Emphakathini wamaRoma, kukhona unkulunkulu okuthiwa ngokuyinhloko uthando, ukuzala nobuhle, kanye namapulazi nezingadi; Ukwengeza, wayebhekwa njengomanduleli wamaRoma ngendodana yakhe u-Aeneas, uyena Unkulunkulukazi uVenus futhi ngalesi sihloko sikumema ukuthi ukwazi.
unkulunkulukazi Venus
Unkulunkulukazi waseRoma uVenus wenza samuntu konke okuhlobene nothando, ukunakwa nokunakekelwa komama, isizukulwane senzalo ngocansi kanye nenkanuko. Lo nkulunkulukazi wayemuhle kunabo bonke abaninimandla onke bezinganekwane zamaRoma, ayefiswa ngakho kokubili abantu abafayo nonkulunkulu.
Njengonkulunkulu wamaGreki u-Apollo, unkulunkulukazi uVenus wayebonakala ngokuba nobulili obuvuleleke kakhulu futhi lokhu kwamvumela ukuthi abe nezithandwa zabesilisa nabesifazane ngokufanayo, kanye nokuba umvikeli wezithandani nezifebe, kanye nokuba yisithunzi. enkolweni yamaRoma. Unkulunkulukazi uVenus wayethathelwe unkulunkulukazi wamaGreki u-Aphrodite ayehlanganyela naye isiko lezinganekwane.
AmaRoma athatha lo nkulunkulukazi ngekhulu lesithathu BC. C. kakade esecishe efinyelela umvuthwandaba ogcwele wezimpi zamaPunic (phakathi kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX nelesi-XNUMX B.C.), ngaleso sikhathi amaRoma anquma ukubonisana nomphrofethi ngaleso sikhathi owasikisela ukuba bacele usizo kunkulunkulukazi uVenus ukuze baqinisekise ukunqoba. Abantu baseCarthage (lo nkulunkulukazi wayebhekwa njengomvikeli wedolobha laseCarthage). Ukukhulekela kwakhe amaRoma kwafinyelela umvuthwandaba ngemva kokuletha ukunqoba kubo, futhi kwahlala kunjalo kwaze kwaba yilapho kuvela ubuKristu ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX AD.
Ukwengeza, unkulunkulukazi uVenus naye wagujwa njengonina ka-Aeneas ukhokho kaRomulus owayengumanduleli weRoma. Kamuva, uJulius Caesar wahlobanisa obala ifa lomkhaya wakhe nozalo lukamama lukankulunkulukazi, okwenza uVenus waba umzala wohlanga lokuqala lobukhosi baseRoma.
Unkulunkulukazi uVenus ezinganekwaneni
Umsuka kankulunkulukazi uVenus kwenzeka ezimweni ezingavamile neze. Uyise, unkulunkulu u-Uranus, wayengumbusi wokuqala wendawo yonke futhi owadala umhlaba nomhlaba. Ngakho lapho uSaturn indodana ka-Uranus egumbuqela uyise (owaphinda kamuva indodana kaSaturn), umdlwembe wanqamula izitho zangasese zikayise waziphonsa olwandle. Uma usulapho, umthondo onqunyiwe namasende ahlanganiswe negwebu lasolwandle anika unkulunkulukazi uVenus ukuphila. Ngobuciko, lesi sigameko sasivame ukuthatha isimo sikankulunkulukazi uVenus ophuma ku-clam noma enye i-mollusk.
I-Etymology yeVenus
Igama elithi "Venus" livela ngokuqondile egameni lesiLatini elithi venus, elichaza "uthando." Leli bizo lalivame ukusetshenziswa ukukhombisa uthando noma isifiso ikakhulukazi ucansi, lalibuye lihlobane ngokuqondile nesenzo sesenzo i-venerari esisho "ukuthanda noma ukuhlonipha", futhi umsuka wegama lesiNgisi elithi "venerate".
Abanye abacwaningi bacabange ukuthi elithi "Venus" laliphathelene negama lesiLatini elithi venenum, ibizo elisho "ubuthi", "potion", "charm" noma mhlawumbe "i-aphrodisiac" ephawula ukulawula kwayo ngokusobala phezu kokudakwa kothando.
Izimfanelo namandla kankulunkulukazi uVenus
Njengonkulunkulukazi ohlanganisa uthando, inkanuko nobulili, uVenus wayenamandla okwenza abantu abafayo nonkulunkulu bathandane ngokuhlanya. Ngakho izici zabo eziyinhloko namathuluzi amandla kwakumane kuwukukhanga nokukhanga okuvusa inkanuko lapho abaningi benqotshwa ukuba izisulu zabo, ngokomlando wenganekwane.
Kwakuvamile ukuba umfanekiso kankulunkulukazi uVenus utholakale ezindlini. Phakathi kokuvela okuhlukahlukene kwalo nkulunkulukazi, isimo sakhe sasihambisana nemifanekiso efana nerose njengophawu lokuzala, inkanuko yobulili nesitho sowesifazane. Futhi, wayevame ukugqoka umqhele we-myrtle (isihlahla esinamaqabunga ahlala isikhathi eside, ajulile aluhlaza anezimbali ezimhlophe), lo mqhele waba omunye wezimpawu zakhe ezibalulekile.
Amagobolondo asolwandle ayengenye indlela evamile exhunywe kulo nkulunkulukazi, njengoba la magobolondo ayebhekisela ekuzalweni kukaVenus olwandle nanjengezinye zezifanekiselo eziningi ezivusa inkanuko zeVenus. Lo nkulunkulukazi uyakwazi futhi ukuheha ukuchuma nenhlanhla kulabo abamkhulekelayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yobuhlobo bakhe nomhlaba nezingadi, angakwazi ukwenza ukuphila kuhlume kusuka enhlabathini engaphansi kuye phezulu ngokunyathela kwakhe nje, okubangele ukuba kuvele kokubili izitshalo nezimbali endleleni yakhe.
Abathandi nabantwana bakaVenus
Unkulunkulukazi uVenus wayenabathandi ababili abakhulu nabo ababengonkulunkulu: umyeni wakhe uVulcan noMars (ngokulandelana uHephaestus no-Ares ezinganekwaneni zamaGreki). Kunenganekwane mayelana nendaba yothando yeVenus with Mars, lapho bephakathi nesenzo socansi embhedeni babanjwa nenethi ngobuqili yi-Vulcan.
Ngenxa yokunganeliseki kukaVenus nokungathembeki kwakhe, yena noVulcan babengenawo umshado ogcwele uthando futhi ngenxa yalesi sizathu kwakungekho nzalo kubo njengombhangqwana. Nokho, lo nkulunkulukazi wayengeyena oyinyumba, futhi ngezindaba zakhe zothando wakwazi ukuba nezingane eziningi nonkulunkulu abahlukene. Nge-Mars ngokwesibonelo, wanikeza ukuphila ku:
- UTimor (Phobos) ukumelwa kokwesaba owayehambele imincintiswano noyise, kanye newele lakhe uMetus (Deimos) isithombe sokwesaba.
- Concordia (Harmony) unkulunkulukazi wokuxoxisana, ukucindezela nokuvumelana.
- Ama-Cupids (ama-Erotes) ayeyiqoqo lezithixo zothando ezinamaphiko ezazifanekisela ukubukeka okuhlukahlukene kothando.
Imbongi engumRoma u-Ovid ilandisa ukuthi u-Aphrodite (uVenus) wazala uHermaphrodites kuHermes (iMercury), owayeyisibonelo sobuhle kanye ne-androgyny; futhi nakuFortuna (Tyche), owayengunkulunkulukazi wenhlanhla nesiphetho ngaphakathi kwenkolo yamaRoma. UVenus kuthiwa uBacchus ungunina kankulunkulu omncane uPriapus (unkulunkulu wenzalo ovame ukubonakala nge-phallus enkulu ngokungenangqondo).
NgokukaPausanias abakwaGrace kwakucatshangwa ukuthi bayinzalo kaVenus noBacchus, kodwa ngokuvamile ukuzalwa kwabo kubizwa ngokuthi uJupiter no-Eurynome. Nokho, abakwaGrace babeyingxenye yeqembu likaVenus kanye namaCupids kanye noSuadela unkulunkulukazi wokukholisa emkhakheni wezothando, uthando nokuyenga.
UVenus wayenabathandani abafayo abambalwa, ababili abadume kakhulu ngo-Anchises no-Adonis, kodwa futhi wayeyinkosikazi yenkosi yaseSicily uButes aba nayo indodana egama layo lingu-Erice. Waphinde wahambisana noPhathon azala naye uSandocus, owaziwa ngokuthi unguyise kaCinyras waseKhupro.
I-Metamorphoses ka-Ovid (Incwadi X) ilandisa ukuthi uVenus wathandana kanjani no-Adonis ofayo (mhlawumbe ngenxa yobuhle bakhe noma ngenxa yomcibisholo kaCupid), lapho anxusa khona u-Proserpina (Persephone) ukuba amnakekele aze afike kuye. Labonkulunkulukazi ababili bahlwithwa umuntu ofayo, ngakho balwa kwaze kwaba yilapho uJupiter enquma ukuthi u-Adonis wayezochitha ingxenye yesithathu yonyaka ngamunye wabo nengxenye yesithathu lapho ayethanda khona; ekugcineni, wachitha isikhathi sakhe noVenus waze wabulawa izingulube.
Ngokusho kweHomeric Hymn to Aphrodite, u-Anchises, inkosana yaseDardania kanye nomngane kaTroy, wayengwe nguVenus. Wazifihla njengenkosazana yaseFrigiya futhi wambamba, lapho ezinyangeni eziyisishiyagalolunye kamuva wembula ukuthi ungubani wasezulwini ngokwethula u-Anchises nendodana yakhe u-Aeneas. UVenus uxwayise u-Anchises ukuthi angalokothi aziqhenye ngohambo lwakhe funa ashaywe yiJupiter; ngeshwa, u-Anchises wagcwala injabulo futhi wakhubazwa umbani weJupiter.
I-Trojan Aeneas, ngokusho kwe-Virgil's Aeneid, yayihloselwe ukudala iRoma iqondiswa ukhokho wakhe waphezulu, unkulunkulukazi uVenus. Indodana ka-Aeneas, u-Ascanio wayeyinkosi yase-Alba Longa okwaqashelwa ngayo uVirgil njengokhokho wabanduleli baseRoma: uRomulus noRemus kanye noGens (umndeni) uJulia; uGen Julia kwakungumndeni owawuhlanganisa uJulius Caesar, Augustus (Octavian) Caesar, kanye nenzalo yabo.
IVenus kanye nenkanyezi yakusihlwa
Ngokwesiko lenganekwane le-Virgil's Aeneid, uVenus wakhethwa njengenkosikazi ka-Anchises, ilungu lomndeni wasebukhosini weTrojan. Ngokwaleli siko, uVenus wazenza intombi enhle futhi wayenga u-Anchises, eveza ukuthi ungubani ngempela ngemva kokukhulelwa. Ngokushesha wazala u-Aeneas, owaba iqhawe leThrojani elinamandla. Kwathi ngemva kokuwa kweTroy, u-Aeneas wangena eMedithera ukuze agcwalise isiprofetho sokuthi ngelinye ilanga wayeyothola umbuso omkhulu wase-Italy.
E-Aeneid unkulunkulukazi uVenus wasebenza njengomsunguli oyinhloko wezenzakalo, kanye nomvikeli ongapheli wendodana yakhe empini. UVenus wasiza u-Aeneas ngemva kokuthola ukuthi uJuno wayethumele isiphepho esikhulu ukuze avimbele imikhumbi yakhe ukuthi ingafiki e-Italy. UVenus uphinde wanxusa uJupiter, owalamula ukuze aqede isiphepho ngaphambi kokuqondisa indodana yakhe ngokuphepha eCarthage. Ezifihle njengesalukazi, wahola u-Aeneas nabalandeli bakhe eNdlovukazini u-Dido ethandekayo, ngakho phakathi naleso sikhathi seNdlovukazi uVenus wavikela iqembu lendodana yakhe emehlweni anobutha:
"Wabafihla, unkulunkulukazi waba yingubo yokulala yamafu ukuze kungabikho muntu owabona noma awathinte, ukuze kungabikho muntu owaziyo, futhi ngeke bafune isizathu sokufika kwabo."
