Emiliano Zapata, indoda engumshisekeli yaseMexico, okwathi kusukela ebusheni bayo nangenxa yezenzo ezahlukunyezwa umndeni wayo, ngenxa yokuthathwa komhlaba ngobudlova, kanye nabaningi babahlali basemaphandleni, yathembisa ukuthi izindawo zizobuyiselwa kunoma ubani bona. Funda umlando othakazelisayo.
Emiliano Zapata: Biography
U-Emiliano Zapata Salazar, wazalelwa eSan Miguel Anenecuilco, idolobha lase-Ayala, eMorelos, eMexico, ngo-August 8, 1879. Wayaziwa ngokuthi u-Emiliano Zapata, engomunye wabaholi bezempi abakhulu kanye nendawo ebaluleke kakhulu iNguquko yaseMexico eyayinayo. , kanye nesithonjana esiphawula ubuqotho bezolimo ezweni lama-Aztec.
Njengoba eyilungu lenhlangano yezinguquko, wahlala ekhuthele ephethe i-Liberation Army yaseNingizimu. Ngokufanayo, wayaziwa ngaphansi kwegama elithi "Caudillo del Sur". Ubengumuntu othanda izinto kanye nomgqugquzeli wokulwela inhlalakahle yomphakathi kanye nemigudu yezolimo.
Uphinde walwela ubulungiswa bezenhlalakahle, inkululeko, ukulingana kanye nentando yeningi yezenhlalakahle, ubunikazi bomhlaba, ukucabangela nokuhlonipha abantu bomdabu, abalimi kanye nemisebenzi yaseMexico ngokuba yizisulu zesistimu ye-oligarchic kanye ne-latifundismo yabanikazi bezindawo ze-Porfiriato.
Kodwa-ke, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi u-Emiliano Zapata naye walahlwa kanye noPancho Villa, weCongress of Constituent Congress ka-1917, okuzovela kuye ukuvela komthethosisekelo wezenhlalakahle, okungafakazelwa ku-athikili 27.
Ukuqala kwalo
U-Emiliano Zapata, wazalelwa emndenini ompofu, indodana kaGabriel Zapata noCleofas Salazar, wayenenkampani yodadewabo abayisithupha okuthiwa uCelsa, uRamona, uMaría de Jesús, uMaría de la Luz, uJovita noMatilde, kanye nabafowabo abathathu ngamagama. : UPedro, u-Eufemio no-Loreto.
UJosé Salazar, umkhulu wakhe ozala umama, naye wasebenzisa umsebenzi wezempi ngaphansi komyalo kaJosé María Morelos y Pavón, edolobheni laseCuautla de Morelos. Ngokunjalo, omalume bakayise okuthiwa uCristino noJosé Zaparon balwa eMpini Yezinguquko nangesikhathi sokungenela kweFrance ngaphansi komyalo kaGenerals Carlos Pacheco noPorfirio Díaz.
Ubuntwana bakhe bathuthukiswa endaweni ye-Porfirista latifundism eMorelos. Izinyathelo zakhe zokuqala ezifundweni zenziwa nothisha u-Emilio Vara, owayeyisosha laseJuarista.
Ngesikhathi abazali bakhe besaphila, u-Emiliano waphila ngomcimbi owawuphawula isiphetho sakhe: umnikazi we-Cuahuixtla hacienda engumakhelwane wayethathe umhlaba wakhe wase-Anenecuilco ngenkani. Nakuba abalimi abaningi benqaba.
Ngenxa yaleli qiniso, u-Emiliano wabona indlela uyise ekhala kabuhlungu ngayo ngokuphangwa izindawo zakhe, okwamenza—owayezobizwa ngokuthi i-caudillo yaseningizimu-, adabuke ngoba uyise wathi wayengeke alwe nabahlukumezi ababemhlukumeza. enamandla .
Ngaleso sikhathi uZapata wayeneminyaka engu-9 kuphela ubudala, waba nokuhlangenwe nakho okungathandeki kokubona ukuthi abalimi baphanga kanjani izindawo zabo, izenzo ezikhuthazwa abanikazi bama-haciendas aseduze, futhi ngemva kokubona amazwi kayise , owaphendula ngokuthi wayengakwazi. yenza noma yini ukubavimba, kodwa umfana ngokukhazimula wathi kuye:
Ngeke kwenziwe? Phela uma sengikhulile ngizobabuyisela.
UZapata, eneminyaka engu-16, izinyanga ezingu-11 ngemva kokushona kukayise, unina uyashona. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, waqala umsebenzi wakhe emhlabeni wezolimo njengomlimi nomnyuzi. Ngosuku lwangoJuni 15, 1897, uboshwe amabutho asemaphandleni kamasipala waseCuernavaca, ngenkathi ehlanganyela emgubhweni edolobheni lakubo i-Anenecuilco.
Ngokungenelela komfowabo u-Eufemio, ukwazile ukudedelwa, kodwa ephethe isibhamu esandleni. Ngenxa yalesi senzakalo, abazalwane baseZapata kwadingeka bashiye izwe ngemuva. Ngaleso sikhathi, umfowabo u-Eufemio wahlala unyaka esebenza epulazini laseJaltepec elisePuebla.
Imisebenzi yezepolitiki yokuqala
Ngo-1906, wabamba iqhaza emhlanganweni owakhiwe abalimi eCuautla, ukubhekana nezindaba eziphathelene nokuvikela nokuvikela indawo yabo, kanye nezindawo zedolobha ukubhekana nabanikazi bomhlaba abaseduze.
Isimo sakhe sokuhlubuka samvumela ukuba abhalise, kwathi ngo-1908, uZapata wafakwa ku-9th Cavalry Regiment, ngaphansi kokulawulwa kwezempi kukaColonel Alfonso Pradillo. Ngenkathi esedolobheni laseCuernavaca, uZapata waqokwa njengomnakekeli wamahhashi e-hacienda, aphethwe nguPablo Escandón, umholi weGeneral Staff of Porfirio Díaz.
Kamuva, wathathwa ukuze enze imisebenzi efanayo ngaphansi kwemiyalo ka-Ignacio de la Torre, owayengumkhwenyana kaGeneral Porfirio Díaz futhi uzwa uthando ngekhono nokuhlakanipha kwakhe ngamahhashi.
