayo, uma iqhathaniswa nezinye izakhamuzi zaseRoma ngaleso sikhathi esinezinkathazo.
Uhlu olude lwababusi baseRoma
Ababusi bamaRoma kuthiwa babengababusi abanamandla kunabo bonke abake baphila, ingxube eyinkimbinkimbi yamadoda ahlakaniphile, anokuthula, abona imibono, anonya futhi anohlanya, okwathi iminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu amahlanu ebusa umbuso wezizwe eziningi owawuhlale ulwa nawo. izizwe, amaqembu angomakhelwane noma avukelayo ngaphakathi kombuso ngokwawo.
Ububanzi bamandla abo abuzange bubhalwe noma bucaciswe emthethweni womthethosisekelo, nokuyinto eholele ekutheni iningi lalezi zibalo libe nemiphumela emibi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuntuleka kwemithetho ecacile mayelana nokulandelana kwabangela ukufa okunobudlova kweningi.
Nokho, lapho bebhekwa bebonke, ababusi bamaRoma basebenza njengesithombe esanikeza ukuzinza okuthile embusweni owawuhlanganisa amazwekazi amathathu, owawuhlanganisa izifunda zezwe zanamuhla ezingaphezu kuka-32, futhi owawuyikhaya labantu abacishe babe izigidi ezingamashumi ayisithupha emhlabeni wonke. ukuphakama kokuchuma kwayo.
Umlando wamaRoma uyingxube yokulandisa okwahlanganiswa kamuva kofakazi bokuzibonela, ezinye izinsalela zemivubukulo, kanye nemibhalo eqoshwe etsheni lesikhumbuzo nezinhlamvu zemali.
Ngokuqinisekile ama-akhawunti amaningi atholakalayo angaleso sikhathi awathembekile ngokuphelele, njengoba izimbangi ezinkulu zezombangazwe zababusi baseRoma ngokuvamile zazingamalungu eSigele, okungenzeka ukuthi yibo futhi ababhala umlando.
Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ukulandisa okuningi okuhlabayo kokuziphatha kwababusi baseRoma kungase kucheme noma kube nezinhloso ezimbi, ngakho kufanele kufundwe ngokuqapha futhi ngandlela-thile kungalungile.
Umlando usitshela ukuthi inani elikhulu lababusi baseRoma bahola ekwandiseni indawo, abalingiswa abadumile nabadumile, izimpi zabo ezichitha igazi nezindaba ezinyantisayo manje sekuyizinganekwane.
Sikwethulela uhlu Lwababusi BaseRoma abaziwayo kuze kube manje, abaholi abanethonya nabadumile ababephethe umbuso wesithonjana ngaphansi kwamandla abo phakathi namakhulu eminyaka:
Ababusi baseRoma bekhulu lokuqala
- Augustus (Augustus): 31 a. c.-14d. c.
- Tiberiyu (Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus): 14-37 AD c.
- I-Caligula (Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus): 37-41 AD c.
- UClaudius (Tiberiyu Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus): 41-54 AD c.
- Nero (Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus): 54-68 AD c.
- I-Galba (Servius Sulpicius Galba): 68-69 AD c.
- Otto (UMarcus Salvius Otto): NgoJanuwari–April 69 AD
- Aulus Vitellius (Aulus Vitellius): Julayi–Disemba 69 AD
- I-Vespasian (Titus Flavius Vespasian):69-79 AD c.
- uThithu ((Titus Flavius Vespasian) 79-81 AD c.
- Domitian (Titus Flavius Domitian): 81-96 AD c.
- inzwa (Nerva Caesar Augustus): 96-98 AD
Ababusi baseRoma bekhulu lesi-XNUMX
- Trajan (UMarcus Ulpius Trayanus): 98-117 AD c.
- UHadrian (Caesar Trayanus Adrianus Augustus): 117-138 AD c.
- U-Antoninus Pius (Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boyonius Antoninus): 138-161 AD c.
- UMarcus Aurelius (UMarcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus): 161-180 AD c.
- Lucius Verus (Lucius AureliusVerus): 161-169 AD c.
- ukhululekile (Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus): 177-192 AD c.
- I-Pertinax (Publius Helvius Pertinax): NgoJanuwari–March 193 AD
- U-Didius Julian (UMarcus Didius Severus Julianus): March–June 193 AD
- Septimius Severus (Lucius Septimius Severus): 193-211 AD c.
Ababusi baseRoma bekhulu lesi-XNUMX
- I-Caracalla (LuCius Septimius Bassianus):198-217 AD c.
- I-Geta (I-Publius Septimius Geta): 209-211 AD
- I-Macrinus (UMarcus Opellius Macrinus):217-218 AD
- Elagabalus (Varius Avitus Basianus): 218-222 AD
- Alexander Severus (Severus alexander): 222-235 AD c.
- UMaximin the Thracian (Gaius Julius Verus Maximinus): 235-238 AD c.
- Gordian I (Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronius Romanus Africanus): March–April 238 AD c.
- U-Gordian II (UMarcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronius Romanus Africanus): Mashi–April 238 AD. c.
- I-Pupiene (I-Pupienus Maximus): April 22 kuya kuJulayi 29, 238 AD. c.
- I-Balbinus (Decimus Caelius Calvinus Balbinus):kusukela ku-April 22 kuya kuJulayi 29, 238 AD. c.
- U-Gordian III (UMarcus Antonius Gordianus Pius):238-244 AD c.
- UFiliphu (UMarcus Julius Philippus): 244–249 AD c.
- I-Decius (Gaius Messius Quintus Traianus Decius):249-251 AD c.
- Isivakashi (Gaius Valens Hostilianus Messius Quintus): 251 AD
- Gallus (Gaius Vibius Trebonianus Gallus): 251-253 AD c.
- Emilian (UMarcus Aemilus Aemilianus): 253 AD
- I-Valerian (Publius Licinius Valerianus): 253-260 AD c.
- Gallienus (Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus): 253-268 AD c.
- UClaudius II (UMarcus Aurelius Valerius Claudius AugustusA I-Gothicus); 268-270 AD
- i-quintillus (UMarcus Aurelius Claudius Quintillus):270 AD
- U-Aurelian (Lucius Domitius Aurelianus Augustus): 270-275 AD c.
- I-Tacitus (UMarcus Claudius Tacitus Augustus):275-276 AD c.
- UFlorian (UMarcus Annius Florianus Augustus): NgoJuni-Septhemba AD 276
- ngizamile (UMarcus Aurelius Probus): 276-282 AD c.
- Kuyabiza (UMarcus Aurelius Carus): 282-283 AD c.
- Izinombolo (UMarcus Aurelius Numerian Numeri): 283-284 AD c.
- Sawubona (UMarcus Aurelius Carinus): 283-285 AD c.
- I-Diocletian (Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus Augustus):empumalanga, 284-305 AD ingxenye esempumalanga yombuso) kanye noMaximian (286-305 AD ingxenye esentshonalanga yombuso)
Ababusi baseRoma bekhulu lesi-XNUMX
- Constantius I (Flavius Valerius Constantius): entshonalanga, 305-306 AD c.
- Igalari (Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximian): empumalanga, 305-311 AD c.
- Severus (Flavius Valerius Severus): entshonalanga, 306-307 AD c.
- UMaxentius (UMarcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius): entshonalanga, 306-312 AD c.
- UConstantine I (UFlavius Valerius Aurelius Constantine): AD 306-337 waphumelela ukuhlanganisa umbuso.
- UMaximino Daya (Gaius Valerius Galerius Maximinus):310-313 AD
- I-Licinius (UFlavius Galerius Valerius Licinianus Licinius): 308-324 AD c.
- UConstantine I (UFlavius Valerius Aurelius Constantine): 324 – 337 AD
- UConstantine II (UFlavius Claudius Constantine): 337-340 AD c.
- UConstantius II (Flavius Julius Constantius Augustus): 337-361 AD c.
- Njalo mina (UFlavio Julio njalo):337-350 AD c.
- UConstantius Gallus (UFlavius Claudius Constantius Gallus): 351–354 AD C
- UJulian (UFlavius Claudius Iulianus):361-363 AD c.
- Jovian (UFlavius Claudius Iovianus): 363–364 AD c
- I-Valentine I (Flavius Valentinianus): entshonalanga, 364-375 AD c.
- I-Valent (UFlavius Julius Valens): empumalanga, 364-378 AD c.
- I-Gratian (Flavius Gracianus Augustus): west, AD 367-383 kanye no-Emperor no-Valentine I.
- I-Valentine II (Flavius Valentinianus Junior): AD 375–392 futhi wathweswa umqhele njengengane.
- Theodosius I (Dominus Noster Flavius Theodosius Augustus): empumalanga, AD 379–392, kamuva empumalanga nasentshonalanga, AD 392–395
- I-Arcadius (UFlavius Arcadius Augustus): umbusi oyedwa empumalanga, phakathi kuka-AD 383 no-395 kanye nombusi oyedwa phakathi kuka-AD 395 no-402
- Omkhulu uClement Maximus (UMagnus Maximus): entshonalanga, 383-388 AD c.
- U-Honorius (Flavius Honorius Augustus): umbusi osentshonalanga, AD 393-395 kanye nombusi oyedwa phakathi kuka AD 395-423
Ababusi baseRoma bekhulu lesi-XNUMX
- Theodosius II (Flavius Theodosius): empumalanga, 408-450 AD c.
- U-Constantius III (Flavius Constantius): entshonalanga, AD 421, wayengumbusi kanye naye.
- I-Valentine III (Flavius Placidius Valentinianus): entshonalanga, 425-455 AD c.
- I-Martian (UMarcianus): EMpumalanga Roma phakathi kuka-450 no-457 AD. c.
- Petronius Maximus (Petronius Maximus): entshonalanga, ngoMashi 17 kuya kuMeyi 31, AD 455
- I-Avito (Dominus Noster Eparchius Avitus Augustus): umbusi wasentshonalanga phakathi kuka-455-456 AD kanye noMbhishobhi wasePlacencia, C.)
- I-Majorian (UFlavius Julius Valerius Maiorianus Augustus): entshonalanga, 457-461 AD c.
- I-Severus Libyan (Libius Severus): entshonalanga, 461-465 AD c.
- I-Anthemius (Procopius Anthemius Augustus): entshonalanga, esikhathini esiphakathi kuka-467 no-472 AD. c.
- Olibri (UFlavius Anicius Olybrius): umbusi wasentshonalanga, kusukela ngo-April kuya ku-November 472 AD. c.
- I-Glicerio (Glycerius): umbuso wasentshonalanga, 473-474 AD. c.
- Julius Nepos (UFlavius Iulius Nepos Augustus): wabusa entshonalanga, phakathi kuka-474-475 AD. c.
- URomulus Augustulus (Flavius Momyllus Romulus Augustulus) - Wabusa entshonalanga yombuso phakathi kuka-475 no-476 AD. c.
- Leo I: (empumalanga, 457-474 AD)
- Leo II (empumalanga, 474 AD)
- I-Zeno (Eastern, AD 474–491, Eastern Rome)
Ababusi baseRoma abaphawula umlando
Njengoba ubona, uhlu lwamadoda ayehlezi esihlalweni sobukhosi lude nje njengombuso omkhulu ayebusa futhi nakuba wonke eyokhunjulwa kuwo wonke umlando ngeqiniso elilula lokuba amakhosi, amanye ayebaluleke kakhulu ezikhathini zasendulo.
Ngamunye uqashelwa ngesitayela sawo esithile sokuhola umbuso waseRoma ohluke kakhulu nonabile, akhona ezincwadini nasezindabeni njengabalingiswa abaphambili besikhathi esithakazelisayo nesihehayo salabo abathanda umlando. Sizohlangana nababusi baseRoma abadume kakhulu, nakuba kungebona bonke ngenxa yokulunga nomusa wabo:
Augustus (27 BC - 14 AD)
Empeleni igama lakhe kwakungu-Octavio, kodwa phakathi nezimpi zombango ezinde ezaqothula iRiphabhulikhi YaseRoma, lapho ahlanganyela khona ehlula imbangi eyodwa ngemva kwenye futhi waba iqhawe elingenakuphikiswa lombuso okhulayo, wazibiza. AugustNamuhla bekungumbusi wokuqala waseRoma.
Wayeyindodana yokutholwa kaJulius Caesar futhi wathola isikhundla njengomholi waseRoma ngemva kokunqoba impi ebulalayo ngokumelene noMarco Antonio kanye noCleopatra, okunguye owabusa umbuso omkhulu wamaRoma phakathi kuka-27 a. C. kanye ne-14 d. c.