Kamuva lapho u-Aeneas ehamba ngomkhumbi esuka eCarthage eya e-Italy, unkulunkulukazi uVenus wancenga uNeptune ukuba amvumele ukuwela iMedithera ngokuphepha; UNeptune wavuma ngezizathu zokuthi uKaputeni uPalinuro onebhadi uzonikelwa.
Lapho u-Aeneas efika eRoma, uVenus wamnika izikhali nezikhali ezakhiwe nguVulcan. Lezi zikhali zizosetshenziswa empini elandelayo ngokumelene namaLatins. Esihlanguni sika-Aeneas, uVulcan wayemele ukunqoba kwamaRoma kwesikhathi esizayo, njengokunqoba kuka-Augustus izitha zakhe e-Battle of Actium ngo-31 BC. C. (Njengomuntu owayephila ngaleso sikhathi futhi owasinda empini yombango echitha igazi eyaphela e-Actium, uVirgil wayenezizathu eziningi zokushweleza u-Augustus futhi ethule ukunqoba kwakhe njengomzuzu obalulekile emlandweni wamaRoma.)
Ekugcineni, ezikhathini ezidlule ze-Aeneid, unkulunkulukazi uVenus wangenela njengomama futhi welapha indodana yakhe u-Aeneas ngemva kokuba ishaywe ngomcibisholo.
Inkolo namathempeli kankulunkulukazi uVenus
Ithempeli lokuqala elaziwayo likaVenus lanikezelwa kuVenus Obsequens (Obedient Venus) eNtabeni i-Aventine eRoma, cishe ngo-295 BC. Nokho, inkolo yakhe yayizinze edolobheni laseLavinium, futhi ithempeli lakhe lapho laba ikhaya lomkhosi owaziwa ngokuthi iVinalia Rustica (leli thempeli lasakazwa ngezici zamaGreki (amahlelo ka-Aphrodite) futhi lalingelona indalo entsha ).
Ngo-217 BC C., izibikezelo zeSibylline zasikisela ukuthi uma iRoma (ngalesi sikhathi elahlekelwa yiMpi Yesibili YamaPunic) yayingase inxuse uVenus Eyrcina (uVenus wase-Eryx) ukuba aguqule ukwethembeka kwakhe esuka kubasekeli beCarthaginian Sillegos kuya kumaRoma, impi yayiyonqotshwa. IRoma yavimbezela i-Eryx (inqaba yaseCarthage), yanikeza unkulunkulukazi ithempeli elihle futhi yathwala isithombe sikankulunkulukazi isuka kulendawo iya eRoma.
Kwakulesi sithombe esiqoshiwe sangaphandle kamuva esaba iVenus Genetrix (uVenus Umama). Ihlelo lenkolo elasungulwa ngaseVenus Genetrix eCapitoline Hill lavinjelwa amaRoma angamalungu emindeni yamandla, kodwa ngo-181 a. C. kanye 114 a. C. amathempeli kanye nenkolo kaVenus Eycina kanye neVenus Verticordia (uVenus umguquli wezinhliziyo) kwasungulwa kubantu abavamile.
Inyanga kaVenus kwakunguApril (ukuqala kwentwasahlobo nokuzala) futhi kungalesi sikhathi lapho iningi lemikhosi yakhe yayigujwa. Ngakho njalo ekuqaleni kuka-April kwakuba nomkhosi wokuhlonipha uVenus Verticordia obizwa ngokuthi iVeneralia, ngomhlaka-23 i-Vinalia Urbana yayigujwa, okwakuwumkhosi wewayini wabo bobabili uVenus (unkulunkulukazi wewayini elingcolile) kanye noJupiter.
