IRoma lasendulo kanye nomlando wayo wonke ugcwele izinganekwane. Itshe ngalinye lixoxa indaba entsha, isiqephu esisha siqala kuwo wonke amakhona emigwaqo. Enye yezindaba ezithakazelisayo kakhulu, ngaphandle kokungabaza, umlando kanye nenganekwane mayelana Umsuka waseRoma.
Umsuka waseRoma
Imvelaphi yeRoma ayikacaci ngokuphelele: imibono yomlando esinayo isekelwe emininingwaneni edluliselwa ngababhali basendulo kanye nolwazi oluvela ocwaningweni lokutholwa kwemivubukulo. Izigaba zesisekelo somuzi zadluliselwa ngaphansi kokucasha kwenganekwane, ziphika, kwezinye izimo, ubuqiniso benkathi yobukhosi benhloko-dolobha.
Izazi-mlando zekhulu le-XIX ne-XX zahlola ukubaluleka kwangempela kwenganekwane kanye nomlando wamakhosi okuqala (i-Romulus, i-Numa Pompilio, i-Tulo Hostilio), kanye nesisekelo se-"Urbs", esimisiwe ngosuku luka-April 21. kusukela ngo-753 BC (Unyaka Wokuzalwa KwaseRoma) yisazi-mlando u-Varrón, ngokusekelwe ekubalweni kwesazi sezinkanyezi uLucio Tarzio. Kusukela ekhulwini lama-XNUMX, ngenxa yocwaningo lwezinye izinsalela zemivubukulo, kwakungenzeka ukuhlunga ukwaziswa okungokomlando okunikezwe yinganekwane ngemvelaphi yeRoma.
Ngokuqinisekile izakhamuzi zokuqala zaseRoma zazivela ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene futhi zazingenakho ukuthuthukiswa kwezomnotho namasiko komakhelwane babo enyakatho, ama-Etruscans, noma labo abaseningizimu, amaSabine namaLatins. Endaweni yasePalatine, abavubukuli bathola izinsalela zendawo yokuhlala kusukela ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC. C. futhi kungenzeka ukuthi izakhamuzi zale ndawo kamuva zathatha izindawo ezingomakhelwane zegquma nesigodi.
URomulus noRemus: isisekelo semvelaphi yaseRoma
Ngokusho kwesazi-mlando esingumRoma uVarro, uRomulus wasungula idolobha laseRoma ngo-April 21, 753 BC. C. Umsuka weRoma ungumthombo wezinganekwane nobumnyama. Inganekwane eyaziwa kakhulu ngekaRomulus noRemus, okuthiwa babeyinzalo yeqhawe leTrojan u-Aeneas.
Aeneas ingxenye Troy
Ngesikhathi amaGreki ehlasela iTroy ngokunyenya ngehhashi lezinkuni, u-Aeneas wayelele. Ephusheni lakhe, uHector, iqhawe eliyinhloko laseTroy, weza ezomtshela ukuthi ashiye idolobha lakhe alithandayo ayofuna isiphephelo kwenye indawo.
Wake waphaphama uTroy wayesevutha futhi u-Aeneas walwa. Ngokushesha wabona ukuthi umuzi ulahlekile wabaleka nemikhumbi yakhe. Ngemva kokuzulazula izikhathi eziningi, bagcina sebeseNyakatho Afrika eCarthage. Baphazanyiswa ikakhulukazi umoya, owahlukanisa imikhumbi yabo kabili ngasogwini lwasePunic.
UNeptune, unkulunkulu wezilwandle, wacabanga ukuthi u-Aeneas wayedlule osizini olwanele. Ngemva kohambo oluyimpumelelo lokuzungeza iMedithera, bagcina sebeseCumae, e-Italy. Ngemva kokuvakashela izwe elingaphansi komhlaba (lapho u-Eneya abona khona imiphefumulo eyayizoba ngekaKesari no-Awugustu), washada noLavinia, indodakazi yenkosi yesifunda sase-Italy saseLazio.
Nokho, uLavinia wayeseshadelwe inkosi yomdabu, eyamemezela impi no-Aeneas. I-Trojans iwinile. U-Aeneas wazinza eLatium futhi waba nezingane eziyishumi nambili. Ekugcineni, umzukulu wakhe, uRea Silvia, uzoba umama kaRómulo noRemo.