U-Augustus Caesar waba umholi onomusa, engenisa inkathi yokuqina, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Pax Romana, ayigcina ngokulawula okuqinile kwezempi endaweni.
Ngaphezu kokufuna nokunqoba umhlaba eYurophu nase-Asia Minor, u-Augustus wanweba imigwaqo nemigwaqo emikhulu egcina umbuso uxhumekile, wakha imisele yamanzi, futhi wanikeza inqwaba yezakhiwo nemifanekiso eqoshiwe. Waze waqamba inyanga ngaye, hhayi enye ngaphandle kuka-August! Ubhekwa njengomunye wababusi bamaRoma abahamba phambili.
UTiberiyu (14 - 37 AD)
Umholi owaziwayo uTiberius Julius Caesar Augustus wayengumlandeli ka-Augustus, ebusa iRoma kusukela ngo-AD 14 kuya ku-37. Ebhekwa njengomunye wojenene ababaluleke kakhulu bombuso, owamukelwa ngu-Augustus ngemva kokushada noLivia Drusilla, unina.
Phakathi neminyaka yakhe yokubusa wayebhalwe njengendoda edabukisayo nengenangqondo, eyathatha indima yoMbusi nomyeni wendodakazi ka-Augustus, ephoqelelwe, okwenza iRoma nomshado wabo ungajabuli kakhulu.
Ekuqaleni kobuholi bakhe wayaziwa ngamakhono akhe okuba umkhuzi wezempi nomqondisi okhuthele, kodwa eminyakeni eyalandela, kuthiwa ngemva kokushona kwendodana yakhe, waba umashiqela ononya nonokhahlo, ephatha kubi futhi ebulala abaningi. abalandeli bakhe.
Uthathe umhlalaphansi esiqhingini saseCapri, ohlotsheni lokudingiswa, abanye bathi wayephila impilo exakile futhi enesizungu yokuziphatha okubi kobulili, nakuba abanye bekholelwa ukuthi kwakungamahemuhemu asakazwa izitha. U-Tiberius washona ngo-March 37 AD futhi waveza ukuthi uMbuso wakhe uzobuswa uCaligula kanye noTiberius Twin.
UCaligula (37 - 41 AD)
UGaius Caesar noma uCaligula ukhunjulwa njengombusi ononya, omunye wababusi abaguquguqukayo futhi oyingozi kakhulu phakathi kwababusi baseRoma, onempilo yokweqisa nobuwula. Wazuza amandla aphelele eMbusweni WaseRoma lapho esesuse uTiberius Twin.
Kodwa wabusa iminyaka emine kuphela, isikhathi esifushane esithatha AD 37-41, njengoba abulawa ngesihluku. Kodwa-ke, wayesevele eshiye izindaba ezanele ze-macabre ukuze agcwalise incwadi yomlando.
Lo mlingiswa wayefuna amandla angavamile, eziqhathanisa nobunkulunkulu, okwamnika amandla okubulala, izenzo ezinonya kanye nenkululeko, okufaka iRoma okwethukeni okujulile nokungaqiniseki.
UCaligula wayebonakala ngokungazinzi, ukuzitika, nokuhlekisa, ememezela amaphrojekthi afana nokwakha ibhuloho elintantayo elingamakhilomitha amathathu ubude ngaphesheya kweBay of Naples yesimanje ukuze akwazi ukugibela kulo, anqume amakhanda, futhi esikhundleni sengxenye elahlekile afake. noma azikhethele inxusa lamahhashi.
Ubhekwa njengomuntu ohlakaniphe kakhulu kunabo bonke abaBusi baseRoma, owabulala abantu abaningi ngokungakhethi futhi wathumela ibutho lakhe ngamasu angenangqondo. Kodwa, asazi ukuthi ubugebengu bakhe benziwa ihaba emithonjeni yasendulo noma ukuthi wayeyindoda ehlukunyeziweyo eyasakaza ukwesaba embusweni wamaRoma.
UClaudius (41 - 54 AD)
UClaudius, owayebukelwa phansi abaningi, waqanjwa njengozongena esikhundleni sikaCaligula ngokuthanda konogada basebukhosini, nokho, imithombo ethile ibonisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi wabamba iqhaza ozungu olwaqeda ukuphila kukaCaligula futhi wahlela konke ukuze anyukele esihlalweni sobukhosi.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imuphi umzila aqala ukubusa ngawo, ukubusa kwakhe kwaba yimpumelelo ngokumangalisayo phakathi kwababusi baseRoma kuze kube namuhla, nakuba ayenokugula okungokomzimba okuningana kusukela azalwa, kuhlanganise nokukhubazeka okungapheli kanye nesifo sokuwa, okwabangela abaningi ukuba bacabange ukuthi wayengenakuba. Umbusi.
Umndeni wakhe wamfihla, kodwa ngokuyimfihlo uClaudius waba yisifundiswa esimangalisayo, enolwazi emikhakheni eyahlukene njengomlando nepolitiki, okwakungamenza umholi oncomekayo phakathi kuka-41 no-54 AD.
Kwamangaza ngempela wonke umuntu, ohlakaniphile futhi ohlakaniphile, wahola ngempumelelo enye yempi ebaluleke kakhulu yokuhlasela kwekhulu lokuqala, ukunqotshwa kweGreat Britain. Ukumzuzela ukutuswa nokuhlonishwa ngekhothamo lokunqoba ku-Via Flaminia esuka eRoma iye e-Arimiuma, lapho ebuya.
Isikhathi sakhe kuhulumeni kwakuyisikhathi sokuchuma, intuthuko kanye nokukhula kuzo zonke izindawo, wayehlonishwa yibutho lakhe futhi ethandwa ngabantu basedolobheni, okwenza wathola indawo emfanele emlandweni.
UClaudius wathola uzungu oluhlukene ngesikhathi sokubusa kwakhe futhi kwabulawa izigele eziningi. Kodwa uzungu olwaqeda ukuphila kwakhe lwavela embuthanweni wakhe oseduze kakhulu futhi nakuba kungekho siqiniseko mayelana nokuthi ungubani, icala liwela encekwini ethi Locusta; umnambithi, i-Haloto; udokotela wakhe, u-Xenophon noma u-Agrippina, umkakhe nomama kaNero, wathola indodana kanye nomlandeli kaClaudius.
UNero (54 - 68 AD)
UNero Claudius Drusus Germanicus wathatha isihlalo sobukhosi eneminyaka engu-17 nje kuphela ubudala, waphawuleka ngentshisekelo yakhe kwezobuciko nezakhiwo, enikeza inani lezakhiwo ezinhle nezithombe eziqoshiwe.
Wehlisa izinga lentela futhi wayala ukuba imidlalo yomphakathi ibanjwe njalo ngemva kweminyaka emihlanu, nokho lokho kwaba okwesikhashana, ngokushesha izinto zashintsha futhi waqala ukubulala noma ubani onesibindi sokungavumelani naye, ngisho nomama wakhe.
Lapho ingxenye enkulu yeRoma isha, abanye babecabanga ukuthi nguye owabasa umlilo, ikakhulukazi lapho eyala ukuba kwakhiwe isigodlo esisha esingamahektha ayikhulu endaweni yaso, sinomfanekiso wakhe, ocishe ube ngamafidi ayikhulu ubude, phakathi nendawo. Umuntu owubukhazikhazi wawubizwa ngokuthi iColossus of Nero.
UNero wayenguMbusi waseRoma wesihlanu, indodana yokutholwa kanye nendlalifa yoMbusi uKlawudiyu, owaduma ngokuxhwaleka kwakhe, ubuxhwanguxhwangu bomuntu siqu, ukushiswa kweRoma, nokushushiswa kwamaKristu. Kodwa ngaphandle kwalokho, wagxila emsebenzini wakhe kwezokuxhumana, ezohwebo kanye nokuqinisa isiko kulo mbuso omkhulukazi.
Lo mbusi waba yisisulu sokuketulwa umbuso okwahlelwa ababusi abambalwa, ngokusobala okwamphoqa ukuba azibulale. Nokho, ezinye izindaba zasendulo ziyizizathu zengxoxo nokungavumelani, njengoba kunzima ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ziyiqiniso kangakanani lezi zindaba ezingakholeki.
I-Galba (68 - 69 AD)
UGalba, ngesiLatini esigcwele uServio Galba César Augusto, ogama lakhe langempela kwakunguServio Sulpicius Galba, wazalwa ngoDisemba 24 wonyaka wesi-3 ngaphambi kukaKristu futhi wayengumholi omkhulu woMbuso WaseRoma izinyanga eziyisikhombisa, ekhunjulwa ngokunemba kwakhe ekuphathweni, kodwa ngendilinga yabeluleki abanonya nabakhohlakele.
UGalba wayeyindodana yenxusa uGaius Sulpicius Galba noMummia Achaica, lowo, njengoba ungase ucabange, wazalelwa futhi wakhulela emndenini onothile omkhulu nozalo lwasendulo, owawujabulela umusa wababusi, ikakhulukazi u-Augustus noTiberiyu.
Waqala umsebenzi wakhe esemncane futhi waqokwa njengenxusa, umbusi waseJalimane, kanye nombusi wase-Afrika. Wabamba iqhaza futhi wabangela ukuvukela nokuvukela uNero, ekholelwa ukuthi umbusi wayehlela ukubulawa kwakhe, wamukela isimemo esivela kuGaius Julius Vindex, umbusi waseLugdunensis eGaul, ukuba ahole ukuvukela.
Wabe esebutha elinye ibutho elisha futhi wazuza abalandeli abaningi kwezinye izifunda eziningi zombuso, wakhuthaza unogada wasebukhosini, uBuphi Bombusi ababenedumela elibi ukuba bahlubuke futhi bakhaphele uNero ukuze bathole umvuzo omkhulu. Ngenani elikhulu labalingani, bakwazi ukudiliza uNero, owathi ngo-June 68, wazibulala.
Ephelezelwa u-Otto, umbusi waseLusitania, uGalba wamasha eRoma futhi wamenyezelwa njengombusi yiSigele. Ngesikhathi sakhe esifushane wayengeyena umbusi othandwa kakhulu, njengoba ezama ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwemali kukaNero ngokweqile, wayala ukuba kubulawe amasosha ayebuthwe umbusi wangaphambili, kanye nalawo abaphikisi abahlukahlukene.
Ubudlelwane bakhe obubi nebutho babangela ukungaboni ngaso linye kanye nokuhlubuka, ekhashelwa omunye wabasekeli bakhe, wabulawa e-Roman Forum ngoJanuwari 15, 69 AD nguCamurius, isosha le-Legio XV Primigenia. Ezinsukwini kamuva owayezomkhulula emandleni, uPisón, wabulawa.
Otto (NgoJanuwari - Ephreli 69 AD)
UMarcos Otón César Augusto, owayedume ngelika-Otón, wazalwa ngonyaka ka-32 AD. C, wayengumbusi owabusa izinyanga ezimbalwa, kusukela ngoJanuwari kuya ku-April 69, unyaka lo mbuso owawunababusi abane.
Wayeyingxenye yombuthano kaNero futhi wayaziwa ngokuba nonya nokungakhethi, nokho, lobo bungane baphela lapho umbusi enquma ukwenza umkakhe athandane.
Edingisiwe njengombusi wesifundazwe saseLusitania, wahlala elinganisele kakhulu iminyaka eyishumi, elondoloza igqubu lakhe ngoNero ngesikhathi esifanele, futhi ngo-AD 68 ithuba lavela.
Wayengumngane weGalba futhi uNero waqhutshwa ukuzibulala. Kodwa kwathi lapho engamqambi ngendlalifa yakhe esihlalweni sobukhosi, wamkhaphela futhi wafumbathisa amabutho ukuba ahlubuke futhi ambulale. Lapho esephethe wanquma ukuqeda ukuvukela umbuso eJalimane futhi waqala uchungechunge lwezimpi. Ngemva kwezinqumo ezimbi, wanquma ukuzibulala etendeni lakhe.
I-Aulus Vitellius (Julayi-Disemba 69 AD)
U-Aulus Vitellius Germanicus wazalwa ngo-AD 15. C. futhi wayengowokugcina kwabathathu abalandela uNero, ngonyaka ofanayo. UVitellius wabusa uMbuso WaseRoma kusukela ngo-April 17 kuya kuDisemba 22, 69 AD, ngemva kokufa kuka-Otto.
Wayeyindodana kasopolitiki uLucius Vitellius, owayeyinxusa izikhathi ezintathu futhi indodana yakhe u-Aulus yalandela ezinyathelweni zakhe iba yinxusa ngo-48 AD. C. kanye nomphathi-sifundazwe wase-Afrika ngo-61. Umbusi omusha, uGalba, wammisa njengombusi wombuso wase-Lower Germany ngo-68.