Yafika ngoJanuwari 24, 1609, iKlabhu eyaziwayo ebizwa ngokuthi uMelchor Ocampo yasungulwa eVilla de Ayala, ukuze isekele ukhetho olumelene noPatricio Leyva ngesikhathi sikahulumeni wesifunda saseMorelos, iZapata iphakathi kwamalungu ayo, avela okokuqala ngqa izwe lezepolitiki, nokushiya ngemuva indawo yabalimi. Uzinikele ekusekeleni ikhandidethi elingavuni abanikazi bomhlaba, njengoba kwenzeka kuPablo Escandón y Barrón, umnikazi wepulazi laseSan Diego Atlihuayán.
NgoSepthemba 12 walowo nyaka, u-Emiliano Zapata waqokwa njenge-calpuleque, igama eNahaualt, elihumusha njengomholi noma umongameli, ukusebenzisa iBhodi Yezokuvikela endaweni yase-Anenecuilco, Villa de Ayala, Moyotepec, ngaphansi kwalesi sikhundla, iqala inqubo yokuphenya kanye nokuhlaziya noma yimuphi umbhalo owatholakala futhi wawumayelana nobukhosi, lapho bafakazela khona amalungelo omhlaba wezifiki phezu kwezindawo zabo.
Ngaphambili yayinqatshelwe yiMithetho Yezinguquko, ikakhulukazi uMthetho kaLerdo, owawuphoqelela izinhlangano zomphakathi ezihlukene ukuba zithengise noma ziphuce izindawo zazo ezazingakhiqizi, okuwudaba ngesinye isikhathi, lusekelwa amakhosi endabuko ahlukene njengendaba kaTomás. Mejía, kohulumeni abalandela imithetho, kanye noMbuso Wesibili waseMexico.
Le mithetho esetshenziswayo yahlomulisa abantu abaningi ukuze bakhulise ukuthathwa kwabo komhlaba ngokungemthetho, becela futhi bacele ubunikazi bomhlaba abahlali abangawusebenzanga. Isizathu esamenza ukuthi abe isazi sezolimo esihlukile kuMorelos, izwe lakubo.
Ngenyanga kaFebhuwari wonyaka ka-1910, wafakwa phakathi kweButho Lesishiyagalolunye Lamahhashi elaliseCuernavaca, enezinga lezempi lesosha elivamile.
Ngenyanga ka-May wonyaka ka-1910, esebenzisa amabutho, wahlenga izindawo zeSibhedlela saseHacienda del, esasigadwe umphathi wamaphoyisa, uMnu. José A. Vivanco, owanikela futhi kubalimi base-Hacienda del Hospital. isifunda. Ngenxa yalesi senzakalo, kwadingeka abaleke kaningi ezikhulwini zikahulumeni, ngoba wayeqokwe njengesigelekeqe.
Ngemva kwesikhathi esihle, ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva wabamba iqhaza emhlanganweni owawuse-Villa de Ayala, ukuze abhekane nendaba ehlobene, kamuva eyayizoba i-Ayala Plan. Ukwazile ukuhlanganisa zonke izakhamuzi ezingomakhelwane zemiphakathi emithathu: i-Anenecuilco, i-Villa de Ayala kanye ne-Moyotepec, okwaqala ngabo inqubo yokwabiwa okusha komhlaba, ukubhidliza uthango olubekwe endaweni ezungezile.
I-Maderista Revolution kanye ne-Ayala Plan
UFrancisco I. Madero, umemezela uHlelo lwaseSan Luis, olwalubonisa ukuqala kweNguquko ka-1910, u-Emiliano Zapata ufunda ikhophi, okumenza abe nelukuluku lokufuna ukwazi ngokugcizelela isihloko sesithathu, esashiwo ohlelweni, olubonisa ukubuyiswa kwesipho. umhlaba kubanikazi bawo bangaphambili.
Ngokushesha, u-Zapata uxoxa no-Pablo Torres Burgos, uthisha obalulekile wasemaphandleni, kanye noGabriel Tepepa, uCatarino Perdomo noMargarito Martínez. Bavuma ukuthi uTorres Burros, owayefunde kakhulu kumalungu, wathola ingxoxo nomholi weRevolution, uFrancisco I. Madero odumile, edolobheni laseSan Antonio, eTexas.
Ngemva kwengxoxo futhi ngokwalokho okwaxoxwa ngakho, banquma ukuthatha izikhali uPablo Torres Burgos, u-Emiliano Zapata, uRafael Merino, kanye nabalimi abangaba ngu-60, phakathi kwabo: uCatarino Perdomo, uPróculo Capistrán, uManuel Rojas, uJuan Sánchez, uCristóbal Gutiérrez, uJulio. UDíaz, Zacarías noRefugio Torres, Jesús Becerra, Bibiano Cortés, Serafín Plascencia, Maurilio Mejía kanye noCelestino Benítez. Sincoma Biography of Guadalupe Victoria
Njengoba beqoqwe ngoMashi 26, 1911, emkhosini weLenten edolobheni laseCuautla, bamemezela uHlelo lwaseSan Luis.
U-Emiliano Zapata wahamba waya eningizimu, ngoba wayeshushiswa u-Aureliano Blanquet nebutho lakhe lamasosha. Ngalesi sikhathi esihambisana nesikhathi sokunyakaza kweZapatista, izimpi zaseChinameca, iJojutla, iJonacatepec, iTlayecac neTlaquiltenango zigqama, kanye nokufa kweZapatista kanye nenhloko eyinganekwane yenhlangano yeSuriano, uPablo Torres Burgos owaziwayo. , empeleni owengamele u-Emiliano ngokwakhe.
Ngemuva kokushona kuka-Emiliano Zapato, ukhethwa yiRevolutionary Junta yaseNingizimu, ngoMashi 29, 1911, njengomholi omusha wamavukelambuso i-madarista waseningizimu. Izidingo zeZapatista zazwakalisa umbono wazo ngenguquko eqondile yezolimo ethi "Umhlaba ungowalabo abawusebenzayo", isiqubulo esasetshenziswa uTeodoro Flores, owayenguyise wezelamani zakwaFlores Magón, okwagcina kwaba uphawu olubalulekile empini yakhe yobuwula yokulwela inkululeko. izenzakalo Porfirio Diaz.
Ngokufanayo, kukhulunywa ngoFrancisco León de la Barra, okwathi esikhundleni sakhe njengomongameli, wahola izinselelo eziningi zezombangazwe nezikhali kumholi waseningizimu, kuhlanganise noFrancisco I. Madero ngokwakhe.
Ngakho-ke, u-Emiliano Zapata wafaka ikomkhulu lakhe edolobheni laseCuautlixco, eliseduze neCuautla. Ukusuka kuleyo ndawo, uqondisa ukuhlasela kwakhe e-Porfirista Army, evikelwe yi-5th Regiment, ngaphansi kwemiyalo kaColonel Eutiquio Munguía, njenge-Rural Corps, ingaphansi komlawuli we-Commander Gil Villegas.
Mhla zingama-29 kuNdasa, u-Emiliano Zapato wabamba isikhundla somholi webutho lamavukelambuso, ngaleso sikhathi elakhiwa cishe amadoda ayinkulungwane. Bafika ngo-Ephreli 2, bathatha i-Huehuetlán, ePuebla futhi bakwazi ukuthatha idolobha lonke ngosuku lukaMeyi 13, 1911.
Ngenxa yokunqoba kweMaderismo, u-Emiliano Zapata akakwazanga ukuthumela amasosha, ngaphandle kokuba ilungu ngalinye linikezwe ukuphepha komhlaba ukuze lizinikele ekulimeni, esikhundleni sezikhali. Ngokusho kwakhe, impi ayipheli ngokuketulwa kwePorfirismo, kodwa ngokuxazululwa okuqondile kwabahlali abampofu: ukubuyiselwa kwezindawo ezazibiwe ngabaninimhlaba abacebile.
Lesi senzakalo saba sihle kuFrancisco de León de la Barra, owabamba njengomongameli wesikhashana, ukuba asibheke njengesenzo sokuvukela, isizathu esamenza wathumela amabutho ukuba asibuse: amadoda ayinkulungwane eyalwa nguye, ojenene uVictoriano Huerta no-Aureliano Blanquet. . Yazi kulesi sixhumanisi esilandelayo, impilo ye I-Victorian Orchard.
Ngo-August wonyaka ka-1911, uFrancisco I. Madero wavuma ukuba nomhlangano no-Emiliano Zapata, eYautepec, ukuze athole ikhambi elinokuthula lenkinga yaseningizimu futhi ngenjongo yokumthonya ukuba avume ukukhulula amasosha akhe. Ngaleso sikhathi, imithombo yezindaba yesizwe ibilungiselela ukungabaza kakhulu izenzo zika-Emiliano Zapata.
Phakathi nenqubo yomhlangano abazange bafinyelele noma yisiphi isivumelwano ngoba uMadero akavumanga ukuguqulwa kwezolimo njengoba kwathuthukiswa nguZapata. Ku-Madero, into eyinhloko, ngokwenkolelo yakhe, kwakuwukulungiselela uguquko lwezombangazwe oluchazwe kahle, kuyilapho u-Zapata esemqondweni wakhe ukubeka kuqala ukubuyiselwa kwezindawo ezebiwe ngabanini bomhlaba. UZapata wagcina ukuthi uMadero wayengumdayisi wenguquko.
Ngalesi sizathu, uhulumeni wobumbano unxuse ukuthi unqume ukuphoqelela ukuhleleka esikhundleni sodlame, ngakho-ke, kanye namasosha awo, kwasakazeka kuyo yonke imingcele ephakathi kweGuerrero nePuebla, kucasha kuhulumeni, futhi kwenziwa ukulandela izimbangi ezincane zombuso. Ngalesi sikhathi, u-Emiliano Zapata washada noJosefa Espejo, engunkulunkulu wesixhumanisi uFrancisco I. Madero ngokwakhe.
Ukuba nguMadero njengomongameli weRiphabhulikhi, umehluko awuzange uphele. UZapata uhlangana noMadero ngaphakathi kweNational Palace, lapho kuvela khona ingxabano eshubile. UMadero unikeza uZapata i-hacienda esifundazweni saseMorelos, ngenhloso yokumkhokhela zonke izinkonzo zakhe azenze kuNguquko, isenzo esithukuthelisa uZapata, kuyilapho ephendula:
Cha, Mnu Wood. Angizange ngithathe izikhali ukuze nginqobe umhlaba namapulazi. Ngathatha izikhali ukuze abantu baseMorelos bathole lokho okwakuntshontshiwe kubo. Ngakho-ke, Mnu. Madero, noma ugcwalisa lokho owasithembisa kona, mina kanye nesifunda saseMorelos, noma i-chichicuilota ithatha wena kanye nami.
Wathi esakhuluma, washaya ngamandla isibhamu sakhe etafuleni okwakuhleli kulo uMadero.
Kwezinye izingxoxo phakathi kukaFrancisco I. Madero no-Emiliano Zapata, lo wakamuva wamenza wabona indlela abantu abampofu abazizwa ngayo lapho kuphangwa izindawo zabo.
UZapata wabatshela ukuthi lesi kwakuyisimo ngempela esenzeka eMorelos, lapho abanikazi bezindawo abaningi baphanga abahlali basemazweni abo.
U-Zapata, ngoNovemba 25, 1911, wethula i-Plan of Ayala eyabhalwa u-Otilio E. Montaño, umbhalo ukuze ube ngohlukile kuye futhi njengesibonelo esiphilayo semibono yabalimi baseMorelos.
Lo mbhalo wawufuna ukukhululwa kwabantu bomdabu kanye nokwabiwa kwezindawo ezinkulu ezakhiwe iPorfiriato. U-Francisco I. Madero akafakwanga njengomongameli, futhi u-Pascual Orozco wabuye wabhaliswa njengomholi osemthethweni wenqubo yeNguquko yase-Mexico.
Lo mbhalo walungiswa ngemuva kokuvukela kuka-Victoriano Huerta ngemibono eyahlukene futhi kamuva wavikelwa nguZapata ku-Aguascalientes Convention.
Amadoda akhanyisiwe azinikezele ekuguquleni i-Plan de Ayala, lapho uMadero no-Huerta bengaziwa, izenzo zabo njengabongameli, kanye no-Orozco njengenhloko ye-revolution, babumba ngamandla umlingiswa wezenhlalakahle wenhlangano, futhi baqinisekisa umqondo wokuthi "ikilasi" womphakathi waseMexico.
Ngaphandle kwalokho lo mqulu umile kwelokuthi njengoba ungazange ufezwe ngesethembiso esenziwa kubantu abahlwempu, ukulwa nezikhali yikhona kuphela okuzokwenza kube nobulungiswa.
Kodwa, kuwukwenza kwaziwe ukuthi i-Ayala Plan ayiyona nje idokhumenti ebhaliwe ukukhombisa imibono yenhlangano ye-Zapatista, kodwa ibhekisela esibonakalisweni sokuqala esisungulwe embhalweni osemthethweni ongowomcabango wezenhlalakahle eMexico. ngenxa yokuthi wayezibonakalise ngaphambili ngemibhalo eshicilelwe, nakuba yayingekho emthethweni, kaRicardo Flores Magón.
Ngaphakathi komongo woHlelo lwe-Ayala, kunamaphuzu abonisa le micabango ngendlela eseduze, efakazelwa emaphuzwini amakwe ngezinombolo 6th, 7th kanye ne-8.
Ukuze siqonde la maphuzu, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ngokufanayo neNguquko yaseMexico, kwathuthukiswa iNguquko YaseRussia, nayo eyaba nemibono ye-socialism, eyasetshenziswa isigaba sabalimi, ababebaningi ngalezo zikhathi eRussia.
Kulo mbhalo kuvela isitatimende esisemthethweni senkulumo eyaziwayo ethi "Umhlaba ungowalabo abawusebenzayo", owasetshenziswa kamuva ku-Revolution, ngu-Ernesto Che Guevara owaziwayo.
Esigabeni sesi-8, kuvela ukuthi abanikazi bomhlaba, ososayensi noma amakhosi aphikisana nempahla yabo bazothathwa bese kuthi okubili kokuthathu okungokwabo kufakwe ezweni. Kungumqondo obalulekile, ovumele ababhali bombhalo osemthethweni, njengoZapata uqobo, ukuthi babone ngeso lengqondo umcabango wezenhlalo.
Ngo-1912, u-Emiliano Zapata walwa ne-Federal Army, eyayingaphansi kwemiyalo yoJenene u-Arnoldo Casso López, uJuvencio Robles noFelipe Ángeles, ngenhloso yokuthola ukuthula emazweni aseningizimu.
Ngenkathi ama-Zapatistas ezama ukuzivikela futhi enza kanjalo kungazelelwe, futhi ngokwalokho okwashiwo yi-Federal Army: kuma-akhawunti okuhlasela kwe-Zapatista, kuvamile ukuthi izinkomba zokuhlasela, imililo kanye nokudlwengula zivele phakathi kwamanye amaqiniso Okufanayo.
Kodwa, okuqinisekile kakhulu kuzo zonke lezi zindaba ukuthi zashintshwa ukuze kuthethelelwe izinkathazo ezenziwa abahlanganyeli be-Federal Army. Unyaka lapho ukuhlaselwa kweTepalcingo, Yautepec, Cuautla kanye neCuernavaca kugqama khona, nokho-ke, kufanele kugcinwe ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi inhlangano yeZapatista yayintekenteke ezicini zezombangazwe nezempi, ikakhulukazi umkhankaso kahulumeni waseMaderista owawuphikisana neqembu. surianos ecasukile, ishiywe ngaphansi kukaGeneral Felipe Ángeles.
Ngokusebenzisa izindlela zabo eziphucuzeke kakhulu nezivumelana nezimo, banciphisa izisekelo ze-Zapatismo, ngoba i-Ángeles yayizwana nabo.
Umzabalazo eningizimu ngemuva kokushona kukaMadero
Ngemva kwesigameko esenzeka ngenxa yokushona kukaFrancisco I. Madero, kanye nokubusa kuka-Victoriano Huerta, umzabalazo wezikhali wavuka, kuyilapho uZapata ebhekwa njengomunye wabaholi bezinguquko eziphawulekayo, lapho afaka khona ezinkulu nezinkulu. izinguquko ezibalulekile eMorelos.
Kamuva, lezi zikhundla zamholela ekutheni abhekane nomongameli omusha, owayenguJenene uVenustiano Carranza ngaleso sikhathi. Njengoba ephethe, u-Victoriano Huerta, ufaka ikhomishana, inhloko yayo enguyise kaPascual Orozco, uMnu. Father Orozco, ngenhloso yokuxoxisana ngokuthula nokuthula no-Emiliano Zapata.
Lo mcimbi wabambisana ukuze udaba lwempi esizweni lume kancane. Ngaleso sikhathi, uZapata wayenegunya likaMorelos esifundeni esiningi saseMexico, njengezifunda zaseGuerrero, ePuebla naseTlaxcala, okwenza kube nzima ukuvumelana nalabo bantu ababemchaza "njengababulali baseMadero".
Wabulala isithunywa sikaHuerta ngezikhali, wabhala nencwadi eyathunyelwa kuGeneral Félix Díaz, lapho ezwakalisa ukwenqaba kwakhe uhulumeni kaHuerta; Ngenyanga kaMeyi walowo nyaka ofanayo, wazinikela ekuguquleni Uhlelo lwakhe lwe-Ayala, ikakhulukazi ukumemezela u-Victoriano Huerta njengomuntu onamahloni ukuba abe ngumongameli wesizwe.
Wabe esesusa uPascual Orozco esikhundleni soMholi weRevolution futhi uZapata wasala njengowukuphela kweNhloko ezomela iButho Lenkululeko YaseNingizimu. Phakathi neminyaka yokuqala ka-1914, u-Emiliano Zapato weza ezothatha omasipala baseJonacatepec naseChilpancingo.
Ngalowo nyaka waba nengxenye yebutho elakhiwe amadoda angu-27.000 XNUMX, elasiza ngenyanga ka-April ukuba lilawule isimo saseMorelos nezinye izindawo zaseGuerrero. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva, weza ezothatha iCuernavaca, kwathi ngoJuni, wathatha izindawo zaseCuajimalpa, Xochimilco neMilpa Alta, iqiniso elakhathaza iMexico City.
Izakhamizi zenhloko-dolobha yaseMexico zanyathela lapho zithola ukuthi ibutho likaZapata laliseduze. Khona-ke, amabutho omthetho-sisekelo avala imigwaqo ukuze bangakwazi ukufinyelela eMexico City.
Ngenyanga kaSepthemba, uVenustiano Carranza Garza, usombusazwe waseMexico, isosha kanye nosomabhizinisi, wathuma uJuan Sarabia, u-Antonio I. Villarreal noLuis Cabrera Lobato, ukuthi bavumelane no-Emiliano Zapata, kodwa, futhi, i-Suriano caudillo yanxusa uVenustiano Carranza ukuba asule esikhundleni. kusukela Emandleni Esikhulu, kanye nokuqashelwa koHlelo lwe-Ayala.
Okhomishana, kanye nempendulo yabo, bashiya ikamu labo kanye nombuso, ngoba uCarranza wamelana kakhulu nezicelo zabo, ezichaza ngokuthi "azifanele" izenzakalo isizwe esasibhekene nazo.
Uhulumeni "we-conventionalist".
U-Emiliano Zapata, esendlunkulu yaseCuernavaca ngaleyo nyanga, akazange achithe isikhathi, ngakho waqala inqubo yokumemezela ukulethwa kwezindawo okwakungabahlali.
Umenywe okhomishana abathile be-Aguascalientes Convention, lapho amaqembu amathathu abalulekile abambe iqhaza kuNguquko yaseMexico abekhona, azama ukuxazulula ukungezwani kwawo.
Kulo mcimbi, u-Emiliano Zapata akazange abe khona, kodwa wakwazi ukuthumela ikhomishini egameni lakhe, eyakhiwe ngu-Antonio Díaz Soto y Gama, owayengumlingisi oyinhloko weSigigaba Sefulegi, kanye noLeobardo Galván González, abakwaMorelos bahlangene bathunyelwa nguZapata e-Aguascalientes.
Wenza ukuphatha okuhle ukuze asize ikhomishana yaseZapatista, izingxoxo ezenziwa noLucio Blanco, kanye noGeneral Francisco Villa ngokwakhe, uPaulino Martínez, uManuel J. Santibáñez kanye noManuel Uriarte, owasebenza njengezibukeli waze wamqinisekisa ukuthi anqume ukwenza lokho. inselele uVenustiano. Carranza.
Ngale ndlela, u-Emiliano Zapata wahlangana noFrancisco Villa, futhi bobabili baqaphela u-Eulalio Gutiérrez, isosha laseMexico kanye nezombusazwe, njengomongameli wesikhashana waseMexico, nokho, izenzo zikaVenustiano Carranza zabangela ukuba impi yombango ingapheli. Nakuba yafika ekupheleni kukaNovemba, i-Division of the North eqinile kanye ne-Liberation Army yaseNingizimu yangena eMexico City.
Khona-ke, ukuthandwa kwesizwe kwenhlangano yeZapatista kwaqala, njengenye ingxenye eyayingaziwa ngabalimi baseSurianos nalabo abavela eNyakatho. Ngesikhathi behlala enhloko-dolobha yaseMexico, amasosha agcina ukuziphatha kokuthula nokuthula: athola izinsiza ngezipho futhi avimbela ukugetshengwa nokushaywa yizigelekeqe eziningi, ezazinesibindi sokuzidlula njengamaZapatista.
NgoDisemba 4 walowo nyaka, uVilla noZapata bathola inhlolokhono edumile eXochimilco, lapho bathola khona umfelandawonye wezempi wamabutho amabili. I-Villa, ngokushintshana, yavuma i-Ayala Plan eyaziwayo, ngaphandle kwezikhalazo zakhe kuFrancisco I. Madero, owake wasebenza njengomsindisi wakhe, waphoqeleka ukuba anikeze izikhali zakhe kuZapata.
Lapho izivumelwano sezivaliwe, u-Emiliano Zapata wahamba waya e-Amecameca, ngakho ngoDisemba 17, 1914 wathatha iPuebla, nokho, ezinsukwini zokuqala zikaJanuwari, i-plaza yaxoshwa kuye ngamabutho kaGeneral Álvaro Obregón.
Ngakho-ke, kwadingeka asebenzise imizamo yakhe emikhulu ukulwa nebutho leVillista elinamandla, okwabangela ukuba uMorelos avikelwe futhi abuswe abantu abangabampofu ngo-1915, abathatha izikhali, ngaphezu kokusizwa izazi zempi.suriana.
Ngonyaka we-1916, lapho iVenustiano Carranza isivele imisiwe eMexico City, futhi ngenkathi uFrancisco Villa ehlukunyezwa kaningi ibutho lika-Álvaro Obregón, uCarranza wayala ukuba kuhlaselwe iZapatismo, ngaphansi kwemiyalo kaPablo González Garza.
Ngokubambisana kwezindiza zamasosha, iCuernavaca, ngenyanga kaMeyi, yashaywa ngabasekeli bomthethosisekelo, kodwa-ke, ukubuya kwakungokwesikhashana ezandleni zamaZapatistas, ehlala ngaphansi kwamandla abo ngoDisemba 8 walo nyaka.
Kodwa, uma kubhekwa ukushoda kwezikhali, nokuphucwa ukusebenzisana kukaVillista, ezinsukwini ezimbalwa wonke amadolobha ombuso ayengaphansi komyalo wabasekeli bomthethosisekelo. Kungunyaka we-1917 lapho uZapata enquma ukwethula ukuhlasela lapho akwazi khona ukubuyisela uJonacatepec, Yautepec, Cuautla, Miahuatlán, Tetecala kanye neCuernavaca.
Ngenyanga kaNdasa kwamenyezelwa umthetho wokuphatha wokuvikela umbuso, zavulwa izikole, kwabunjwa izikhungo ezahlukene ukuze kuqalwe kabusha ukukhiqizwa kokudla okuvela emaphandleni, impi yaqhubeka ezindaweni ezisemngceleni.
Kodwa ngenyanga ka-Okthoba walowo nyaka, uJenene uPablo González Garza wangena eMorelos ezothatha izwe. Ngonyaka we-1918, u-Emiliano Zapata, wenza izimo ezifanayo ne-Francisco Villa ngonyaka, i-guerrilla eyayingenalo ikusasa elihle, ngenxa yezimpi ezingapheli, nokuntuleka kwezinhlamvu, ukufa kwezinduna kanye nezolimo. umthetho obekwe uCarranza washweleza imbangela yabasesuriya.
Ukunyakaza kwabo, okungenakuphikwa, nokubonakaliswa kokungaboni ngaso linye kwezifiki ezingabampofu, kwehlulekile ukwakheka njengenhlangano eyiqiniso yohlobo lwezombangazwe nezempi. Ebonisa ukuhlubuka kwenhlangano yabalimi, azinikela kuyo kuphela ekuqhubeni impi yakhe yobushokobezi kusukela ngonyaka we-1918.
Ukufa kuka-Emiliano Zapata
Ngenxa yempi eyamenyezelwa uhulumeni, wathatha indawo ezungezile enobudlova enyakatho. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, i-gonzalist uJesús Gajardo, isosha laseMexico elabamba iqhaza kuNguquko YaseMexico, wakhohlisa uZapata, kangangokuthi wamenza wakholelwa ukuthi wayengamjabulisi uCarranza, nokuthi wayezimisele ukujoyina yena ngenxa yesizathu sakhe.
Kodwa, u-Emiliano Zapata, wamcela ubufakazi bokumethemba, uGuajardo wambonisa lapho edubula amasosha angamashumi amahlanu, ngemvume kaCarranza noPablo González, futhi wanikeza uZapata izibhamu nezinhlamvu, ezazizomvumela ukuthi aqhubeke nokuhlasela. impi.
Ngakho, ngo-April 10, 1919, bavuma ukuba nomhlangano eHacienda de Chinameca eMorelos. U-Zapata waphephela ngamabutho akhe ngaphandle kwe-hacienda, ngenkathi esondela ngaphakathi kwayo ehamba namadoda ayishumi.
Uma usuwele isango elikhulu, unogada omise emnyango uqhumise ibhagi lakhe ukuze ahlonishwe. Ukuba isibonakaliso esibalulekile kumambuka, ayefihlwe ophahleni lwezindlu, ukuze avulele inhlamvu ngonya ngokumelene noZapata, okwathi ngokushesha waba nesikhathi sokukhipha isikhali sakhe, kodwa isibhamu esinembile wasiphonsa esandleni sakhe; ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho umholi wafela phansi.
Abaningi abasivumanga leso senzakalo. Ngokufanayo, ngokushesha ngemva kokufa kwakhe bavulela ngenhlamvu emzimbeni wakhe ngokuqhuma kwesibhamu okungaphezu kwamashumi amabili, uZapa waba umsabalalisi wenguquko kanye nesithonjana samadolobha ampofu nabaswele.
Umbutho wamavukelambuso waqhubeka nendlela yawo, kodwa ngobuhlakani obuncane, kuyilapho amaZapatista avuma ukuqoka uGildardo Magaña Cerda njengomholi weButho Lenkululeko YaseNingizimu. Lona kwakuyoba ngowokugcina owayezobamela, ngoba ngemva konyaka, amaqabane amadala kaZapata ajoyina uhulumeni we-Aguaprietista, naphezu kokuthi abanye babo babulawa uhulumeni uqobo.
Izakhamuzi eziningi zesifunda saseMorelos, azivumanga ukukholelwa ukufa kukaZapata, inkolelo yayiwukuthi kwakungeyena umholi wabo, owayebulewe nguGuajardo. Njengoba bephawula ukuthi babeshoda imvukuzane, ukuthi uma uZapata wayeyindoda ende noma emnyama ngombala.
Ngokusho kwamazwana, kwakungenakwenzeka ukumangala lapho ezibuza ukuthi kwakunguZapata, ngoba kwakufanele kube nguZapata, wayebalekele uzungu oluningi futhi wayehlale enezinyosi zokuthi amakhaphela ammemezele, kwenzeka kanjani ukuthi awele ngale ndlela. . Ukuphawula kuphinde kwaveza ukuthi uZapata uthumele omunye wozakwabo esikhundleni sakhe, owayefana kakhulu.
Kodwa, ngokudabukisayo, ukuhlonzwa kwesidumbu sikaZapata, ngokugunyazwa kwabaningi babangane bakhe abadala kanye nabantu abasondelene kakhulu naye, kwanikeza njengesitifiketi sokuthi kwakuyisidumbu se-caudillo yaseningizimu.
Umlando wathuthela uZapata eMpumalanga Ekude, lapho kwakukhona umlingani ongum-Arab owayemnike indawo yokukhosela, ngokusho kwenganekwane, uZapata waqala edolobheni lase-Acapulco ebalekela e-Arabia. Nakuba abanye bethi ngobusuku obukhanyiswe yinyanga, wayebonakala egibele i-Anenecuilco, indawo azalelwa kuyo.
Inganekwane kaZapata ibuye ithi, kule ndawo ngokuhamba kweminyaka, kwavela ikhehla livalelwe endlini, abaningi baqinisekisa ukuthi yiZapata.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kwavela idokhumenti eshicilelwe egxeka inguqulo esemthethweni enikezwe ngokufa kukaZapata eHacienda de Chinameca. Kodwa-ke, okwamanje akukho mpendulo yomphakathi eqinisekisa isihloko sokufa kwakhe, ngisho nochwepheshe emkhakheni womlando, ophikisana nendlela enikezwa yinguqulo esemthethweni. UZapata, owaziwa njengombhali wenkulumo ethi: "Kungcono ukufa ezinyaweni zakho kunokuphila impilo yonke uguqe ngamadolo"
Impilo yomuntu siqu
U-Emiliano Zapata, kusukela ebusheni bakhe, wayeyindoda eyaphula izinhliziyo zamantombazane, futhi ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe wayenabafazi abayisishiyagalolunye.
Ilandisa ngempilo ka-Emiliano Zapata, ukuthi imbangela eyamenza wajoyina impi kwaba ukuthunjwa kwentombazane encane. Isikhalo safakwa nguyise ka-Inés Alfaro Aguilar, owayengunkosikazi wakhe wokuqala futhi uZapata ayezokhulelwa izingane ezimbili: uNicolás no-Elena Zapata Alfaro.
U-Inés Alfaro Aguilar wayeyintombazane empofu ngokuzalwa, enomlingisi omnandi futhi owanelisekile, yingakho akushaya indiva konke ukuphinga komyeni wakhe.
Ngokunjalo, uchwepheshe wezindaba zomlando uJesús Sotelo Inclan usitshela ukuthi uZapata washada nowesifazane osemusha ovela ekilasini elicebile eligama lakhe kwakunguLuisa Merino, futhi ngo-August 20, 1911.
Lapho umbuso wobushiqela kaPorfirista usuwa, wabe eseshada nentombi uJosefa Espejo Sánchez, odume ngelika-"La Generala", ongowokuzalwa e-Anenecuilco, indodakazi kaDon Fidencio Espejo noGuadalupe Sánchez, akhulelisa naye ezinye izingane ezimbili.
Eyokuqala yalezi zingane kwaqanjwa ngokuthi uFelipe, owazalwa egqumeni i-El Jilguero, washona eneminyaka engu-5 kuphela ubudala kwenye yezindawo zokukhosela lapho umndeni wawuvame ukuba khona, ngemva kokuba elunywe inyoka yenyoka.
Indodakazi yesibili, ogama layo linguJosefa, yazalelwa eTlaltizapán, futhi ngonyaka ngaphambi kokufa komfowabo uFelipe, yabulawa udosi olubulalayo lukafezela. Ngakho uJosefa wasala engenabantwana. Kodwa, u-Emiliano Zapata, wayenabanye abantwana, njengalokhu: u-Ana María Zapata, indodakazi kaPetra Torres.
Iminyuziyamu
Kukhona Umzila owaziwayo waseZapata, okuwumsebenzi wezivakashi wokwazisa umlando walowo owayebizwa ngomholi wamavukelambuso.
Lapha sethula umzila odumile waseZapata:
I-Cuautla
Itholakala esiteshini sesitimela esidumile, esasisebenza njengenkambu yaseZapatista; isigodlo sikamasipala, lapho isidumbu sakhe savuswa khona; isikwele saseNingizimu, "i-Plaza del Señor del Pueblo" ebiyelwe lapho kuhlala khona izinsalela zakhe, ezitholakala ngaphansi kwesithombe esihlonishwayo; futhi umshini 279, owawusebenza ngezikhathi izinguquko.
I-Anenecuilco
Kule ndawo, kukhona iZapata House Museum, iyimnyuziyamu inoveli, ekhombisa igumbi lapho kwazalelwa khona umguquli u-Emiliano Zapata.
Chinameca
Izinsalela zecala lalokho okwakuyi-hacienda lapho abulawa khona ziyatholakala, futhi izithombe eziningi zomcimbi ziyabukiswa.
I-Tlaltizapán
Kule ndawo kukhona iZapatista Barracks Museum kanye neqembu lika-Emiliano Zapata Salazar.
Emiliano Zapata kanye ne-Mexican Revolution
KuZapata, iqiniso lokuba matasa emisebenzini yakhe ehlukene yezombangazwe nezempi, kanye nokuzijabulisa, alizange lisisule engqondweni yakhe isifungo ayesimemezele sokwenza ubulungisa kubantu bakubo abampofu. Ngo-1911, ngenxa yalokhu, wavukela umbuso wobushiqela kaPorfirio Díaz.
U-Emiliano Zapata, ngesikhathi esifanayo, wasekela u-Francisco I Madero esikhundleni sikamongameli. Nokho, lapho uMedero eqala ukubusa, akazange azigcine izithembiso zakhe. Isizathu, esenza i-caudillo yaseningizimu kanye nabalandeli bayo bakhathazeka baze bashaya indiva igunya lakhe.
Ngemva kwalesi senzakalo, u-Emiliano Zapata wajoyina uProfesa Otilio Montaño futhi enkampanini yakhe bamemezela i-Ayala Plan, umcimbi wangoNovemba 28, 1911. Ngokuqukethwe kweHlelo, ukukhashelwa kukaMadero kwajeziswa.
Ngokunjalo, kwacelwa ukubuyiswa kwezindawo ezisitshulwe ePorfiriato, futhi kwaphoqeleka ukulethwa kwezolimo kwezindawo zabanikazi bawo. U-Emiliano Zapata waqhubeka nempi yakhe, kwaze kwaba yilapho uColonel Jesús Guajardo emncenga ukuthi yena nabalandeli bakhe bamelene noMadero, nokuthi uzomsekela kanye nabantu bakhe nezikhali.
Kodwa, ebunzimeni babantu bakhe kanye nomholi odumile nomvikeli wabalimi, kwaba ukukhaphela. Njengoba kuwusuku luka-April wonyaka ka-1919, uGuajardo, wamema i-caudillo yaseningizimu ukuba ibe khona eChinameca hacienda, eMorelos, lapho eyala khona ukuba abulawe.
Inganekwane yengcebo ka-Emiliano Zapata
Inganekwane yalo mlingiswa waseMexico, u-Emiliano Zapata, owabhapathizwa ngegama elingelona iqiniso le-caudillo yaseningizimu, itshela ukuthi izakhamuzi zesifunda saseMorelos, endaweni eyaziwa ngokuthi iQuilamula, zazijwayele futhi zisasasasa ngomfelokazi wakhe, kanye nomfelokazi wabo. izingane, ezihlale zithathekile ngezindaba kanye nezigigaba zeqhawe elinesibindi.
Nokho, abazi ukuthi emagqumeni azungeze leli dolobha, amaZapatista ayecashe ezempi ngaphansi komyalo kaJenene Jesús Guajardo. Kungenzeka ukuthi impango yakhe yegolide yayifihlwe kule ndawo.
Kodwa, kwakukhona ubunzima, ukuthi kwakungekho mephu ngaleso sikhathi eyayizobonisa ngo-X indawo ekhonjiswe ukuyithola, babesekelwa kuphela inkumbulo ekhazimulayo ka-Emilia, indodakazi yomyeni woguquko. Wayeyintombazane, enekhono elikhulu lokukhumbula imininingwane emincane, lokho unina ayemphathise ngasese, engqondweni yakhe kwasala indawo efanele lapho umcebo wawufihlwe khona.
Le ntombazane yathi uZapata, ovela ekamu lakhe, wayehlanganyela namanye amasosha ayehamba nawo amagxathu ambalwa eya lapho kwangcwatshwa khona umcebo. Kodwa, inganekwane ithi, abazange babuye, ngoba i-caudillo yaseningizimu yababulala ukuvimbela imfihlo ukuthi ivezwe.
U-Emilia uphinde wathi wasebenzisa izibuko ukuthumela izimpawu ukusuka kwelinye igquma ukuya kwelinye, lokho wakwenza ukuze axwayise ukuthi amasosha aseduze, ukuze abanike isikhathi sokucasha ekujuleni kwezintaba.
Inganekwane yengcebo kaZapata itshela ukuthi izakhamizi eziningi, zihambisana nomzingeli wengcebo, bazinikele ekufuneni umfelokazi kaZapata ukuze abasize bathole igolide elalingcwatshwe umguquli.
Kula madoda ayesazama, inhloso yawo kwakuwukuthola umcebo kanye nokuthi izindaba ezazixoxwa ngaleli qiniso zigcwaliseke. Ngakho, bahamba futhi lapho sebebuya, bathatha umsebenzi wokuqinisekisa ukuthi ngemva komsebenzi omkhulu bathola ikamu lamavukelambuso lisesimweni esihle, njengokungathi isikhathi asikadluli.
Ngokunjalo, baveze ukuthi bakwazile ukuzwa imisindo yokuqhunyiswa kwesibhamu nomsindo othize onyamalale ehlathini, njengoba sekuqala ukushona kwelanga.
Phakathi kwethunzi, kanye nomuzwa wabantu abahambayo futhi begijima, kwenza izihambi ziqhubeke nokwenza okufanayo. Kokubili ukwesaba neminye imizwa yabamba ababefuna umcebo ka-Emiliano Zapata, abaphuma begijima befuna indlela yokubaleka.
Kuze kube namuhla, akwaziwa mayelana nalolu hambo, noma uma bathola ingcebo engcwatshwe, kuyilapho izinkolelo-ze nokwesaba kukhula phakathi neminyaka. Abantu abaningi abasondelene no-Emiliano Zapata bagcina imfihlo eyaziwa ngabantu baseQuilamula.
Kodwa-ke, kusukela ngo-1990, ukufunwa kwe-golden booty kusekhona, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isimo sezulu sinjani. Baqondiswa kuphela ngombono oqondile wokuqhubeka nezinyathelo zokuthola ingcebo: qhubeka nezinyathelo lapho kukhona umcebo omkhulu ongcwatshwe iZapata.
Umholi waseNingizimu, Inganekwane
Inganekwane iphinde itshele ngo-Emiliano Zapata, owaziwa ngokuthi yi-caudillo yaseningizimu, ukuthi ngemva kokufa kwakhe isidumbu sakhe sathathwa ngomnyuzi sayiswa eCuautla, lapho sabukiswa khona esiteshini samaphoyisa ukuze sibonakale njengesifundo emehlweni abahlubuki ababemeseka.
Ngenxa yokufa kwakhe okunegazi, uZapata waba inganekwane, engenye yezinganekwane ezivela kulo mmeleli waseMexico, baqinisekisa ukuthi umholi wamavukelambuso akazange ashone ngesikhathi sokudubula, nokuthi umzimba owethulwe yiziphathimandla wawuphindwe kabili. yayo, eyasetshenziswa uZapata ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu zengozi.
Indoda enengqondo enezinkolelo eziqinile
U-Emiliano Zapata wayeyindoda enomqondo okhaliphile futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo evuleleke kakhudlwana, ngokuphambene nemicabango yabanye abavukeli baseMexico, owazakhela eyakhe i-Agrarian Reform, eyayibizwa ngokuthi i-Ayala Plan, ngoba yamenyezelwa kubantu baseMexico. Ayala, esifundazweni saseMorelos.
I-Ayala Reform, ihlose ukuhlanganisa izingxenye ezinkulu zomhlaba, futhi ikhulule abalimi abaningi kanye nabantu bomdabu engcindezelweni eqinile yama-latifundist abazithola bekhona. U-Emiliano Zapata wayefuna ukuhambisana nesinye seziqubulo zakhe ezidumile: "Umhlaba walabo abawusebenzayo."
U-Emiliano Zapata, indoda enezinkolelo eziqinile neziqinile, wasekela ilungelo lokuteleka kanye nokukhululwa kwabesifazane. Imibono yakhe eqinile ayizange ishintshwe nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ngenxa yezinguquko ohulumeni abahlukene.
Umhlaba nenkululeko
U-Emiliano Zapata, eneminyaka engu-23 nje ubudala, wayengumholi woguquko edolobheni laseYautepec, ukuze abhekane nezenzo ezenziwa yinkosi uPablo Escandón. Ngo-1906, wavikela izindawo zedolobha elimpofu, ngenxa yokuhlukunyezwa kwabanye abanikazi abanezandiso ezinkulu zomhlaba, futhi yilapho uZapata ezwakalisa inkulumo yakhe eyaziwa kakhulu: "Kungcono ukufa ezinyaweni zakho kunokufa. ukuze uphile impilo yakho yonke emadolweni akho".
Wafika ngo-1909, ngesimemezelo somthetho kamongameli waseMexico u-Porfirio Díaz, wazama ukuwohloka impilo encane eyayiholwa abalimi kanye nabantu bomdabu bezwe, lapho kwakubusa abanikazi bomhlaba nezinkampani ezinkulu, beyizingcweti zazo zonke izinhlobo zezolimo. umhlabathi futhi uvundile ukulinywa.
Njengoba isimo siphenduka ngesici esidabukisayo, ukuthi ngenyanga kaSeptemba walowo nyaka ofanayo, izakhamuzi zomphakathi lapho uZapata ahlala khona, zimemela emhlanganweni oyimfihlo lapho zamkhetha khona njengomongameli womkhandlu omusha kamasipala.
UZapata wajabulela ukuthandwa okungayeki, kwanda kakhulu futhi ngonyaka olandelayo, base benesiqubulo sabo esithi "Land and Freedom", usomabhizinisi kanye nosopolitiki ogama lakhe linguFrancisco Ignacio Madero bajoyina umbutho wamavukelambuso, owazama ukuqeda iDiaz. umbuso.
Imishwana edumile ka-Emiliano Zapata
Kule ngxenye sizokukhombisa imishwana ka-Emiliano Zapata, eyatholwa njengefa idolobha ngesikhathi soguquko lwase-Mexico.
"Ngiyamxolela owebayo nobulalayo, kepha okhaphelayo akasoze."
“Umhlaba nenkululeko!”
“Uma ubulungiswa bungekho kubantu, makungabi khona ukuthula kuhulumeni.”
"Ngizimisele ukulwa nakho konke nawo wonke umuntu ngaphandle kokwethenjwa nokusekelwa ngabantu bami."
"Umlimi wayelambile, ehlupheka, ehlushwa ukuxhashazwa futhi uma evuka ezikhalini kwakuwukuthola isinkwa okwaphikwa ukuhaha kwabacebile."
"Ukungazi nokungaboni ngaso sonke isikhathi akukhiqizanga lutho ngaphandle kwemihlambi yezigqila zokucindezela."
"Silindele ihora eliwujuqu, isikhathi esiqondile lapho abantu becwila noma besindiswa."
“Ngizokhuluma amaqiniso ababayo; kodwa ngeke ngikuveze lutho olungelona iqiniso, olushiwo ngobuqotho nangobuqotho.”
"Izitha zezwe kanye nenkululeko yabantu bahlale bebiza izigebengu labo abazidela ngenxa yezizathu zabo ezinhle."