Vanhu veMapuche vaive, variko uye vachagara vari mamwe emarudzi akakosha ekuzvarwa muChile neArgentina, zvese nekuda kwekukosha kwemagariro uye huwandu hwevanhu uye pfungwa yakasimba yekuzivikanwa kwetsika iyo yakaramba kunyangwe kurwiswa kwenhoroondo. Chinhu chakakosha chekuzivikanwa ndicho Mapuche mitambo kuti tichasangana pano.
Mapuche Games
Munguva yekukunda, vaMapuche vakagadzirira kurwa nekugadzira zvombo, vachiva nehunyanzvi mukuzvibata uye kurovedza muviri. Kuti ave akagadzirira kudzivirira vanhu vake, akadzidza kutasva bhiza, akava mutambi webhora, pilma, chueca, linao, akanga ari mukwasvi, slinger, lancer, mufambi, mumhanyi; akadzidzira, muchidimbu, chose chaigona kumuchengeta ari muchimiro chakanaka chemhasuru.
The Palin
Iyo palín, pakati pemitambo yeMapuche, mutambo wepamusoro, mutambo unotambwa netsvimbo (Weño) uye bhora (pali) ine mhemberero yakasimba uye yezvematongerwo enyika, iyo yakakurudzira kuti irambidzwe nguva zhinji. kutanga nevakunda veSpain.uye mushure mekusununguka nenyika yeChile. Uchapupu hwokutanga hwakanyorwa hunotaura nezvepalín hwakatangira muzana remakore rechiXNUMX uye hunopupurira kuti mutambo uyu waiitwa pakati pemupata uri pakati peChile nechitsuwa chikuru cheChiloé.
Maererano nomuprista wechiJesuit Alonso de Ovalle, palín yaiitwa nevakadzi, varume nevana vairatidza unyanzvi hukuru uye kureruka mukufamba kwavo. Mutori wenhau Diego de Rosales anotsinhira kuti maSpaniards aiona mutambo uyu nekusavimba sezvo vazhinji vevatambi vawo kana vateveri vaive varwi vaigona kutora tsika iyi semaekisesaizi ekurwa, vakanzwawo kurambwa "kukumbira kwadhiabhorosi kuti bhora rivafadze. " .
Munyori wenhau dzakaitika Carlos López akasimbisa muzvinyorwa uye zvinyorwa zvezvakaitika kare kuvapo kwemitambo yakasiyana-siyana uye tsika dzetsika dzinofambidzana netsika yepalín, pakati pevamwe: dagun, "kurapa" zviridzwa zvakashandiswa pamutambo neguanaco ropa uye utsi hwefodya; kupinza mbambo dzemhuka dzinodya mhuka mumakona enzimbe; laenfura kana katanlikan: jekiseni hupfu hwakatsetseka hwedombo kana puma bone pasi petsoka dzenhengo dzakasiyana dzemiviri yevatambi kuitira kuti vape simba nekutsungirira mukuita zvemitambo nehondo.
Mutambo uyu une zvikwata zviviri zvine vatambi vari pakati pevashanu negumi nevashanu chimwe nechimwe, chiyero chenhandare (paliwe) chaienderana nehuwandu hwevatambi. Mumutambo wevatambi gumi nevashanu, zviyero zvedare zvinosvika mazana maviri nemakumi mana emamita kureba nemamita makumi matatu paupamhi. Inotambwa nebhora diki remuti rakaputirwa nedehwe rehuemul (pali) rinorohwa netsvimbo yakakombama (weño) richiedza kuenda naro kumunda wevanopikisa.
Mativi maviri kana mapato ane minda yavo mune yakatarisana nepakati pepaliwe uye madzishe emapato maviri anomira pamativi ese, vamwe vatambi vanoiswa munzvimbo dzehunyanzvi, vese vakapakata tsvimbo. Vapedza kugadzirira, vaiva nechepakati vakarovera tsvimbo mudenga ndokutanga kurwisana kuti bhora ribude mugomba ramakanga raiswa, mumwe nemumwe achiedza kurifambisa akananga kune rimwe divi.
Chinangwa chevatambi chaive chekuitora nemutsara unovhara nhandare yakatarisana kana kudzivirira bato ravo, kuikanda kunze kwemunda, iyo inonzi tie uye mutambo unotanga zvakare. Poindi imwe neimwe mukufarirwa inomakwa pachimuti, mutambo wekutanga kusvika pahuwandu hwemapoinzi akambotangwa ndiye anokunda.
Vatambi vacho vane nziyo, dzimwe dzine chinangwa chekukoka, dzimwe dzekukurudzira kurwa uye dzimwe dzekupemberera kukunda. Imwe yenziyo dzakanyorwa naBaba Félix José de Augusta mu "Lecturas Araucanas" inoti:
Ngatitambe, zvino, mocetones!
Uchava serukodzi,
Ndichakuunzira kubva zasi
Tsvimbo dzakanaka dzechueca.
Ndichaunza tsvimbo gumi.
Kubata ne chuequeros.
Ipapo vachati ndinokurudzirwa.
Nekuti ndine vakomana vakanaka,
Ticharwa zvakare, majaya akanaka ».
pillmatun
Pillmatun ndeimwe yemitambo yeMapuche inonyanya kufarirwa, mutambo webhora unosanganisira vatambi vari pakati pevasere kusvika gumi vakagovaniswa mudenderedzwa, mumwe nemumwe akaisa maoko maviri kubva kune mumwe.
Mumutambo panoshandiswa pillma, rinova bhora remashanga kana rehuni rakareruka rine dhayamita rakati kurei kudarika bhora retennis. Chinangwa chemutambo ndechekurova mupikisi nebhora nekudaro kuwana poindi.
Iyo pillma inofanirwa kukandwa pasi pegumbo, apo mukwikwidzi achiedza kunzvenga kuvhurwa asina kusiya chinzvimbo chaari, kunzvenga bhora raanogona kumonyorora, kusvetuka, kurara pasi asi anofanira kuedza kusimuka nekukurumidza. Nzira yekurova bhora ndeyekuisa ruoko rwako muchimiro che "foshoro" sekunge iri racket uye nguva dzose uchirova pasi pegumbo, uchikwanisa kutora kusvetuka kuduku kuitira kuti uwane chinangwa ichi. Ani nani anorohwa nebhora anorasikirwa nepoindi, kusvika asvika nhamba yakabvumiranwa, kazhinji nhanhatu.
linao
Linao, anonziwo Linao, mumwe wemitambo yebhora reMapuche. Zita rinobva ku ling, zvinoreva kurwa uye naln, bhora. Kurwa chaiko nebhora. Rinogonawo kubva pazwi rekuti inar rinoreva: kutevera kana kutambudza mumwe. Ndiwo mumwe wemitambo yekare yeMapuche uye inotambwa nebhora rakagadzirwa nemasora egungwa. Bhora iri rinowanzoita denderedzwa rinoita mainji gumi nemana kusvika gumi nematanhatu.
Munda wauchatambirwa unofanira kunge wakati sandara uine hupamhi hwemamita zana nemakumi maviri pakureba nemamita makumi matanhatu paupamhi. Kana nhamba yese yevatambi vari kutora chikamu mumutambo ichipfuura vatambi makumi matanhatu, zviyero zvemunda zvaifanira kuwedzerwa. Mutambo wepakati unotora kubva maawa mashanu kusvika maawa matanhatu. Miganhu yemunda inoratidzirwa nemitsetse inooneka zvikuru. Pakati pedare, mitsetse miviri yakachinjika inoiswa yakaenzana kumunda, nechinhambwe chingangoita mamita mashanu kubva kune mumwe.
Kana zvikwata zviri kukwikwidza zvagadzirira, zvinokamurwa kuita mapoka maviri, rimwe nerimwe richitora divi rakatarwa remunda. Vatambi vanomhanyisa vakaiswa kumberi, vakanyanya hunyanzvi uye vane hunyanzvi mukunzvenga muviri, pakati, uye vanopokana uye vakasimba, kumashure, vachigara vakachengeta chinzvimbo chemuridzi wepagedhi, tecuto, kune akanyanya corpulent uye akashinga jaya. Varume vari pasi pemakore makumi matatu neshanu chete ndivo vanotora chikamu.
Dhirowa rinoitwa uye divi rinofarirwa nemhanza, rinosarudza mutambi kuti amire pakati pemitsetse miviri inomiririra nzvimbo isina kwaakarerekera, uye okanda bhora nesimba guru rinobvira, achikwira kumusoro uye akananga kune vatsigiri vake, anofanirwa kudonha mune imwe neimwe nyaya. mukati mepasi risina kwarakarerekera. Kana bhora rikakandwa mudenga, vakwikwidzi vashanu kana gumi vanobva kudivi rimwe nerimwe vanopinda munhandare iyi vorwira kuritambira mumhepo, apa ndipo panoita mashura chaiwo vatsigiri nevanopikisa kuti varitore.
Mutambi anokwanisa kuibata, anoimbundira zvakasimba mumaoko ake uye otanga nhangemutange inokurumidza akananga kumusuwo wemuvengi, achinyatsoteverwa nenenge boka rose; vamwe vanoedza kudzivirira shamwari yavo uye vamwe kuti vamutore bhora. Kana mutambi, mushure mebasa rakawanda, anokwanisa kuzviwana ave pedyo nekupinda pamusuwo wemuvengi, tecuto nevabatsiri vake vanofanirwa kuita zvese zvavanogona kudzivirira iyo avalanche yese kubva pavari uye kupinda nepamusuwo.
Kugadzirira kwevatambi kwakakosha zvikuru. Mukugadzirira kwemuviri, maekisesaizi ekumhanya ane shanduko yekutungamira uye feints anoitwa. Inodya zvakanyanya paupfu hwegorosi yakakangwa. Kwemazuva gumi nemashanu vatambi vanogeza mambakwedza mumapopoma kana trairaiko. Vanodzidzira kutsanya nekuzvibata pamberi pemitambo.
Vatambi veLinao vanozvizora mafuta eSea lion anovadzivirira kubva kuchando, pamwe nekuita kuti vatsvedze kana vachirwa nevatambi vechikwata chiri kukwikwidza. Kutamba vaishandisa chiripá chete pasina kana shangu. Musoro weshinda weimwe ruvara, vakashandisa yakasarudzika inonzi trarilongo yakashanda kusiyanisa zvikwata.
Mutambo usati waitwa, machi, mukuru wechitendero chechizvarwa, anoimba rwiyo rwekuroya bhora uye omwaya mvura kuvatambi vechikwata chake aine chinangwa chekuvasimbisa. Bhora, rinenge masendimita gumi neshanu muhupamhi, rinogadzirwa nealgae inodyiwa senge cochayuyo, luche kana sargassum iyo yakafukidzwa nemvere dzemakwai kana dehwe; Anogona zvakare kugadzirwa nematanda uye machira izvo zvaive zvishoma muhukuru.
Munguva dzekare yairidzwa munharaunda kumadokero kwegomo reNahuelbuta uye pamwe nemhenderekedzo yekumaodzanyemba kweRwizi rweToltén kuruwa rweLlanquihue uye Chiloé Archipelago. Iyo Linao inomutsa kufarira kukuru pakati pevateveri, vanofamba madaro akakura kuenda kumitambo iyi.
awar kuden
Mutambo weawar kuden kana bhinzi mumwe wemitambo yeMapuche. Iwo mutambo wakafanana nedhanzi. Inotambwa nevanhu vaviri, bhinzi sere dzinodiwa, bhinzi imwe neimwe ine divi rimwe rakakweshwa nekupendwa nemarasha kana rumwe ruvara, pamwe netsvimbo gumi kusvika makumi maviri kana machipisi (kow) kunyora zvibodzwa. Asati atanga mutambo, mutambi mumwe nemumwe anopa mumwe wake chinhu chaachapa kana akundwa. Nekuti uri mutambo unowanzo kuvana, chinhu chiri kupokana chinogona kunge chiri chipfeko, siwiti kana toyi.
Chidimbu chemucheka, poncho kana imwe nzvimbo inorongwa kuti ishande sebhodhi uye vatambi vanomira vakatarisana, nezvidimbu kune rumwe rutivi rwemuviri wavo. Mutambi mumwe nemumwe anoita majana ekukanda bhinzi. Mutambi anobva atora bhinzi mumaoko oizunza achiimba kuti rombo rakanaka. Wobva wakanda bhinzi pabhodhi woverenga bhinzi yakapendwa nedivi kumusoro.
Sekureva kwaSmith, mu "Los Araucanos", "Mukati memutambo, vanopuruzira bhinzi, kutsvoda, kutaura navo, kupuruzira pasi nepachipfuva chavo, vachisheedzera uye kuita gesticulate, vachidaidza rombo rakanaka ivo pachavo uye rombo rakanaka kune avo. vadzivisi vavo, nemwoyo wose sokunge vaidavira kuti bhinzi ine mweya.
Maererano nehurongwa hwezvibodzwa, bhinzi yakadonha nechikamu chakapendwa ichikwira inoverengwa uye wekutanga kupedza zana mapoinzi anohwina. Imwe nzira yekunwisa inoti kana bhinzi sere dzikamhara "payḻanagün), divi rakapendwa rakatarisa mudenga, mutambi anonwisa mapoinzi maviri uye anofanirwa kupihwa gwaro idzva.
Kana hafu yemashure uye hafu yedumbu inowira, inonzi kumira uye yakakosha zvishoma, asi inopawo kodzero kune itsva roll. Kutendeuka kunopera kana pasina zvibodzwa zvabuda. Ani nani atora mapoinzi makumi maviri kutanga ahwina round. Anenge akunda pamutambo ndiye anenge ahwina marounds maviri akatevedzana.
Mimwe mitambo
Mimwe mitambo yeMapuche inoumba chikamu chakakosha chekuzivikanwa kwavo ndeiyi: Trümün: Mutambo webhora unotambwa uchishandisa tsoka; bhora rinogadzirwa nemishonga yakaomeswa yakaputirwa mumatehwe emhuka. Waikitun: Mock Spear Fighting. Lefkawellun: Mujaho webhiza.
VaMapuche pavakadzidzira kutasva bhiza, vakakunda vakundi munzvimbo yavo. Lekaitun: Maekisesaizi nebhora kana bhora. Pülkitun: Maekisesaizi neuta nemuseve. Ellkaukatun: Viga uye tsvaga mutambo. Ellkawun: Mutambo wekuviga chipfeko. Choiketun: Mutambo wemhou.