Amasosha aseJalimane awazange azwelane noGalba futhi lokhu kwazuzisa kakhulu uVitellius, owayeziphatha ngokunganaki futhi ephana, kangangokuthi ngoJanuwari 69 amadoda akhe amqamba ngokuthi umbusi kanye namabutho ase-Upper Germany, kanye nengxenye enkulu yabaholi abavela eJalimane. ISpain, iGaul neGreat Britain yanquma ukujoyina uhlangothi lwakhe.
Wahola amabutho akhe waya e-Italy, kodwa uGalba wayesebulewe futhi amabutho kaVitellius alwa namabutho omlandeli wakhe, u-Otto, eBedriacum. Amabutho alowo owayengumholi kanye nombusi wangaleso sikhathi u-Otto anqotshwa futhi wazibulala ngo-April 16.
UVitellius waqashelwa iSigele futhi ngaphandle kokungabaza wafaka amabutho akhe esikhundleni soQapha Bombusi, kodwa akenzanga lutho ukuze awine amabutho ka-Otto kanye nalawo avela kwenye indawo esibusweni sakhe njengabangane, okwaholela ekubeni abhekane nokuvukela nokuhlasela. NgoDecember wawo lowo nyaka wabulawa ngobudlova ekuhlaseleni ibutho likaVespasian eRoma.
U-Vespasian (69-79 AD)
UTitus Flavius Vespasian wayengumholi wozalo lukaFlavian futhi wabusa uMbuso WaseRoma kusukela ngo-AD 69 kuya ku-79, esebenza kanzima ukubuyisela iRoma enkazimulweni yayo yangaphambili ngemva kokubusa kukaNero okumoshayo nokungazinzi ezinyangeni ezilandela ukufa kwakhe.
Wagxila ekubuyiseleni isiyalo nokuhleleka embusweni, kanye nengcebo yawo, ngezinguquko zakhe zezimali. Kungaqinisekiswa ukuthi kwakuwukuphatha okuphumelelayo, okwazuza ukuhlanganiswa koMbuso WaseRoma, ukuzinza kwezombusazwe kanye nohlelo olukhulu lokwakha.
Uchazwa njengendoda ehloniphekile futhi enesimilo, enempilo elula, eyatshala imali eningi ekuthuthukiseni impilo yomphakathi, ukudala imigwaqo, izindawo zomphakathi, izindlu zangasese, ukubuyisela i-capitol nokwakha izakhiwo ezivelele njengeThempeli Lokuthula kanye nezinkulu. I-Colosseum.
Ngenhloso efanayo yokusimamisa, wazinikela ezindabeni zezempi futhi umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala kwaba ukubuyisela isiyalo emabuthweni ngemva kwezenzakalo zika-68 no-69. UVespasian wahlakulela isitayela esinzima, isici semvelaphi ethobekile ayethanda ukuyikhumbula .
Ukhunjulwa ngekhono lakhe elikhulu lomsebenzi kanye nobulula bempilo yakhe yansuku zonke, okwakuyisibonelo ngempela sezicukuthwane zangaleso sikhathi. Kodwa lokho akuzange kumthiye ubuqili nesifiso sakhe sokuvelela, wasungula iqembu elinamandla kusenesikhathi futhi eziningi zokuqokwa kwakhe kwasekuqaleni kungenxa yokukhetha izihlobo noma isifiso sokuklomelisa ngenkonzo edlule.
Izinqubomgomo zokubusa kwakhe zazinengqondo futhi zihlelekile kakhulu, zingafaki ukufana noma ukuhlobana nokuphathwa kwababusi bangaphambili noma kamuva abanjengoTrajan noma uHadrian. Nokho, kungashiwo ukuthi uVespasian wavimbela ukuhlakazwa koMbuso WaseRoma ngokuqeda impi yombango, ngakho u-pax noma ukuthula komphakathi kungenye yezici eziyinhloko zokuphatha kwakhe.
Washona ngenxa yokuvuvukala kwamathumbu eneminyaka engu-69. Ngemva kokufa kwakhe ngokushesha wanikezwa ubunkulunkulu.
UTrajan (98 - 117 AD)
UMbusi uTrajan waba nethonya elikhulu endaweni yaseRoma, wandisa kakhulu imingcele yayo ezindaweni ezisempumalanga zaseDacia, e-Arabia, nase-Armenia. Ngesikhathi sokufa kwakhe, umbuso wawumkhulu kakhulu kunangaphambili.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, wabuye wahlela uhlelo olubalulekile lokwakha, eshiya uchungechunge lwemisebenzi efanele kuze kube yilolu suku, isibonelo, iForamu yeTrajan, iMakethe yeTrajan kanye nekholomu yeTrajan.
UHadrian (117 - 138 AD)
Ukubusa kukaHadrian kwaphawulwa inkathi yokuzinza nokuthula, umbuso wakhe wawumhlonipha futhi umthanda, kangangokuthi waze waqanjwa ngokuthi inkosi yabantu. Wavakashela zonke izifundazwe zaseRoma ezama ukuxhumana nomphakathi, ehamba futhi ehlala namabutho akhe ezempi.
Wayengumxoxisi we-canny, ecindezela ukuvukela kwamaJuda ka-130-136 AD futhi ehoxisa amasosha ezindaweni eziningi ezinezinkinga, kuhlanganise ne-Iraq.
Wayengumholi omkhulu futhi uzokhunjulwa ngempumelelo eminingi nangemisebenzi efana nokwakhiwa koDonga lukaHadrian, umkhawulo ophawula uMbuso WaseRoma enyakatho yeNgilandi, wabuye waqondisa ukwakhiwa kwePantheon kanye neThempeli likaVenus kanye eRoma.
Ngaphambi kokuba abizwe ngokuthi umlandeli kaTrajan njengoMbusi WaseRoma, uHadrian wachitha isikhathi e-Athene okwakhuthaza isithakazelo sakhe esikweni lamaGreki. Ngemva kokuba umbusi ngo-117, uHadrian waxhasa imisebenzi yomphakathi e-Athene futhi wanikeza amaGreki ukumelwa okulinganayo eRoma.