URomulus noRemus
Inganekwane kaRomulus noRemus ikhuluma ngombuso ka-Alba Longa nenkosi yawo u-Amulius, indodana ka-Aeneas. U-Amulius wamelana nomfowabo uNumitor futhi wamxosha embusweni wakhe. Wabe esephoqa indodakazi yomfowabo, uRea Silva, ukuthi ijoyine iVestal Virgins. Njengoba igama labo libonisa, leli qembu labesifazane lalinqatshelwe ukushada nokuba nabantwana. Nokho, u-Amulius akazange acabangele izwe lonkulunkulu.
Unkulunkulu wempi wamaRoma, iMars, wahlanya ngokuthanda uRhea Silva futhi wamnika amawele uRomulus noRemus. Inkosi yase-Alba Longa yayala izinceku zayo ukuba zicwilise amawele, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi i-Tiber yakhukhula, ayikwazanga ukufinyelela osebeni lomfula. Bashiya izingane ogwini lweTiber. Lapho inkomokazi izwa ukukhala kwezingane, yazihlenga yazikhulisa zaze zatholwa umalusi owazithatha wazivikela.
Lezi zingane zatholwa umalusi omkhulu womhlambi wasebukhosini, uFaustulus. Wabayisa ekhaya, lapho uRomulus noRemus bakhulela khona baba abelusi njengoFaustulus. Ngesinye isikhathi, uRoot wabanjwa ngemva kokulwa nabanye abelusi futhi wayiswa eNumitor. UNumitor wambona uRemus wabe esebulala umfowabo kanye nabazukulu bakhe ukuze abe yinkosi.
Njengoba umkhulu wabo ethatha izintambo zombuso, amawele ahlela ukusungulwa kwedolobha eliseduze nomfula lapho laba bobabili babehlala khona. Ukulambela kwakhe amandla kwabangela ukulwa phakathi kwabazalwane; bobabili babezibheka njengabakufanelekela kangcono ukuhola idolobha elisha. Empini enyantisa igazi eyalandela, uRoot wabulawa. Ngo-April 21, 753 BC, uRomulus wasungula iRoma, idolobha eliqanjwe ngomuntu owabulala umfowabo ngenxa yokufuna amandla. Lona umsuka wasenganekwaneni weRoma
Umlando womsuka weRoma
Indaba elandelwa abavubukuli mayelana nemvelaphi yeRoma ihluke kakhulu. Ngokusho kwabo, kwakukhona izindawo zokuhlala ezincane ePalatine nase-Esquiline ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX BC. Ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX, kwasungulwa igquma lesithathu, i-Celio. Ngaleso sikhathi, uhlobo oluthile lodonga oluvikelayo lwaluzokwakhiwa okokuqala ngqa ePalatine. Ngekhulu lesithupha a. C., lezi zindawo zokuhlala zanqotshwa abase-Etruria, abakha imiphakathi yamagquma amathathu ahlukene ndawonye edolobheni elincane.
Ixhaphozi elingaphansi kwePalatine Hill lakhishwa amanzi futhi labekwa njengesikhungo, kuyilapho uhlobo oluthile lwenqaba lwakhiwe eCapitol. Amagquma ayisikhombisa anezimpawu zedolobha, kusukela lapho iRoma isuka khona, yayiyingxenye yaleli dolobha ngekhulu lesine BC. C. Kwakhiwa udonga oluzungeza idolobha futhi kancane kancane idolobha lakhula ngobukhulu nodumo.
iRoma yokuqala
Lapho i-Italy iphuma ekukhanyeni komlando cishe ngo-700 B.C. C., ngaphambi kokuvela kweRoma, kakade lase lihlalwa abantu abahlukahlukene bamasiko nezilimi ezihlukahlukene. Iningi labantu bomdabu bakuleli zwe lalihlala emizaneni noma emadolobheni amancane, liziphilisa ngokulima noma ngokufuya (i-Italy isho ukuthi "Izwe Lamathole"), futhi lalikhuluma ulimi lwe-Italic lomndeni wolimi lwase-Indo-European.
