I-Victorian Orchard Ungumlingiswa onezinga eliqinile lobuqili, owazalelwa eMexico, enesikhundla sezempi sikaGenerali, futhi wenza ezombangazwe, waba umongameli waseMexico. Iqashelwa abalandeli abaningi futhi inengwa ngabanye.
Biography of Victoriano Huerta
UJosé Victoriano Huerta Márquez wazalwa ngoDisemba 22, 1850 kumasipala waseColotlán, esifundeni esisenyakatho yesifunda saseJalisco, eMexico. Abazali bakhe kwakunguJesús Huerta Córdoba noMaría Lázara baseMárquez Villalobos Shelter.
Washada ngoNovemba 21, 1880, eMexico City, no-Emilia Águila Moya, athola naye izingane ezimbalwa: uCelia, uJorge, u-Elena, uDagoberto, uLuz, uMaría del Carmen, u-Eva, uMaría Elisa, uVíctor.
UVictoriano Huerta wayengunjiniyela wezempi waseMexico kanye nomongameli waseMexico phakathi kuka-1913 no-1914 ngenxa yokuketula umbuso. Umjaho wamaNdiya wageleza kuzakhi zakhe zofuzo, okungesona isizathu esamvimbela ukuba afunde eMilitary College yaseChapultepec, ephothula ngo-1876, njengo-lieutenant.
Ngemva kokuthola iziqu, wabelwa ku-Corps of Engineers ye-Mexican Cartography Commission, lapho enza khona imisebenzi endaweni ye-typography endaweni yasePueblo naseSifundazweni saseVeracruz, ngaleso sikhathi igcinelwe oiminyaka eyisishiyagalombili enikezelwe kulokhu kuphatha.
Eminyakeni eyalandela yokuphila kwakhe wabamba izikhundla ezahlukene ngaphakathi komkhakha weGeneral Staff, kweyokugcina ngaphansi komyalo kaPorfirio Díaz. Wayeyindoda eyazuza ulwazi olukhulu ekuthembekeni, ekukhapheni nasekungaziwani okuzungeza impilo yezombangazwe. Ngalo nyaka ka-1902, wakhushulelwa esikhundleni sokuba u-brigadier general kuhulumeni we-Porfirio Díaz.
U-Victoriano Huerta, engaphansi kwemiyalo kaJenene Ignacio A. Bravo, ngo-1903, wahlanganyela ekuziphindiseleni kwamaNdiya angamaMaya, futhi kamuva nalokho akubulala iminyaka eminingana ekuhambiseni amaNdiya aseYankee eSifundazweni SaseSonora.
Ngonyaka ka-1910 wathatha ngokuqondile umyalo wokucindezela udlame lwamaZapatista eMorelos naseGuerrero. Inhlanganisela yodlame, unya nokukhaphela okusetshenziswe emiqhudelwaneni emelene nabomdabu kunikeza umlingiswa onegunya nodabukisayo ikusasa elihlukumezayo kumongameli wase-Mexico, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuthi igazi lase-India ligeleza emithanjeni yakhe. Ngokuqaphela umsebenzi wakhe, u-Victoriano Huerta wanikezwa isikhundla sikaBrigadier General.
Uhulumeni kaPorfirio Díaz phakathi neminyaka ka-1876 kuya ku-1911, waqala ukugxeka umbuso wakhe wobushiqela, okwathi ngenxa yawo ukufa komfuyi nosomabhizinisi, uFrancisco I. Madero, kwaba khona Emkhankasweni Wokulwa Nokhetho, okwamenza ukuba abambe iqhaza kuleli tulo. ngokumelene nombuso, kodwa, ngaphambi kwalokho, wafaka isicelo ebuthweni ukuze akhululwe, okwanqatshwa.
Ukuqhunyiswa kweNguquko YaseMexico, isenzakalo esenzeka ngoNovemba 20, 1910, kwaholela ekuhlulekeni ngokushesha kwebutho likamashiqela. Kodwa ngenxa yesimo sakhe, isimo sengqondo kanye nomcabango wakhe, u-Huerta waba umuntu obalulekile ngaphakathi kwekhomishana okwakuzodingeka ahambe no-Porfirio Díaz ekudingisweni.
Ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwesikhashana ehhovisi likaFrancisco León de la Barra, futhi kuze kube yilapho kuqokwa uFrancisco I. Madero, owasetshenziswa kusukela ngo-1911 kuya ku-1913, u-Victoriano Huerta, wayezinikele ngokugcwele ekulweni nokucwasana nokuqina ngokumelene nabalandeli bomshisekeli wezolimo u-Emiliano Zapata. .
NgoNovemba 1911, ngemva kokuba uFrancisco I. Madero ethathe isikhundla sikamongameli weRiphabhulikhi, uGeneral Huerta wanquma ukushiya umsebenzi wezempi, nokho, kamuva waqiniseka ukuthi aqhubeke nokulwa nabaholi bezolimo: uPascual Orozco no-Emiliano Zapata, ongowokugcina. kulaba, abalungiselela uHlelo luka-Ayala, okuwuhlelo lwezepolitiki olunokuqukethwe okufuna uguquko olusheshayo lwezindawo zomdabu, olwaluphuciwe kuwo ngaphansi komyalo kaPorfirio Díaz.
UVictoriano Huerta wasungulwa eTorreón, idolobha elisesifundeni saseCoahuila, eliseNyakatho-mpumalanga yeMexico, okuthiwa yiNorthern Division, ekwazile ukunqoba ama-Orozquistas eConejos, eRellano, eLa Cruz naseBachimba, kube yiqembu elilodwa elisuka ekubulaleni amasosha. odumile Pancho Villa.
Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva, ngemva kokunqotshwa kwenguquko kaPascual Orozco, uGeneral Huerta, kanye nebutho, waba yisisekelo esiyinhloko sokuba umongameli kaMadero aqhubeke nokusebenza, ngenxa yobudlelwano bakhe obuqinile kanye nokungenelela ekuvinjweni kwezikhali. kuma-antimaderistas, abekwe uhulumeni waseNyakatho Melika. Ngenyanga kaSepthemba, uMadero wammisa njengoNobhala Wezempi enhloko-dolobha yesizwe futhi wakwazi ukubusa ukuvukela okusha.
I-Tragic Ten: izehlakalo ezinodlame
Ngenxa yezenzakalo ezisheshayo ezenzeka kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi Iminyaka Eyishumi Eyesabekayo, eyasungulwa kusukela ngo-February 9 kuya ku-13, 1913, inkambo yezwe lama-Aztec kufanele iguqulwe nakanjani.
Ngo-February 9, 1913, kwaqala ukugqashuka kwesibili kokuvukela umbuso, ngaphansi komyalo kaJenene Reyes noMondragón. Ngemva kokuthatha iJele nokukhulula uGeneral Félix Díaz, u-Victoriano Huerta owayehlakaniphile, ezenza sengathi uvuna uMongameli womthethosisekelo uMadero, waqokwa nguye njengoMkhuzi Wezempi waseMexico City, ethatha isikhundla sikaGeneral Laura Villar, owashona ngesikhathi sempi.
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, u-Huerta, esikhundleni sakhe njengesikhundla ayenaso, wahlela ukukhashelwa, isenzakalo esimbonisa emlandweni wesizwe. Uhlangana ngokuyimfihlo nabakhi bozungu futhi kamuva nenxusa laseMelika, uHenry Lane Wilson, u-Huerta wenza uhlelo lokuvimbela ukuqiniswa kukaFelipe Ángeles ekufikeni enhloko-dolobha futhi aqalise ukuketula umbuso.
Esebenzisa njengezaba ezizobanikeza isivikelo, u-Huerta wabamba uMadero kanye nephini lakhe likamongameli, uPino Suárez, owabaqinisekisa ukuthi bashiye izikhundla zabo, ebanikeza isiqinisekiso sokuthi bazoshiya inhloko-dolobha bengalimali.