U-Marcus Aurelius (161 - 180 AD)
U-Marcus Aurelius uvela emndenini odumile wamaRoma, umkhulu wakhe ozala uyise esebenza kabili njenge-consul, kanye nogogo wakhe ozala umama oyindlalifa kwenye yezinhlanhla ezinkulu zaseRoma. U-Marcus washada nomzala wakhe u-Annia Galeria Faustina, indodakazi yoMbusi u-Antoninus Pius, futhi baba nezingane cishe eziyishumi nambili, kuhlanganise no-Commodus, owangena esikhundleni sika-Marcus Aurelius.
Emelela futhi ephefumulelwe umqondo othi "iNkosi kaPlato" evela kumbhalo we-Plato's Republic, u-Marcus Aurelius wayekholelwa ukuthi umholi weqiniso kufanele abeke izidingo zakhe ngaphambi kwezabantu bakhe.
Nakuba ukungenelela kwakhe kwakudingeka ukuze avikele indawo yaseRoma ezimpini zaseMarcomannic, empeleni wayeyindoda enokuthula futhi ephila iNfilosofi yamaStoic. Eminyakeni yakhe yokukhula, waqamba uchungechunge lwezindaba ezithi Ukuzindla, echaza izifundo zendlela yokuhlakanipha nokuhlonishwa.
Kulezi zinsuku u-Marcus Aurelius waziwa njengowokugcina ku- amakhosi amahlanu amahle nokubusa kwakhe njengeNkathi Yegolide yoMbuso WaseRoma. Wakhetha indodana yakhe eyayisele yedwa, uCommodus esikhundleni sakhe.
I-Commodus (177 - 192 AD)
Ebhekwa njengendoda ephikisanayo futhi embi ehluke kakhulu kuyise onokuthula uMarcus Aurelius, lo mbusi wangena emlandweni njengoMbusi ononya waseRoma. Eyonakalisiwe futhi ekhululekile, wazenzela njengoGladiator onamandla onke owayejabulela ukubulala ngenxa yemidlalo, elingisa uHercules ngokugqoka isikhumba sebhubesi.
Nokho-ke wakhetha ngamabomu izimpi nabancintisana nabo ababebuthaka futhi bengakwazi ukuzivikela, azi ukuthi uzowina, azikhukhumeze futhi aziqhenye waze washintsha igama lakhe laba nguHercules futhi wazama ukuqanjwa ngonkulunkulu ophilayo.
Ukuziphatha kwakhe budedengu kwaholela iRoma encithakalweni yezezimali kanye nempi yombango, okwabangela ukusabela okulandelanayo okwagcina kwaletha wonke uMbuso ukuwa.
Septimius Severus (193 - 211 AD)
Indoda yebutho, uSeptimius wayengumsunguli wobukhosi bakwaSeveran, obubusa kusukela ngo-193 kuya ku-211 AD Wayengujenene obalulekile wase-Afrika, owaguqula ibutho lamaRoma, wakwazi ukubuthela amasosha futhi akhe ibutho elikhudlwana, lapho amasosha athola khona amazinga aphezulu. amaholo kanye nelungelo lokushada.
Ngebutho elikhudlwana wayengenakuvinjwa, enweba uMbuso WaseRoma wafinyelela kumakhilomitha-skwele ayizigidi ezi-5, elikhulu kunawo wonke owake waba nawo. Wakha ne-Arc de Triomphe eSigcawini SaseRoma kanye neSeptizodium eRoma.
I-Caracalla (198 - 217 AD)
Wayengumholi ononya, ongenacala futhi ononya, indodana endala kaSeptimius Severus. Isifiso sakhe sokuvelela kanye nokuzicabangela yena yedwa kwaholela embangweni okhulayo nomfowabo omncane uGeta, ingxabano eyaba yimbi lapho uSeverus ebulawa ngesikhathi ekhankasela eBrithani ngo-211.
UCaracalla, osezoba neminyaka engamashumi amabili nantathu, wasukuma ngokuzumayo esuka endaweni yesibili waya endaweni yokuqala embusweni. Bobabili yena nomfowabo omncane bazuza isihlalo sobukhosi ndawonye futhi naphezu kwayo yonke imizamo kanina yokuletha ukubuyisana phakathi kwabo, uCaracalla wagcina ebulele uGeta, ezandleni zikaJulia ngokwakhe,
Akukho ukungabaza ngesihluku esibi sesenzo sikaCaracalla, kwakunganele ukuba abulale umfowabo phambi kukanina, kodwa kwasusa yonke iminonjana yenkumbulo yakhe yezinhlamvu zemali, imidwebo nezinye izinkumbulo. Lokhu kwanele ukunquma uhlobo lomholi iRoma okufanele imsekele, nakuba abaningi bethi phakathi kwalaba bazalwane ababili akuzange kube khona amazwibela ekhambi elalingaba ngokuziphatha nelingenzeka ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Wabusa iRoma cishe iminyaka engamashumi amabili, impumelelo yakhe eyinhloko amachibi okugeza amakhulu eRoma kanye no-Edict 212 wokunikeza ilungelo lokuba isakhamuzi saseRoma kubo bonke abantu abakhululekile eMbusweni WaseRoma, abanye abakholelwa ukuthi kwakuyisinyathelo esingenaluzwela sokuqoqa izintela ezengeziwe. Walandela isitayela sika-Alexander Omkhulu futhi wazama ukunqoba impi ngokumelene namaParthians, kodwa walahlekelwa ukuphila kwakhe kule nqubo.
UCaracalla, okubusa kwakhe okwaba nesandla ekwehleni kombuso, bekuvame ukubhekwa njengomunye womashiqela abachitha igazi elikhulu emlandweni wamaRoma.
UMaximin the Thracian (235 - 238 AD)
UCayo Julio Vero Maximino ukhunjulwa njengomunye wababusi baseRoma abanamandla nabanamandla kunabo bonke, izindaba zitshela ukuthi wayecishe abe ngamamitha angu-2.6 ubude.
Ebusheni bakhe lobo bukhulu namandla anonya kwamnika ithuba ebuthweni lamaRoma, ekhuphuka ngokushesha ezinhlwini, waze waba nguMbusi waseRoma ngo-235 AD.
Kuthiwa iSigele SaseRoma asizange sivumelane nobuqaba bakhe obunonya, kodwa wafaka ukwesaba okukhulu ukuze ambekele inselele. Umsuka wakhe wawulula, lowo wesifundazwe esisezingeni eliphansi, wayengenakho ukuqeqeshwa, ngaphandle kwalokho akuthola emsebenzini wakhe wezempi, ngakho-ke, ikhono lakhe lokubusa lalibuzwa, libhala ikhathalogi yabaphathi bakhe njengesiqalo senhlekelele yekhulu lesi-XNUMX.
UMaximino waqala njengesosha elilula lamabutho emyalo kaSeptimius Severus, ehlala esikhundleni esifanayo kwaze kwaba yilapho u-Alexander Severus emphakamisa njengomholi weLegio IV Italica, eyakhiwa ikakhulukazi amasosha avela ePannonia.
Ukunengeka kwabusa phakathi kwamasosha, ngenxa yezinkokhelo ezenziwa umbusi kuma-Alamanni futhi nangenxa yokuthi lokhu kwavimbela ukungqubuzana kwezikhali. Bahlubuka, babulala umbusi omncane nonina, babeka uThracian njengombusi omusha.
AbaQaphi Bombusi bamjabulela, futhi iSigele sasingenakwenza lutho ngaphandle kokusigunyaza isinqumo, ngisho noma singahambisani nentando yakhe. Umlimi, kamuva owaba yisosha, wasukuma esihlalweni sobukhosi ngokunganeliseki kwamalungu ephalamende. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yamandla akhe anonya namandla akhe ezempi, ekugcineni wanqoba ingxabano eqhubekayo nezizwe zamaJalimane ngaleso sikhathi, wamtholela isicoco esikhulu sika-Germanicus Maximus.
Cishe ngonyaka wama-238, ngenkathi uMaximinus esempini enonya ePannonia ngokumelene namaDacians namaSarmatians, iqembu labanikazi bomhlaba e-Afrika, ababenganelisekile ngezintela zombuso, bahlubuka futhi babulala abathelisi babo, kwaba ukuvukela okukhulu esifundeni. lokho kwaphumela ekumenyezelweni kombusi omusha uGordian Sempronian, owamukelwa yisigele cishe ngokushesha.
Kodwa-ke, ukuvukela kwacindezelwa umbusi waseNumidia, indodana yombusi omusha wabulawa empini, futhi umholi omusha wazibulala. Kodwa iSigele SaseRoma ngobuhlakani sasebenzisa ukuvukela njengezaba zokususa uMaximinus futhi samukele uGordianus ongasekho.
Babe sebephuthuma ukuyozwa izindaba zokufa kwakhe ukuze bamemezele ababusi ababili abasha, uPupienus noBalbinus, abavimbela ukubuya kweThracian, bevaleleke edolobheni lase-Aquileia. Lapho indlala nokufuna kuhlukumeza amabutho, ahlubuka futhi abulala uMaximinus nendodana yakhe.
I-Valerian (253 - 260 AD)
Umbusi uValerian wabusa iRoma phakathi nenhlekelele yekhulu lesithathu leminyaka. Ngesikhathi ukuhlasela kwamanye amazwe kusongela ukulondeka kweRoma, kwase kuyinkinga enkulu futhi uValerian wahlanganyela isihlalo sobukhosi nendodana yakhe uGallienus emzamweni wokumisa kabusha ukulawula kombuso.
Wathatha uhlangothi lwasempumalanga washiya indodana yakhe entshonalanga. Emlandweni ukhunjulwa njengombusi wokuqala owathumba futhi waboshwa, isimo esenzeka ngemva kwempi yase-Edessa, ngokumelene nenkosi yasePheresiya uShapur.
Wayeyisigqila futhi waba kulesi simo isikhathi eside, esebenza njengesenabelo sezinyawo zomuntu zeNkosi uShapur. Emibhalweni yasendulo kuthiwa wabulawa amaPheresiya, amphoqa ukuba agwinye igolide eliwuketshezi.
I-Gallienus (260 - 2680 AD)
Indodana kaValeriano eyabusa noyise kusukela ngo-253 kuya ku-260 AD, yathatha isihlalo sobukhosi esikhethekile ngemva kokufa kukayise, phakathi nenkathi esukela ku-260 kuya ku-268 AD, phakathi nenhlekelele yekhulu lesithathu leminyaka , lapho ababusi. kunzima ukubamba amandla isikhathi eside.
Isithombe sakhe njengendoda ebuthakathaka nenamahloni samhlupha, njengoba ayelwela ukuvikela iRoma ochungechungeni lokuhlasela. Abantu baseRoma bahlubuka futhi abavukeli bazama ukususa uGallienus esihlalweni sobukhosi, kuyilapho uchungechunge lwabalandela luzama ukuthatha isikhundla sakhe, olwaziwa ngokuthi ama-Thirty Tyrants.
Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba amacebo abangele ukufa okusolisayo, wathola amandla akhe, waxosha ukuhlasela okusha kwamaGoth futhi wanqoba ama-Alemanni. Wanikeza izikhonzi zakhe umuzwa wokukwazi ukugcina ukuhleleka nokulawula, njengoba nje ukuvukela nokuvukela kuwo wonke umbuso kwakuhlala njalo.
Lo mbusi wayenekhono ngempela ezama ukugcina ukulawula koMbuso WaseRoma ezikhathini ezinzima kangaka, ehlula ukuhlasela futhi eqeda ukuhlubuka, nokho, akazange akwazi ukukuhlanganisa, ingasaphathwa eyokukhuthaza nokukhuthaza ubukhulu bawo kwezinye izindawo ezifana nesiko, ngaphandle kwase- izinkathi ezithile zokuthula. Wabulawa amasosha akhe.
UConstantine Omkhulu (306-337 AD)
UConstantine Omkhulu wenza izinguquko ezimangalisayo embusweni owawuyowushintsha unomphela umlando wawo. Walwa ngesikhathi sombuso wangaphambilini owawubeka abaholi abane ukuba balawule uquqaba lomhlaba olukhulu nolunzima, ezibambele yena yedwa, ngemva kokuba amasosha akhe ememezele lokho.
Ngokushintsha kwezenzakalo okwakungalindelekile, wamukela ubuKristu njengenkolo ebusayo emphakathini waseRoma futhi wasungula inhloko-dolobha yombuso entsha eholwa futhi ebuswa ngamaKristu eByzantium eyayizobizwa ngegama lakhe, iConstantinople. Lesi senzo ekugcineni sasizohlukanisa uMbuso WaseRoma unomphela.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, washintsha futhi wavuselela inkantolo, imithetho kanye nendlela ibutho elakhiwe futhi lihlelwe ngayo. Wamemezela imithetho ethile eyenza impilo ibe ngcono embusweni ngendlela ethile, nansi eminye:
- Abaqoqi bentela ababehlukumeza futhi bethukuthelela amanani aqoqwe babejeziswa ngesijeziso sokufa.
- Ukuthunjwa kwamantombazane kwakungavunyelwe.
- Impatho engcono yanikezwa iziboshwa, okwakungafanele zihlale zisebumnyameni obuphelele phakathi nesigwebo sazo, zinikeze ilungelo lokubona ukukhanya.
- Ukubethelwa kwathathelwa indawo ukulengiswa njengesigwebo sentambo.
- Iqede imidlalo ye-Gladiator.
- Ukugujwa kwama-Easter kwakungasenqatshelwe futhi kwase kungaqhutshwa obala.
UConstantine II (337 - 340 AD)
Indodana kaConstantine Omkhulu owabusa phakathi kuka-AD 306 no-337, yathola isiqu sikaKhesari kuyise ngo-March 317. Lapho uConstantine Omkhulu efa ngo-337, uConstantine II nabafowabo, uConstans noConstantius II, bahlukanisa iRoma. umbuso phakathi kwabo futhi ngamunye wathatha isihloko sika-augustus.
UConstantine II waba umbusi waseBrithani, eGaul naseSpain, wayehlala ephethwe umfowabo omncane, kodwa lapho esekhulile, uConstantine II wathi i-Italy ne-Afrika, ekuqaleni kuka-340, wahlasela i-Italy kungazelelwe.
Kodwa lapho engena e-Aquileia, uConstantine II wahlangatshezwa ibutho lempi likaConstans futhi wabulawa empini. Umfowabo walawula lezo zifunda ayezibusa.
UConstantius Gallus (351 - 354 AD)
UGallus, owazalelwa e-Etruria, wayengumbusi ezifundazweni ezisempumalanga zoMbuso WaseRoma, enesiqu esithi Caesar, phakathi kuka-AD 351 no-354. Ukulandisa kwasendulo kwalenkathi kubonisa ukuthi ukubusa kukaGallus e-Antiyokiya kwakunonya.
Indodana kaJulius Constantius nomfowabo kaConstantine Omkhulu ngamzali munye, yathola imfundo yobuKristu eqinile. UConstantius II wamenyezela ukuthi unguKhesari eSirmium ngo-351, futhi wahlela ukuba uGallus ashade nodadewabo uConstance.
Kodwa ukukhuliswa kwakhe okuqinile nokungayedwana kwamenza waba lukhuni, angacunuli futhi enokhahlo. Wamisa isimiso esiphelele sobunhloli phakathi kwabantu bakhe futhi wabulala abantu abambalwa ngezinsolo zokuvukela umbuso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wakucisha ngokhahlo nangempumelelo ukuhlubuka kwasePalestine nase-Isauria, futhi wagcina amaPheresiya ephuma ezindaweni zakhe.
Abangaphansi kwakhe bathumela imibiko engemihle neze kwezinye izimo kuConstantius, owacela ukuba khona kukaGallus eConstantinople, ahoxise amalungelo akhe, amhlubule amandla akhe, futhi ekugcineni ambulale.
UConstantius II (337 - 361 AD)
UFlavius Julius Constantius wazalwa ngo-317, indodana kaConstantine Omkhulu kanye nombusi kusukela ngo-337 kuya ku-361 AD. Ekuqaleni wahlanganyela amandla nabafowabo ababili, uConstantine II noConstans I, kodwa wayengumbusi yedwa kusukela ku-353 kuya ku-361.
Ngemva kokufa komfowabo uConstantine II emzamweni wakhe wokuphuca uConstantine Wokuqala umbuso wakhe, lezi zelamani ezimbili zasala zibusa uMbuso WamaRoma omkhulu, nokho, ngo-350 AD uConstantine wabulawa nguMagnentius.
UConstantius II akazange amamukele umdlwenguli futhi baxabana ezimpini eziningana zokuba namandla, ngaphambi kokunqotshwa okuhlazisayo kukaMagnentius wazibulala futhi indodana kaConstantine Omkhulu yasala njengokuphela kwenkosi.
Lo mbusi wenza imikhankaso yezempi eminingana eyaphumelela kakhulu, kodwa akazange afele empini, wagula wafa wafinyelela umvuthwandaba ngomnyaka ka-361 futhi wabeka umzala wakhe oyedwa kanye nembangi yakhe, uJulian njengendlalifa yesihlalo sobukhosi.
URomulus Augustus (475 - 476 AD)
URomulus Augustus wayaziwa emlandweni wababusi basentshonalanga bamaRoma njengowavala lo mjikelezo wabaholi. Nakuba ayebhekwa njengomphangi nonodoli, uMbusi WaseMpumalanga akazange aqashelwe njengombusi osemthethweni.
U-Romulus wayeyindodana kajenene wombuso wasentshonalanga, u-Orestes. Isibongo sakhe sokuqala kwakungu-Augustus, kodwa sashintshwa saba esinciphile ngoba wayeseyingane lapho uyise, ngemva kokuxosha uMbusi waseNtshonalanga uJulius Nepos e-Italy, emphakamisa esihlalweni sobukhosi ngo-Okthoba 31, 475.
U-Orestes wabusa i-Italy isikhathi esingangonyaka egameni lendodana yakhe, kodwa ekugcineni amasosha akhe kanye nomfelandawonye kaHeruli, uSciri, noTorcilingios bahlubuka bathola umholi weqhawe laseJalimane u-Odoacer. Amabutho ka-Odoacer athumba futhi abulala i-Orestes ngo-Agasti 28, 476.
U-Romulus, nokho, wasinda ngenxa yobusha bakhe, wabanjwa ngu-Odoacer futhi amanye ama-akhawunti abonisa ukuthi washiya umhlalaphansi eCampania, isifunda esiseningizimu ye-Italy. Akwaziwa ukuthi ukuphila kwakhe kwakuyoba njani eminyakeni yakamuva, kodwa kuthiwa wasinda kwaze kwaba kuhulumeni kaTheodoric (493-526 AD).
Uma uthole lesi sihloko sithakazelisa, qiniseka ukuthi ubheka ezinye izixhumanisi kubhulogi yethu: