Mutauro wechiJapan parizvino uri kutaurwa nevanhu vanodarika zana nemakumi maviri emamiriyoni pasi rose, uchive wechipfumbamwe unonyanya kutaurwa pasi rose. Nekuda kwehuremu hwayo muhupfumi hwenyika uye pesvedzero yazvino patsika, kunyanya tsika dzevechidiki, zvakakosha kuziva nezve Arufabheti yechiJapan.
Arufabheti yechiJapan
Runyoro rwechiJapani rwakatorwa kubva murunyoro rweChinese rwakauya kuJapan kuburikidza neKorea makore ekuma XNUMX. Kune matatu makuru ekunyora muchiJapan chemazuva ano: kanji, ari mavara echiChinese, uye maviri esyllabic alphabets akagadzirwa muJapan: hiragana, syllabary. yemazwi echiJapani echiJapan uye katakana, syllabary inoshandiswa zvakanyanya kune mazwi ekubva kune imwe nyika uye Romaji, inomiririra yechiJapan neLatin alphabet.
Mavara echiLatin anowanzoshandiswa muzvinyorwa zveJapan, anoshandiswa kunyora zvipfupiso zvakajairika (seDVD kana NATO) nezvimwe zvinangwa. Kuturikirwa kwemutauro wechiJapan kuenda mumabhii echiLatin kunonzi Romaji uye hakuwanzo kuwanikwa muzvinyorwa zvechiJapan.
Pakunyora nhamba, nhamba dzechiArabu dzinowanzoshandiswa. Kusabatanidzwa kwechero magwaro akanyorwa kana kutsiviwa kweimwe neimwe mukushandiswa kwayo kunogamuchirwa kunoita kuti zvinyorwa zviome kuverenga kana kusanzwisisika zvachose - izvi, pamwe, hazvishande kune mavara echiLatin, ane basa uye mashandisiro parizvino ari mashoma kana achienzaniswa. kune matatu makuru masisitimu.
Kanji
Kanji mavara echiChinese anoshandiswa mukunyora kwechiJapani kunyanya kunyora mazita echiJapani, maito uye zvipauro nemazita chaiwo. Zvinyorwa zvekutanga zveChinese zvakaunzwa kuJapan nemamongi echiBuddha kubva kuumambo hweKorea hweBaekje muzana ramakore rechishanu AD. C. Nhasi, pamwe chete nemabhii ekutanga echiChinese, zviratidzo zvakagadzirwa muJapan zvinoshandiswa: izvo zvinonzi kokuji.
Zvichienderana nekuti iwe unowana sei kanji mumutsara wechiJapan, hieroglyphs inogona kushandiswa kunyora rimwe kana mazwi akasiyana kana, kazhinji, morphemes. Pakuona kwemuverengi, izvi zvinoreva kuti kanji vane dudziro imwe kana kupfuura. Sarudzo yezvinoreva kanji zvinoenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu, musanganiswa neimwe kanji, nzvimbo mumutsara, nezvimwe. Dzimwe kanji dzinowanzoshandiswa dzine gumi kana kupfuura kuverenga kwakasiyana.
hiragana
Hiragana ndeimwe yemasyllabaries anoshandiswa mumutauro wechiJapan. Hiragana inobva mukurerutsa kwemavara akaomarara echiChinese ayo akasvika kusati kwatanga kuparadzaniswa netsika dzechiJapan. Imwe yemhando huru yehiragana ndeye curved uye nyore sitiroko; Pakutanga yakapiwa zita re onnade rinoreva "ruoko rwemukadzi", nokuti yakagadzirwa nevakadzi ikoko kuti ive neshanduro yakaisvonaka yemhando dzakarurama dzekatakana.
Hiragana inogona kuburitsa mavhawero manzwi, misanganiswa yemasyllables, uye konsonanti. Inoshandiswa kumazwi asina kanji, sezvimedu uye suffixes. Hiragana inoshandiswa nemashoko panzvimbo yekanji mumamiriro ezvinhu apo muverengi haafaniri kuziva mamwe ma hieroglyphs, kana aya hieroglyphs haazivikanwi kune munyori, pamwe chete nekunyora kusina kufanira. Zvimiro zvezviito uye zvipauro zvinonyorwawo muchihiragana. Zvakare, hiragana inoshandiswa kunyora zvinyoro zvefonetiki kuverenga kanji - furigana.
Pakutanga, hiragana yaishandiswa chete nevakadzi vakanga vasingakwanisi kuwana dzidzo yakanaka. Rimwe zita rehiragana ndi "tsamba yechikadzi." The Tale of Genji (Monogatari Genji), chinyakare cheJapan, uye mamwe manovhero echikadzi echinyakare akatanga kana kuti akanyorwa chete muhiragana. Nhasi, magwaro akanyorwa chete nehiragana anowanikwa mumabhuku evana vechikoro. Kuti kuverenga kuve nyore, mabhuku akadaro ane nzvimbo pakati pemashoko.
Arufabheti yechiJapani yehiragana ine mavara makumi mana nematanhatu pamwe chete, makumi mana acho anomiririra masirabhi anoumbwa nekonzonendi nevhawero, mashanu mavhawero (a, i, u, e, o); uye konsonanti chete inogona kuenda yoga, iyo "n" (ene).
Iyo hiragana inoshandiswa mukunyora kwemazwi echiJapan mavambo, zvimedu uye magumo ekutaura; kusiyana nekatakana iyo inoshandiswa kureva mazwi ekunze uye onomatopoeia. Naizvozvo, hiragana ndiyo yekutanga arufabheti yechiJapan inodzidzwa nevana vechiJapan. Sezvavanodzidza kanji, vadzidzi vanotsiva mabhii esilabhi vachifarira mabhii echiChinese.
Katakana
Katakana ndeimwe yemasyllabaries maviri anoshandiswa mukunyora kweJapan, pamwe nehiragana. Yakagadzirwa neBuddhist monk Kūkai, kana Kobo Daishi. Nenzira imwecheteyo, katakana inonzi kune chero hunhu hunoshandiswa mune iyi alphabet yechiJapan. Kana masyllabaries maviri akashandiswa pamwechete, hiragana uye katakana anonzi kana. Katakana itsva pane hiragana.
Mavara eKatakana haana zvaanoreva, mashandisirwo awo ndeefonitiki chete. Katakana irufabheti rechiJapani rine mavara makumi mana nematanhatu anomiririra masirabhu anoumbwa nekonzonendi nevhawero, kana kuti vowel imwe chete. Pamakonzonendi, chete "n" (ene) inogona kuenda yoga.
Katakana inobvumira inzwi kuti rifambiswe nenzira yakafanana nehiragana. Inoshandiswa kunyora mazwi akatorwa mumitauro isingashandisi mavara echiChinese: mazwi ekunze, mazita ekunze, pamwe neonomatopoeia uye mazwi esainzi uye ehunyanzvi: mazita ezvirimwa, zvikamu zvemuchina, nezvimwe.
Katakana rinoshandiswa kunyora mazwi anobva kumitauro yekunze, parizvino mutauro unonyanya kushandiswa chiRungu, unoshandiswawo kunyora onomatopoeia. Inoshandiswa kuburitsa izwi chairo, semashandisirwo anoitwa mukunyora kuMadokero zvibodzwa kana kuti matipi. Inoshandiswa muzvinyorwa zvesainzi kunyora mazita emhuka, zvirimwa, nezvimwe. Mune mamwe marudzi ezvinyorwa akanyorwa nekanji kana hiragana.
Chaizvoizvo iwo maviri syllabaries, ese hiragana uye katakana akaenzana, kunyangwe mashandisirwo erimwe nerimwe akasiyana. Sezvakaita muarufabheti yechiLatin, pane chimwe chinhu chakafanana mukushandiswa kwemavara makuru nemadiki, mupfungwa yokuti zviperengo nemashandisirwo anosiyana asi zvakafanana.
Romaji
Iyo rōmaji inoreva zvakangoita kune alphabet yechiLatin. Kazhinji, izwi iri rinoshandiswa kuMadokero kuratidza kunyorwa kwemutauro wechiJapan nemavara echiRoma kana echiLatin, kusiyana nemusanganiswa wakajairika wekanji, hiragana, uye katakana.
Rōmaji inowanzoshandiswa pazviratidzo nemabhena kune vatorwa vanoshanyira Japan; kunyorwa kwemazita evanhu, makambani kana nzvimbo dzinofanirwa kushandirwa mune mumwe mutauro kana nyika; maduramazwi kana mabhuku evadzidzi vemutauro wechiJapan; mazhinjisa emakambani muJapan ane zita rawo rakanyorwa murōmaji; kungofanana katakana kuita kuti izwi ribude pachena.
MuJapan mune zvakasiyana-siyana zvekugadzira michina (motokari, terevhizheni, nezvimwewo). Kushandiswa kwayo kunowedzera zvakanyanya pakuisa zita refekitari nemhando dzayo, mu rōmaji; mune ese ari maviri anouya neabuda tsamba dzepasirese, uye mutsamba yemukati inogona kushandiswa zvakare.
Kune akati wandei masisitimu echiJapan romanization. Yekutanga yeJapan Romanization sisitimu yakavakirwa pamutauro wechiPutukezi nemaarufabheti ayo, uye yakagadziridzwa kuma1548 nemaKatorike eJapan. Mushure mekudzingwa kwemaKristu kubva kuJapan mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, rōmaji yakazotanga kushandiswa uye yakangoshandiswa pano neapo kusvika paKudzoreredzwa kweMeiji pakati pezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, Japan payakavhurika zvekare kune vekunze. Masisitimu ese azvino akagadzirwa muhafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX.
Iyo yakajairika Hepburn system yakavakirwa paphonology yemutauro weChirungu uye inopa vatauri veChirungu kunzwisisa kwakanyanya kwemataurirwo ezwi muchiJapan. Imwe sisitimu inozivikanwa seyeyero yehurumende muJapan: Kunrei shiki, iyo inonyatsoburitsa chimiro chegirama yemutauro wechiJapan.
Iyo Kunrei shiki, inozivikanwawo se monbushō, inzira yeRomanization yekushandura mutauro wechiJapan kuita alphabet yechiRoma. Ndiyo sisitimu inosarudzwa neMonbushō (Japan Ministry of Education), kunyangwe ichishandiswa pamusoro pese muJapan, iyo Hepburn romanization iri kupararira zvakanyanya, kunyanya pakati pevatauri veHispanic.