I-Oscan ne-Umbrian kwakuyizilimi zesigodi ze-Ithalikhi ezihlobene eduze ezazikhulunywa abantu base-Apennine. Ezinye izilimi ze-Ithalikhi ezimbili, isiLatini nesiVenetic, zazihlobene ngokulinganayo futhi zazikhulunywa, ngokulandelana, ngamaLatins aseLazio (ithafa elisentshonalanga-maphakathi ne-Italy) kanye nabantu basenyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Italy (eduze neVenice yesimanje). I-Iapigios neMesapios zazihlala ogwini oluseningizimu-mpumalanga. Ulimi lwabo lwalufana nenkulumo yama-Illyrians ngaphesheya kwe-Adriatic.
Ngekhulu lesi-700 BC, isigodi sasePo esisenyakatho ye-Italy (Cisalpine Gaul) sasihlala izizwe ezikhuluma isiGallic Celtic ezazifudukele ngaphesheya kwezintaba zase-Alps zisuka ezwenikazi laseYurophu. Ama-Etruscans ayengabantu bokuqala abaphucuzeke kakhulu e-Italy futhi kwakuyibo kuphela izakhamuzi ezazingalukhulumi ulimi lwase-Indo-European. Cishe ngo-XNUMX BC C. amakoloni amaningana amaGreki amiswa ngasogwini oluseningizimu. Kokubili amaGreki nabaseFenike bahlanganyela ngenkuthalo ekuhwebeni namaNtaliyane omdabu.
Inyakatho-ntshonalanga yenhlonhlo yase-Apennine yayihlalwa izizwe zase-Etruscan. Ama-Etruscans kufanele ukuthi afika e-Italy evela e-Asia Minor ekupheleni kwesibili kanye nasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yokuqala yeminyaka BC. Ekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-616 BC izifunda eziyishumi nambili ezinkulu zase-Etruscan zakha umfelandawonye oholwa inkosi nompristi omkhulu okhethwa minyaka yonke. Lo mfelandawonye wanweba ithonya lawo engxenyeni enkulu ye-Italy esenyakatho nemaphakathi. Ngokwenganekwane, amakhosi ase-Etruscan omndeni wakwaTarquin abusa phakathi kuka-509 no-XNUMX BC eRoma.
Imikhumbi yase-Etruria yayifinyelela amabanga amade. Ngaphansi kwethonya lamaGreki, abantu base-Etruria bahlakulela isiko elihlukile. Kakade ngekhulu lesikhombisa BC base bebhala futhi basebenzisa izinhlamvu zesiGreki. Ithonya lama-Etruscans laliphawuleka kakhulu enkathini yokuqala yomlando wamaRoma.
Amadolobha ase-Etruria ayeyisibonelo kumaRoma ngokwesakhiwo sombuso kanye nenhlangano yebutho lezempi, kwezobuciko nezakhiwo ezisetshenziswayo. AmaRoma azuza njengefa inqwaba yezinhlangano zezombangazwe nezenkolo kubantu base-Etruria.
AmaGreki ayengabanye abantu abathonya umsuka weRoma. Amakoloni abo avela eningizimu yenhlonhlo yase-Apennine phakathi kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX nelesi-XNUMX BC. Amasiko athuthukisiwe amasiko nezombusazwe amaGreki aba yisibonelo kubantu bomdabu basenhlonhlweni okufanele bayilandele.
Isifunda esimaphakathi ne-Italy kwakuhlala izizwe zesiLatini. Emakhulwini IX kanye VIII. I-AC phakathi kweLatinos iqala ukuhlakazeka kwesistimu yezizwe, amadolobha okuqala avela. Maphakathi nekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC, imiphakathi eminingi yezizwe ezisogwini lomfula iTiber yahlanganiswa yaba yinhlangano eyodwa: okwabangela umsuka weRoma. Ngempela, lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwaphawula ukuqala kokwakhiwa komphakathi waseRoma (i-civitas), ukwakheka kwezepolitiki okufana nezifunda zamadolobha amaGreki.
Isikhathi sobukhosi, 753-509 BC. c.
Ngokusho kwenganekwane, umsuka weRoma wawubonga abazalwane uRomulus noRemus, owokuqala owaba yinkosi yamaRoma. Ngokwesiko, ngemva kukaRomulus, iRoma yabuswa amanye amakhosi ayisithupha: Numa Pompilius, Tullius Hostilius, Ancus Marcius, Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, Servius Tullius, Tarquinius the Proud. Amakhosi amathathu okugcina ayengabameleli bobukhosi base-Etruria, okusikisela ukuthi ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX BC iRoma yawela ngaphansi kwethonya lomfelandawonye wase-Etruscan.
Amandla enkosi ekuqaleni ayesondele emandleni omholi wesizwe: inkosi yenza imisebenzi yomlawuli kanye nomphristi omkhulu, kodwa ithonya layo langempela empilweni yangaphakathi yezombangazwe yaseRoma laligxile kakhulu kubukhosi bendlunkulu. Kuphela phakathi nokubusa kohlu lwamakhosi, kusukela emvelaphi yeRoma, amakhosi ase-Etruria aqala ukuzitholela amandla angenamkhawulo.
Ngesikhathi sobukhosi, bonke abantu baseRoma, "abantu baseRoma" (populus romanus), bahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezingamakhulu amathathu, ama-curiae ayishumi (isizukulwane esingamashumi amathathu ngasinye), nezizwe ezintathu (ama-curiae ayishumi ngasinye). Isigungu esiphezulu esilawulayo kwakuwumhlangano othandwayo (comitia), lapho zonke izakhamuzi ezigcwele emphakathini zingabamba iqhaza. Ekuqaleni, ama-patricians kuphela, inzalo yezakhamuzi zomdabu zaseRoma, ama-plebeians, inzalo yemindeni eyathuthela eRoma, ayengafaneleki ukubamba iqhaza ku-comitia.
Enye indikimba ebusayo kwakuwumkhandlu wabadala, izinduna zezizwe ezingamakhulu amathathu, isigele (kusukela kwelesiLatini, senex = omdala). Kuphela phakathi nokubusa kukaServius Tullius (maphakathi nekhulu lesi-XNUMX) lapho abantu abavamile baba amalungu omphakathi wamaRoma. Ukuphathwa komndeni kwathathelwa indawo ukubalwa kwabantu: sonke isibalo sabantu bomphakathi waseRoma sahlukaniswa saba izigaba ezinhlanu, ngokuya ngesimo sempahla.
Ukwehlukaniswa kokubalwa kwamalungu omphakathi kwaba yisisekelo senhlangano yebutho lamaRoma, kanye nesakhiwo sezombangazwe saseRoma: ivoti emhlanganweni odumile, owawukade wenziwa ngabahlanganyeli bezizwe. esikhundleni sokuvota ngamayunithi okubalwa kwabantu: ikhulunyaka.
IRiphabhulikhi YaseRoma (509-30 BC)
Ngo-509, iNkosi uTarquin the Proud, owasebenzisa kabi amandla akhe, waxoshwa eRoma, ngemva kwalokho kwasungulwa uhlobo lukahulumeni lwe-republic (kusukela eLatin Res Publica - imbangela evamile). Amandla aphathiswe izikhulu ezikhethwe yiSigele: izimantshi. Ilungelo lamandla obukhosi lidluliselwe kuma-consuls amabili, akhethwe yiSenate phakathi kwama-patricians.
Kamuva, kwavela i-magistracy yama-quaestors, ephethe izinqubo zomthetho nezezimali, kanye nezimeya, imisebenzi yazo ehlanganisa nokuphathwa komnotho wedolobha. Ezimweni ezikhethekile, amandla angenamkhawulo anganikezwa umashiqela isikhathi esiyizinyanga eziyisithupha. Izimantshi zakhethwa iSigele phakathi kwabameleli bemindeni yabazali, ngaleyo ndlela kwamisa umbuso wezicukuthwane eRoma.
Phakathi nekhulu lesi-494 nelesi-XNUMX okuqukethwe okuyinhloko komlando wangaphakathi weRiphabhulikhi kwakuwumzabalazo wama-plebeians ukunciphisa amandla e-patrician kanye nesenethi. Ngenxa yalokho, abantu abavamile bakwazi ukuzuza impumelelo enkulu. Ngo XNUMX BC C. Ngaphansi kwengcindezi evela kubantu abavamile, iSigele samisa ihhovisi lezinkantolo zabantu, abavikeli bezithakazelo zabantu abavamile, ababenelungelo lokuphikisa noma yisiphi isinqumo seSigele.
Ngokushesha, abantukazana bavunyelwa ukuthi basebenzise umhlabathi emphakathini. Ithonya lomhlangano othandwayo laqiniswa. Cishe ngo-367 BC. C. abavamile bangeniswa kunxusa. Eqinisweni, ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesithathu umehluko phakathi kwama-plebeians kanye nama-patricians waqala ukufiphala. I-elite yemindeni yama-plebeian kanye ne-patrician, abagcina ithonya labo, kancane kancane bakha i-stratum entsha ebusayo - izicukuthwane.
Inqubomgomo yezangaphandle yeRiphabhulikhi yaseRoma
Inqubomgomo yezangaphandle yeRiphabhulikhi yaseRoma yayiphawuleka ngezimpi eziqhubekayo. Ibutho lamaRoma langaleso sikhathi laliyibutho elidumile, elihlangene laba uhlobo oluthile lwamasosha, kuye ngesimo sobunikazi. Ibutho elikhulu lezempi kwakuyibutho (amadoda ayi-6.000), ahlukaniswe ngamayunithi angama-tactical manipule angamashumi amathathu akwazi ukuzimela ngesikhathi sempi.
Emashumini eminyaka okuqala eRiphabhulikhi, iRoma yamelana nempi enzima kakhulu nenhlangano yase-Etruscan. Ekhulwini lesi-390, ngemva kokunqoba omakhelwane bawo abaseduze, amaRoma aqinisekisa amandla awo endaweni ephansi yoMfula iTiber. Ekuqaleni kuka-IV, ukunwetshwa kweRoma kwamiswa ukuhlasela okubhubhisayo kwezizwe zamaCelt, amaGaul, ezacekela phansi iRoma ngo-XNUMX a. c.
Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lesine, iRoma yagcina iphumelele eNhlanganweni Yezizwe YaseLatin, umfelandawonye wamadolobha owasungulwa izizwe zesiLatini. Ngesikhathi seZimpi ZakwaSamnite (343 kuya ku-290 BC) iRoma yanqoba yonke i-Italy emaphakathi futhi yaqala ukusongela amakoloni amaGreki eningizimu yenhlonhlo. Ukungenelela kweNkosi uPyrrhus, umbusi wesifunda esincane samaGreki sase-Epirus, emzabalazweni phakathi kweRoma nekoloni lamaGreki iTarentum, kwaphawula ukuqala kweMpi yasePyrrhic (280 kuya ku-275 BC).
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi uPyrrhus, esebenzisa izindlovu zempi, wahlula amabutho aseRoma uchungechunge, amaRoma ayesakwazi ukuxosha amabutho awo e-Italy. Ngemva kokunqoba iPyrrhus, iRoma yagcina ikhulise ithonya layo kulo lonke elase-Italy.
Ngemva kokunqotshwa kwe-Italy, ukwanda kwamaRoma kwadlulela ngale kwenhlonhlo ye-Apennine. Lapha amaRoma kwadingeka abhekane nesinye sezifundazwe ezinkulu kunazo zonke entshonalanga yeMedithera - iCarthage. Izimpi phakathi kweRoma neCarthage (okuthiwa izimpi zamaPunic) zaqhubeka (ziqhubeka futhi zivaliwe) iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu. Ngenxa yeMpi Yokuqala YamaPunic (100-264 BC), iRiphabhulikhi yaseRoma yathola impahla yaphesheya kwezilwandle - iziqhingi zaseCorsica, iSardinia nengxenye yeSicily. Lezi zindawo zaba izifundazwe zaseRoma.
Phakathi neMpi Yesibili YamaPunic (218-201 BC) umkhuzi odumile waseCarthage uHannibal wahlasela i-Italy futhi wahlula amaRoma uchungechunge (eTrebia ngo-218, eLake Trasimeno ngo-217, empini evamile eCannes ngo-216). Naphezu kokuthi uHannibal wasongela iRoma ngokuqondile iminyaka eyishumi nesithupha, amabutho eRiphabhulikhi, ngaphansi komyalo kaScipio Africanus (oMdala), akwazi ukudlulisa impi endaweni yesitha futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ahlula uHannibal empini yaseZama ( 202 BC).
Ngenxa yeMpi Yesibili YamaPunic, iRoma yazuza izindawo eSpain futhi eqinisweni yaba isizinda sezwe eliseNtshonalanga yeMedithera. Ekupheleni kuka-III, iRoma iqala ukwanda ingene empumalanga yeMedithera. Phakathi nezimpi ezintathu zaseMacedonian (215‒205, 200‒197, 171‒168 BC), amaRoma andisa ukubusa kwawo eNhlonhlweni yaseBalkan.
Ngemva kwempi yaseSiriya (192-188 BC) ngokumelene nenkosi yamaSeleucus u-Antiochus III, izifundazwe zamaGreki zase-Asia Minor zangena emkhakheni wethonya laseRoma. Ekugcineni, phakathi neMpi Ye-III yamaPunic (149-146 BC), iCarthage yagcina ibhujiswe. IRoma isibe umbuso omkhulu waseMedithera.
Inkinga yeRiphabhulikhi YaseRoma
Izimpi zokunqoba zaba nengxenye ekuguquleni okukhulu kwezenhlalo nezombusazwe isakhiwo somphakathi waseRoma. Izimpi zabanqobi zabangela ukuthutheleka kwezigqila ezishibhile e-Italy. Ubugqila kancane kancane baba yisisekelo sobudlelwano bezimboni e-Italy. Amakhulu ezinkulungwane ezigqila athutheleka e-Italy futhi ukuvukela kwezigqila kuba njalo.
Kwathi ngo-138 BC izigqila zaseSicily zahlubuka. Amavukela-mbuso athatha izintambo kuso sonke isiqhingi aze azama nokuzakhela owawo umbuso. Kuphela ngo-132 a. C. ibutho lamaRoma lakwazi ukucindezela le nhlangano. Phakathi kuka-104 kuya ku-99 BC kwakukhona ukuvukela kwezigqila zaseSicily. Ngo 74 BC C. ukuvukela kwezigqila okukhulu kunakho konke emlandweni wasendulo kwenzeka ngaphansi kobuholi bukaSpartacus. Kwaba ngenxa yomzamo omkhulu wamabutho eRiphabhulikhi yaseRoma lapho ukuvukela kwacindezelwa ngo-71 BC. c.
Ukuthuthukiswa komnotho omkhulu we-latifundist, okusekelwe kuphela ekuxhashazweni kwezigqila ezishibhile, kwabangela incithakalo enkulu yamapulazi abalimi abaphakathi nendawo nabancane abangakwazi ukumelana nokuncintisana kanye nokuntuleka komhlaba wezigaba ezibanzi zezakhamuzi zaseRoma. AmaRoma ampofu (ama-plebs) ayebuthana emadolobheni aba umthombo wezinxushunxushu nezingxabano zombango eziqhubekayo.
Ngama-30s, ikhulu lesi-XNUMX BC, amalungelo ama-plebs aqala ukuvikelwa ngummeleli womndeni wezicukuthwane, inhloko yabantu uTiberius Gracchus. Ukuze kuxazululwe inkinga yomhlaba, wahlongoza ukubeka inani eliphezulu lobunikazi bomhlaba obuvunyelwe futhi kuhlukaniselwe insalela phakathi kwamaRoma ampofu. Enqoba ukuphikiswa okunamandla okuvela ezicukuthwaneni, uGracchus waphumelela ukudlulisa umthetho, kodwa wabulawa ngokushesha. Eqinisweni, uguquko aluzange lwenziwe.
Imisebenzi yenguquko kaTiberiyu yaqhubeka umfowabo uGayu Gracchus. Ukuze kuxazululwe inkinga yomhlaba, wahlongoza ukuqala ukwabiwa kwesikhwama somhlaba sezifundazwe ezinqotshiwe phakathi kwezakhamuzi ezimpofu zaseRoma. Lezi zinhlelo zikaGracchus zadala izibhelu eRoma. Ngo 122 BC C. umshisekeli wenguquko wabulawa. Ukufa kwezelamani zakwaGracchus kwaqinisa ukungqubuzana kwezenhlalo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwanda kwethonya lamaRoma ezindaweni ezikude kwakhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kohwebo nobudlelwano phakathi kwezinto ezithengiswayo nemali. Umcebo wawugelezela eRoma uvela ezifundazweni ezazicekelwe phansi amasosha nababusi bamaRoma. ERoma, kuvela isikhulu somhwebi, esingena emzabalazweni wokubuswa kwezombangazwe ne-senatorial aristocracy (izicukuthwane).
Isikhundla sesigaba esiphezulu semiphakathi ye-Italic saphinde saqiniswa, silwela ukulingana okuphelele kwamalungelo namaRoma. UGaius Gracchus uhlongoze ukunikeza amaNtaliyane amalungelo okuba isakhamuzi saseRoma. Lesi siphakamiso bekungesinye sezizathu ezinkulu zokubulawa kwakhe. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lokuqala BC umzabalazo wamaNtaliyane wamalungelo awo washuba.
ngo91 a. C. inhloko yabantu baseDruze yaphinda isiphakamiso sikaGraco sokukhulula amaNtaliyane. Ukungaphumeleli komthethosivivinywa eSigele kwakuyizaba zokuqala kweMpi Yamazwe Ahlangene (90-88 BC), ukuvukela okujwayelekile kwemiphakathi yase-Italy ngokumelene neRoma. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi amaNtaliyane ahluliwe, iSenethi yaphoqeleka ukuba yenze isivumelwano futhi ihlanganise bonke abantu base-Apennine peninsula emphakathini waseRoma. Lokhu, kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi umhlangano othandwayo waba inganekwane engokomthetho.
Esimweni sokukhula kokungqubuzana kwezenhlalo nezomnotho, inhlekelele yezindawo zokuhlala zaseRoma ibonakala ngokucacile. Izikhungo zezombangazwe zeRiphabhulikhi ezavela njengeziphathimandla zomphakathi omncane wasemaphandleni zehlulekile ukuphatha kahle izindawo ezinkulu ezaba yingxenye yombuso waseRoma. Ngakho, izifundazwe zadluliselwa ngempumelelo ekulawuleni ngokugcwele ababusi abaqokwe yiSigele, ababhuqa izifundazwe ngokuphanga okungapheli futhi, ngempela, okungalawuleki.
Ezifundazweni, kwakulokhu kuvukela umbuso waseRoma. Umzamo wokuzikhukhumeza wokulahla ijoka lamaRoma kwakuwuchungechunge lwezimpi neRoma ezenziwa iNkosi uMithridates VI, umbusi wesifunda esincane samaGreki sasePontus esise-Asia Minor (89-85; 84-82; 74-63 BC).
Inkathi yezimpi zombango
Ikhulu leminyaka elidlule lokuba khona kweRiphabhulikhi yaseRoma kwakuwumzabalazo oqhubekayo phakathi kwezigaba ezihlukahlukene zomphakathi waseRoma, ngezikhathi ezithile eziphenduka impi yombango. Ekupheleni kwekhulu lesibili leminyaka BC eRoma, ekugcineni kwavela amaqembu amabili aphikisanayo: ama-optimates (abasekeli bokugcinwa kwamandla ezicukuthwane) kanye nethandwayo (eyayivikela isidingo sezinguquko). Umvuthwandaba womzabalazo phakathi kwalezi zinhlangano kwaba yisikhathi somsebenzi kaGaius Marius noLucius Cornelius Sulla.
UMarius wenyukela esicongweni sempilo yezepolitiki eRoma ngesikhathi elwa nenkosi yamaNumidi uJugurtha (111-105 BC). Ngemva kokuphela kwengxabano yezempi, uMario wenza izinguquko kwezempi. Inkonzo yezempi yezingxenye ezifanelekile yathathelwa indawo ibutho elichwepheshile. Isigaba esimpofu kakhulu somphakathi waseRoma sasingeniswa enkonzweni yezempi, isikhundla saso sempahla sasincike ngokuqondile empumelelweni yomkhuzi wawo.
Ibutho kanye nabaholi balo baba ibutho lezombangazwe cishe elizimele ngaphandle kweSigele. Ngenxa yokuguqulwa kwebutho, iRoma yakwazi ukuxosha ngempumelelo ukuhlasela kwezizwe zamaJalimane zamaCimbri namaTeutons (102-101 BC).
Ngo-89 B.C. C. waqala Impi Yokuqala YamaMithridates. ISenethi yaphathisa isikhulu uSulla ukuziphatha kwempi, kodwa umhlangano othandwayo waqoka uManius Aquillius. Ukulwa ngalolu daba kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi uSulla wathumela ibutho elalilungiselela ukuya eMpumalanga ngokumelene neRoma. Ngokokuqala ngqá emlandweni wedolobha, iRoma yathathwa amasosha amaRoma. Ngemva kokuhamba kukaSulla nebutho lakhe eMpumalanga, umbuso waseRoma wadlulela ezandleni zabasekeli bakaManius Aquilius.
Ngemva kokubuyela kukaSulla e-Italy, umzabalazo wezombangazwe phakathi kwamaqembu waphenduka impi yombango evulekile. Ethatha iRoma futhi empini, uSulla wasungula (ngo-82 BC) ubushiqela obusekelwa ukwesaba kwezombusazwe (uhlelo lokuvinjelwa). Eqinisweni, ubushiqela bukaSulla (82-79 BC) kwakuwumzamo wokugcina wokugcina ukubusa kwezombusazwe kwabahlonishwa kanye namandla eSigele.
Eminyakeni engu-70 kuya ku-60 BC ukukhuphuka kukaPompey Omkhulu. Wabamba iqhaza ekucindezelweni kokuvukela kukaSpartacus, owaduma empini neMithridates, imikhankaso yakhe e-Asia Minor naseTranscaucasia, ukulwa nabaphangi baseMedithera. Ngo-60 BC uPompey, kanye no-oligarch uMarcus Crassus kanye nesikhulu uGaius Julius Caesar, bakha inyunyana yezombangazwe (I Triumvirate), amalungu ayo, ethembele ebuthweni, ahlukanisa amandla phezu kwezifundazwe.
UKhesari wanikwa amandla okulawula i-Illyria neGaul, iningi lawo elalingekho ngaphansi kokulawulwa kwamaRoma. Ngesikhathi seGallic Wars 58-51 BC izwe lonke lalingaphansi kukaKhesari. Impi yokunqoba yalethela umkhuzi impango enkulu, uKhesari ayisebenzisa ukuqinisa izikhundla zakhe zezombangazwe kanye nokuthandwa kwakhe phakathi kwama-plebs aseRoma.
Ukusongelwa kokuqina kukaKhesari kwaphoqa uPompey ukuba akhe uzungu neSigele futhi ayalele uKhesari ukuba ahlakaze ibutho futhi uvela eRoma ukuze aquliswe icala. UKhesari akazange alalele futhi weqa umngcele wase-Italy. Eqinisweni, wamemezela impi neSigele. Phakathi nempi yombango (49-45 BC), uKhesari wanqoba izikhathi eziningana uPompey nabalandeli bakhe eGreece, eNyakatho Afrika naseSpain.
Lapho eneminyaka engu-45, uKhesari wamenyezelwa ngokuthi "uyise wezwe" kanye nomashiqela impilo yonke, umbusi ongenamkhawulo weRiphabhulikhi. Ngokusobala ngokwengeziwe, isimo sobukhosi samandla kaKhesari savusa ukunganeliseki kokuphikiswa kwezicukuthwane. Ngo-March 15, 44 B.C. C., uKhesari wabulawa iqembu labakhi bozungu elaliholwa uBrutus noCassius.
Ukufa kukaKhesari kwabangela ukuba kuqale kabusha izimpi zombango. AbakwaKhesari baphikiswa abasekeli beRiphabhulikhi: umngane kaJulius Caesar, uMark Antony, kanye nomshana kaKhesari u-Octavian, naye owaqhudelana ngefa likamashiqela. Ngo-43 BC u-Antonio, u-Octavio no-Lepidus, abajoyina, bangena kumbimbi (II triumvirate). I-Triumvirs yabhekana kanzima namaqembu aphikisayo, okwathi ngemva kwalokho yaphikisana namaRepublican.
Empini yasePhilippi (42 BC), ibutho le-republic lanqotshwa futhi abaholi balo uBrutus noCassius bazibulala. Ngemva kokunqoba amaRiphabhulikhi, kwaqala ukulwa phakathi kwe-triumvirs u-Octavian no-Antony, esekelwa i-Ptolemaic Egypt. Impi phakathi kwabo yaphela ngokunqoba kwemikhumbi ka-Octavian e-Battle of Cape Stock ngo-31 BC. C. kanye nokuthathwa kweGibhithe eRoma.
Ngo-30 BC u-Octavian waba umbusi oyedwa, futhi ngo-27 BC. C. ithimba lezigele elizikhukhumezayo lamnika isiqu esithi “Augustus” (Ongcwele). Umbuso, ngaphandle kokuqeda ngokusemthethweni izikhungo zama-republic, empeleni, waba ubukhosi - uMbuso WaseRoma.
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