Ngenkathi i-Vinalia Rustica yayibanjwe ngo-Agasti 10, kwakuwumkhosi wakudala weVenus futhi wawuhlotshaniswa nendlela yawo yeVenus Obsequens. Ekugcineni, njalo ngo-September 26 kwakuwusuku lomkhosi kaVenus Genetrix, umama nomvikeli waseRoma.
Epithets of unkulunkulukazi Venus
Unkulunkulukazi uVenus wayehlukaniswa ngochungechunge lwezinkondlo, ngayinye iveza ubuntu obuhlukile bukankulunkulukazi, okuhlanganisa:
- Venus Caelestis noma "Venus of the heavens".
- UVenus Erycina, noma "iVenus yase-Eryx", ehlobene nokumelwa kwakhe kwedolobha laseCarthage.
- UVenus Felix noma "uVenus onenhlanhla", ngeqhaza lakhe ekuguquleni impi, njengoba enza phakathi neMpi Yesibili YamaPunic.
- UVenus Genetrix, noma "uVenus umdali", okuyisiqu esaphakanyiswa akekho omunye ngaphandle kukaJulius Caesar esisekelwe endimeni kankulunkulukazi ekwakhekeni kombuso waseRoma.
- Venus Murcia noma "Venus of the Arrayanes", ngokuba umvikeli onothando weRoma.
- IVenus Obsequens noma “Venus that adores”.
- Venus Victrix noma "Venus oletha Ukunqoba".
I-Venus kwezobuciko nezincwadi
Phakathi nenkathi yokuqala ye-Paleolithic, abantu baqopha imifanekiso emincane yabesifazane okwathi kamuva abavubukuli baqamba izibalo zeVenus. Ngokuvamile zigobile futhi ziyindilinga ngezinga elithile lokujiya phakathi, futhi ngokuvamile azinabuso, nje ukumelwa kwemizimba yabesifazane ezinikelayo.
Mhlawumbe owaziwa kakhulu isithombe esincane ekuqaleni esasibizwa ngokuthi i-Venus of Willendorf, manje eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Willendorf Woman noma i-Willendorf Woman. Eminyakeni yamuva, izazi ziye zayeka ukuqamba lezi zingcezu ngoVenus, ngoba azihlangene nonkulunkulukazi uVenus; eqinisweni, zandulela izinkulungwane eziningi zeminyaka.
Kubuciko besimanje, iVenus cishe ihlale ikhonjiswa njengentsha futhi inhle. Kuso sonke isikhathi sasendulo, abadwebi abahlukahlukene bakhiqiza izithombe eziningi eziqoshiwe zikaVenus, njengesifanekiso esidumile sika-Aphrodite waseMilos (esaziwa kangcono ngokuthi uVenus de Milo), esiveza unkulunkulukazi njengowesifazane omuhle ngokwedlulele onamajika esifazane kanye nokumamatheka kokwazi. Lesi sithombe kukholakala ukuthi senziwa ngu-Alexandros wase-Antiyokiya, cishe ngo-100 BC
Ngesikhathi se-European Renaissance nangale kwalokho, kwaba yimfashini ukuthi izintokazi ezisezingeni eliphezulu zizenze iVenus ngemidwebo noma imifanekiso. Enye eyaziwa kakhulu ekadadewabo kaPauline Bonaparte Borghese Napoleon omncane, lapho u-Antonio Canova amqopha njengoVenus Victrix, ehlezi esaluni, futhi nakuba uCanova wayefuna ukumqopha ingubo, u-Pauline ngokusobala waphikelela ekuvezweni enqunu.
Ezincwadini, umlobi u-Chaucer wayebhala njalo ngoVenus ngaphezu kokuba khona kwakhe okuphawulekayo ezinkondlweni zakhe ezimbalwa, kanye nase-Knight's Tale lapho uPalamon eqhathanisa isithandwa sakhe u-Emily nonkulunkulukazi. Eqinisweni, u-Chaucer usebenzisa ubudlelwano obuneziyaluyalu phakathi kwe-Mars neVenus ukumela uPalamon njengeqhawe kanye no-Emily njengentombi enhle engadini yezimbali.
i-venus nepolitiki
Ekupheleni kweRiphabhulikhi yaseRoma, abanye osaziwayo baseRoma bathi bathanda uVenus futhi baqhudelana ngakho, njengokuthi:
- Sulla (emukela ofanelekela isiLatini uFeliksi ukuze abe nenhlanhla nokukhazimulisa uVenus Felix ngomusa wakhe waphezulu).
- I-Pompey (eyanikelwa ngo-55 BC, ithempeli likaVenus Victrix - Venus of Victory).
- UJulius Caesar (wamangalela uVenus Victrix kanye noVenus Genetrix).
- UHadrian (ngo-139 CE, wakhela uVenus noRoma Aeterna ithempeli, iRoma yaphakade, okwenza uVenus waba umama ongumqaphi wesifunda saseRoma).
Abanye onkulunkulukazi bothando
Nakuba uVenus engasakhonzwa kabanzi, uphikelela ekwazini kwaseNtshonalanga njengenye isixhumanisi esibalulekile ochungechungeni lomlando wabantu besifazane abavusa inkanuko phakathi kwezinganekwane zasendulo, kuhlanganise nonkulunkulukazi abangamaNorse uFrigg noFreyja, u-Ishtar waseMesopotamiya, u-Astarte waseSiriya-wasePalestine kanye no-Aphrodite wamaGreki. umlingani weVenus.
Njengomfanekiso wobuhle, uVenus ugqugquzele inani lezithombe ezidumile kuwo wonke umlando, kanye nenqwaba yezithombe zangaleso sikhathi, futhi ngenxa yalokho isibe esinye sezithombe ezikhonjwa kakhulu zikankulunkulukazi emazweni aseNtshonalanga.
IVenus esikweni lanamuhla
I-Venus isalokhu isebenza esikweni lesimanje le-pop njengophawu lothando nokuvusa inkanuko. Ngenxa yokuhlotshaniswa kwayo nobuhle nobulili, iVenus yabelwe izinkampani ezimbalwa eziphawulekayo zezimonyo, kuhlanganise nezinkampani:
- U-Gillette wakha umugqa wemikhiqizo yokushefa yabesifazane abaqanjwe ngonkulunkulukazi.
- I-Venus Skin Care, eyasebenzisa igama likankulunkulukazi njengesu lokumaketha.
Igama likaVenus liphinde lasetshenziswa ezihlokweni eziningi zama-movie, njengoba kwenzeka ngemikhiqizo yamafilimu eshiwo ngezansi:
- I-Venus (1984), ifilimu yesiFulentshi egxile ezenzweni zosomabhizinisi ababili baseMelika ngesikhathi behamba befuna imodeli yomugqa wabo wezimonyo (eqanjwe, vele, "Venus").
- Amanye amafilimu amathathu asebenzise isihloko esithi Venus, enye yalawa mafilimu akamuva agxile empilweni yowesifazane oshintshe ubulili ophumela obala ngokuthi ungubani.
IVenus iphinde yavela ezingomeni eziningi zomculo, okuphuma kuzo okulandelayo:
- "Venus de Milo" nguMiles Davis ngo-1957.
- I-Shocking Blue's "Venus" ngo-1969 eyashisa izikhotha.
- "Venus" kaLady Gaga ngo-2013 amazwi akhe anxusa ngokuqondile unkulunkulukazi kanye nekhono lakhe lokukhuthaza ubulili obungenakuvinjelwa: "Angikwazi ukusiza engikuzwayo / Unkulunkulukazi wothando, ngicela ungiyise kumholi wakho / angikwazi ukuzibamba. Qhubeka udansa / Unkulunkulukazi wothando! Unkulunkulukazi wothando."
Ekugcineni, iVenus nayo yaqamba igama layo eplanethini yesibili ukusuka elangeni; Njengoba kufanele igama layo, iVenus iyiplanethi ekhanya kakhulu esimisweni sonozungezilanga.
Uma uthole kuthakazelisa lesi sihloko ngoNkulunkulukazi uVenus wezinganekwane zamaRoma, sikumema ukuthi ujabulele lezi ezinye: