ChiBuddha pamwe chete nechiShinto ndiwo marudzidziso anokosha zvikurusa muJapan, uye imwe yenzira dzokukudza nadzo aya marudzidziso kupfurikidza nokuvakwa kweaya mativi akakomberedzwa anovhengana nomugariro wenyika yose yeJapan. Kuburikidza nechinyorwa ichi, tinokukoka iwe kuti udzidze zvimwe zvishoma nezve Matemberi eJapan.
Matemberi eJapan
Tembere dzeJapan dzakapararira pakati penzvimbo dzakawanda uye dzinoshamisa, idzi temberi dzekare dzeJapan dzinosiyaniswa neyakagadzika dhizaini yavo yekumabvazuva yakagadzwa nepfungwa dzisingarambiki, uye dzimwe nguva dzakaoma kusiyanisa nekuda kwedhaka rechitendero pakati pe2 zvitendero zvikuru, asi zvichienderana nekuti ndiani anoremekedzwa vanokwanisa. vanoronga sevaBuddha kana kuti vaShinto uye, kusvikira kumwero muduku, vaConfucius.
Uye kana, nokuda kwavaJapan ikoku kusingaratidziki kuva kwoukoshi hwakadaro, idzi nzvimbo, panzvimbo pokudzishandisa kunyengetera nokutaura namakamis, dzinogadza nzvimbo dzemisangano kuti dziswededze nzanga pedyo. Tevere, aya ndiwo anonyanya kufarirwa uye akashanyirwa temberi dzeJapan munyika ino yeJapan:
Matemberi echiBuddha echiJapan
MuJapan, kune zana uye zvishoma zvishoma zveJapan Buddhist temberi, izvi zvakadaro, kuti munzvimbo imwe neimwe yenyika iyi yeJapan pane imwe yeiyi. Idzi nzvimbo dzinogadzika kugoverwa kwadzo kuburikidza nemakona akakomberedzwa anogarwa nemagonhi anosimbisa musuwo wenzvimbo inoera yakachengetedzwa neaviri emuchengeti effigies anonzi Niô kana Kongōrikishi.
Ivo zvakare vane horo huru inova pakati pekuratidzira kwechifananidzo chikuru chaBuddha; Mukuwedzera, iyo kodo kana horo yechiitiko, iyo inowanzo shandiswa kuita misangano yeprotocol, uye pakupedzisira iyo shanu-level pagoda inochengeterwa zvisaririra zvitsvene, kuti ikwane maonero, iyi yakaoma yakakomberedzwa neZen-maitiro mapindu. Mamwe matemberi etsika dzechiJapan anoenzanisira maBhudha mamodheru ndeaya:
Enryaku-ji
Imwe yetemberi dzeJapan yakavambwa naSaicho, mufanotungamira weTendai Buddhism munguva yeHeian uye ndiyo temberi yakanyanyisa kudarika yedzidziso yeBuddhist. Iri pa 848-mita-yakakwirira Mount Hiei, uye pamuganhu pakati pematunhu eShiga neKyoto, temberi yakakamurwa kuita nzvimbo nhatu huru: To-do, Sai-to, uye Yokawa, pamwe chete inozivikanwa seHieizan Enryaku-ji.
Mugomo iri rinoyera, mamongi makuru munhau akadai saHonen, Shinran, Eisai, Dokyo naNichiren vakafunda ndokushandisa iyi dzidziso; Uyezve, temberi yakadzivirira guta guru uye rudzi kubva kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero uko kunowanikwa midzimu yakaipa. Kuwedzera, iyi yakavharwa yakaziviswa seWorld Heritage Site neUNESCO muna 1994.
Kiyomizu-dera
Ndiyo imwe yematemberi ane mukurumbira muJapan, iyi yakavambwa mugore re780 panzvimbo imwechete yeOtowa waterfall kumabvazuva kweKyoto. Tembere iyi pakutanga yaive yeboka reHosso reBuddhism, rimwe remasekete ekare echiBuddhism cheJapan. Izvi mukati megore ra1994, yakasarudzwa seWorld Heritage Site neUNESCO.
Imwe yezvinonyanya kufarirwa zvinokwezva zveiyi yakakomberedzwa imba huru yemapuranga kubva kwaunogona kuona iyo nyika izere neanoshamisa cherry blossom miti uye guta reKyoto; Iyi nzvimbo inorambidzwa kupinda muruzhinji, unogona chete kupinda mumhanza yakanyorwa pamusoro, uko kune zvitoro zvidiki kwaunogona kutenga amulets kana chero chimwe chiyeuchidzo; Mukuwedzera, munzvimbo ino unogona kuyemura chimiro chidiki cheKanon chine zviso gumi nechimwe uye zana remaoko.
Kuseri kwetemberi kune Jishu Shrine, iyo inopiwa kuna mwari anotarisira rudo; Ikoko unowana matombo maviri akaparadzaniswa nemamita gumi nemasere, izvo maererano nezvavanotaura kuti kana munhu akakwanisa kupfuura kubva kune mumwe achienda kune mumwe akavhara maziso, anowana rudo.
Iyo Otowa mapopoma iri pazasi petembere, kazhinji kune kuwanda kwevashanyi uye vanosimuka kuti vanwe kubva mumvura iyi, zvichienderana nenzvimbo yaunonwa kubva, chimwe chinhu kana chimwe chichave chakakosha. Kana iwe ukatevera nzira, pakati peiyi yakavharwa nemvura, iwe uchawana ine nhurikidzwa nhatu pagoda inonzi Pagoda Koyasu uye inonzi inopa dziviriro uye nyore kuzvara kumukadzi chero upi zvake ane pamuviri.
Kotoku-in
Iyi yakavharirwa iri muKamakura mudunhu reKanagawa, uye inozivikanwa zvikuru nemufananidzo wayo muhombe webhuronzi weBuddha; Kureba kwayo kunosanganisira kureba kwemamita 11,35 nehuremu hwematani zana nemakumi maviri nerimwe. Parizvino mufananidzo waBuddha uri kunze, zvisinei, munguva dzakapfuura wakanga uri mukamuri chairo rakanga ravakwa kuti rigare; chimiro ichi hachisisipo, asi zvakasara zvembiru makumi mashanu nenhanhatu zvichiri kuoneka. Chivako chekusvikira chakaparadzwa muzana remakore rechi121 nekudengenyeka kwenyika uye moto.
Kuvakwa kwechifananidzo kwakatanga muna 1252 uye hazvisati zvanyatsojeka kuti ndiani muumbi wacho, chifananidzo chepakutanga chakapedzwa muna 1238 chakanga chakaitwa nematanda asi chakaparadzwa nedutu, saka zvakasarudzwa kuita imwe yendarira.
Kinkaku-ji
Iyi itemberi yeZen kuchamhembe kweKyoto, inosiyaniswa nenyaya yekuti nzvimbo dzayo mbiri dzakashongedzwa negoridhe. Yakanga yambozivikanwa seRokuonji uye yakanga iri kudzoka kweShogun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, chido chake chekupedzisira chakanga chiri chekuchishandura kuva chikamu cheZen mushure mekufa kwake, uye izvi zvakaitwa mugore ra 1408. Muzukuru wake, Ashikaga Yoshimasa, akafuridzirwa naye. kuvaka temberi yeGinkakuji kana sirivheri pavilion kune rumwe rutivi rweguta makumi mashoma emakore gare gare.
Temberi iyi yakavakwa pamberi chaipo pedziva hombe, uye ndiro basa rekupedzisira rekuunganidza iro Ashikaga Yoshimitsu akanga avaka. Yakapiswa uye yakaputswa kakawanda, chiitiko chepedyo chakaitika muna 1950 nemumongi akakwidziridzwa uye chivakwa chiripo iko kudzoreredzwa kubva ku1955.
Chikamu chega chega chinoumba dhizaini yakasiyana, asi nzvimbo idzi hadzigone kushanyirwa: Nzvimbo yekutanga yetembere inogadzirwa muShinden dhizaini, inoshandiswa mudzimba dzeumambo munguva yeHeian; iyi inoumbwa nemadziro epurasita uye kusungirirwa kwemapuranga, pamwe chete nezvidhori zvaBuddha naAshikaga Yoshimitsu.
Yechipiri nzvimbo inovakwa muBukke dhizaini, inowanzoshandiswa mukugara kweSamurai, uye kunze kwayo kwakazara goridhe. Mukati mune chifananidzo cheBodhisattva Kannon, chakakomberedzwa nezvimwe zviumbwa zvina zvinomirira madzimambo mana okudenga: Bishamon, Zōchōten, Jikokuten, uye Kōmokuten.
Nzvimbo yechitatu uye yekupedzisira yetembere, yakavakwa mudhizaini yezvivakwa zveChinese Zen horo dzekufungisisa uye yakafukidzwawo negoridhe.
Zvakakosha kuziva kuti kune matemberi echiBuddha asingaverengeki aripo mumakona ose eJapan; Mamwe matemberi eBuddhism atinogona kutaura ndeaya:
- Nara ndivo vaTadai-ji
- Horyuji
- Shitennō-ji
- Sanjusangen-do
- Ryoanji
- Senso-hee
Dzimba dzeShinto dzeJapan
Pane dzimwe nguva nzvimbo tsvene dzeShinto dzinonzi jinja kana kuti yashiro, iyo, mukusafanana navaBuddha, isina miitiro yechapel; zvisinei, ivo vanosiyaniswa neyechinyakare arch kana torii, iyo inowanzoonekwa mune ese masuo eizvi, mukuwedzera kune kamuri yezvipo uye ema kana emapuranga mahwendefa umo mhiko dzinogona kunyorwa, iyo chete chinangwa chikomborero uye kuzvipira kwe. a kami Pakati pemhando idzi dzenzvimbo dzekuJapan, tine:
Itsukushima
Iri paItsukushima Island padyo neguta reHatsukaichi, mudunhu reHiroshima. Yakavambwa pamusoro pemvura uye yakanyoreswa seUNESCO World Heritage Site mu1996; pamusoro pekuchengetedzwa nemitemo yakasimba yekuchengetedza nhaka.
Nzvimbo tsvene iyo iri pasi pekutungamirirwa kwehurumende yeJapan, ndiyo inonyanya kukwezva yeMiyajima, ine yakavharidzirwa ine pier kubva kwaunogona kuona gedhi re torii rakavakwa mugungwa; iyi torii arch inogona kubatwa kana mafungu ari pasi.
Fushimi inari
Ndiyo imwe yezvakavharirwa zvakanyanya muJapan uye inozivikanwa nemasuwo ayo akawanda etorii akaiswa rimwe mushure meimwe uye yakavambwa muna 794 AD Inopihwa kuna kami Inari, mwari wemupunga. Mwari uyu anowanzo zivikanwa nemakava ayo ari vatumwa vake, ndicho chikonzero iwe unogona kuona zviumbwa zvavo zvakawanda munzira. Dhizaini yemagedhi aya iri kuseri kwechivharo chikuru musango regomo rinoera reInari, iro rakareba 233 metres uye riri reiyo imwechete inoyera yakaoma.
meiji jingu
Inopihwa kumidzimu yaEmperor Meiji nemumwe wake Empress Shoken. Inowanikwa padyo nechiteshi cheHarajuku. Iyi yakavharirwa iri padyo neYoyogi Park, uye nharaunda yayo yechisikigo inomira zvakanyanya kune iro guta guru rakavakirwa rakaitenderedza.
Iyi shrine yakavakwa muna 1920, makore masere mushure mekufa kwaMambo uye makore matanhatu mushure mekufa kweEmpress. Yakaparadzwa mukati meHondo Yenyika II, asi yakakurumidza kuvakwazve zvichipiwa kukosha kwayo.
Emperor Meiji ndiye aiva mambo wekutanga weJapan yanhasi, kuzvarwa kwake kwaiva muna 1852 uye akasvika pachigaro muna 1867 paakanga ava nemakore gumi nemashanu chete, muchikamu chakakosha cheMeiji Renewal. Pakapera feudal Japan ndokutanga kuita zvechimanjemanje uye kumadokero kuita madhiri nenyika huru dzakasimukira, Emperor akafa muna 15.
Ndiyo imwe yenzvimbo dzakakurumbira muJapan, mumazuva ekutanga egore panguva yeHatsumode, inogamuchira zvinopfuura mamirioni matatu kushanya, kupfuura chero imwe nzvimbo munzvimbo ino.
Nikko Tosho-gu
Izvi zvakavakwa pakati pe1634 ne1636 pakutanga kwenguva yeEdo, kuna Tokugawa Ieyasu mushure mekufa kwake. Muzukuru wake Iemitsu akapedza kuvaka shongwe kuti mweya wasekuru vake uzorore. Kwemakore maviri, vanopfuura 2 zviuru zvemhizha nevavezi vanobva kumativi ose enyika vakashanda pakuvaka chivako chaizova nemadota eshōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu. Dhizaini yeiyi inomiririra maitiro eGongen-zukuri, akanyanya hunhu hwenzvimbo dzekuJapan.
Nzvimbo iyi yakasarudzwa senzvimbo tsvene panguva yeMeiji; Munzvimbo yekutanga, Gojunoto Pagoda inowanikwa, ine pasi shanu, apo imwe neimwe inomiririra zvinhu zvina:
- Pasi
- Mvura
- Fuego
- Mhepo
Aya anowanikwa muhurongwa hwekukwira. Mberi kune suwo reNiomoni, rakaganhurana nemifananidzo miviri yaNiō; yekutanga, nemuromo wakaparadzaniswa kuti utaure "a", chimiro chekutanga cheSanskrit; uye mufananidzo wechipiri wakavharwa muromo wacho, uchipedzisa kududzira vara rimwe rokupedzisira.
Seri kwegedhi reNiomon kune nzvimbo yechipiri yakazaruka, uko kune danga rinoyera, pamberi paro, pane yakakurumbira kuveza matanda etsoko nhatu dzakachenjera. Kwemaawa akati wandei pazuva, danga rinoshandiswa kuchengetedza bhiza rakapihwa Nikkō nehurumende yeNew Zealand. Munzvimbo iyi mune zvakare sutra raibhurari, uye chivanze chakakomberedzwa nematura uye chitubu chitsvene chakavakwa muna 1618, chinoshandiswa kuita tsika dzekuchenesa.
Kubva ipapo, kune nhanho mbiri dzinokwira kuGedhi reYomeimon, rinotungamira kunzvimbo yekupedzisira yakazaruka uye nzvimbo dzakapihwa kune shogun. Yomeimon ingangove yakanyanya kushongedzwa basa mune iyo yakaoma yakaoma; imwe yemapilasta ayo emapuranga inopidigurwa nemaune, kuimiririra zvisina kukwana.
Usati wasvika pasuwo reYomeimon, unopfuura pakati pedhiramu neshongwe dzemabhero, iyo inoisa zviridzwa zvinomiririra kutanga nerufu. Kusvika kune shōgun precincts kuri kuburikidza negedhi reKaramon, idiki pane zviyeuchidzo. Guva raTokugawa Ieyasu harisi munzvimbo dzakavharirwa, asi mune imwe shongwe yakabatana, inonzi Hotō.
Kana wawana chinyorwa ichi cheMatemberi eJapan chichinakidza, tinokukoka iwe kuti unakirwe nezvimwe izvi: