Kuti udzidze zvishoma zvirinani nezve social organisation ye Greece, munguva dzekare, shanyira iyi nyaya inofadza. Usarega kuiverenga! uye tichataurawo nezvesangano ravo rezvematongerwo enyika. Pano iwe uchadzidza zvakakosha pane iyi nyaya.
Social sangano reGreece
Greece ndiyo yakatangira tsika dzeEurope. Ikoko, makore anopfuura zviuru zvitatu zvapfuura, nheyo dzetsika dzokuMadokero dzakaberekwa. Ndiwo mhedzisiro yemusanganiswa, muGungwa reAegean, kutenderedza gore 1200 a. C., yekubwinya kwese kwechinyakare chekumabvazuva uye kusangana kwake nevanhu veIndo-European avo vakatama gore ra2000 a. C., ane mutauro ndiwo wakapiwa kuzivikanwa kwake uye hwaro hwounyanzvi hwake.
Asi uyu mutauro wechiGiriki waida unyanzvi hwomutauro hwevaFenikiya, avo vakachinja manzwi omutauro wacho kuva zviratidzo. Kubva ipapo, chiGiriki chave chiri mhodzi yebudiriro yeEurope, iyo ichiri kuitika muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva nhasi.
Zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti maGiriki haana kumbozvidaidza kuti "maGiriki", sezvo "graeci" raive zita remadunhurirwa iro vaRoma vaidaidza naro. Mu "Iliad", basa rekare rakanyorwa muchiGiriki, vanonzi Achaeans. Troy nebhiza rake remapuranga rine mukurumbira zviri nyore kuyeuka.
Uku kukombwa kwenguva refu kweguta rakakomberedzwa pamwe kwakaitika makore ekumaXNUMX BC. C., kumadokero kwakanyanyisa kweAsia Minor, asi anopfuura mazana mana emakore anofanira kuva akapfuura aya mashoko asati avambwa muGreek Literature.
Vakazvidaidza kuti "Hellenes", uye vanoramba vachidaro nhasi, nekuti vaive neruzivo rwakajeka rwekuzivikanwa kwavo kubva panguva dzekare, kunyangwe hazvo nyika yekare yechiGiriki haina kumbobvira yaita chero rudzi rwezvematongerwo enyika Herodotus pachake akati: "Tiri ve. rudzi rumwe chete nemutauro mumwe chete, maatari netsika dzavamwari vedu zvakajairika, zvakafanana mutsika dzedu…”. Zvakanaka, kwete mutauro chete wakavaunza pamwe chete.
Iyo yakadzika yechiGiriki yepakutanga yaive mumhando dzakasiyana dzezvematongerwo enyika, ehupfumi uye masangano emagariro, izvo zvakakurumidza kusiyanisa guta iri kubva kune vese vaigara naro kumabvazuva kweMeditera. MaGiriki vaidaidza kuti “vatorwa” zvese zvaive zvisiri zvechiGiriki.
Vachidada nemagumo avo, maGiriki aiziva nezvekutanga uku uye, nechirevo che "barbarian", vaireva kwete chete kuti izvo zvavaireva zvakanga zvisiri zvechiGiriki, asiwo kuti havana kutora chikamu mazviri. mweya wevagari vakakurudzira maHellenes.
Nokuti chiGiriki zvichida ndiyo tsika yekutanga yemaguta ekare. Iyo "polis", iyo yepamusoro-soro kutora kwetsika yayo, yakaumba hupenyu hwevagari, uye zvakare kubva pairi: "zvematongerwo enyika".
Mumazana mashanu emakore, iyi corpus yetsika yakaronga zvinonetsa uye zvishuwo zveEuropean uye Western nhaka. Kuti tizvinzwisise, isu tinofanirwa kudzokera kune yayo Cretomycenic kwayakatangira, hupenyu hweguta-nyika uye adventures yekukonana kwemukati uye nevamwe vanhu.
Girisi yeArchaic yaive nyika yakagarwa nevarwi nevafambi vegungwa. Kubudirira kwepakutanga kwakamuka pachitsuwa cheKrete anenge makore ane zviuru zvisere apfuura, kuchiwedzera nharaunda yacho kusvika kumahombekombe eGungwa reAegean. Huwandu hwekutanga hweNeolithic huwandu hwakabva panguva ino.
Asi kusvetuka kukuru kwakaitika makore akapoteredza 3000 BC. C., sezvinoratidzwa nezvimwe zvinhu zvemumba nezvechiuto zvakagadzirwa nebronze yakanaka. Zviri nyore kufunga kuti dai pakanga pasina marata pachitsuwa, akabva kune imwe nzvimbo.
Nechekare panguva iyoyo, uye nekurudziro huru yakananga kumireniyamu yechipiri BC, mune idzi labyrinthine matombo ekuvaka, zvinogoneka kuti ichaisa pakati pehupenyu hwese hwenharaunda.
Izvi zvinoonekwa pakutarisa zvakasara zvakachengetwa paPhaistos, Mallia, Hagia, Triada neKnossos, maguta anokosha zvikuru pachitsuwa chacho. Pamusoro pemakamuri eumbozha, zviyo nezvimwe zvitoro zvechikafu zvinoonekwa imomo.
Historia
Mukukura kuzere kwetsika yeCrete, inonzi "Minoan", mushure meMinos, mambo ane mukurumbira weKnossos, munyengeri mutsva akaonekwa panguva ino muGungwa reAegean makore akapoteredza 1500 BC. Aive maAchaeans akavaka maguta nedzimba dzeumambo dzeMycenae, Pylos, Tiryns uye zvivakwa zveSparta.
Zvinoita sekuti vanhu ava, vanonzi Mycenaeans, vakatanga makore akapoteredza 1300 BC. C. kuwedzera kwayo munharaunda, uye nenzira isingadzivisiki yakarova vaKrete.
Kana izvi zvisina kutanga zvaitwa, zvakakonzerwa nekusimba kwezvikepe zvavo, asi njodzi yavo yakazadzikiswa zvisingaite mazana maviri emakore gare gare, apo kuputika kwegomo rinoputika kwakakanganisa mukanwa mavo, zvichikonzera kudedera uye kudedera. ngwavaira, iyo yakanetesa kuramba kwavo.
VaAchaeans vakanga vatonyora zita ravo munhoroondo makore zana nehafu apfuura, pavakakomba nokuparadza Troy. Saka vakavaka mubatanidzwa mukuru wemaguta muGungwa reAegean, kusanganisira Krete. Pashure pemakore gumi okurwa, guta raiva nemasvingo makuru rakakunda noungwaru.
Kubva ipapo, Mycenae namambo wavo Agamemnon vakasimbisa hutongi hwavo pamusoro peiyi kona yenyika. Asi umambo hwavo hwakanga husiri husingagumi, uye umambo hweMycenaean hwakatsiviwa nechisimba chitsva, vaDorians, kubva, mushure menguva refu, guta rechiGiriki rakaberekwa.
Nepo maguta akange atovepo muKrete nePeloponnese, pamwe neakura muEgypt kana Mesopotamia, pakave nemusiyano mumwechete pakati peaya mametropolises ekumabvazuva uye nascent polis: iyo imwechete yeGreek communal body.
Kutanga, aya maguta okuMabvazuva aisakwanisa kuva guta. Masangano edzimba dzeumambo, temberi, nenzvimbo dzehurumende dzaingogara mukati memhuri yamambo chete, vadiwa vavo, vakuru vakuru, uye vashandi.
Vakavaka namaoko avo pfuma yavane simba nokukudzwa kwamadzimambo avo havana kugaramo. Vagari vomunzanga idzi vaigara muminda.
Kumaruwa neguta
Zvinoita sekuti maGreek aiita zvekurima zvine hunyanzvi, pamawere akatsemuka uye akatsemuka, zvisingaite kumapoka ematunhu mazhinji. Izvi zvakakurudzira kusazvibata kubva kune chaunga chayo chemudhorobha.
MuGiriki wepanguva iyoyo akawana guta iri nzvimbo yemagariro evanhu uye kuva pedyo kweminda kwakaita kuti zvive nyore kuti murombo ave mugari weguta. Chokwadika, mamiriro ezvinhu akadaro haaigona kuchengetwa nokusingaperi sezvo chiverengero chavagari vemo chakawedzera uye minda yakava iri kure zvikuru.
Asi zvinoitika kuti, munharaunda yakaita seGreece, izere nezvipingamupinyi pakuwedzera kwehupfumi hwezviyo, iyo inobereka zvakanyanya, kukakavara kunokonzerwa nekukura kwevanhu kwakagadziriswa nekutama.
Vafambi nevaya vane mukana wakaoma wekuwana nyika vakaungana murwendo rwakavamba guta idzva pane imwe nzvimbo yemahombekombe. Nekudaro, mazhinji akasarudzika uye echinyakare etsika mabhesi epolis akawedzera kusvika kuGungwa Dzvuku.
Kuberekwa kwePolis
Vanhu vaitaura chiGiriki ava, vaDorian, semhuka ine nyota yepasi, vakamhanya makore akapoteredza 1200 B.C. C. muchiitiko chekare hegemonized neMinoans uye Mycenaeans mune maelstrom kuparadza uye misha mitsva.
Kusachengeteka kwenguva iyoyo kwakavaita kuti vavake chivako chekudzivirira pane imwe nzvimbo yakakwirira, yavakadana kuti Acropolis. Ikoko, vagari vemo vanovanda pakurwisa kwevapambi. Nokufamba kwenguva, iyi ndiyo nzvimbo yavaironga temberi dzavamwari vavo.
Ipapowo, guta racho rakura nemusika waro nemisha yavagari varo. Mashoma emaguta aya akadarika zviuru gumi zvevagari vemo, uye vashoma ndivo vakapeta kaviri boka iri.
Imwe chete yakawedzera negumi: Athens, guta guru raive nevagari vanopfuura zviuru makumi mashanu seri kwemadziro aro uye rakakwanisa kuunganidza chikamu chimwe muzvina chemiriyoni munzvimbo diki yeAttica.
Sezvineiwo, nhamba iyi yaisanganisira vagari uye vasiri vagari, uye vekupedzisira vanoumba ruzhinji rwevanhu, kutanga vakadzi, ipapo vatorwa nevaranda. Vagari vacho vaive boka guru asi rakasarudzika revarume vanopfuura makore gumi nemanomwe, vakaberekerwa muAtene uye vazukuru veAtene.
Kunyange mutemo wenguva yaPericles waiti vanhu vomuAtene havafaniri kuroora vatorwa. Iye amene akabhadhariswa faindi ndokuchinja basa rake repachena apo, murudo naAspasia weMireto, akasiya mudzimai wake wechiGiriki nokuda kwehetaira yakaisvonaka.
Mamwe mapurisa akanga amirepo akanga ari Tebhesi, iro rakanga rina masuo manomwe; Megara, chigaro cheEuclid School of Philosophy; uye Korinde, amai vemaguta makuru akadai seCorfu neSirakuse, uko kukwikwidzana kwavo neAtene kwakatungamirira kuHondo yePeloponnesian inosuruvarisa.
Uye mune iyi rondedzero, mauto ehushe akaiswa paivhu, iyo yaive nzvimbo yevaAchaeans, uye Sparta, mukwikwidzi weAtene, haigone kufuratirwa. Maguta maviri aya akaita seusiku nemasikati.
Athens rakanga riri guta rine vanhu vakawanda uye rine vanhu vakawanda, rizere nevakangwara uye maartist, rine mukurumbira nekuda kwezvivakwa zvaro uye hunyanzvi hwaro hwezvematongerwo enyika, izvo zvichave nesimba guru kune vanozotevera.
Iri pamusoro pedemocracy, iyo pesvedzero inobva kuAthens ichapararira kumapurisa akawanda pamhenderekedzo yeAegean nezvitsuwa. Pane zvinopesana, iyo heroic Sparta yakapindura kumuenzaniso wemauto. Pamusoro payo, yakanga isingasviki zviuru gumi zve "vezera".
Vakanga vari varidzi venharaunda yavaitonga nechibhakera chesimbi, vachiteresa vagari vemo, avo vavaiita nhapwa munyika yavo. Saka, maMessenia ave mahelots.
Zvishoma zvakabatanidzwa nehunyanzvi uye zvakatonyanya kushoma kufunga kwekufungidzira, maSpartan anokunda muhondo chete. Nemhaka yokuti vaidzora vanhu vakawanda zvikuru, pasina mubvunzo vachida kupandukira utongi uhwu, zvakanga zvakaoma kuti vaite nhimbe kunze kwenyika.
The legendary Troy
Pamhenderekedzo yeHellespont, pamusuwo weDardanelles, yaivepo mumireniyamu yechipiri BC. guta rakakomberedzwa namasvingo, iro rakakombwa kwenguva refu kutozosvikira rakundwa pakupedzisira ndokuparadzwa.
Nhoroondo yaro inogona kunge yakakanganwa, asi Troy akaramba ari mukufungidzira kwevanhu kuburikidza ne "Iliad," nhetembo inonzi Homer, muGiriki aigara muAsia Minor muzana remakore rechiXNUMX BC. c.
Ikoko anorondedzera mavambo uye mhedzisiro yehondo yakaisa mubatanidzwa wemaguta eAchaean, anotongwa naMycenae, achipokana naMambo Priam's Troy. VaTrojan, vane mukurumbira wedzinza remabhiza avo, vakatora mukana wenzvimbo yavo yehunyanzvi kubhadharisa mutero wengarava dzaida kupinda muBlack Sea.
Uchapupu hwesimba guru
Kazhinji, kuwanda kwemari kunobatanidzwa nekuvandudzwa kwekutengeserana. Naizvozvo, hazvisi masanga kuti mari dzekare dzechiGiriki (XNUMXth century BC) dzakawanikwa pakati pematongo emaguta eAsia Minor, sezvo yaive nzvimbo yekufambisa pakati peFar East neEast yeAsia.
Muzana ramakore rechitanhatu, maGiriki akatanga kugadzira mari yesirivha yakachena, kusvika zvino, sirivha negoridhe, iyo yakakunda kusvika muzana ramakore rechina BC. C. Kunyange zvazvo polis imwe neimwe yakabudisa mari yayo imene, sechiratidzo chokuzvimirira, mari yepolis ine simba zvikuru yakagara ichikunda.
Mari dzesimbi dzakafanana, kushanda kwayo kwakagamuchirwa munzvimbo yakakura zvikuru, yaiva chinhu chenguva yechiGiriki, mugumisiro wokuwedzera kweMacedonia kwakatungamirirwa naAlexander Mukuru.
Pakutanga, mari idzi dzaiva zvidimbu zvesimbi inokudzwa, yehuremu hwenguva dzose, iyo solvency yakavimbiswa nemufananidzo uye, gare gare, nechinyorwa. Kune numismatics, shamwari yakanaka kwazvo yenhoroondo, kukura uku chiratidzo chekusimudzira tsika.
Kuwanikwa kwemari dzechiGiriki mumakona ese eMedithera, pamwe nekuFar East - India neChina, semuenzaniso - huchapupu hwesimba rakakura rebudiriro yechiGiriki.
Imba yeKnossos
5 km kubva kumahombekombe ekuchamhembe kwechitsuwa cheKrete, Imba yeKnossos yakapedzwa kutenderera 1600 BC. uye yave iyo epicenter yenzvimbo yese yekupesvedzera kweCreto-Mycenaean tsika.
Nemayuniti anopfuura chiuru nemakamuri akapararira pamusoro pemaeka maviri, yaigara guta rose mukati. Kwaive kugarwa naMambo Minos ane mukurumbira.
Kubva pakubatana kwake naPasiphae Minotaur akazvarwa, chikara chine musoro wenzombe uye muviri wemurume wakavharirwa mulabyrinth yakanyatsovakwa nababa vake. Yakakiyiwa ipapo, inodya nyama yemunhu. Akaurayiwa naThisus.
Kubwinya kwaMycenae
Pakati pe1600 ne1100 BC, tsika yeMycenaean yakatanga mukondinendi yeGreece, kubva pamusangano pakati pevamwe vanhu veko nemapoka eIndo-European mavambo, kunyanya maAchaeans, vakapinda murunyararo vachiuya nemutauro usingazivikanwi uyo, mushure mekubatana kwakatevedzana, vakapa. kuzvarwa kuchiGiriki chekare.
Iyi tsika haina kuzviratidza kuburikidza nehurumende imwe chete, asi kuburikidza nemaguta akasiyana-siyana akazvimiririra aigovana mutauro mumwe chete. Pakati pemapurisa aya, guta reMycenae rinomira pachena, nekuda kwehupfumi hwaro uye kune zvivakwa zvaro zvakakura, umo isu tinosimbisa pesvedzero yetsika dzeCretan.
Maererano nevamwe vanyori venhau dzakaitika, tsika dzeMycenaean dzairatidzirwa nechitendero chakanyanyisa chechisimba. Yakanga iri nzanga ine hondo zvikuru, iyo yakanga ine rimwe remibato yayo mikuru mukati mehondo.
Aigara achinetsa maguta akanga akavakidzana uye, kunyanya, akaomerera pakuchengeta maguta ePylos neTiryns akakundwa, izvo zvaida mutero mukuru uye kuendeswa kwemajaya kuhondo.
POLIS yechiGiriki
Mushure mekuderera uye kunyangarika kwebudiriro yeMycenaean, maGiriki akakamurwa kuita nharaunda diki, muzana ramakore rechisere BC. C., dzakava maguta. Iyo yakaoma geography yePeloponnese yakakonzera iyi nzira yekuparadzana kwezvematongerwo enyika.
Mumazuva ayo ekutanga, mapurisa akasiyana-siyana aitongwa nevatungamiriri vemauto ("basileus") avo muzana ramakore rechinomwe B.C. C. Vakadzingwa nehurumende yemhuri dze oligarchic. Nokufamba kwenguva, hutongi hwevakuru hwakatsiviwa neihwo hutongi hwezvido zvevanhu, hune kukura kwakanyanya kwakaitika muAthens muzana remakore rechishanu BC. C., "zana remakore rePericles".
Iyo Acropolis yeAtene
Zvakanga zvakajairika kuti dziviriro yeguta-nyika itenderere pamadziro akakomberedzwa pakakwirira. Nemaitiro akafanana aya, Acropolis yeAtene yakazvarwa, yakakomberedzwa nenhare dzemauto.
Nokufamba kwenguva, iyi muzinda wemaguta wazovawo muzinda wechitendero. Kunyangwe zvivakwa zvekutanga zvakatanga makore angangoita 6000, iyo yakavharirwa yakazowana kubwinya kwayo kwese muzana ramakore rechishanu BC. C., panguva yekutonga kwaPericles, uyo akavaka temberi dzinoyemurika zvikuru dzeGirisi yekare.
Acropolis, yakatsaurirwa kuna mwarikadzi Pallas Athena, yakaratidza kuberekwa kweAtene. Guta rakapararira richidzika negomo. Mumazuva ayo ekutanga, yaitongwa nemadzimambo, ayo akakurumidza kutsiviwa nearchon yakaumbwa neiyo oligarchic caste yeEupatridae, izwi rechiGiriki rakaenzana ne "akaberekwa zvakanaka".
Solon, akagadzwa archon muna 594 BC. C., yakaita shanduko huru dzakabvumira kuumbwa kwemapoka ezvematongerwo enyika akasiyana-siyana. Chinonyanya kukosha chaiva chevatsigiri ve "democracy", zvinoreva "hurumende yevanhu".
Vezvematongerwo enyika vakaita saPisistratus naCleisthenes vakashandura chikumbiro ichi kuita hurumende, uye Pericles akachigadzirisa. Iyi ndiyo nzira iyo Atene, iyo yakava simba remugungwa, yakava nzvimbo huru yereferensi yeGreece yekare. Muenzaniso wake we "democracy" ichiri kukurudzira kuverenga kusingaverengeki.
Zvimwe Polis
Sirakuse Yakanga iri koroni yakavambwa muSicily nevaKorinde muna 734 BC. C. Yakakundwa nemudzvinyiriri Gelon muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX BC. C. uye akawana kuzvitonga kwayo. Yakava simba guru rehupfumi, rinobva pakuvandudzwa kwekurima nekutengeserana.
Aegina: iri pachitsuwa chakatarisana neAthens, yagara ichipokana neguta guru reAttica. Muna 431 BC vaAtene vakapfuurira kubvisa chitsuwa chacho chose.
Megara: inogara ichikwikwidzana nemuvakidzani wayo weAtene. Yakawana kubudirira kukuru muzana remakore rechinomwe BC. C. uye akatanga misha yakati wandei munzvimbo yeBlack Sea.
Mireto: Yakavambwa nemaIonia, yakava nzvimbo yakakosha yekoloni muzana ramakore rechisere BC. C. Yakanga iri nyika yokumusha yavazivi vakatanhamara, vakadai saThales naHecataeus.
Efeso: Yakavambwa nemaIonia makore ekuma1000 BC. C. Yakava nzvimbo huru yezvitoro. Artemision yake, zvino yava matongo, yaive imwe yeZvinomwe Zvinoshamisa zveNyika.
Hondo dzePezhiya
Pasi pezita reMedical Wars, tinoziva makwikwi maviri ayo, mukati mehafu yekutanga yezana remakore reV. C., akapikisa maguta echiGiriki kuUmambo hwePezhiya.
MaHellenes akashandisa mazwi ekuti "Persian" ne"Medhi" zvakangofanana, zvisinei nekuti vezvenhau, izvo zvichiri kutaura nezve "Middle East" nhasi, yaive dunhu rakabatana nePersia uye rakabatanidzwa nehumambo hwayo.
Hondo yekutanga yezvokurapa yakaitika pakati pe494 ne490 a. C., uye yechipiri, pakati pe480 ne468 a. C. Rugare rweCallias, rwakasainwa muna 449, rwakagumisa kurwa. Mukufungidzira kweGreek, hondo idzi dzakaonekwa sekunetsana pakati pedemokrasi nehudzvanyiriri, pakati pebudiriro nehutsinye.
Hondo dzePezhiya dzakaratidza mwero wepamusoro wesainzi yemauto echiGiriki. VaPezhiya vaivimba nehukuru hwenhamba (quantitative criterion), maGiriki pakufunga kwekuedza (qualitative criterion). Maphalanxes akapaza nepakati pevavengi ndokudzokera kumashure. Sezvo vaPezhiya vaida kuvhara mukaha, vakanetesa mativi avo, uko, mukutenderera kunotenderedza, matangi nevarwi vanofamba mberi.
KuchiHellenism
XNUMXth century BC Yakave ichinzi "golden age" yekuve yakanakisa budiriro yechiGiriki. Asi nguva yacho yakafukidzwa nehondo refu yakauraya vaimbova vatsigiri. Iyo inonzi Hondo yePeloponnesian yapedza vanhu ava mune zvehupfumi uye zvematongerwo enyika.
Zana ramakore gare gare, vakadzorwa nokutonga kweMakedhonia, tsika yakaderera zvikuru kune yavo vamene. Pashure pokukundwa kwaFelipe II, nyika itsva yakatangwa. Mutsivi wake, Alexander Mukuru (352-323 BC) akaparadzira pesvedzero yetsika dzechiGiriki muMediterranean yose nokuMabvazuva.
Mwanakomana wamadzimambo uye akadzidziswa muhuduku hwake naAristotle, Alexander akagamuchira chigaro cheMacedonian muna 336 BC. C. Mushure mekunge anzi generalissimo muKorinde, akarwisa Persia. Muna 334 akakunda Dhariusi uye akasunungura Asia Minor yose kubva pakutonga kwePersia.
Nezviito izvi, akanga atofanira kuva Alexander Mukuru, asi haana kugutsikana. Akatora Tire ndokutora Egipita, kwaakavaka Alexandria. Akabva atora Bhabhironi ndokupinda muIndia, achiumba humambo hukurusa hwakambozivikanwa.
Uku kuwedzeredza chaiko kwaive muvengi aisagona kukunda. Anodzikisira humambo nehuwori, mushure mekufa kwake muna Chikumi 13, 323 BC. C., vakuru vemauto ake vanomugovera.
Alexander akakwenenzvera chimiro chevacheche phalanx, chakawanikwa naPhilip II wekuMacedon panguva yekutapwa kwake muThebes. Asi yakanga ine nzvimbo isina simba: nzvimbo yakaoma.
Iwo aityiwa maSpartan phalanxes akakundwa paLeuctra (371 BC) naEpaminondas, uye Macedonian phalanxes akakundwa paPydna (168 BC) kuvaRoma. The phalanx raive boka revarwi vakadungamidzana vasina kupatsanurana pakati pavo, vakarongwa mumitsara, mapfumo avo ari kumberi uye vachiraira zvakasimba kuti vasapatsanure.
Iyi hombe "spiky hedgehog" haina kupa mukana kune muvengi uye yakasimbiswa nevatasvi vemabhiza. Pahondo yeHydaspes, mambo weIndia Poros akarova nzou dzake netyava
XNUMXth century BC Yakave ichinzi "golden age" yekuve yakanakisa budiriro yechiGiriki. Asi nguva yacho yakafukidzwa nehondo refu yakauraya vaimbova vatsigiri. Iyo inonzi Hondo yePeloponnesian yapedza vanhu ava mune zvehupfumi uye zvematongerwo enyika.
Zana ramakore gare gare, vakadzorwa nokutonga kweMakedhonia, tsika yakaderera zvikuru kune yavo vamene. Pashure pokukundwa kwaFelipe II, nyika itsva yakatangwa. Mutsivi wake, Alexander Mukuru (352-323 BC) akaparadzira pesvedzero yetsika dzechiGiriki muMediterranean yose nokuMabvazuva.
Mwanakomana wamadzimambo uye akadzidziswa muhuduku hwake naAristotle, Alexander akagamuchira chigaro cheMacedonian muna 336 BC. C. Mushure mekunge anzi generalissimo muKorinde, akarwisa Persia. Muna 334 akakunda Dhariusi uye akasunungura Asia Minor yose kubva pakutonga kwePersia.
Nezviito izvi, akanga atofanira kuva Alexander Mukuru, asi haana kugutsikana. Akatora Tire ndokutora Egipita, kwaakavaka Alexandria. Akabva atora Bhabhironi ndokupinda muIndia, achiumba humambo hukurusa hwakambozivikanwa.
Uku kuwedzeredza chaiko kwaive muvengi aisagona kukunda. Anodzikisira humambo nehuwori, mushure mekufa kwake muna Chikumi 13, 323 BC. C., vakuru vemauto ake vanomugovera.
Alexander akakwenenzvera chimiro chevacheche phalanx, chakawanikwa naPhilip II wekuMacedon panguva yekutapwa kwake muThebes. Asi yakanga ine nzvimbo isina simba: nzvimbo yakaoma.
Iwo aityiwa maSpartan phalanxes akakundwa paLeuctra (371 BC) naEpaminondas, uye Macedonian phalanxes akakundwa paPydna (168 BC) kuvaRoma. The phalanx raive boka revarwi vakadungamidzana vasina kupatsanurana pakati pavo, vakarongwa mumitsara, mapfumo avo ari kumberi uye vachiraira zvakasimba kuti vasapatsanure.
Iyi hombe "spiky hedgehog" haina kupa mukana kune muvengi uye yakasimbiswa nevatasvi vemabhiza. Muhondo yeHydaspes, mambo weIndia Poros akarova nzou dzake - dzisingazivikanwi kune veMacedonia - kurwisa phalanxes, asi mhuka, dzakakuvadzwa nemapfumo, dzakamupandukira.
Alexander akakunda Egipita pasina chisimba, achinamata mwari Amun. Ichi chiratidzo cheruremekedzo chakamupa zita remadunhurirwa rekuti Grand uye tsitsi dzevaIjipita nevamwe vanhu vezvidzidzo. Guta guru rehumambo hwePezhiya Persepolis, imba yehumambo yeAchaemenids, yakarongwa naDhariusi I uye yakavakwa nevateveri vake, yakapiswa naAlexander Mukuru muna 330 BC. c.
Alexander akawana mukurumbira wakashata nekuuraya gumi nevatatu vevakuru vake se "vatengesi," asi aive mutungamiri aida masoja ake uye aidiwa navo. Akadzivisa simba revakuru vakuru veuto rake kupfurikidza nokusakurira ukama hwakananga namauto. General Hephaestion aiva shamwari yake yepamwoyo.
Akauraiwa muchiito muna 324 BC. C., muEcbatana. Guva rake guru rakaita seshumba richiri kuchengetwa muHamadan, Iran. General Clito, nokuda kwekuzvidza Alexander nokuda kwekuzvikudza kwake, akaurayiwa naye munguva yekudhakwa.
General Craterus ndiye aive mukuru wake airemekedzwa zvikuru, uye Alexander akamukudza nekumuroora kuna Princess Amestris, muzukuru waDhariusi III.
Mauto eMakedhonia akanga aneta pashure pemakore gumi nematatu ekurwisa kwakakasharara akaramba kuyambuka Rwizi rweHyphasis, rukova rweIndus, uye akarayira kuti Alexander adzokere kunyika yake.
Vekupedzisira, vasina kugutsikana, vaifanira kubvuma. Makiromita 4.125 akaparadzanisa Macedonia kubva kuRwizi rweHyphasis, nzvimbo yekumabvazuva yakasvikwa naAlexander Mukuru mumusasa wake wekuAsia.
Paaidzoka nemugwenga reIran, Alexander akada kuti polici yechiGreek ionekwe samwari uye kuti vanhu vake veprokinesis vamupfugamire, kunyangwe maGiriki aimupomera kuti aive "anotungamira" chete Sparta yakaramba.
Hunhu uye akaturikidzana ehurongwa hwako
Somugumisiro wekuumbwa kwenharaunda yeHeradhi, sangano remagariro evanhu reGreece rakagadzirwa, iro raitenderera kumativi akasiyana-siyana emaguta-nyika kana polis.
Musangano rezvemagariro reGreece, rimwe nerimwe guta-nyika yaifarira kuzvitonga uye kuzvimiririra yaisanganisira musimboti wemadhorobha uye ivhu raifanirwa kurimwa, zvisinei, varimi vazhinji vakava vagari vemaguta makuru, vachiwana nzvimbo dzehupenyu hwemagariro ikoko. .
Uyezve, zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti guta rakanga risiri nzvimbo yepanyama chete, asi kuti vagari varo vakarigadzira nepfungwa yakadzika midzi yekuve yavo, kunyangwe saka vaidyidzana nedzimwe nzvimbo dzemudhorobha kuronga makwikwi. zvekutengesa, zvemugungwa kana zvemitambo.
Pane rumwe rutivi, yakanga iri nzanga yomuranda uye isina kuenzana zvikuru, umo vakadzi vakanga vasina maruramiro ezvamatongerwe enyika, vachizviisa pasi pavarume, vangava murume kana kuti baba.
Muenzaniso waitonga hutongi hwemagariro echiGiriki hwaisanganisira mamiriro emunhu semugari weguta rakasiyana, nenzira imwecheteyo, yaifungidzirwa kana aive akasununguka kana muranda, achisarudza chinzvimbo chake mukati menyika. munharaunda, nehuwandu hwehupfumi hwayo.
Imwe neimwe nzanga yakadzika midzi mupolicy yayo, mukati mesangano remagariro echiGreek tsika, yaive sarudzo yekuve mugari kana kuti kwete, maererano neizvi, kuteedzera kunotevera kwakasimbiswa:
Vagari: iyo chete mamiriro ekunakidzwa nekuva vagari venyika yaive yekuberekerwa munharaunda, neizvi, munhu aive nerusununguko rwakakwana uye kodzero dzevanhu, sekuvhota kana kusarudza chinzvimbo cheveruzhinji, kunze kwekusarudzwa. Vaivawo nezvisungo zvakadai sokubhadhara mitero pamhemberero dzavose, kupinda muzvinzvimbo zvechiuto, uye kushanda senhengo dzematare.
Vasiri vagari: Musangano rezvemagariro eGreece, vatorwa, kunyangwe vakasununguka, vaive vasina kodzero dzekuva vagari, zvisinei, muAtene, vachinzi metics, vaibhadhara mitero yakakosha uye dzimwe nguva, mukutsinhana nemabasa akakosha, vaigona kuwana ropafadzo dzevagari. , vari muSparta vaizivikanwa sevaperiecos uye vakanga vasina kodzero.
Varanda: Vasina kodzero dzevanhu, vaiva zvinhu zvevagari vemunyika vakasununguka kana kuti hurumende, kusanganisira vasungwa vehondo, vana vevaranda naamai, uye avo vakanga vapara mhosva kana kuti vakatyora mutemo. Mitemo yechiGiriki, kunyange zvazvo vaigona kuita basa ripi neripi vachitarisirwa nomuridzi wavo.
Chinhu chakakosha chesangano remagariro eGreece kuunzwa kwezvinhu zvakaita sekutora chikamu kwedemocracy uye kodzero dzemunhu kana zvisungo zvinodzorwa nemutemo.
Zvimwe zvesangano rezvematongerwo enyika remaGiriki
Hunhu hwesangano rezvematongerwo enyika remaGreek mumazuva avo ekutanga kwaive kuvepo kwemasangano ehurumende akadai seCitizens' Assembly, Kanzuru uye mamejasitiriti, kunyangwe vaviri vekupedzisira chete vaive nekuwana kune aristocracy yaidzora simba.
Muchokwadi, nzira yeshanduko iyo nzanga yeGreek iri kuitika yakasundidzira shanduko yezvematongerwo enyika kuti vatore chikamu zvakanyanya, zvekuti kupindira kwakakosha kwakapihwa vagari vakapihwa simba rehupfumi risiri revanokudzwa, kumisa hutongi hwejekerere. Zvisinei, izvo gare gare zvakanyandura gutsaruzhinji, nokutora rutivi kwavagari vemo vose munhau dzezvamatongerwe enyika, zvakangoitika bedzi mumamwe maguta akaita seAtene, sezvo Sparta yakachengeta gadziriro youmambo.
Kuti sangano rezvematongerwo enyika revaGiriki rakarongwa sei
Zvinoenderana nezviri pamusoro, muguta-nyika yeAtene yetsika yechiGiriki, chimiro chezvematongerwo enyika chakakamurwa pakati pemasimba anotevera:
Legislative: Ecclesia kana Citizens Assembly: Kuve dare repamusoro-soro rehurumende, rakaumbwa nevanhu vakasununguka, vane makore makumi maviri.
Bulé kana Kanzuru yeMazana mashanu: yakanga iri gungano rekukurukurirana rakagadzira mabhiri kuti atenderwe ne ecclesia.
Prytany: yakagadzwa nemakanzura makumi mashanu, yaitungamirwa nevakuru vakuru, vaive nebasa rekuchengetedza chisimbiso nemakiyi eHurumende.
Executive:Inoumbwa nemamejasitiriti ane mvumo yenyaya dzemutemo kana archons, uye makomisheni ekutungamira mauto kana mastrategists.
Judicial:Heliea kana People's Court: inoumbwa nenhengo zviuru zvishanu dzinomirira Citizens' Assembly.
Areopago: yakaumbwa nevaichimbova archons, yakanga ine mutoro wekutonga mhosva dzekuuraya nemaune.
Mhedzisiro: yaiumbwa nevagari vemo vaiona kuuraya kwacho sekusaziva.
Sangano rezvematongerwo enyika remaGreek muguta-nyika yeSparta raitongwa nehutongi hwehutongi, huchitevera hutongi hwechiremera hunotevera:
Ephors: ava vaiva mamejasitiriti vakuru vashanu, vakapiwa masimba akazara okutarisira mitemo uye kudzora murayiro wemadzimambo.
Gerousia: rakaumbwa neDare reVakuru nemadzimambo maviri anotonga, nhengo dzaro dzose dzaiva dzevakuru.
Zita: Yakanga iri gungano rakaumbwa nevaSpartan kweanopfuura makore makumi matatu.
Mukupedzisa, hapana mubvunzo kuti sangano rezvamatongerwe enyika revaGiriki rakaisa hwaro hwezvizhinji zvezvirongwa zvehurumende zvino munyika.