Tinokukoka iwe kuti uzive mune inotevera chinyorwa zvese zvine chekuita nenhoroondo, mavambo, zvinoreva uye hunhu hweiyo huru prehispanic vamwari, avo vaitungamirira kucherechedza chiitiko chinokosha chisingaenzaniswi mutsika dzakawanda dzekare, kunyanya vaMaya.
prehispanic vamwari
Muchinyorwa chedu nhasi tichange tichidzidza zvishoma nezvenhoroondo, chirevo uye kukosha kwevanonzi vamwari vekare veSpain. Aya mavara aive chikamu chezvinotendwa zvechitendero chetsika dzakawanda dzevanhu vaigara muAmerican kondinendi kwemakore, kunyangwe kubva panguva dzisati dzakundwa neSpanish.
Zvinogona kutaurwa kuti vanamwari vekare veHispanic vanowirirana netsika yekuda kuratidza nhevedzano yezvitendero zvakanangana nemaonero echitendero nevanhu veAmerica ava. Mutsika zhinji dzeAmerica vanamwari vekare veSpain vaivepo, zvisinei, maive muMexico umo kuvepo kukuru kwakacherechedzwa.
Vamwari vekare veSpain vakaita basa rakakosha mutsika dzakawanda dzekare dzaigara munharaunda yeMexico. Mune dzimwe budiriro dzakaita seMayan, Olmec, Aztec neMixtec, vanamwari ava vakave chikamu chengano netsika dzeava maAboriginal. Vakava vamwari vakuru vainamatwa navanhu.
Vazhinji veava vanamwari vekare veHispanic vaive nehukama nenzvimbo dzakadai sepasi, zvisikwa, mvura, zuva, uye kunyange mhuka. Paive nehukama pakati pezvemweya nezvenyama. Maererano nezvinodavirwa nevanhu vekare ava, kufanorongerwa kwakanga kwakabatana zvikuru noupenyu hwomusikirwo nesimba zvakavapoteredza.
Saka tinokukoka iwe kuti udzidze zvimwe zvishoma nezve nhoroondo, tsika, zvitendero uye kuumbwa kwevamwari vakuru vepamberi veHispanic avo vaive chikamu chezhinji cheMexico netsika dzepasirese.
Nezvevamwari vekare veSpain
Pane zvinhu zvakawanda zvinogona kujekeswa nezvevamwari vekare veSpain, zvisinei sepokutangira isu taizofanira kutaura kutenda kwechigarire uko vanhu vane chekuisa maziso avo pane chinhu chinonzi kutenda. Kubvunzwa nguva dzose kwezvose zvakatenderedza munhu kunoratidzika kuva musimboti mukuru wemabviro ezvatinoziva sezviumbwa zvoumwari.
Kuburikidza nevamwari vekare veSpain, vanhu vakakwanisa kubatana nezvose zvakavapoteredza, semuenzaniso zvisikwa, pasi, mvura uye kunyange moto. Zvinotendwa nevanhu vekare ava muvamwari zvakavabvumira kudzidza zvakawanda nezvezvinhu zvine chekuita nerufu, hupenyu, rudo uye chirwere. Ivo vakanzwa dikanwo yokudavira chimwe chinhu uye nokudaro vamwari vapamberi peHispania vakamuka.
Zvirokwazvo kune misiyano inocherekedzwa maererano nedzimwe tsika kana zvitendero, semuenzaniso ngano dzeToltec, uko kunotendwa kuti vamwari vanopa asiwo vane simba rekubvisa. Chimwe chinhu chakafanana chinoitika nepfungwa yevamwari vekare veSpanish, kunyangwe vaine mazita akasiyana.
Chimwe chinhu chinogona kujekeswa nezvevamwari vekare veSpanish chine chekuita nekuumbwa kwavo kwemuviri, ndiko kuti, hunhu hwavo. Tsika zhinji dzaive netsika yekutsanangura vamwari vavo nehunhu hwevanhu nemhuka, uye vamwe vaingosarudza zvisingabatike. Imwe pfungwa inofanirwa kutariswa zvakanyanya ndeye hunyambiri hwevamwari.
Hachisi chakavanzika kune chero ani zvake kuti kazhinji humwari humwe chete kana mwari anogona kupa zviratidzo zvechirume uye zvechikadzi panguva imwe chete, zvichipa nzvimbo yekuwedzera kwevamwari kuti vatsanangurwe kune vanonzi vamwari vechipiri.
The Prehispanic Gods
Munhau yose kwave kune vamwari vakawanda vekare veHispania vanozivikanwa, zvokuti hazvibviri kududza mumwe nomumwe wavo. Nechikonzero ichocho taida kukuzivisai kune vamwe vevamwari vakanyanya kukosha uye vane mukurumbira vekare veSpanish vanga vari chikamu chezvitendero uye tsika dzevanhu vazhinji vekare.
MuMexica mythology unogona kuwana vamwari vakawanda vasati vasvika Hispanic vanokosha zvikuru, zvisinei, mwari Huitzilopochtli anonyanya kushamisa, uyo vakawanda vanongoti "hummingbird yekumaodzanyemba" uye uyo anonyatsozivikanwa nezuva.
Mungano dzeMayan, vamwari vazhinji vepamberi peSpanish vanomirawo, asi mumwe weakanyanya kukosha ndimwari Hun Ab Ku, uyo akaenzana nehumwari hwakanyanya hwetsika iyi, anotorwa sechisikwa chisingabatike uye ruzhinji rwevanhu. vagari vetsika iyi vaimunamata nokumunamata.
Kana ari iye, mwari anonzi Tezcatlipoca anoonekwa semumwe wevamwari vanokosha uye vakatanhamara vekare veSpain vengano dzeToltec. Humwari uhu hune zvinhu zvakawanda zvinomufarira, semuenzaniso huviri hwahwo uye hukuru hwakanyanya, izvo zvinoita kuti huve hwakasiyana nevamwe vamwari vengano iyi.
Pakupedzisira tinogona kutaura ngano dzeZapotec, apo vamwari vakati wandei vekare veSpain vanomirawo. Kutaura nezvetsika iyi kutaura pasina kupokana kune chitendero chechitendero chine vamwari vatatu vanomiririra zvinhu zvakabatanidzwa nemadzitateguru uye avo vanotungamira kuunza.
Vamwari vekare veSpain netsika dzavo
Mutsika dzechinyakare maive netsika netsika dzakawanda dzaive dzakanangana nevamwari vekare veSpain. Kunyange zvazvo kwakaoma kunzwisisa, pakutaura pamusoro pavamwari vapamberi peHispania, kududzwa kunofanira kuitwa kwezvibairo zvavanhu, sezvo zvakanga zviri rutivi rwemiitiro yaiitwa navanhu sechiratidzo chokunamata nokunamatwa kwavamwari vavo.
Mukati memitambo yaiitwa, zvakanga zviri zvomuzvarirwo kuona zvibayiro zvavanhu. Aya marudzi etsika aionekwa semumwe wemienzaniso mikuru yekurukurirano pakati pevanhu navamwari. Mukuwedzera, hazvigoni kukanganwika kuti ropa rairangarirwa semvura yakafanira yokukudza ava vamwari.
Vaya vaitungamirira kana kutungamirira tsika idzi vaiva vanozviti vaprista, ndivo vaitungamirira pakuronga chiitiko chacho. Vaiva nedombo rinokosha rezvibayiro uko vanhu vaiuya nokuzvidira kana kuti vachimanikidzirwa kuendesa ropa ravo muzita ramwari akasarudzwa.
Zvibayiro zvevanhu uye kudeurwa kweropa zvaive chikamu chetsika huru kana tsika dzaiitwa kukudza vamwari veSpanish vasati vasvika, zvisinei kwaivewo nedzimwe nzira dzekunamata vamwari vekare. Vagari vetsika idzi vakashandisa nzira dzakawanda dzokuti vafadze vanamwari vavo uye kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti vagara vakasununguka nguva dzose.
Main pre-Hispanic vamwari uye maitiro avo
Muchikamu chino chechinyorwa chedu tichakuzivisa iwe kune vamwe vakuru uye vakanyanya kukosha pre-vamwari veSpanish munhoroondo. Mukuwedzera, iwe uchakwanisa kuziva mamwe maitiro ayo, tsika, mavambo uye nhoroondo.
Kukulcan
MuMayan mythology inoonekwa seimwe yevamwari vakakosha uye vanozivikanwa. Kukulkan ane zvakafanana neinonzi Feathered Serpent, mwari ane chinamato chiri chimwe chezvakanakisa muMesoamerica. Mwari uyu anonyanya kuenderana nemhepo nemvura. Iro zita muYucatec Maya rinogona kuturikirwa se "Nyoka Ine Feather".
Takatarisana namwari wevaMayan pantheon. Kufanana kwake kusingarambiki nenyoka yakapfava, mwari aripo muchitendero chemarudzi akasiyana eMesoamerican, anoita kuti Kukulkan ave mumwe wevamwari vakakosha veMaya. Zvinonzi anogara ari pamberi pamwari Chaac, mwari wemvura.
Xochiquetzal
Imwe yevamwari vanokosha zvikuru varipo mumitambo yakawanda isati yasvika kuSpain ndeye Xochiquétzal, inotsanangurwa semwarikadzi wekunaka uye rudo, kunyange zvazvo zvakakosha kujekesa kuti, zvichienderana netsika, anogona kugamuchira mazita akasiyana.
Mungano dzeAztec inoratidzwa nenzira yakasarudzika. Vanotaura kuna mwarikadzi uyu se "ruva rinokosha", iro rine hukama hwepedyo nemwedzi, kubereka, mafaro, hunhu uye kuchengetedzwa kwevasikana. Anowanzomiririrwa mumuviri wechikadzi wakashongedzwa nemusoro wequetzal.
Mwarikadzi Xochiquétzal anokwevera ngwariro kuhunhu hwake hwechikadzi. Anogara achifara uye azere noupenyu. Maererano nengano, mwari uyu anofungidzirwa kuti akaberekwa nebvudzi raamai vamwarikadzi. Varoora nevadikanwi vakawanda vanonzi ndivo vakazviita uye zvinonzi aingopindwa nevakadzi chete kuitira kuti asaonekwe nevarume vaiedza kumupinza mumiyedzo.
coatlicue
Kazhinji, uyu mwarikadzi weMexica akabatana zvakananga kune zvinhu zvakaita sekubereka uye humai. Izvi ndizvo zvakaitika nekuda kwezvizhinji zvengano dzechinyakare umo Coatlicue inotsanangurwa saamai vaHuitzilopochtli. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichocho inobatanidzwawo neMhandara Maria.
Vazhinji veavo vakadzidza zvaakamiririra, saSamuel Martín anobva kuUNAM Institute of Aesthetic Research, vasvika pakufananidza mwarikadzi Coatlicue ne "chikadzi, chinogamuchirika uye chinogona kuita musimboti wechisiko chapose pose", izvi, maererano nezvakataurwa na Marin, inoreva zvakawanda kupfuura "kubereka kwaamai, kuwanda, rugare uye runyararo":
Mumwe wevatambi vekutaura kuna mwarikadzi Coatlicue aive munyori wenhoroondo ane mukurumbira Alfredo López Austín, uyo munyaya yake "Zviso zvevamwari veMesoamerican" akatsanangura mwari uyu se "imwe yezviratidziro zvine simba kuti rufu Ndirwo jenareta wehupenyu.
Uyu mwari anowanzobvunzwa nokuda kwezvinhu zvakawanda, kwete bedzi nokuda kwedziviriro nechidakadaka, asiwo nokuda kwokuberekwazve nouchenjeri, zvikurukuru kunzwisisa migariro yakadai sorufu, uchiziva kuti rufu chinongova mavambo matsva.
Huitzilopochtli
Mwari Huitzilopochtli anorondedzerwa somumwe wevamwari vanokosha zvikuru vaMexicas vaiva navo. Humwari uhu hwaive hwakabatana neZuva, mhirizhonga nehondo. Fray Diego Durán akauya kuzoreva mwari uyu kuburikidza nebasa rake "Nhoroondo yeIndies yeNew Spain uye Zvitsuwa zveTierra Firme", kwaanosimbisa humwe hunhu hwake.
Maererano nengano yeMexica, Huitzilopochtli ndiye aitungamirira kurairidza nheyo yeTenochtitlán, panzvimbo iyo gondo rakawanikwa panopal, richimedza nyoka. Maererano nevanyori vakawanda, zita ramwari uyu rinoreva "hummingbird yekuruboshwe", izvo zvinoratidza kuti mwari ane mativi maviri.
Cinteotl
Zvinoenderana nezvinotsanangurwa nemuongorori Johanna Broda kuburikidza nechinyorwa chake "Rites uye vamwari vezvekurima kutenderera", iyo yakabudiswa mupepanhau Archaeology Mexicana, muchitendero cheMexica zvaive zvakajairika kuti zviitiko zvinomiririrwa nevamwari zviitike kuva vamwari vakawanda. zvine hukama kune mumwe nemumwe, kunyangwe nemazita akasiyana uye nzira dzekumiririrwa.
Muchinoitika chamwari uyu wekare weSpain anozivikanwa saCintéotl, vanhu vakawanda vakamuti ndi“mwari wechibage chakaibva.” Uyu mwari akabatanidzwa namwarikadzi wechibage anonzi Chicomecóatl, uyo panguva imwe cheteyo akaumba vanamwarikadzi vatatu Halchiuhtlicue naHuixtocíhuatl.
chack
Kana paine mwari anofananidzira muMayan pantheon, ndizvo chaizvo mwari Chac. Izvi zvinosimbiswa naErnesto de la Torre kuburikidza nebasa rake "Mexican nhoroondo kuverenga". Humwari uhu hunoenderana nemvura, makore, mvura nekurima. Maererano nezvinotaurwa nade la Torre, akanga ari mwari ane mativi mana uye aitsigira matenga panzvimbo ina dzemakadhinari.
Nechikonzero ichi, vanhu vanowanzo kumbira mwari Chac kuti vadzivirirwe kubva mukushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Nenzira yakafanana, vanomukumbira kuti avape dziviriro pamvura inofashamira uye pakusanaya kwemvura kunoisa mungozi marudzi edu eko. Rutivi rwechibairo icho avo vanonamata uyu mwari vanofanira kuita kuchengeta zviri nani mhoteredzo nechisiko.
K'inich Ajaw
Muongorori ane mukurumbira paYunivhesiti yeGuadalajara, Laura Ibarra García, anonongedza kuti vamwari vetsika dzeMayan vanogona kupesvedzera zvakanaka vazhinji, asiwo zvisina kunaka. Mumwe wevamwari vakaipa ava ndiye K`inich Ajaw, anotsanangurwa samwari weZuva.
Uyu mwari aityiwa zvikuru ne“kupisa zvirimwa”, akaoneswawo kuti ndiye aikonzera kusanaya kwemvura kukuru. Pasinei nepesvedzero yakashata, panguva imwe cheteyo aizivikanwa nokuda kweunhu hwake hwakanaka, semuenzaniso airemekedzwa nokuda kwokuzadza nyika noupenyu nechiedza nokudziya mangwanani.
Inogona kutorwa sehunyambiri hwechipo chamwari. Vamwe vanyori vanosimbisa kuti usiku mwari uyu akashanduka kuita jaguar uye akaburukira kupasi pevhu, nepo masikati anozviratidza sesimba rekurongeka uye netsitsi. Yakashandurwa kuita jaguar, inosanganiswa nehusiku, hondo nerufu.
ek chuah
Amalia Attolini, muongorori ane mukurumbira, anonongedza kuti mwari Ek Chuah ndiye mwari weMayan wekoko uye vatengesi. Maererano nemashoko ake pachake:
"VaMayans vakave nemimba yekurarama semubatanidzwa, umo munhu, zvisikwa uye vamwari zvakabatanidzwa nezvisungo zvekuyanana."
Mukati metsika dzeMayan, yaive tsika yekuita tsika dzakawanda dzine chekuita nezvekudya nekutengeserana. Mune mazhinji emitambo iyi mwari Ek Chuah aigara achionekwa uye chokoreti yaidhakwa mukukudzwa kwake.
Unogonawo kufarira zvinyorwa zvinotevera: