Kubva kutsika yeJomon inotangira muzvitsuwa, kuburikidza nesimba rekondinendi kubva kuKorea neChina, mushure menguva yakareba yekuzviparadzanisa pasi peTokugawa shogunate kusvika pakusvika kwe "Black Ships" uye nguva yeMeiji, the Tsika dzechiJapani yakashanduka kusvika yazvisiyanisa zvachose kubva kune dzimwe tsika dzeAsia.
Tsika dzechiJapani
Tsika dzechiJapani mhedzisiro yemafungu akasiyana-siyana ekutama kubva kuAsia mainland uye zvitsuwa zvePacific Ocean iyo yakateverwa nekurudziro huru yetsika kubva kuChina uyezve nguva yakareba yekuzviparadzanisa zvachose pasi peTokugawa shogunate, inozivikanwawo se Japanese shogunate.
Kusvika kwezvinonzi Black Ships, kwakaitika munguva yaMambo Meiji pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, kwakaunza pesvedzero huru yetsika yokumwe yakawedzera zvikuru pashure pokupera kweHondo Yenyika II.
nhoroondo yetsika
Dzidziso dzinoisa mavambo emisha yeJapan pakati pemarudzi eSouthwest Asia uye marudzi eSiberia akapiwa kufanana uko midzi yetsika dzechiJapani iripo nemavambo ose ari maviri. Chinhu chinonyanya kuitika ndechekuti nzvimbo dzekugara dzinobva kune ese mabviro uye kuti dzakazovhengana.
Humbowo hukuru hwekutanga kwetsika iyi mabhendi eceramic echinyakare cheJomon akadzika midzi muzvitsuwa pakati pe14500 BC ne300 BC. C. anenge. Vanhu veJomon vangangodaro vakatamira kuJapan kubva kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweSiberia, uye vanhu vashoma veAustronesian vakauya kuJapan kubva kumaodzanyemba.
Nguva yeJomon inoteverwa nenguva yeYayoi, iyo inovhara makore angangoita 300 BC kusvika 250 AD. Uchapupu hwekutanga hwekutanga nzira dzekurima (dry farming) dzinoenderana nenguva ino. Kunewo ufakazi hwemajini uye hwemitauro, maererano nevamwe vanyori venhoroondo, kuti boka rakasvika munguva iyi rakabva kuchitsuwa cheJava richipfuura neTaiwan kusvika kuRyukyu Islands neJapan.
Nguva yeYayoi inoteverwa nenguva yeKofun inotangira kubva ku250 kusvika 538. Izwi rechiJapani rokuti kofun rinoreva zvikomo zvekuvigwa kubva panguva ino. Munguva yeKofun, vese vekuChina neKorea vakatama vakaunza hutsva hwakakosha kubva mukurimwa mupunga kune akasiyana matekiniki ekuvaka imba, kugadzira ivhu, hutsva mubronze smithing uye kuvakwa kwemakuva ekuviga.
Munguva yeYamato dare remambo raigara mune yaizivikanwa panguva iyoyo sedunhu reYamato, rava kunzi Nara prefecture. Munguva yekutonga kwaPrince Shotoku, bumbiro rakavakirwa pamuenzaniso weChinese rakagadzirwa. Gare gare, mukati mokutonga kwaYamato, vamiriri vakatumirwa kudare reChina, vachiwana ruzivo rwokuzviwanira muuzivi uye chimiro chenzanga, karenda yeChina, uye muitiro wezvitendero zvakasiyana-siyana zvinosanganisira chiBuddha, chiConfucius, uye chiTao.
Nguva yeAsuka ndiyo nguva munhoroondo yetsika dzechiJapani inotangira kubva pagore 552 kusvika gore 710, apo kusvika kweBuddhism kwakaunza shanduko huru munharaunda yeJapan uye kwakaratidzawo kutumwa kweYamato. Nguva yeAsuka yairatidzwa nekuchinja kukuru kweunyanzvi, magariro uye zvematongerwo enyika izvo zvakagadzirwa zvakanyanya nekuuya kweBuddhism. Zvakare panguva iyi zita renyika rakashandurwa kubva kuWa kuenda kuNihon (Japan).
Nguva yeNara inotanga apo Empress Genmei akamisa guta guru renyika muHeijō-kyō palace, muguta razvino reNara. Iyi nguva munhoroondo yetsika dzechiJapan yakatanga mugore re710 uye inomhanya kusvika gore 794. Munguva iyi, vazhinji vevagari vayo vairarama nekurima uye vaigara mudzimba. Vazhinji vaiita chitendero cheShinto.
Zvisinei, Nara, guta guru, rakava kopi yeguta reChang’an, guta guru reChina munguva youmambo weTang. Tsika dzechiChinese dzakatorwa neruzhinji rwepamusoro rweJapan uye kushandiswa kwemavara echiChinese mukunyora kwechiJapan kwakagamuchirwa, izvo zvinozopedzisira zvave mafungiro echiJapan, kanji yazvino, uye Buddhism yakatangwa sechitendero cheJapan.
Nguva yeHeian inoonekwa senguva yekupedzisira yenguva yekare munhoroondo yetsika dzechiJapan, inofukidza kubva mugore re794 kusvika kune gore 1185. Munguva iyi guta guru rakatamira kuguta reKyoto. ChiConfucius nedzimwe pesvedzero dzakasvika pakakwirira zvikurusa mukati meiyi nhambo. Munhambo iyi kunorangarirwa kuti dare roumambo hweJapan rakasvika pakakwirira zvikurusa, richimirira mwero wakasvikwa nounyanzvi, zvikurukuru nhetembo namabhuku. Heian muchiJapan zvinoreva "runyararo uye runyararo".
Mushure menguva yeHeian pane nguva apo nyika yakatsemurwa nehondo dzevagari vemo dzakadzokororwa, zvichiita kuti bakatwa ritonge. Bhushi rakazonzi samurai rakave kirasi yakakosha. Pamusoro pekuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi hwehondo nekutema, Zen yakabuda sechimiro chitsva cheBuddhism chakakurumidza kutorwa nevarwi.
Nyika yakadzokera kunozorora munguva yeEdo muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX mukutonga kwedzinza reTokugawa. Nguva yeEdo inodanwa nezita reguta guru panguva iyoyo, Edo (zvino yava Tokyo). VaSamurai vakave rudzi rwemukuru akachengetedza ropafadzo dzake mumitambo yehondo. ChiBuddha cheZen chakawedzera pesvedzero yacho munhetembo, unyanzvi hwokurima bindu, uye nziyo.
Nguva refu yorugare yakakonzera kusimukira kweupfumi kwakabatsira vatengesi, vaizivikanwa sekirasi yechina. Vatambi, sezvavairambidzwa kufambira mberi munharaunda, vakatsvaga nzira dzekupfuura masamurai. Dzimba dzeTii dzakarongwa uko ma geisha aitungamira Mutambo weTii, hunyanzvi hwemaruva, kudzidzira mimhanzi uye kutamba. Kabuki theatre, inoumbwa nenziyo, pantomime, uye kutamba, yakasimudzirwa.
Mutauro uye Kunyora
Ese ari maviri echinyakare tsika yechiJapan uye yemazuva ano tsika yechiJapan yakavakirwa pamutauro wakanyorwa uye mutauro unotaurwa. Kunzwisisa mutauro wechiJapan chinhu chakakosha pakunzwisisa tsika dzechiJapan. Mitauro yakati wandei inotaurwa muJapan, inova chiJapan, Ainu uye mhuri yemitauro yeRyukyu, asi chiJapan ndicho chinogamuchirwa muzvitsuwa zvese zvinoumba nyika, kunyangwe kusvika kune mimwe mitauro. kumhanya kuri mungozi maererano neUNESCO.
ChiJapani ndiwo mumwe wemitauro inonyanya kutaurwa pasi rose. Muna 1985, zvaifungidzirwa kuti yaitaurwa nevanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni zana nemakumi maviri muJapan chete. Pakuverenga kwevanhu muna 2009, yaitaurwa nevanhu vanopfuura mumwe chete. vanhu mamiriyoni mazana maviri nemakumi maviri nemashanu. Pamusoro peJapan, kushandiswa kwemimwe mitauro yakadai seKorea, Mandarin, Chirungu, Spanish uye French kwakajairika muJapan.
Mutauro wepamutemo weJapan ndeyeJapan uye inofungidzirwa kuti yakatanga panguva yeYayoi. Maererano nehumbowo, kutama kunoenderana nenguva iyoyo kwakabva kunyanya kubva kuChina neKorea peninsula. Tsika huru dzakapesvedzera chiJapan dzaive maChinese, Korean, Siberian, uye Mongolian.
Mavambo emutauro wechiJapan anonyanya kuzvimiririra. Kunyange zvakadaro, chimiro chayo chegirama chinoenderana nemitauro yeAltaic (mitauro yeTurkic, mitauro yeMongolia neTungusic mitauro, mitauro yeJaponic nemitauro yeKorea) nekuda kwekubatanidzwa uye kurongeka kwemazwi, zvisinei chimiro chayo chefoniki chakafanana ne mitauro yeaustronesian.
Mutauro wechiJapan une zvakawanda zvakafanana nemutauro weKorea maererano nemagadzirirwo egiramasiti asi anenge asina kufanana maererano nemazwi kunze kwemamwe mazwi ekurima kana mazwi anotorwa kubva kumutauro weChinese. Ndicho chikonzero nei zvakaoma zvikuru kupa mutauro wechiJapan kune rimwe remapoka makuru emitauro.
Mavara echiChinese (kanjis) anoshandiswa mumutauro wechiJapani kunyora, uye masilabhi maviri akatorwa (Kana), Hiragana (yemazwi echivanhu) uye Katakana (pamazwi matsva echikwereti). Ne hyphen, mazwi mazhinji echiChinese akatorwawo muchiJapan. Musiyano mukuru pakati pemutauro weChinese nemutauro wechiJapani mataurirwo negirama yemazwi, chiJapan hachina, seChinese, mutauro wemanzwi, mukuwedzera pakuva nemakonzonendi mashoma.
Mutauro wechiJapani une syllables dzinosvika zana nemakumi mashanu ukuwo chiChinese chine masyllable anosvika zviuru gumi nematanhatu. Nepo girama yeChinese ine chimiro chemitauro yakazviparadzanisa, chiJapan mutauro wekubatanidza, une nhamba huru yezvivakashure zvegirama nemazita anoshanda ane basa rinofananidzwa neinflections, prepositions uye mibatanidzwa yemitauro yeEurope.
Kunyora kwechiJapani kunosanganisira matatu echinyakare masystem ekunyora uye imwe transcription system: Kana, masilabhari (Hiragana syllabary yemazwi echiJapan mavambo uye Katakana silabhari inoshandiswa zvakanyanya kumazwi ekunze). Kanji mavara echiChinese. Rómaji inomiririra yechiJapani ine mavara echiLatin.
Hiragana yakagadzirwa nevakadzi vepamusoro uye katakana nemamongi echiBhudha, saka nanhasi hiragana inoonekwa seyechikadzi uye kunyange yekunyora yevana. Katakana rinoshandiswa kunyora nefonetiki mazwi edzimwe nyika, kunyanya mazita evanhu nenzvimbo dzenzvimbo. Inoshandiswawo kunyora onomatopoeia uye kana iwe uchida kusimbisa, sezvakangoita kuMadokero, mavara makuru chete anoshandiswa kukwezva kutarisa.
Hiragana inosanganiswa nekanji sechikamu chegirama yechiJapan. ChiJapanese chakatora mazwi akawanda emitauro yokune dzimwe nyika kunyanya kubva muchiRungu, uyewo mamwe kubva muchiSpanish nechiPutukezi kubva pakatanga kuuya mamishinari echiSpanish nechiPutukezi kuJapan. Semuenzaniso, カッパ (kappa, layer) uye pamwe zvakare パン (chingwa).
Mukunyora kwechiJapani, arufabheti yeRoma inoshandiswa, ichipa zita rekuti romaji. Inonyanya kushandiswa kunyora mazita ezviratidzo kana makambani, zvakare kunyora mazita anozivikanwa pasi rose. Kune akasiyana maromanization systems, iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeyeHepburn system, iyo inonyanya kugamuchirwa, kunyange zvazvo Kunrei shiki ndiyo yepamutemo muJapan.
Shodo iJapan calligraphy. Inodzidziswa sechidzidzo chimwezve kuvana mudzidzo yepuraimari, zvisinei inoonekwa sehunyanzvi uye chirango chakaoma kwazvo kuti chikwane. Inobva kuChinese calligraphy uye inowanzoitwa nenzira yekare, nebhurashi, inki ine inki yakagadzirwa neChinese, pepa rinorema uye pepa remupunga. Parizvino, iyo fudepen inoshandiswa, inova bhurashi rakagadzirwa neJapan rine tangi yeinki.
Parizvino kune nyanzvi calligraphers vanopa masevhisi avo ekunyora nekugadzirira magwaro akakosha. Mukuwedzera pakuda kunyatsojeka uye nyasha kune chikamu che calligrapher, kanji imwe neimwe kanji inofanira kunyorwa mune imwe nzira yesitiroko, iyo inowedzera chirango chinodiwa kune avo vanoita unyanzvi uhwu.
Japanese folklore
Ngano dzechiJapan dzakapesvedzerwa nezvitendero zvikuru zvenyika yacho, chiShinto nechiBuddha. Zvinowanzoenderana nemakomiki kana mashura mamiriro kana vatambi. Kune mavara mazhinji asiri echisikigo akafanana netsika dzechiJapan: Bodhisattva, Kami (masangano emweya), youkai (chisikwa chine simba), yurei (zvipoko zvevakafa), shato, mhuka dzine masimba emweya. : kitsune (makava), tanuki (raccoon dogs), mudzilla (badger), bakeneko (monster cat), uye baku (mudzimu).
Mukati metsika dzechiJapani, nyaya dzevanhu dzinogona kuva dzezvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana: mukashibanashi - ngano pamusoro pezviitiko zvekare; namida banasi - nyaya dzinosuruvarisa; obakebanasi – nyaya dzemawolf; onga sibasi – nyaya dzekutenda; tonti banasi - nyaya dzine njere; inosiyana banashi - inoseka; uye okuribanasi - nyaya dzemakaro. Ivo zvakare vanotaura nezveYukari ngano uye dzimwe Ainu oral tsika uye epics.
Ngano dzakakurumbira mutsika dzechiJapan dzinosanganisira: Nyaya yaKintaro, mukomana wegoridhe ane masimba makuru; nyaya yemadhimoni anoparadza seMomotaro; nyaya yaUrashima Taro, uyo akaponesa turtle uye akashanyira pasi pegungwa; nyaya yaIssun Boshi, mukomana akaenzana nedhiabhorosi mudiki; nyaya yaTokoyo, musikana akadzorera rukudzo kuna baba vake samurai; Nyaya dzeBumbuku, nyaya yetanuki, inotora chimiro chetii; nyaya yeguva Tamomo kana Mahe;
Dzimwe nyaya dzisingakanganwiki ndeidzi: Shita-kiri Suzume, inotaura nyaya yeshiri duku, iyo yakanga isina mutauro; nyaya yaKiyohime mutsivi, akashanduka kuva dragoni; Banto Sarayasiki, nyaya yerudo uye zvipfumbamwe zveOkiku ndiro; Yotsuya Kaidan, nyaya yechipoko chaOiva; Hanasaka Dziy inyaya yemurume akwegura aiita kuti miti yaoma ikure; nyaya yamudhara Taketori inyaya yemusikana asinganzwisisike anonzi Kaguya Hime, akabva kuguta guru remwedzi.
Ngano dzechiJapan dzakapesvedzerwa zvikuru nezvose zviri zviviri zvinyorwa zvokune dzimwe nyika uye kunamatwa kwemadzitateguru nemidzimu kwakapararira muAsia yose yekare. Nyaya zhinji dzakauya kuJapan kubva kuIndia dzakagadziridzwa zvakanyanya uye dzakachinjirwa kumaitiro echiJapan tsika. Iyo epic yeIndia Ramayana ine simba rakajeka pane dzakawanda dzengano dzeJapan pamwe nemhando yepamusoro yezvinyorwa zveChinese "Pilgrimage to the West".
Japanese art
Tsika dzechiJapan dzine zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvinobudisa nhau uye zvitayera zvekutaura kweunyanzvi, zvinosanganisira ceramics, sculpture, varnishes, watercolors uye calligraphy pasilika nepepa, mapepa emapuranga, ukiyo-e, kiri-e, kirigami, origami prints, pamwe chete , yakanangana nevechidiki: manga - emazuva ano echiJapan makomiki uye mamwe akawanda marudzi emifananidzo. Nhoroondo yehunyanzvi mutsika dzechiJapani inotora nguva yakakura, kubva kune vekutanga vatauri vechiJapan, zviuru gumi zvemakore BC kusvika nhasi.
Kupenda
Kupenda ndeimwe yemhando dzekare uye dzakanatswa kwazvo mutsika dzechiJapan, dzinoratidzwa nehuwandu hwayo hukuru hwemhando uye masitaera. Zvisikwa zvine nzvimbo yakakosha mukupenda uye mumabhuku mukati metsika dzechiJapani, zvichiratidza humiriri hwayo semutakuri wenheyo yehumwari. Zvakare zvakanyanya kukosha kumiririrwa kwemifananidzo yezviitiko zvehupenyu hwezuva nezuva, kazhinji izere nenhamba dzakadzama.
Ancient Japan uye Asuka nguva
Painting yakatanga mu prehistory yetsika dzechiJapan. Kune masampuli ezviratidziro zveakareruka manhamba, botanical, ekuvaka uye geometric dhizaini mumakeramiki anoenderana nenguva yejomon uye mabhero ebhuronzi eiyo dutaku maitiro anoenderana neYayoi maitiro. Yakanyorwa kunguva yeKofun uye nguva yeAsuka (300-700 AD) mapendi emadziro ejometri uye dhizaini yekufananidzira akawanikwa mumivhu yekuvigwa yakawanda.
Nara period
Kusvika kwechiBuddha muJapan muzana remakore rechitanhatu nerechinomwe kwakaunza kubudirira kwemifananidzo yechitendero iyo yakashandiswa kushongedza nhamba huru yetemberi dzakavakwa nevakuru vakuru, asi mupiro wakakosha wenguva iyi yetsika dzeJapan wakanga usiri mukupenda. asi mukuveza. Mifananidzo mikuru yasara kubva panguva ino mifananidzo inowanikwa mukati memadziro eHoryu-ji Tembere muNara Prefecture. Iyi murals inosanganisira nyaya dzehupenyu hwaShakyamuni Buddha.
Heian period
Munguva iyi, mapendi uye anomiririra mandalas anomira pachena nekuda kwekuvandudzwa kwemasekete eShingon neTendai Shu panguva yeXNUMXth neXNUMXth century. Nhamba huru yeshanduro dze mandalas dzakagadzirwa, kunyanya iyo yeNyika yeDaimondi uye Mandala yeWomb iyo yakamiririrwa pamipumburu uye murals pamadziro ematemberi.
The Mandala of Two Worlds ine mipumburu miviri yakashongedzwa nemifananidzo kubva panguva yeHeian, muenzaniso weiyi mandala unowanikwa pagoda retemberi yechiBhudha yaDaigo ji, inova chivako chechitendero chine nhurikidzwa mbiri chiri kumaodzanyemba kweKyoto, pasinei naizvozvo. zvimwe zvinhu zvakakuvadzwa zvishoma nekuda kwekudzikira kwenguva.
Kamakura period
Iyo Kamakura Period yainyanya kuratidzwa nekuvandudzwa kwezvivezwa, mapendi epanguva ino ari kunyanya echitendero uye vanyori vawo havazivikanwe.
Muromachi period
Kuvandudzwa kwemamongi eZen mumaguta eKamakura neKyoto kwakave nesimba guru pahunyanzvi hwekuona. Chimiro chemonochrome chekupenda inki chinodaidzwa kuti Suibokuga kana Sumi chakatorwa kubva kuChinese Song uye Yuan dzinza rakasimuka, richitsiva mifananidzo yepolychrome mipumburu yenguva dzakapfuura. Mhuri yekutonga yeAshikaga yakatsigira monochrome landscape pendi mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, zvichiita kuti ive inofarirwa nevanyori veZen, zvishoma nezvishoma ichishanduka kuita chimiro cheJapan.
Kupenda nzvimbo kwakagadzirawo Shigaku, kupendwa kwemipumburu, uye nhetembo. Munguva iyi, vanyori vemifananidzo Shubun naSesshu vakamira. Kubva kumamongi eZen, pendi yeinki yakatamira kune hunyanzvi, ichitora mamwe epurasitiki maitiro uye zvekushongedza zvinangwa zvinochengetwa kusvika nguva dzazvino.
Azuchi Momoyama period
Azuchi Momoyama nguva yekupenda inopesana zvakanyanya neMuromachi nguva yekupenda. Munguva ino pendi yepolychrome inomira pachena nekushandiswa kwakapararira kwegoridhe nesirivheri mapepa anoshandiswa pakupenda, zvipfeko, zvivakwa, mabasa makuru uye nezvimwe. Mamiriro ezvinhu makuru akapendwa padenga, madziro nemagonhi anotsvedza aiparadzanisa makamuri munhare nedzimba dzevakuru vemauto. Ichi chimiro chakagadzirwa neane mukurumbira Kano chikoro chine muvambi aive Aitoku Kano.
Mamwe mazvino akachinja matema echiChinese kumidziyo yeJapan uye aesthetics akagadzirwawo munguva ino. Boka rakakosha raive chikoro cheTosa, icho chakatanga kunyanya kubva kutsika yeyamato, uye chaizivikanwa zvakanyanya nemabasa madiki-diki nemifananidzo yezvinyorwa zvekare mumabhuku kana emaki fomati.
Edo nguva
Kunyangwe maitiro kubva panguva yeAzuchi Momoyama akaramba akakurumbira panguva ino, maitiro akasiyana akabudawo. Chikoro cheRimpa chakabuda, chinoratidza matema echinyakare mune yakashinga kana yemhando yekushongedza.
Munguva iyi, iyo namban genre, iyo yakashandisa ekunze masitaera ekunze mukupenda, yakagadziridzwa zvizere. Ichi chimiro chakanangidzira ngwariro pachiteshi chengarava cheNagasaki, chiteshi chengarava bedzi chakaramba chakazaruka nokuda kwokutengeserana kunze kwenyika pashure pokutanga kwetsika yenyika yaTokugawa shogunate yokuzviparadzanisa nevamwe, nokudaro richiva suo rokuenda kuJapan nokuda kwepesvedzero dzeChina neEurope.
Zvakare munguva yeEdo, rudzi rweBunjinga, kupenda kwekunyora, kunozivikanwa sechikoro chaNanga kwakabuda, iyo yakatevedzera mabasa evaChinese amateur nyanzvi vanyori vedzinza reYuan.
Zvinhu zvoumbozha izvi zvakanga zvakaganhurirwa kunzanga dzepamusoro uye zvakanga zvisingangowaniki bedzi asi zvairambidzwa zvakananga nokuda kwamapoka akaderera. Vanhuwo zvavo vakagadzira rudzi rwakasiyana rwounyanzvi, kokuga fu, uko unyanzvi hwakatanga kutaura nyaya dzeupenyu hwezuva nezuva: nyika yedzimba dzetii, Kabuki theatre, sumo wrestlers. Miti yakavezwa yakaonekwa yaimiririra demokrasi yetsika sezvo yaizivikanwa nekutenderera kwakanyanya uye mutengo wakaderera.
Mushure mekupenda mudzimba, kudhinda kwakazozivikanwa se ukiyo-e. Kuvandudzwa kwekugadzirwa kwekudhinda kwakabatana nemuimbi Hishikawa Moronobu uyo airatidza zviri nyore zvehupenyu hwezuva nezuva nezviitiko zvisingaenderane pane zvakadhindwa zvakafanana.
Meiji nguva
Mukati mehafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechi 1880, hurumende yakaronga muitiro wokuvandudza uye kuvandudzwa kweEurope uko kwakakonzera chinjo huru dzezvamatongerwe enyika nedzenzanga. Hurumende yakasimudzira zviri pamutemo chimiro chokuMadokero chokupenda, yakatumira vanyori vaduku vane ruzivo rwokuzviwanira kune dzimwe nyika, uye nyanzvi dzokune dzimwe nyika dzakauya kuJapan kuzofunda unyanzvi. Nekudaro, rumutsiridzo rwechinyakare chimiro cheJapan chakaitika uye pakazosvika XNUMX, chimiro chekuMadokero chehunyanzvi chakarambidzwa kubva kuratidziro yepamutemo uye yaive nyaya yehasha dzaipesana kubva kune vatsoropodzi.
Ichitsigirwa naOkakura naFenollosa, chimiro cheNihonga chakashanduka nekurudziro kubva kuEuropean Pre-Raphaelite movement uye European Romanticism. Vapendi veYoga vakaronga zviratidziro zvavo uye vakasimudzira kufarira muWestern art.
Zvisinei, mushure mokufarira kwekutanga kwemaitiro ekuMadokero eunyanzvi, pendulum yakazununguka ichienda kune rimwe divi, zvichiunza kumutsidzirwa kwemaitiro echiJapan echinyakare. Muna 1880, maitiro ekuMadokero eunyanzvi akarambidzwa kubva pazviratidzwa zvepamutemo uye akashoropodzwa zvakanyanya.
Taisho period
Mushure mekufa kwaMambo Mutsuhito uye Crown Prince Yoshihito akagadzwa pachigaro muna 1912, nguva yeTaisho yakatanga. Mufananidzo panguva ino wakagamuchira mafungiro matsva, kunyange zvazvo marudzi echinyakare akaramba aripo, izvi zvakagamuchira simba guru kubva kuMadokero. Mukuwedzera, vazhinji vechidiki maartist vakatakurwa neimpressionism, post-impressionism, cubism, fauvism uye mamwe maitiro ehunyanzvi anokura munyika dzekuMadokero.
nguva yepashure pehondo
Pashure peHondo Yenyika II, vanyori vekupenda, vanodhirowa nevanyori vakatekeshera mumaguta makuru, kunyanya muguta reTokyo, uye vaiitira hanya kuratidzira upenyu hwomumaguta nemarambi avo aipenya, mavara e<em>neon uye manyawi. Mafambiro epasirese yehunyanzvi yeNew York neParis akateedzerwa nemoyo wose. Mushure mekubviswa kwemaXNUMXs, kufamba kwe "Op" uye "Pop" kwakaunza kumutsidzirwa kwechokwadi mumaXNUMXs.
Avant-garde artists vakashandira uye vakahwina mibairo yakawanda muJapan nekune dzimwe nyika. Vazhinji veava maartist vakafunga kuti vakarasika kubva kumaJapan. Pakupera kwemaXNUMX, maartist mazhinji akasiya izvo zvavakati "zvisina chinhu Western formula". Kupenda kwemazuva ano pasina kusiya mutauro wemazuva ano kwakadzokera mukushandiswa kwekuziva kwemafomu, zvigadzirwa uye pfungwa dzechinyakare chiJapan art.
Literature
Mabhuku omutauro wechiJapan anofukidza nhambo inodokusvika mireniyumu nehafu, kuvambira munhoroondo yeKojiki yegore ra712, iyo inorondedzera ngano dzekaresa dzeJapan, kusvikira kuvanyori venguva ino. Yakanga iri mumatanho ayo ekutanga kuti yakanyanya kupesvedzerwa nemabhuku echiChinese uye yaiwanzonyorwa mumutauro wechiChinese wekare. Pesvedzero yeChinese yainzwikwa kusvika kunguva yeEdo, ichidzikira zvakanyanya muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX, apo tsika dzechiJapan dzakachinjana zvakanyanya nemabhuku ekuEurope.
Nguva yekare (Nara, kusvika gore 894)
Nekusvika kwaKanji, mavara emutauro wechiJapanese akatorwa kubva kumavara echiChinese, akazvara hurongwa hwekunyora mukati metsika dzechiJapan sezvo kare pakanga pasina hurongwa hwekunyora. Aya mabhii ekuChina akagadziridzwa kuti ashandiswe mumutauro wechiJapani, kugadzira Man'yōgana ayo anoonekwa semhando yekutanga yekana, manyorero echiJapan syllabic.
Pasati pava nemabhuku, munguva yeNara, nhamba huru yemabharadhi, minamato yetsika, ngano nengano dzakaumbwa, idzo dzakazounganidzwa mukunyora uye dzakabatanidzwa mumabasa akasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira Kojiki, Nihonshoki yegore 720, nhoroondo ine. humwe hudzamu hwenhoroondo uye Man'yōshū wegore 759, anthology yenhetembo yakagadzirwa naOtomo muYakamochi, mudetembi anonyanya kukosha ari kusanganisira Kakimoto Hitomaro.
Nguva yeClassic (894 kusvika 1194, nguva yeHeian)
Mukati metsika dzechiJapani, nguva yeHeian inoonekwa sezera regoridhe rezvinyorwa zvechiJapan uye hunyanzvi zvakazara. Mukati meiyi nguva dare ramambo rakatsigira zvakasimba kuvadetembi kupfurikidza nokubudisa zvinyorwa zvakawanda zvenhetembwa dzenhetembo, sezvo ruzhinji rwavadetembi vakanga vari vadetembi uye nhetembo yacho yakanga yakanaka uye yakaoma kunzwisisa.
Nyanduri Ki Tsurayuki mugore remazana mapfumbamwe neshanu akabatanidza rondedzero yenhetembo yekare neyemazuva ano (Kokin Siu) munhanganyaya yaakamisa hwaro hwenhetembo dzechiJapan. Uyu mudetembi aivewo munyori weNikki uyo anoonekwa seyekutanga muenzaniso werudzi rwakakosha kwazvo mutsika dzechiJapan: dhayari.
Basa reGenji Monogatari (The Legend of Genji) nemunyori Murasaki Shikibu rinoonekwa nevakawanda serinovhero rekutanga munhoroondo, rakanyorwa gore rinosvika chiuru, ndiro basa guru rezvinyorwa zveJapan. Iri bhuku rizere nemifananidzo yakapfuma yetsika yakanatswa yeJapan yenguva yeHeian, yakasanganiswa nezviratidzo zvakapinza zvekupfuura kwenyika.
Mamwe mabasa akakosha kubva panguva ino anosanganisira Kokin Wakashu yakanyorwa muna XNUMX, anthology yeWaka nhetembo, uye XNUMX's "Bhuku reMipiro" (Makura no Sōshi), rechipiri rakanyorwa naSei Shonagon. , akararama panguva imwe chete uye mukwikwidzi waMurasaki Shikibu. .
Nguva isati yasvika (1600 kusvika 1868)
Mhoteredzo ine rugare yakanga iripo mukati meinodokuva nguva yose yeEdo yakabvumira kugadzirwa kwemabhuku. Munguva iyi, makirasi epakati uye ekushanda akakura muguta reEdo (yava kunzi Tokyo), izvo zvakaita kuti pave nekuonekwa nekuvandudzwa kwemafomu emitambo yakakurumbira akazova kabuki, chimiro cheJapan theatre. Munyori wemitambo Chikamatsu Monzaemon, munyori wemitambo yekabuki, akave akakurumbira muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX, joruri, Japan puppet theatre, yakavewo nemukurumbira panguva iyoyo.
Matsuo Basho, mudetembi wechiJapan ane mukurumbira wenguva iyoyo, akanyora kuti “Oku muHosomichi” muna XNUMX mubhuku rake redhayari renzendo. Hokusai, mumwe wevanonyanya kuzivikanwa ukiyo-e artists, anofananidzira mabasa engano kuwedzera kune yake yakakurumbira "Makumi Matatu nenhanhatu Maonero eMount Fuji."
Munguva yeEdo, bhuku rakasiyana zvachose rakabuda kubva kune iro renguva yeHeian, rine nyika uye yakaipa prose. Ihara Saikaku nebasa rake "Murume Akapedza Upenyu Hwake Achiita Rudo" akazova munyori akakurumbira panguva iyoyo uye prose yake yakatevedzwa zvakanyanya. "Hizaki Rige" yaive yakakurumbira picaresque mutambo naJippensha Ikku.
Haiku mavhesi gumi nemanomwe akafurirwa neZen Buddhism akavandudzwa munguva yeEdo. Mukati meiyi nhambo kwakanga kune vananyanduri vatatu vakatanhamara muurwu rudzi rwendima: mupemhi weZen mumongi Basho, airangarirwa kuva mukurusa wavadetembi vokuJapan nokuda kwokunzwisisa nokudzika kwake; Yosa Buson, ane haikus anotaura ruzivo rwake semupendi, uye Kobayashi Issa. Nhetembo dzenyambo, mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana, dzakapesvedzerawo nguva iyi.
Zvinyorwa zvemazuva ano (1868-1945)
Nguva mushure mekudonha kwe shogun uye kudzokera kusimba rehumambo yakaonekwa nekukura kwepesvedzero yepfungwa dzeEurope. Muzvinyorwa, akawanda akaturikirwa uye ekutanga mabasa airatidza chishuwo chikuru chekuvandudza uye kubata maitiro ezvinyorwa zveEurope. Fukuzawa Yukichi munyori we "The State of the West" aive mumwe wevanyori vane mukurumbira vakasimudzira pfungwa dzeEurope.
Kumutsiridzwa kwehunyanzvi hwenyika kwakaratidzwa zvakanyanya semhinduro yekupikisa manyepo, kusarongeka uye kuravira kwakashata kwezvakambofarirwa neveruzhinji. Nyanzvi munhoroondo yeEurope nemabhuku, munyori weanofambira mberi Sudo Nansui akanyora bhuku rinonzi "Ladies of a New Kind" rinoratidza mufananidzo weJapan mune ramangwana pamusoro pekusimudzira tsika.
Munyori ane mukurumbira uye ane mukurumbira Ozaki Koyo mubasa rake "Many Feelings, Much Pain" anoshandisa mutauro wechiJapan unotaurwa apo pesvedzero yemutauro weChirungu inooneka.
Kushandisa zvitayera zvenhetembo dzekuEurope semuenzaniso, kuedza kwakaitwa mukutanga kwezana ramakore kusiya kunyangarika kwetanka uye kugadzira chimiro chitsva chenhetembo. Mapurofesa epaYunivhesiti yeTokyo Toyama Masakazu, Yabte Ryokichi, naInoue Tetsujiro vakabudisa pamwe chete “New Style Anthology” apo vanosimudzira mitoo mitsva yenagauta (nhetembo refu) yakanyorwa mumutaurowo zvawo pasina kushandisa isina kufanira Old Japanese kutaura pfungwa itsva nemanzwiro.
Kupesvedzera kweEurope pamadingindira uye chimiro chenhetembo chenguva ino chiri pachena. Kuedza kusina maturo kwakaitwa kuita nhetembo mumutauro wechiJapani. Romanticism mumabhuku echiJapan yakaonekwa neMori Ogaya's "Anthology of Translated Poems" mu1889) uye yakasvika apogee yayo mumabasa aToson Shimazaki nevamwe vanyori vakaburitswa mumagazini "Myojo" (Morning Star) uye " Bungaku Kai » mukutanga 1900s. .
Mabhuku ekutanga ezvakasikwa akaburitswa aive aToson Shimazaki "Testamende Yakaora" uye "Cama" Tayama Kataja. Iwo ekupedzisira akateya hwaro hwemhando nyowani yeWatakushi Shosetsu (Romance yeEgo): vanyori vanobva kure nenyaya dzemagariro uye vanoratidza yavo yepfungwa. Sezvo kupesana kwechisikigo, chakasimuka muNeo-romanticism mumabasa evanyori Kafu Nagai, Junichiro Tanizaki, Kotaro Takamura, Hakushu Kitahara, uye yakagadzirwa mumabasa aSaneatsu Mushanokoji, Naoi Sigi, nevamwe.
Mabasa nevanyori vakati wandei akaburitswa munguva yehondo muJapan, kusanganisira Junichiro Tanizaki uye muJapan wekutanga mubairo weNobel wemabhuku, Yasunari Kawabata, nyanzvi yenganonyorwa dzepfungwa. Ashihei Hino akanyora mabasa enziyo kwaakakudza hondo, ukuwo Tatsuzo Ishikawa akatarisa achishushikana muNanjing uye Kuroshima Denji, Kaneko Mitsuharu, Hideo Oguma naJun Ishikawa vachipikisa hondo.
Zvinyorwa zvepashure pehondo (1945 - Iyezvino)
Mabhuku eJapan akakanganiswa zvikuru nekukundwa kwenyika yacho muHondo Yenyika II. Vanyori vakagadzirisa nyaya vachiratidza kusagutsikana, kuvhiringidzika uye kuzvininipisa pamberi pekukundwa. Vanyori vaitungamira vema1964 nemaXNUMX vainangana nenyaya dzenjere nehunhu mukuedza kwavo kusimudza mwero wekuziva magariro nezvematongerwo enyika. Zvakanyanya, Kenzaburo Oe akanyora basa rake rakakurumbira, "Personal Experience," muna XNUMX, ndokuva muJapan wechipiri Nobel Prize for Literature.
Mitsuaki Inoue akanyora pamusoro pezvinetso zvezera renyukireya mumaXNUMX, nepo Shusaku Endo akataura pamusoro pechinetso chorudzidziso cheKaturike muJapan feudal sohwaro hwokupedza zvinetso zvomudzimu. Yasushi Inoue zvakare akatendeukira kune yakapfuura, achiratidzira zvine hungwaru mafambiro evanhu mumanovhero enhoroondo nezveInner Asia neJapan yekare.
Yoshikiti Furui akanyora nezvematambudziko evagari vemuguta, vanomanikidzwa kutarisana neminutiae yehupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Muna 88, Shizuko Todo akapihwa Sanjugo Naoki Mubairo we "Zhizha reKukura," nyaya inotaura nezve psychology yemukadzi wemazuva ano. Kazuo Ishiguro, British Japanese, akawana mukurumbira pasi rose uye ndiye akahwina mubairo weBooker Prize webhuku rake rinonzi "Remains of the Day" muna 1989 uye Nobel Prize for Literature muna 2017.
Banana Yoshimoto (pseudonym of Mahoko Yoshimoto) akonzera kupokana kwakawanda nekuda kwemaitiro ake ekunyora-manga, kunyanya pakutanga kwebasa rake rekugadzira mukupera kwema1980s, kusvika azozivikanwa semunyori wekutanga uye ane tarenda. Manyorerwo ake ndiwo anotungamira nhaurirano pamusoro petsanangudzo, inofanana negadziriro ye manga; Mabasa ake anotarisa parudo, ushamwari nekuvava kwekurasikirwa.
Manga yave yakakurumbira kwazvo zvokuti inotora XNUMX kusvika kuXNUMX muzana yezvinyorwa zvakadhindwa mukati memaXNUMX nekutengesa kunopfuura mabhiriyoni XNUMX yen pagore.
Mabhuku enhare akanyorerwa vashandisi venharembozha akaonekwa mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechi2007. Mamwe emabhuku aya, akadai saKoizora (Sky of Love), anotengesa mumamiriyoni emakopi akadhindwa, uye pakupera kwaXNUMX, "manovhero anofambisa" akapinda muvashanu vepamusoro vatengesi vengano dzesainzi.
kuita zvemitambo
Theatre chikamu chakakosha chetsika dzechiJapan. Kune marudzi mana emitambo mutsika dzechiJapani: noh, kyogen, kabuki, uye bunraku. Noh akasimuka kubva mumubatanidzwa we sarugaku (theatre yeJapan yakakurumbira) nemumhanzi uye kutamba kwemutambi wechiJapan, munyori uye muimbi Kanami uye wekuJapan beautician, mutambi uye munyori wemitambo Zeami Motokiyo, yairatidzwa nemasiki, zvipfeko uye majeti akashongedzwa.
Kyogen imhando yecomedic yetsika dzechiJapan theatre. Yakanga iri nzira yevaraidzo yakatengwa kubva kuChina muzana ramakore rechisere. Imhando yedhirama yedhirama yakakurumbira yakagadzirwa kubva kuzvinhu zvinosetsa zvemitambo ye sarugaku uye yakagadziridzwa nezana ramakore reXNUMX.
Kabuki isanganiswa yenziyo, mimhanzi, kutamba uye mutambo. Vatambi veKabuki vanoshandisa makeup yakaoma uye zvipfeko zvinomiririra zvakanyanya. Bunraku ndiyo yechinyakare yeJapan puppet theatre.
Zuva nezuva Japanese Tsika
Kunyangwe zvichipesvedzerwa zvakanyanya netsika dzekuMadokero nhasi, hupenyu hwezuva nezuva muJapan hune hutsika hunowanikwa chete imomo.
Zvipfeko
Hunhu hwekupfeka mutsika dzechiJapan hunozvisiyanisa kubva kune zvipfeko zvese munyika. MuJapan yanhasi unogona kuwana nzira mbiri dzekupfeka, yechinyakare kana wafuku uye yemazuvano kana yofuku, inova maitiro emazuva ese uye anowanzo tora maitiro ekuEurope.
Zvipfeko zvechiJapan zvechiJapan ndiyo kimono iyo inoreva "chinhu chekupfeka". Kimono pakutanga yaireva marudzi ese embatya, parizvino inoreva sutu inonziwo "naga gi" zvinoreva sutu refu.
Iyo kimono inoshandiswa pazviitiko zvakakosha nevakadzi, varume nevana. Kune mavara akasiyana-siyana, maitiro uye hukuru. Kazhinji varume vanopfeka mavara akasviba nepo vakadzi vachisarudza mavara akareruka uye akajeka, kunyanya vakadzi vadiki.
Iyo tomesode ndiyo kimono yevakadzi vakaroora, inosiyaniswa nekusava nemuenzaniso pamusoro pechiuno, furisode inoenderana nevakadzi vasina murume uye inozivikanwa nemaoko ayo akareba kwazvo. Mwaka yegore inokanganisawo kimono. Mavara akajeka ane maruva akashongedzwa ndiwo anoshandiswa muchirimo. Mashoma mavara akajeka anoshandiswa mukudonha. Munguva yechando, flannel kimonos inoshandiswa sezvo chinhu ichi chinorema uye chinobatsira kuti ugare uchidziya.
Uchikake ndiyo silk kimono inoshandiswa mumitambo yemuchato, iyo inofadza chaizvo uye inowanzoshongedzwa nemaruva kana shiri yakagadzirwa nesirivha negoridhe. Kimonos haaitwe kune chaiwo saizi senge zvipfeko zvekuMadokero, saizi ingori fungidziro uye hunyanzvi hunyanzvi hunoshandiswa kunyatsokodzera muviri.
Obi chipfeko chinoshongedza uye chakakosha zvikuru mukimono chinopfekwa nevarume nevakadzi vechiJapan. Vakadzi vanowanzopfeka bhinzi hombe uye rakashongedzwa nepo obi yevarume iri diki uye yakaderedzwa.
The keikogi (keiko kudzidzisa, gi is suit) ndiyo sutu yekudzidzira yeJapan. Inosiyana nekimono pakuti inosanganisira bhurugwa, ndiyo sutu inoshandiswa kudzidzira martial arts.
Hakama bhurugwa refu rine matinji manomwe, mashanu pamberi uye maviri kumashure, iro basa rekutanga raive rekudzivirira makumbo, ndokusaka aive akagadzirwa nemachira akakora. Gare gare yakava chiratidzo chechimiro chiri kushandiswa nemasamurai uye yakagadzirwa nemachira akakwenenzverwa. Yakatora chimiro chayo panguva yeEdo uye kubva ipapo zvichienda mberi inoshandiswa nevarume nevakadzi.
Parizvino hakama inonzi joba hakama inoshandiswa, inowanzoshandiswa sechikamu chekimono mumhemberero dzinokosha. Inoshandiswawo nevarapi vepamusoro-soro vevarapi vehondo ye iaido, kendo, aikido. Pane misiyano mukushandiswa maererano nemaitiro ehondo, nepo mu iaido nekendo pfundo rinoshandiswa kumashure, muaikido rinoshandiswa pamberi.
Yukata (zvipfeko zvekushambira) inguva yezhizha kimono yakagadzirwa nedonje, rineni kana hemp isina lining. Pasinei nechirevo cheshoko, kushandiswa kwe yukata hakungogumiri pakupfeka mushure mekugeza uye kunowanzoitika muJapan mukati memwedzi inopisa yezhizha (kutanga muna Chikunguru), ichipfekwa nevarume nevakadzi veese mazera.
Tabi masokisi echiJapan echinyakare anopfekwa nevarume nevakadzi vane zori, geta kana dzimwe shangu dzechinyakare. Aya masokisi ane peculiarity kuti chigunwe chakaparadzaniswa. Anonyanya kushandiswa nekimono uye anowanzo chena muruvara. Varume vanoshandisawo ruvara dema kana bhuruu. Vashandi vekuvaka, varimi, varimi vegadheni, uye vamwe vanopfeka imwe mhando yetabi inonzi jika tabi, iyo inogadzirwa nezvinhu zvakasimba uye inowanzova nerubber soles.
Geta shangu dzakafanana netsika dzechiJapan, dzine chikuva chikuru (dai) chinotsamira pamatombo maviri akachinjika (ha) anowanzo gadzirwa nematanda. Mazuva ano inoshandiswa panguva yekuzorora kana mumamiriro ekunze anopisa zvikuru.
Zori rudzi rwechiJapan shangu dzenyika, hunhu hwechipfeko chemhemberero yenyika. Ishangu dzakati sandarara dzisina chitsitsinho, dzakakora kusvika pachitsitsinho. Vanobatwa pamakumbo netambo dzinopfuura pakati pechigunwe chikuru nechigunwe chechipiri. Kusiyana neGeta, zori inoitwa zvakasiyana kune tsoka dzekurudyi nekuruboshwe. Iwo anogadzirwa kubva kumashanga emupunga kana mamwe machira echirimwa, machira, matanda ane lacquered, dehwe, rabha, kana zvinhu zvekugadzira. Zori dzakanyanya kufanana neflip flops.
Japanese cuisine
Cuisine mukati metsika yechiJapan inozivikanwa nekusimbisa kwayo mwaka, mhando yezvigadzirwa, uye mharidzo. Hwaro hwekudya kwenyika mupunga. Izwi rekuti gohan iro rinoreva mupunga wakabikwa rinogona kuturikirwawo se "chikafu". Mukuwedzera kune chinangwa chayo chikuru sezvokudya, mupunga waishandiswawo mumazuva ekare semhando yemari, inoshandiswa kubhadhara mitero nemihoro. Sezvo mupunga wainyanya kukosha senzira yekubhadhara nayo, varimi vainyanya kudya mapfunde.
MaJapan anoshandisa mupunga kugadzira yakakura uye yakasiyana nhamba yendiro, sosi uye kunyange zvinwiwa (sake, shochu, bakushu). Mupunga unogara uripo mukudya. Kusvikira muzana remakore rechiXNUMX, vapfumi chete ndivo vaidya mupunga, sezvo mutengo wawo waiita kuti urambidze vaya vaiva nemari shoma, saka vakautsiva nebhari. Kwakanga kusati kuri kutozosvikira muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX apo mupunga wakava unowanika kumunhu ari wose.
Hove ndiyo yechipiri yakakosha chikafu cheJapan. Japan iri pachinhanho chechina pasi rose mukudyiwa kwehove nehove pamunhu. Hove dzinowanzodyiwa dziri mbishi kana kuti dzisina kunyatsobikwa, sesushi. Noodles ndiro dzakagadzirwa negorosi senge mhunga yakakora inozivikanwa seudon kana buckwheat (soba) inofarirwa. MaNoodles anoshandiswa mumasobho, uye sendiro yakazvimiririra, ine additives uye seasonings. Nzvimbo yakakosha muJapan cuisine isoya beans. Soups, sosi, tofu, tofu, natto (soya yakaviriswa) inogadzirwa nayo.
Chikafu chinowanzoiswa munyu, kuviriswa, kana kunyungudutswa kuchengetedza chikafu munzvimbo dzine hunyoro hwepamusoro, mienzaniso yacho inosanganisira natto, umeboshi, tsukemono, uye soy muto. Muchikafu chemazuva ano cheJapan, unogona kuwana zviri nyore zvinhu zveChinese, Korean uye Thai cuisine. Zvimwe zvidya zvekukwereta senge ramen (Chinese wheat noodles) zviri kuita mukurumbira.
Mitemo yehutsika patafura mutsika dzechiJapan dzakasiyana neiyo yekuMadokero. Vanowanzo dya kubva kumakapu eporcelain ane hashi chopsticks. Chikafu chemvura chinowanzo kunwiwa kubva mundiro, asi zvipunu dzimwe nguva zvinoshandiswa. Banga neforogo zvinoshandiswa chete kumidziyo yeEurope.
Nokufamba kwenguva, maJapan akakwanisa kugadzira cuisine yakaoma uye yakanatswa. Mumakore achangopfuura, chikafu cheJapan chakabata uye chave chakakurumbira munzvimbo dzakawanda dzepasi. Zvokudya zvakaita sesushi, tempura, noodles uye teriyaki ndezvimwe zvezvokudya zvatove zvakajairika muAmerica, Europe uye nedzimwe nyika.
MaJapani ane soups dzakawanda dzakasiyana, asi chinyakare chikuru imisoshiru. Uyu muto wakagadzirwa kubva kumiso paste (iyo inogadzirwa nesoya yakabikwa, yakapwanyika uye yakaviriswa pamwe nekuwedzera munyu uye mumera). Aya masobho anogadzirwa zvakasiyana munharaunda imwe neimwe. Mukuwedzera, maJapan anonyanya kushandisa miriwo nemishonga (mbatatisi, makarotsi, makabheji, horseradish, dhiri, celery, parsley, tomate, hanyanisi, maapuro, Japanese radish), hove, shark nyama, gungwa, huku, squid, magakanje nevamwe. chikafu chegungwa.
Green tea inwiwa yechinyakare uye yakakurumbira yevaJapan, uye sake uye shochu mupunga waini. Nzvimbo yakakosha mune yechinyakare chikafu cheJapan inogarwa nemhemberero yetii yeJapan. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, chikafu cheJapan chave chakakurumbira kunze kweJapan, uye nekuda kwekuderera kwekoriori yemukati, inonzi ine hutano.
mumhanzi
Mimhanzi yechiJapani inosanganisira dzakasiyana siyana dzemhando, kubva kune yechinyakare uye kunyanya kuJapan pachayo kune akawanda emazuva ano mimhanzi mimhanzi, iyo yakasarudzika nzvimbo inowanzovakwa munyika, kusiyana nedzimwe nyika. Musika wemimhanzi weJapan muna 2008 waive wechipiri pakukura pasirese mushure meUS. Izwi rokuti "mimhanzi" (ongaku) rine mavara maviri: inzwi (iyo) uye nyaradzo, varaidzo (gaku).
Mumhanzi wechiJapan muJapan unoshandisa mashoko okuti "Hogaku" (mimhanzi yevarimi), "wagaku" (mimhanzi yeJapan), kana "kokugaku" (mimhanzi yenyika). Pamusoro pezviridzwa zvechinyakare nemhando, mimhanzi yeJapan inozivikanwa zvakare nezviridzwa zvisina kujairika zvakaita seSuikinkutsu (matsime ekuimba) uye Suzu (ndiro dzekuimba). Mumwe mutsauko ndewekuti mimhanzi yechinyakare yechiJapan yakavakirwa panguva dzekufema kwevanhu uye kwete pakuverenga kwemasvomhu.
Shamisen (chaizvoizvo "tambo nhatu"), inozivikanwawo sengen, chiridzwa chine tambo cheJapan chinoridzwa neplectrum inonzi batey. Yakabva kuChinese tambo chiridzwa sanxian. Yakapinda muJapan kuburikidza neHumambo hweRyukyu muzana ramakore reXNUMX, uko yakazove zvishoma nezvishoma chiridzwa chesanshin cheOkinawa. Iyo shamisen ndeimwe yezviridzwa zveJapan zvakakurumbira nekuda kweruzha rwayo rwakasiyana uye yakashandiswa nevaimbi vakaita saMarty Friedman, Miyavi nevamwe.
Koto chiridzwa chine tambo cheJapan chakafanana neVietnamese danchanyu, iyo Korean gayageum, uye Chinese guzheng. Inofungidzirwa kuti inotora kubva kune yekupedzisira mushure mekuuya kuJapan kubva kuChina muXNUMXth kana XNUMXth century.
Fue (nyere, muridzo) imhuri yenyere dzeJapan. Fues kazhinji inopinza uye inogadzirwa nemushenjere. Inonyanya kufarirwa yaiva shakuhachi. Nyere dzakaonekwa muJapan muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX, dzakaparadzirwa munguva yeNara. Nyere yemazuva ano inogona kunge iri chiridzwa chega uye orchestral.
Kubva kuma1990, mimhanzi yechiJapan yave ichizivikanwa zvakanyanya uye yakakurumbira kuMadokero, zvakanyanya nekuda kwemhando dzayo dzakasiyana senge j-pop, j-rock, uye kuona kei. Mimhanzi yakadaro inowanzosvika kune vateereri vekuMadokero kuburikidza nemitambo yekurira muanime kana mitambo yemavhidhiyo. Mumhanzi wakakurumbira weJapan yemazuva ano unosanganisira vakasiyana-siyana vaimbi, vane zvido zvavo kubva kuJapan rock kuenda kuJapan salsa, kubva kuJapan tango kuenda kunyika yeJapan.
Karaoke, iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa nzira yekuimba kwevasingadzidzi mumhanzi inoitika mumabhawa nemakirabhu madiki, ine matangiro ayo chaiwo muJapan.
Cine
Mafirimu ekutanga echiJapan mukupera kwezana remakore rechiXNUMX nekuvamba kwezana remakore rechiXNUMX aiva nechirongwa chiri nyore, chakagadzirwa pasi pesimba remitambo, vatambi vavo vaiva vatambi vepasiteji, vatambi vechirume vaitamba mabasa echikadzi, uye zvipfeko zvemitambo neseti zvakashandiswa. Pamberi pekuuya kwemafirimu ane ruzha, kuratidzwa kwemafirimu kwaiperekedzwa nebenshi (mutsinhiri, munyori, kana muturikiri), mutambi anorarama, shanduro yechiJapan yeParlor Pianist (taper).
Nekuda kwekukura kwemadhorobha uye kusimukira kwetsika dzechiJapan dzakakurumbira, indasitiri yemafirimu yakakura nekukurumidza mukupera kwemaXNUMX, ichigadzira mafirimu anodarika zviuru gumi pakati penguva iyoyo nekutanga kweHondo Yenyika II. Nguva yebhanari yeJapan cinema yakaguma mushure mekudengenyeka kwenyika muKantó, kubva panguva iyo cinema yakatanga kugadzirisa matambudziko emagariro evanhu akadai semamiriro epakati, boka rekushanda nevakadzi, yakagadzirisawo mitambo yezvakaitika kare uye Romance.
The XNUMXs uye XNUMXs akaona kushingaira kukura Japanese cinema, vanoonekwa yayo "golden age". Mumakumi mashanu, mazana maviri negumi neshanu mafirimu akabudiswa, uye mumakore makumi matanhatu - anosvika mazana mashanu nemakumi mana nemanomwe mafirimu. Munguva iyi, mhando dzenhoroondo, dzezvematongerwo enyika, dzechiito uye dzesainzi dzefiction dzakaonekwa; muhuwandu hwemafirimu akabudiswa, Japan yakaronga imwe yenzvimbo dzekutanga munyika.
Vagadziri vemafirimu vane mukurumbira venguva ino ndiAkira Kurosawa, uyo akaita mabasa ake ekutanga mumaXNUMX uye mumaXNUMX akahwina Silver Shumba paVenice International Film Festival naRashōmon.Samurai manomwe.; Kenji Mizoguchi akakundawo Golden Shumba yebasa rake rakakosha Tales of the Pale Moon.
Vamwe vatungamiri ndiShohei Imamura, Nobuo Nakagawa, Hideo Gosha naYasujiro Ozu. Mutambi Toshiro Mifune, uyo aiva nechikamu mumafirimu anenge ese eKurosawa, akava nemukurumbira kunze kwenyika.
Nekukurumbira kweterevhizheni mumaXNUMX, vateereri vemabhaisikopo vakadzikira zvakanyanya, zvigadzirwa zvinodhura zvakatsiviwa nemafirimu echitsotsi (yakuza), mafirimu evechidiki, ngano dzesainzi uye mafirimu ezvinonyadzisira anodhura.
anime uye manga
Anime iJapan animation iyo, kusiyana nemakatuni anobva kune dzimwe nyika anonyanya kutsaurirwa kuvana, anonangwa kune vechidiki uye vateereri vakuru, ndicho chikonzero ivo vakave vakakurumbira kwazvo pasirese. Anime inosiyaniswa neiyo hunhu nzira yekuratidzira mavara nemashure. Yakatsikiswa muchimiro cheterevhizheni yakatevedzana, pamwe nemafirimu akagoverwa muvhidhiyo midhiya kana akaitirwa kuratidzira cinematographic.
Ploti inogona kutsanangura mavara mazhinji, inosiyana munzvimbo nenzvimbo dzakasiyana, mhando, uye masitayera, uye kazhinji inobva kumanga (makomiki echiJapan), ranobe (chiJapan chinopenya chinyorwa), kana mitambo yepakombiyuta. Mamwe mabhuku akadai semabhuku echinyakare anoshandiswa zvishoma. Kune zvakare epakutanga animes ayo anogona kuburitsa manga kana bhuku shanduro.
Manga ndiwo makomiki echiJapan zvakare dzimwe nguva anonzi komikku. Kunyange zvazvo yakatanga mushure meHondo Yenyika II yakapesvedzerwa zvakasimba netsika dzokuMadokero. Iyo manga ine midzi yakadzika mutsika dzechiJapan dzepakutanga. Iyo manga yakanangana nevanhu veese mazera uye inoremekedzwa sechimiro chekuona uye chiitiko chekunyora, ndosaka paine akawanda marudzi uye akawanda misoro inovhara adventure, zverudo, mitambo, nhoroondo, kuseka, sainzi ngano, horror. , erotica, bhizinesi nezvimwe.
Kubva kuma2006, manga yave imwe yemapazi makuru ekutsikisa mabhuku echiJapan, neshanduko ye2009 bhiriyoni yen muna 2006 uye XNUMX bhiriyoni yen muna XNUMX. yave yakakurumbira munyika dzese, kunyanya muUnited States. uko data rekutengesa kwegore raXNUMX raive pakati pezana nemakumi manomwe neshanu nemazana maviri emamiriyoni emadhora.
Anenge ese manga anodhonzwa uye anoburitswa nhema nechena, kunyangwe painewo mavara, semuenzaniso Colourful, firimu remuJapan rinotungamirwa naKeiichi Hara. Manga inova yakakurumbira, kazhinji yakareba manga yakatevedzana, inotorwa muanime, uye manyoro manyoro, mitambo yemavhidhiyo, uye mamwe mabasa anotorwa anogonawo kugadzirwa.
Kugadzira anime yakavakirwa pane iripo manga zvine musoro kubva pakuona kwebhizinesi: kudhirowa manga kunowanzo kudhura, uye animation studios inokwanisa kuona kana imwe manga yakakurumbira kuitira kuti ikwanise kutorwa. Kana ma manga akachinjirwa kumabhaisikopo kana anime, anowanzo chinja: kurwa uye zviitiko zvehondo zvinopfaviswa uye zviratidziro zvakanyanyisa zvinobviswa.
Nyanzvi inodhirowa manga inonzi mangaka, uye kazhinji ndiye munyori wezvinyorwa. Kana manyoro akanyorwa nomunhu, munyori iyeye anonzi gensakusha (kana kuti, chaizvoizvo, manga gensakusha). Zvinogoneka kuti manga inogadzirwa zvichibva pane iripo anime kana bhaisikopo, semuenzaniso, zvichibva pa "Star Wars". Nekudaro, anime uye otaku tsika ingadai isina kuuya pasina manga, nekuti vashoma vanogadzira vanoda kuisa nguva nemari mupurojekiti isina kuratidza mukurumbira wayo, vachibhadhara muchimiro checomic strip.
Japanese garden
Bindu rine kukosha kukuru mutsika dzechiJapani. Bindu reJapan rudzi rwebindu rine nheyo dzesangano dzakakudziridzwa muJapan pakati pezana ramakore rechisere nerechiXNUMX. Yakatangwa nemagadheni ekare etembere yechiBhudha kana nzvimbo tsvene dzechiShinto, dzakavambwa nemamongi echiBhudha nemapilgrim, yakanaka uye yakaoma kunzwisisa yebindu reJapan gadziriro zvishoma nezvishoma yakatanga.
Muna 794, guta guru reJapan rakatamiswa kubva kuNara kuenda kuKyoto. Magadheni ekutanga aiita senzvimbo dzekupemberera, mitambo nemakonzati akavhurika. Minda yenguva ino inoshongedza. Miti yakawanda yemaruva (plum, cherry), azaleas, pamwe nekukwira wisteria chirimwa chakasimwa. Zvisinei, muJapan kunewo mapindu asina miti, yakagadzirwa nematombo nejecha. Mumagadzirirwo avo ehunyanzvi, akafanana neabstract pendi.
Mumagadheni echiJapan ndezvekufananidzira kukwana kwezvisikwa zvepasi uye kazhinji kufananidzwa kwechadenga. Hunhu hwekuumbwa kwayo makomo ekugadzira uye zvikomo, zvitsuwa, hova nemapopoma, nzira uye zvigamba zvejecha kana matombo, akashongedzwa nematombo ezvimiro zvisina kujairika. Nzvimbo yebindu inoumbwa nemiti, shrubs, bamboo, uswa, maruva anoyevedza herbaceous zvinomera uye moss.
ikebana
Ikebana, inobva paizwi rechiJapani rokuti "ike kana ikeru" rinoreva hupenyu uye izwi rechiJapani rokuti "Ban kana Khan" maruva, iro rinoreva "maruva mapenyu", uye rinoreva unyanzvi hwekuronga maruva akachekwa nemabuds mumidziyo yakakosha, se. pamwe nehunyanzvi hwekunyatsoisa zvinyorwa izvi mukati. Ikebana yakavakirwa panheyo yokureruka kwakanatswa, inowanwa kupfurikidza nokuratidza kunaka kwomusikirwo kwechinyorwa chacho.
Kuzadzikiswa kwe ikebana zvese zvinoshandiswa zvinofanirwa kunge zviri zvechimiro chakasimba zvinosanganisira matavi, mashizha, maruva kana miriwo. Izvo zvikamu zve ikebana zvinofanirwa kurongeka mune matatu-element system, kazhinji ichigadzira katatu. Davi rakareba kwazvo rinoonekwa serinonyanya kukosha uye rinomiririra chero chinhu chinoswedera kudenga, davi rakapfupika rinomiririra pasi uye repakati rinomiririra munhu.
Cha no yu, Mhemberero yeTii yeJapan
Iyo cha no yu, inozivikanwa kuMadokero semhemberero yetii yeJapan, inozivikanwawo seChado kana Sado. Itsika yechiJapani yemagariro uye yemweya. Ndiyo imwe yetsika dzinozivikanwa kwazvo dzechiJapan tsika uye Zen art. Tsika yake yakanyorwa nemumongi weZen Buddhist Sen no Rikyu uye gare gare naToyotomi Hideyoshi. Sen no Rikyū's cha no yu anoenderera mberi netsika yakagadzwa nemamongi eZen Murata Shuko naTakeno Joo.
Mhemberero yacho inobva pakuberekwa kwewabi cha, iyo inoratidzirwa nekureruka uye kugadzikana kwechiito uye kubatana kwayo kwepedyo nedzidziso dzeBuddha. Iyi mhemberero uye tsika yemweya inogona kuitwa nenzira dzakasiyana uye nenzira dzakasiyana. Pakutanga ichiita seimwe yenzira dzekufungisisa maitiro nemamongi echiBuddha, yave chikamu chakakosha chetsika dzechiJapan, dzine hukama zvakanyanya nezvimwe zvakawanda zvetsika zviitiko.
Kuungana kwetii kunorongwa sechakai, kuungana kusina kurongwa kwekunonga tii, uye chaji, chiitiko chekunwa tii. A chakai chiitiko chiri nyore chekugamuchira vaeni chinosanganisira masiwiti, tii yakareruka, uye pamwe chikafu chakareruka. Chaji igungano rakanyanya kurongeka, kazhinji rinosanganisira chikafu chakazara (kaiseki) chinoteverwa nemasiwiti, tii gobvu, uye tii yakanaka. Chaji inogona kusvika maawa mana.
Sakura kana Cherry Blossom
ChiJapan cherry blossom chimwe chezviratidzo zvakakosha zvetsika dzechiJapan. Izvo zvakafanana nerunako, kumuka uye kupfupika. Mwaka wemaruva emuchero unoratidza nzvimbo yakakwirira mukarenda yeJapan uye kutanga kwechirimo. MuJapan, ruva recherry rinofananidzira makore uye nedimikira rinoreva ephemerality yehupenyu. Ichi chechipiri chirevo chekufananidzira chinowanzobatanidzwa nepesvedzero yeBuddhism, kuva chimiro chepfungwa ye mono no kuziva (kunzwa kune ephemerality yezvinhu).
Kupfuura, kunaka kwakanyanya uye kufa nekukurumidza kwemaruva zvinowanzofananidzwa nekufa kwevanhu. Nekuda kweizvi, ruva re sakura rinofananidzira zvakadzama mutsika dzechiJapan, mufananidzo waro unowanzoshandiswa muhunyanzvi hweJapan, anime, cinema nedzimwe nzvimbo. Pane rwiyo rumwechete runozivikanwa runonzi sakura, pamwe nenziyo dzinoverengeka dzej-pop. Chiratidziro chemaruva e sakura chinowanikwa pamhando dzese dzechiJapan zvigadzirwa zvevatengi, zvinosanganisira kimonos, stationery, uye tableware.
MuchiJapan tsika yemasamurai, ruva re cherry rinofarirwawo zvakanyanya, sezvo zvichifungidzirwa kuti masamurai ane hupenyu hupfupi semaruva anotumbuka, mukuwedzera kune pfungwa yekuti maruva echerry anomiririra madonhwe eropa. panguva dzehondo. Parizvino inowanzoonekwa kuti cherry blossom inomiririra kusava nemhosva, nyore, kunaka kwezvisikwa uye kuberekwa patsva kunouya nechitubu.
Zvitendero muJapan
Chitendero muJapan chinomirirwa zvikurukuru nechiBuddha nechiShinto. Vatendi vazhinji muJapan vanozviona sezvinamato zvese kamwechete, zvichiratidza kuwirirana kwechitendero. Mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi 1886, muna 1947, mukati moKudzorerwa kweMeiji, chiShinto chakaziviswa bedzi rudzidziso rwehurumende runomanikidzirwa rwenyika yeJapan. Pashure peHondo yeNyika II, nokugamuchirwa kwebumbiro idzva remitemo yeJapan muna XNUMX, chiShinto chakarasikirwa neichi chimiro.
Kunorangarirwa kuti vaBuddha navaShinto vanoumba pakati pamakumi masere namana namakumi mapfumbamwe namatanhatu muzana echiverengero chavagari vapasi, icho chinomirira chiverengero chikuru chavatendi mutsinhirano yamarudzidziso ose ari maviri. Zvakadaro, fungidziro idzi dzinobva pahuwandu hwevanhu hunodyidzana neimwe temberi, uye kwete nhamba yevatendi vechokwadi. Muzvinafundo Robert Kisala vanopa zano rekuti 30% chete yevagari vanozivisa sevatendi.
ChiTao chakapinzwa kubva kuChina, chiConfucius, uye chiBuddha chakapesvedzerawo zvitendero zvorudzidziso zvechiJapan, magamuchidzanwa, uye miitiro. Chitendero muJapan chinokombamira ku<em>syncretism, kuchiguma nomuvhenganiswa wemiitiro yorudzidziso yakasiana-siana. Somuenzaniso, vakuru navana vanochengeta miitiro yechiShinto, vana vechikoro vanonyengetera bvunzo dzisati dzaitwa, varoorani vaduku vanoronga michato muchechi yechiKristu uye mariro mutembere yechiBuddha.
MaKristu anomiririra vanhu vashomanana vechitendero, vanongopfuura zvikamu zviviri kubva muzana zvevanhu. Pakati pesonganiro dzechechi dzechiKristu dzinoshanda pamwero wakafanana weJapan, hurusa iCatholic Central Council, inoteverwa munhengo neZvapupu zvaJehovha, vePentekosta, uye mitezo yeUnited Church of Christ muJapan. XIX, masekete ezvitendero akasiyana-siyana akadai saTenrikyo naAum Shinrikyo. dzakabudawo muJapan.
miyage
Miyage zviyeuchidzo zveJapan kana zviyeuchidzo zveJapan. Kazhinji, miyage chikafu chinomiririra hunyanzvi hwedunhu rega rega kana chine mufananidzo wenzvimbo yakashanyirwa yakadhindwa kana pavari. Miyage inoonekwa sechisungo chemagariro (giri) inotarisirwa seruremekedzo kubva kune muvakidzani kana mushandi waunoshanda naye mushure merwendo, kunyange rwendo rupfupi, pane kudaro ivo vanongoitika uye vanowanzotengwa pavanodzoka kubva parwendo.
Nechikonzero ichi, miyage inopihwa kune chero yakakurumbira nzvimbo yekushanya, pamwe nezviteshi zvezvitima, mabhazi, uye nhandare dzendege mumhando dzakawanda, uye kune zvitoro zvakawanda zvekuyeuchidza munzvimbo idzi muJapan kupfuura munzvimbo dzakafanana muEurope. Miyage inowanzoitika uye yakakurumbira ndeye mochi, makeke emupunga ekuJapan akagadzirwa nemupunga unonamira; Senbei, zvimedu zvemupunga zvakakangwa uye zvimedu zvakazadza. Pakutanga miyage yakanga isiri chikafu nekuda kwekuparara kwayo, asi mazango kana chero chimwe chinhu chakatsaurwa.
Munguva yeEdo, vafambi vakagamuchira sechipo chekuonekana kubva munharaunda yavo vasati vatanga rwendo rwavo, sembetsu, yaisanganisira mari. Mukuchinjana, vafambi, pavakadzoka kubva parwendo, vakadzosa kunharaunda yavo chiyeuchidzo chenzvimbo tsvene yakashanyirwa, miyage, senzira yekufananidzira kusanganisira avo vaigara pamba murwendo rwavo.
Maererano nenyanzvi yechitima Yuichiro Suzuki, kuwedzera kwekumhanya kwezvitima kwakangobvumirwa kuitira kuti miyage isingagari yakasimba sechikafu ikwanise kumira parwendo rwekudzoka pasina kukuvara. Panguva imwecheteyo, izvi zvakakonzera kutaridzika kwehunyanzvi hutsva hwedunhu hwakadai saAbekawa mochi, iyo yaimbove yakajairika mochi, iyo resipi yakazotsiviwa negyuhi, ine shuga yakakwira izvo zvakaita kuti irambe yakasimba kune nzendo refu dzechitima.
Onsen
Onsen izita rezvitubu zvinopisa muJapan, pamwe chete neanowanzo kuperekedza zvivakwa zvevashanyi: mahotera, mahotera, maresitorendi ari padyo nenzvimbo. Kune zvitubu zvinopisa zvinopfuura zviuru zviviri zvokugezera munyika inoputika. Varaidzo yekupisa yechirimo yakagara yaita basa rakakosha mukushanya kwemumba kweJapan.
Tsika dzechivanhu dzinosanganisira kushambira pamhepo. Mazhinji esen zvakare achangobva kuwedzerwa nenzvimbo dzekugezera dzemukati, kune zvakare akavharirwa esen, uko mvura inopisa inowanzo kupihwa kubva mutsime. Iyo yekupedzisira inosiyana ne sento (yakajairika mabhati eruzhinji) mukuti mvura musento haisi mineral, asi yakajairika, uye inopisa nebhailer.
Tsika dzechinyakare mumataera ekare echiJapan, anoremekedzwa zvikuru nevanhu vazhinji, inongova nenzvimbo yakavhenganiswa yokugezera yevarume nevakadzi, inowanzowedzerwa nenzvimbo yokugezera yakaparadzana yevakadzi chete, kana kuti pane dzimwe nguva dzakatemwa. Vana vadiki vanobvumidzwa chero kupi pasina kurambidzwa.
Origami
Origami zvinoreva "bepa rakapetwa" muchiJapani, imhando yekushongedza uye inoshanda art; ndiyo origami kana unyanzvi hwekare hwekupeta mapepa. Inyanzvi ye origami yakabva kuChina yekare, uko mapepa akagadzirwa. Pakutanga, origami yaishandiswa mumitambo yechitendero. Kwenguva yakareba, iyi fomu yeunyanzvi yaiwanikwa chete kune vamiririri vekirasi yepamusoro, apo chiratidzo chechimiro chakanaka chaiva chekugadzirisa kwemaitiro ekupeta mapepa.
Classic origami inosanganisira kupeta pepa rakaenzana. Pane imwe seti yezvakajairwa zviratidzo zvinodikanwa kuratidza chirongwa chekupeta chechero chakaomesesa chigadzirwa, ivo vanogona kutotorwa semapepa akavezwa. Zvizhinji zvezviratidzo zvakajairwa zvakaunzwa mukuita muna 1954 nemukurumbira wechiJapan tenzi Akira Yoshizawa.
Classic origami inorayira kushandiswa kwepepa pasina kushandiswa kwechigero. Panguva imwecheteyo, kazhinji kukanda muenzaniso wakaoma, ndiko kuti, kuukanda, uye nekuchengetedza kwayo, kuiswa kwepepa rekutanga rine adhesive compounds rine methylcellulose inoshandiswa.
Origami yakatanga nekugadzirwa kwepepa asi yakasvika pakukura kwayo kwakakurumidza mukupera kwemaXNUMX kusvika nhasi. Maitiro matsva ekugadzira akawanikwa akakurumidza kufarirwa nekushandiswa kweinternet uye origami masangano pasi rese. Mumakore makumi matatu apfuura, kushandiswa kwemasvomhu kwakatangwa mukutsanangura kwayo, chimwe chinhu chakanga chisina kurangarirwa kare. Nekuuya kwemakomputa, zvave zvichikwanisika kukwidziridza kushandiswa kwepepa uye mabhesi matsva ezviumbwa zvakaoma, sezvipembenene.
Geisha
Geisha mukadzi anovaraidza vatengi vake (vaenzi, vashanyi) pamapati, kuungana, kana mabiko nekutamba kwechiJapan, kuimba, kuitisa mhemberero yetii, kana kutaura chero nyaya, kazhinji akapfeka kimono uye nekuzora (oshiroi) uye zvechinyakare. kugadzira bvudzi. Zita rebasa racho rine mahieroglyphs maviri: "unyanzvi" uye "murume", zvinoreva "murume weunyanzvi".
Kubva kudzoreredzwa kweMeiji, pfungwa ye "geiko" inoshandiswa uye kumudzidzi pfungwa ye "maiko". Vadzidzi veTokyo geisha vanonzi hangyoku, “dombo rinokosha,” sezvo nguva yavo iri hafu yeiyo geisha; kunewo zita rinowanzozivikanwa rokuti o-shaku, "kudira sake".
Basa guru rema geishas nderekuita mabiko padzimba dzetii, mahotera echiJapan nemaresitorendi echinyakare echiJapan, uko ma<em>geisha anoita sevanotambira mabiko, vachivaraidza vaenzi (varume nevakadzi). Mabiko echinyakare anonzi o-dzashiki (tatami room). Geisha anofanira kutungamira nhaurirano uye kufambisa kunakidzwa kwevaenzi vake, kazhinji achitamba navo, achichengeta chiremerera chake.
Nechinyakare, munharaunda yetsika dzechiJapan, nharaunda dzemagariro dzakapatsanurwa, nekuda kwekuti madzimai echiJapan aisakwanisa kuenda kumabiko neshamwari, kusimuka uku kwakamutsa geisha, vakadzi vaive vasiri chikamu chemukati memagariro denderedzwa. mhuri.
Kusiyana nezvinodavirwa nevakawanda, geisha haisi iyo yekuMabvazuva yakaenzana nehure, pfungwa isiriyo yakatanga kuMadokero nekuda kwekudyidzana kwekunze neoiran (courtesans) nevamwe vanoita zvepabonde, vane chitarisiko chakafanana neicho che geisha. .
Nzira yehupenyu hwema geishas nevedare yakatsanangurwa zvakajeka: yakawanda yenguva yavo, kunyanya Hondo Yenyika II isati yasvika, yakapedzerwa mumaguta anonzi hanamachi (guta remaruva). Nzvimbo dzinonyanya kuzivikanwa dzakadai iGion Kobu, Kamishichiken nePonto-cho, iri muKyoto, uye umo mararamiro echinyakare egeisha akachengetedzwa zvakajeka.
Japan martial arts
Izwi rokuti Japanese Martial Arts rinoreva nhamba huru uye dzakasiyana-siyana dzehondo dzakagadzirwa nevanhu vekuJapan. Kune mazwi matatu mumutauro wechiJapan anozivikanwa neJapan martial arts: "Budo", zvinoreva kuti "nzira yehondo", "bujutsu" inogona kushandurwa sesainzi, hunyanzvi, kana hunyanzvi hwehondo, uye "bugei". ", izvo zvinoreva kuti "martial art".
Budo ishoko rekushandiswa munguva pfupi yapfuura uye rinoreva maitiro emitambo yehondo semararamiro anosanganisira zviyero zvemuviri, zvemweya uye zvetsika kuitira kuvandudza munhu anotarisa pakuzvivandudza, kuzadzisa uye kukura kwemunhu. Bujutsu inoreva chaizvo kushandiswa kunoshanda kwemaitiro ehondo uye matekiniki mukurwa chaiko. Bugei inoreva kugadziridzwa kana kunatsiridzwa kwemaitiro uye matekiniki ekugonesa kudzidzisa kwakarongeka uye kuparadzira mukati menzvimbo yekudzidza.
MuchiJapan, Koryute, "Chikoro Chekare", inoreva zvikoro zvechiJapan zvehondo zvakatangira, maererano nekuvambwa kwavo, Meiji Restoration ye1866 kana Haitorei Edict ye1876, iyo yairambidza kushandiswa kwebakatwa. Japanese martial arts yakagadzirwa mukati mekoryu kwemazana emakore kusvika 1868. Samurai neronin vakadzidza, vakagadzira, uye vakapfuurira mukati memasangano aya. Pakave nechaunga chekoryu uko zvombo uye hunyanzvi hweruoko rwakashama zvakadzidzwa nevarwi vehondo (bushis).
Mushure me1868 nekusagadzikana kwayo kwevanhu, nzira yekutapurirana yakashandurwa, shanduko inotsanangura kupatsanurwa muzvikamu zviviri Koryu Bujutsu (chikoro chekare martial arts) uye Gendai Budo (yemazuva ano martial arts). Nhasi, idzi nzira mbiri dzekutapurirana dziripo. Mumakore achangopfuura muEurope, tinogona kuwana zvose Koryu Bujutsu uye Gendai Budo. Dzimwe nguva, muJapan sokune dzimwe nzvimbo, vadzidzisi vamwe cheteyo uye vadzidzi vamwe chetevo vanofunda zvose zviri zviviri zvimiro zvekare uye zvazvino uno zvounyanzvi hwokurwa.
etiquette muJapan
Tsika uye etiquette muJapan zvakakosha uye zvakanyanya kuona maitiro emagariro evanhu veJapan. Mabhuku mazhinji anotsanangura zvakadzama zvezita. Mimwe miitiro yetsika inogona kusiyana munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeJapan. Dzimwe tsika dzinochinja nekufamba kwenguva.
Kuremekedza
Kukotamira kana kukwazisa zvichida ndiwo mutemo unonyanya kuzivikanwa wetsika dzemuJapan pasi rose. Mukati metsika dzechiJapan kukotama kunonyanya kukosha, kusvika pamwero wekuti, pasinei nokuti vana vanodzidziswa kubva paudiki kupfugama mumakambani, zvidzidzo zvinopiwa kuvashandi kuti vangakotama sei zvakanaka .
Uta hwekutanga hunoitwa nemusana wakatwasuka, maziso akatarisa pasi, varume nevakomana vakaisa maoko pamativi avo, uye vakadzi nevasikana vakabata maoko avo mumasiketi avo. Uta hunotangira pachiuno, iyo yakareba uye yakawanda inodudza uta, iyo huru manzwiro uye kuremekedza kunoratidza.
Kune marudzi matatu euta: husina kurongwa, hwakarongeka uye hwakanyanya. Kukotamira (informal bowing) zvinoreva kukotama madhigirii gumi nemashanu kana kungorereka musoro mberi. Pamauta akarongeka uta hunofanira kunge huri madhigirii makumi matatu, muuta hwakanyanya huta hunonyanya kutaurwa.
Ita muripo
Zvakajairika mumabhizinesi eJapan kuisa tireyi diki pamberi perejista yemari yega yega, iyo mutengi anogona kuisa mari. Kana tireyi yakadaro yakaiswa, iko kukanganisa kwehutsika kuti urege kuifuratira uye kuedza kuendesa mari zvakananga kune cashier. Ichi chinhu chehutsika, pamwe nekuda kupfugama pamberi pekubata ruoko, zvinotsanangurwa ne "kuchengetedzwa kwenzvimbo yega" yevaJapan vese, iyo inosanganiswa nekushaikwa kwekugara kwenzvimbo muJapan.
Muchiitiko icho bhizinesi rinobvuma kuti kubhadhara kunoitwa zvakananga mumaoko, mimwe mitemo inofanira kuteverwa iyo inosanganisira kuendeswa kwemakadhi kana chimwe chinhu chakakosha: chinhu chacho chinofanira kubatwa nemaoko ose maviri kana uchichiendesa uye kana uchichigamuchira; izvi kuitira kureva kuti chinhu chaunzwa chinotorwa sechinhu chakakosha uye kuti chinogamuchirwa kuti chipe hanya zvikuru.
kunyemwerera muJapan
Kunyemwerera mutsika dzechiJapan hakusi kungoratidza manzwiro echisikigo. Ichowo chimiro chetsika, chinoratidza kukunda kwemweya mukutarisana nezvinetso uye zvipingamupinyi. VaJapan vanodzidziswa kubvira pauduku, kazhinji kazhinji nomuenzaniso womunhu oga, kunyemwerera mukuzadzika kwebasa rokugarisana nevamwe.
Kunyemwerera kwave kuita semi-conscious gesture muJapan uye kunoonekwa kunyangwe munhu ari kunyemwerera achitenda kuti haasi kucherechedzwa. Somuenzaniso, mumwe murume wokuJapan anoedza kubata chitima muchitima chinofamba nepasi pevhu, asi masuo anovharika pamberi chaipo pemhino dzake. Kuita kukundikana kunyemwerera. Kunyemwerera uku hakurevi mufaro, asi kunoreva kuti munhu anobata nezvinetso pasina kunyunyuta uye nomufaro.
Kubva pauduku, vaJapan vanodzidziswa kurega kutaura mirangariro, iyo inogona kudzongonyedza chinzwano chenzanga pane dzimwe nguva chinoputsika. MuJapan, kushandiswa kwezviratidzo zvokunyemwerera kunowanzosvika pakunyanyisa. Uchiri kuona vanhu vakafirwa nevadiwa vachinyemwerera. Izvi hazvifaniri kutorwa zvichireva kuti vakafa havachemwi. Munhu anonyemwerera anoita seanoti: hongu, kurasikirwa kwangu kukuru, asi pane zvinonyanya kukosha zvinowanzoitika, uye ini handidi kugumbura vamwe nekuratidzira kurwadziwa kwangu.
Shangu
MuJapan, shangu dzinochinjwa kana kubviswa kakawanda kupfuura mune imwe nyika ipi neipi. Iwe unofanirwa kubvisa shangu dzako dzekunze dzakashandiswa uye shandura kuva masiripi akagadzirirwa anochengetwa mudhirowa ane makamuri akawanda. Shangu dzekunze dzinobviswa pamusuwo, uko pasi pakadzika pane imwe imba. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti akanyatsopinda munzvimbo kwete paakavhara musuwo kumashure kwake, asi mushure mekubvisa shangu dzake dzemumugwagwa uye nekupfeka slippers.
Unofanira kubvisa shangu dzako paunopinda mutemberi. Kana shangu dzekutsiva dzisingapiwi, masokisi anofanira kupfekwa. Dhirowa rine makamuri akawanda munzvimbo idzodzo rinoshandiswa kuchengeta shangu dzekunze. Pakupfeka shangu panze, ndapota usatsike danda remapuranga pamberi pemabhokisi eshangu.
Kupfurikidza nokubvisa shangu asati apinda mutembere, mushanyi haabetseri bedzi kuchengeta kurongeka mutembere, asiwo anopa rukudzo kumifungo yechiShinto pamusoro pokuda vamwari, kami, uye kuchena: kiyoshi. Mugwagwa une guruva nemarara unopikisa nzvimbo yakachena yetemberi uye imba munzira dzose.
Kushanya kuresitorendi yechinyakare yechiJapan kunosanganisira kubvisa shangu dzako usati wakwira kuimba yekudyira, dariro rakamisikidzwa nemiti yeshenjere uye rakamisikidzwa nematafura akaderera. Vanogara pamata nemakumbo avo pasi pavo. Dzimwe nguva pane indentations pasi pematafura kuti agare makumbo ane chiveve kubva panzvimbo isina kujairika.
food etiquette
Kudya mutsika dzechiJapan kunotanga nemutsara wekuti "itadakimas" (ndinogamuchira nekuzvininipisa). Mutsara uyu unogona kufungidzirwa semutsara wekuMadokero wekuti "bon appetit", asi unonyatso kuratidza kutenda kune vese vakaita chikamu chavo mukubika, kurima kana kuvhima uye kunyangwe kune masimba epamusoro akapa chikafu chinopihwa.
Pashure pokunge zvokudya zvapera, maJapan anoshandisawo kutaura kworuremekedzo kwokuti “Go Hase hashi yo de shita” (kwakanga kuri kudya kwakanaka), vachiratidzira kuonga noruremekedzo kumunhu ari wose aripo, mubiki, uye masimba masimba nokuda kwezvokudya zvakaisvonaka.
Kusadya zvakakwana hakuonekwi sekusaremekedza muJapan, asi kunotorwa sechiratidzo kumugamuchiri wekuti unoda kupihwa kumwe kudya. Kusiyana neizvi, kudya zvokudya zvose (kusanganisira mupunga) chiratidzo chokuti unogutsikana nezvokudya zvinopiwa uye kuti pane zvakakwana. Vana vanokurudzirwa kudya tsanga imwe neimwe yekupedzisira yemupunga. Hazvina kunaka kusarudza zvikamu zvendiro uye kusiya zvimwe. Inofanira kutsengwa wakavhara muromo.
Zvinobvumirwa kupedza muto kana kupedza mupunga nekusimudza ndiro kusvika kumuromo. Miso soup inogona kunwiwa zvakananga kubva mundiro duku pasina kushandisa chipunu. Mabhodhoro makuru emuto anogona kushandiswa nechipunu.