Lapho ukwesula kwakhe kuvezwa emphakathini kumalungu eCongress, ngokushesha aqoka uPedro Lascuráin umongameli wesikhashana, uhulumeni wakhe owathatha isikhathi esifushane semizuzu engamashumi amane nanhlanu, okwakudingeka ashiye isikhundla sikamongameli, kuyilapho uGeneral Victoriano Huerta esula. sehhovisi likamongameli ngokomthethosisekelo.
Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, kuMadero noPino Suárez, izinsuku zibaliwe. Kwathi ngo-February 22, ababulali bakaHuerta banakekela osopolitiki ababili, nakuba budebuduze nejele laseCapital District, baqothulwa bekhonjwe ngezibhamu.
Uma kubhekwa iqiniso, ukuze kuthethelelwe icala lokubulala, banikeze njengenguqulo esemthethweni, umkhuba womthetho wokubalekela, eqinisekisa ukuthi osopolitiki ababili bashonile ngenxa yezibhamu eziphambanayo zamasosha kanye nezigebengu ezazizama ukubakhulula.
Umongameli weVictoriano Huerta -1913-1914
U-Cleverly Victoriano Huerta, kancane kancane ubeka eceleni izimbangi zakhe ezibaluleke kakhulu, ufuna ukuhlakaza abaphikisi futhi waphonsela inselelo iChamber of Deputies, wagcina esesungule eRiphabhulikhi uhulumeni wezempi othinta igazi, owaqale waba nokusebenzisana kweningi lamakilasi aphakathi. .
Kodwa-ke, kamuva kwatholakala ukuthi yayihluke kakhulu kunomthethosisekelo, owawubuswa uVenustiano Carranza, owayesebenzisana nabezolimo iPancho Villa kanye no-Emiliano Zapata, wayezuza ukunqoba okuphindaphindiwe kwezempi.
Ngokusobala, isimo sakhe sezombangazwe sasisekelwe ekuzimiseni ingunaphakade emandleni, kungakhathaliseki inani okwakuzombiza ngalo, okwakugcwele amaphutha, futhi ngemva kokudelela omunye wabantu bezombangazwe ababemnike ukwesekwa kwakhe, uGeneral Félix Díaz, futhi wanyamalala The congress. .
Kwasungulwa izimbangi ezintsha ezinemicimbi efana ne-"levas", okusho ukuqashwa kwabantu okuyimpoqo ukuthi basebenze ebuthweni, labantu abanokuthula, ukubathatha njengefolishi yenganono, kanye nokufa kwamasekela: Rendón, Domínguez. kanye noGurrón, nabanye ochwepheshe, abanikazi bamabhizinisi nabasebenzi bakahulumeni.
Ku-Victoriano Huerta, iphutha lakhe elibi kakhulu kwakuwukuhlasela izithakazelo zase-US ngokwenza isinqumo sokwamukela izipesheli zaseBrithani ezihlobene nezivumelwano zikawoyela. Ngaleso sikhathi, umongameli weDemocratic Alliance eNyakatho Melika, uWoodrow Wilson, wancamela ukuhoxisa ukwesekwa kukaHuerta futhi avuleleke amavukela-mbuso avumelana nomthethosisekelo.
Khona-ke, ngaphambi kokuhlala kweVeracruz, ngenxa yokuba khona kwe-US Marines, nangaphambi kokuphelelwa yisikhathi kwamabutho e-federal ka-Huerta e-Zacatecas, ngaphansi kokulawulwa kwe-Pancho Villa, uMongameli u-Victoriano Huerta wesula esikhundleni sakhe. ezandleni zommeli uFrancisco S. Carvajal, futhi waqala ngokudingiswa kwakhe, okokuqala waya eLondon futhi kamuva eSpain.
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, iMpi Yezwe Yokuqala yayigcwele ngokugcwele, futhi osopolitiki baseJalimane: uFranz von Rintelen noFranz von Papen, bahlongoza noma iyiphi isamba sosizo lwezomnotho nezempi, ukuze abuyele eMexico, ngaphezu kokuthatha ithuba lokuphikisa kwangaphakathi. ngokomthethosisekelo, futhi izobuyela emandleni futhi, ukuze imemezele impi ngokumelene ne-United States.
Khona-ke, uVictoriano Huerta, wanquma ukugibela edolobheni laseCádiz elibangise eNew York lapho aboshwa khona kanye noPascual Orozco, ngesikhathi besesiteshini sesitimela saseNewman eNew Mexico, besolwa ngokusebenzelana neJalimane.
Kodwa, ngenxa yesimo sakhe sempilo ebuthaka, wadedelwa epulazini ayenalo e-El Paso, eTexas, kodwa ngemva kokuba u-Orozco ebalekile, uVictoriano Huerta wavalelwa ejele lezempi laseFort Bliss, lapho aphefumula khona okokugcina ngenxa yokusha kwesibindi. , ngo-January 13, 1916.
Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi uhlamvu Victoriano Huerta, akulula ukunyamalala kusukela emnyama umongo womlando wezenzakalo ezinodlame eyanyakazisa Mexico nezakhamuzi zakhona phakathi nekhulu lama-XNUMX ukuthi kwaphawula umlando walo.
Umlingiswa ka-Victoriano Huerto wathathwa emlandweni waseMexico njengombhali wokukhaphela okukhulu okwaqeda ubukhona buka-Madero, kanye namathemba ayekhona ngalezo zinsuku ukujabulela uhlelo lwangaleso sikhathi.
U-Victoriano Huerta, wajabulela ikhono elikhulu nobuqili, okumholela ekubeni enze ngamasu, ukwethembeka kwakhe okufanisiwe nokwethembeka ngesifiso sokusungula amandla amasha, ikhono lakhe lokuzinza endaweni efanele nangesikhathi esihle kakhulu.
Ngalokho okwabangelwa ukufa kwezombusazwe ngaphandle kokungabaza ukuze kufakwe ngokushesha umbuso ogcwele igazi kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali okusobala, ngendlela engokomthetho, bamguqule waba ibutho lezempi elihahayo, umlutha wotshwala ngokungafanele, okwazi ukuhlaba isizwe ngenxa yezithakazelo zakhe ezidabukisayo .
Ifa lika-Victoriano Huerta
Mayelana nalesi sici, kungenziwa ukuphawula okuncane okuhle mayelana nomlingiswa ka-Huerta. Ngisho nangaphambi kwezenzakalo zokuvukela umbuso, wayeyindoda eyayilahlwa kabanzi ngenxa yokusola kwakhe ngonya abantu bomdabu kulo lonke izwe lama-Aztec.
Ubelokhu ethatha indlela engalungile, wavikela ubushiqela obukhohlakele bukaPorfirio Díaz, ngaphambi kwetulo lokunqoba uMadero, engomunye wababoni benguquko abayivelakancane nabayiqiniso.
Wayengumkhuzi onekhono, njengoba kubonakala ngokunqoba kwakhe kwezempi, nokho, abalandeli bakhe babengamthandi, kuyilapho abaphikisi bakhe bemlahla ngokuphelele.
Wakwazi ukufeza okuthile okungekho muntu owayekwenzile: wenza uZapata, iVilla, u-Obregón noCarranza basebenze ndawonye. Nakuba laba baphathi bezihlubuki bavuma kuphela ukuthi: U-Huerta wayengafaneleki ukuba ngumongameli. Eqinisweni, uHuerta uzondwa abantu baseMexico.
Ilukuluku lempilo yakhe
U-Victoriano Huerta, wayengumuntu ozinikele ekudakweni, okwamenza waba umlutha wotshwala. Isici esasingesona isithiyo ukuze alondoloze isimo sakhe sengqondo sobuqili. Abangane bakhe bathi lapho ephuza kakhulu, kwakubonakala sengathi ingqondo yakhe yayingcono futhi icacile.