Muchikamu chino tinokuunzira ruzivo rwakawanda pamusoro pe Hunhu hweBuddhism, huzivi hwehupenyu hwakapararira munyika yose kudzidzisa kukosha kwekufungisisa, kunze kwekukudzidzisa iwe kurarama nenzira yakaoma kuburikidza neruzivo rwechokwadi ina inokudzwa kana iwe uchida kuziva zvakawanda pamusoro pechitendero cheBuddhism, tevera kuverenga. chinyorwa ichi uye dzidza zvakawanda!
Hunhu hweBuddhism
Buddhism chitendero chisiri-chiMwari, asi chinotsanangurwawo sehuzivi hwehupenyu, sezvo iri nzira yekudzidziswa kwemweya uye hurongwa hwepfungwa. Yakagadzirwa kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweIndia pakati pezana ramakore rechitanhatu nerechina BC, ndokuzopararira muAsia yose kusvikira yawanikwa mumativi ose enyika. Maererano nenhamba dziripo, ndicho chechina chechitendero chinokosha zvikuru chine varapi vanenge mamiriyoni 500 munyika yose.
Uyo akatanga kuita chiBuddha aiva Buddha Siddhartha Gautama. Kuti akanga ari hermit, ndiko kuti, munhu akasarudza kutaura ari oga uye upenyu hwakaoma. Akave munhu akachenjera zvikuru uye akatanga chiBuddha uye akachidzidzisa muIndia subcontinent kwemakore makumi mana nemaviri. Dzidziso dzaitaurwa naBuddha dzakanga dzakavakirwa pachiono chokutambura uye kuguma kwokutambura (nirvana).
Siddhartha Gautama Buddha akaberekerwa mumhuri ine nzanga yepamusoro muSakia republic iyo isisipo nhasi. Bhudha akarasa mafaro ese ehupenyu hwepanyika, kuti ararame kwenguva yakareba mukupemha, kufungisisa uye kuzvinyima, achirarama nenzira iyi akakwanisa kuwana kumuka kwemweya. Ndosaka ave achizivikanwa saBuddha zvinoreva kuti "Iye akamutswa".
Munguva yese iyoyo Buddha akazvipira kufamba mubani remaronda uye nenzira iyi achidzidzisa vakadzi nevarume vese nezvekurarama pamweya, saka akavaka nharaunda yaisanganisira vanhuwo zvavo nemamongi. Kupfurikidza nechitendero chechiBuddha, Buddha akavadzidzisa nzira iri pakati pegutsikano yenyama nokuzvinyima izvo zvaiitwa nesangano reSramana uye zvakava zvakajairika zvikuru muIndia yose.
Nehuzivi hwechiBhudha, munhu ane chinangwa chekukunda kutambura kunozivikanwa se dukkha, uye wozoziva kutenderera kwerufu nekuzvarwa patsva samsara, izvi zvinofanirwa kuitwa nekuwana nirvana kana nenzira yebuddhahood. Ichi ndicho chikonzero nhasi kune zvikoro zvakawanda zveBuddha zvinodzidzisa zvakasiyana maitiro eBuddhism.
Asi chinangwa chayo chikuru chinofanira kunge chiri nzira yekusunungurwa, ichipa kukosha kukuru kune zvinyorwa zvakasiyana-siyana zviripo pane maitiro eBuddhism, kuwedzera kune zvakasiyana-siyana maitiro uye dzidziso dziripo pakumuka kwemweya.
Pakati pemaitiro makuru anoitwa muuzivi hwechiBhudha ndeaya ekutizira muBuddha, Dharma neSangha, pamwe nekufungisisa nekusimudzira hunyanzvi hwakadai sekukwana kana hunyanzvi hwaanahwo. Asi kusvika pakumuka kwemweya kune mapazi maviri makuru echiBuddha anozivikanwa se Theravada Ko chikoro chevakuru chinorevei uye Mahayana Nzira huru inorevei?
Parizvino, bazi reTheravada Buddhism rinopararira muSoutheast Asia, kunyanya munyika dzeLaos, Myanmar, Cambodia neThailand. Iri bazi rine chinangwa charo chikuru kusunungurwa kwemweya uchitevera maitiro ezvokwadi ina dzakakwirira uye nenzira iyi kusvika kuNirvana.
Nepo rimwe bazi reMahayana richiitwa muSoutheast Asia kunyanya munyika dzeChina, Japan, Korea, Vietnam nedzimwe nzvimbo. Zvinonzwisiswa kuti bazi iri reBuddhism rinotarisa kujekeswa kwechiremba uye izvi zvinogona kuitwa muhupenyu humwe chete. Ichi ndicho chikonzero Mahayana inosvika 53% yevashandi maererano nemamwe mapazi eBuddhism.
Rimwe bazi reBuddhism rinozivikanwa seTibetan Buddhism iro rinoitwa mudunhu reHimalaya, Mongolia neKalmykia nedzimwe nzvimbo. Iri rimwe bazi reBuddhism rinoteverwa ne6% yemamongi echiBuddha uye ndechimwe chezvikoro zvinodzidziswa uye zvinozivikanwa zvakanyanya kuMadokero.
Buddhism nhasi
Kana tichitaura nezve hunhu hweBuddhism, chimwe chezvinangwa zvikuru kufungisisa kwakanangana, nekuti kunofanirwa kufungisisa semaitiro ezuva nezuva, asi ruzhinji rwevanhu rwakabatikana zvekuti havawane nguva yekuzvitsaurira kune izvi. Ndicho chikonzero nei huzivi hwechiBhudha hunotarisa pakuvandudzwa kwemaitiro ekufungisisa.
Nenzira iyi tine ruzivo rwekuti huzivi hwechiBhudha hwakapesvedzera chikamu chikuru chevagari vepasi kubvira panguva yaBuddha "The Awakened" aive mazana mashanu emakore chitendero chechiKristu chisati chatanga, akapa hwaro hwekuve nehupenyu hwakajekeswa. , kunyange zvazvo pakanga pari kutozosvikira pakati pezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, apo uhwu uzivi namavara makuru echiBuddha zvakavamba kuzivikanwa zvikuru.
Kunyange zvazvo vanhu vakawanda vachidavira kuti chitendero ndechokungotenda kuti kuna Mwari, chimwe chezvimiro zvechiBuddha ndechokuti hachisi kuzotaura nezvamwari upi noupi. Ndicho chikonzero nei vanhu vakawanda munyika yose vachishamisika zvinotevera: ChiBuddha chitendero here? Kuti mhinduro inopiwa ndeyokuti Buddhism ichaita uzivi hwehupenyu, kuva nemaonero emwe muono wepasirese, kurarama nehunhu hwetsika uye nenhungamiro yekutevera.
Kune rimwe divi, vamwe varapi vehuzivi hwehupenyu hwasvika pakusimbisa kuti chimwe chehunhu hweBuddhism ndechekuti inogona kugamuchirwa sekurapa kwepfungwa sezvo iri nzira yekukwanisa kuzvinzwisisa uye kukwanisa kutarisana neakasiyana. matambudziko nezvinonetsa zvinomuka.zvinozotiratidza muhupenyu. Kune zvese izvi, Buddhism uzivi hunobatanidza zvataurwa uye panguva imwe chete zvakawanda.
Huzivi hweBuddhism hunokurudzira murapi kufunga patsva pfungwa dzese dzaakagadzira muhupenyu hwake hwese pamusoro peBuddhism sezvo ichinangana pachokwadi chinopfuura chine musoro, ichiburitsa muono unopfuura wezvechokwadi. yekufunga.
Sezvo humwe hwehunhu hweBuddhism kudzidziswa kwemweya uye nenzira iyi svika pakunzwisisa kwakananga uye kwega kwehupenyu hwepamusoro. Kuti titevere nzira yeBuddhism, murapi anofanira kutanga nekugona kwavo, nenzira iyi tichava nekwaniso yekuve takamuka, tichifara, takachenjera uye takasununguka kupfuura zvatiri.
Ndokusaka humwe hwehunhu hweBuddhism kuve nekugona kupinda mukati chaimo chechokwadi chiri kurarama uye kukwanisa kuziva zvinhu sezvazviri kuitika, ndosaka murapi weBuddhism kuburikidza nedzidziso nehunyanzvi. ichava nechinangwa chayo chikuru kugona kuve nekunzwisisa kuzere kwekwaniso yedu pachedu.
Kubva munhoroondo yaro, huzivi hwechiBhudha hwakatanga kupararira kunyika dzese dzemuAsia, panguva iyoyo pakanga paine kudyidzana pakati petsika yeIndia yedunhu iri nedzidziso itsva dzaidzidziswa naBuddha, izvo zvaikonzera mhedzisiro mukuita. vanhu..
Kubatana kwetsika dzechiIndia nedzidziso dzaBuddha kwakapa kondinendi yeAsia kumutsiridzwa kwetsika kune vanhu vakasiyana vaiita zvechiBuddha. Paive nemamiriro mazhinji akaita sezvakaitika mudunhu reTibet rakazova nhaka mutsika dzavo.
Sezvo uzivi hweBuddha hwakapararira mukondinendi yose yeAsia, shanduko dzakanga dzichiitika, dzichienderana netsika dzenharaunda imwe neimwe yekondinendi, uye yakaitwa nenzira iyi kuitira kuti ibudise nheyo dzayo zvakananga.
Buddhism parizvino yakasarudzika munyika dzeSri Lanka, Thailand, Burma, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Nepal, Tibet, China, Mongolia, Russia neJapan. Zvinotaurwawo kuburikidza nekumwe tsvagiridzo uye zvichangobva kuwanikwa zvekuchera matongo kuti nyika zhinji muMiddle East zvakare dzaive nenguva yeBuddha.
Ndosaka seti yetsika dzakasiyana-siyana, zvikoro uye zvikoro zvidiki zvinogona kucherechedzwa, ndosaka zvichidikanwa kuziva kuti chii chiri chokwadi chiBuddha uye kwavanotariswa sezvo zvikoro zvakawanda zveBhudha zvine chinhu chakafanana chinova mavambo emadzitateguru avo, uye. Ndiyo nzira iyo vose vanokura sematavi kubva pahunde yeIndia yekutanga Buddhism yakadzidziswa naBuddha Siddhartha Gautama. Kunyangwe maitiro akasiyana eBuddhism anogara achijekeswa.
Ichi ndicho chikonzero Buddha akatanga Buddhism, uye mushandi wese anoda kudzidza ruzivo rweBuddhism anofanira kusvika kune dzidziso dzaBuddha "Iye Akamutswa" zvakanyanya sezvinobvira. Kuti aite izvi, mushandi anofanira kuziva uye kudzidza zvinyorwa zvekutanga apo nhaurirano dzake dzose uye pfungwa dzinokosha kunzwisisa hupenyu zvakanyorwa.
Parizvino, varapi veBuddhism vadyi venhaka yedzidziso dzaBuddha, ivo vanotevedzerawo tsika dzechiBuddha uye vanogona kugara pamwe nekuremekedza nekuita zvinhu zveJapan Buddhism, pamwe neTibetan Vajrayana Buddhism kana Thai Theravada. Ndicho chikonzero nei mamongi echiBhudha achifanira kuziva hwaro hwekutanga hwehuchenjeri hweBuddha uye kuziva midzi yahwo kuitira kuti ave neruzivo rwekuti zvese zvakabva kupi.
Kunyangwe pakanga paine mamwe matambudziko mushure mekufa kwaBuddha Siddhartha Gautama. Eya, uzivi hwechiBuddha hwakanyangarika muIndia makore ane chiuru apfuura, asi ipapo hwakaberekwazve uye dzidziso dzaBuddha dzakapararira muSouth yose yeSri Lanka uye muSoutheast yose yeAsia kondinendi. Ikoko bazi reBuddhism rinozivikanwa seTheravada rakakurira uye rinoramba richibudirira.
Buddhism yakapararirawo kuchamhembe kwekondinendi yeAsia, nedzidziso dzaBuddha dzakasvika kuTibet, China, Mongolia neJapan. Uye bazi rechipiri reBuddhism rinozivikanwa seMahayana rinoitwa asi huzivi hwechiBhudha parizvino hwakatambura kurova kwakanyanya nemhedzisiro yevatengi uye communism. Asi huzivi hwechiBuddha hwasvika kunyika dzakawanda pasi rose huchishandura vanhu vazhinji kuva mamongi echiBuddha.
Zvinotendwa neBuddhism
Kunyange zvazvo kune kuratidzwa kwakawanda uye zvitendero pamusoro pehuzivi hweBuddha, zvikoro zvose zvinopa ruzivo rwedzidziso dzeBuddha zvine mazano akawanda ehuzivi akafanana kune mumwe nemumwe uye ichi ndicho chimwe chemaitiro eBuddhism. Ndokusaka zvinhu zvese zvedzidziso dzehuzivi zvakabatana zvakanyanya nezviri mukati izvo zvinofanirwa kuitwa zuva nezuva kuti uwane kunzwisisa, mumongi wechiBhudha anofanirwa kuve nemuono wakakwana wezvese zvaanofanira kuziva kuti asvike nzira yerusununguko rwemweya.
Nechikonzero ichi zvidzidzo zvese zvinoitwa padzidziso dzehuzivi hwechiBhudha zvakanangidzirwa kuitira kuti murapi wechiBhudha atungamirirwe kana kunongedzera. dharma, Izvi zvinoreva kuti cosmic kana kurongeka kwepasirese kunofanirwa kuteverwa, asi ani nani anofanirwa kuzviziva achaita murapi mumwechete kuburikidza nekugara kwetsika yekufungisisa kunotungamirwa.
Ndokusaka murapi achifanira kuisa pfungwa pakuita kwekufungisisa nguva dzose, asi maBhudha mazhinji akaverenga nhamba huru yezvinyorwa zviripo uye vazhinji vakasimbisa kuti musimboti wehuzivi ndeye. Iwo Mano Echokwadi Akanaka eBuddhism and the Yakanaka Kasere Nzira, izvo zvinozivikanwa munyika yose sezvo zvisingadudzi Mwari upi noupi kana kuti kunamata vamwari izvo zvinoitwa itsika dzokufungisisa nenhungamiro zvakavakirwa pazvokwadi.
Nekuita izvi, Buddhism inoonekwa sechitendero chisingafanire kunge chiri pakati pemwari, uye ndicho chikonzero ichizivikanwa sechitendero chisiri chechitendero. Asi kana achibvuma kuvapo kwezvinhu chaizvoizvo zvomudzimu zvakadai sokuberekwazve kwomunhu nekarma uye kuti kune zvipenyu zvomudzimu, zvakadai semidzimu kana kuti vamwe vamwari, asi haanamati upi noupi, kana kuti vamwari vanoonwa navanhu somusikirwo wechigarire. .
Kuuzivi hwechiBuddha, vamwari vanhu vakavhenekerwa vakawana kuvhenekerwa kupfurikidza nezviito zvavo zvetsika netsika, uyewo kupfurikidza netsika yenguva dzose yokufungisisa kwakanangidzirwa, zvakadai saBuddha “The Awakened” uye mabatirwo akapiwa kuna Buddha. kupfungwa inopiwa kunyika dzokuMadokero.
Chokwadi Ina Chakanaka
Pashure pokunge Buddha Siddhārtha Gautama asvika kumuka mumudzimu, akapa hurukuro yokutanga inozivikanwa se sutra, akapa vamwe vake vaifungisisa, izvi zvikazivikanwa se "Kugadzika kwekufamba kwevhiri redharma" (Dhammacakkappavattana). Mukutaura kwake kwekutanga, Buddha Siddhārtha Gautama akaisa hwaro hwekunzwisisa chokwadi chekutambura uye nzira yekukumisa.
Zvokwadi ina dzakanaka dzakaziviswa naSiddhārtha Gautama, ndidzo humwe humiro hwechiBuddha uye nahwo hunosimbiswa kuti chiBuddha uzivi hwoupenyu, idzi zvokwadi ina dzakaisvonaka dzinotumidzwa zita rake. duḥkha; existential angst. Uye ivo ndevanotevera:
Zviripo Duhkha: kutambura, kusagutsikana kana kusagutsikana zviripo
Muuzivi hwechiBuddha, Dukkha ine pfungwa yakakosha uye inogona kududzirwa sokusakwanisa kunofanira kugutsa munhu uye kuva nekutambura kwakawanda. Sezvo upenyu husina kukwana, kusagutsikana uye kutambura ndezvechokwadi uye zviri munyika yose.
Nechinhu ichi chinotanga maitiro ekufungisisa kwechiBuddha, anove mamwe emhando huru dzeBuddhism, ndosaka chokwadi ichi chinotakura dzidziso pamatanho matatu ekuvapo uye sezvakatsanangurwa pazasi sezvo isu tichiona hunhu hwenyika nevose. zviitiko zvayo, zvinoti:
- “Kuberekwa kunorwadza”
- “Kukwegura kuri kutambura”
- "Chirwere chiri kutambura"
- "Kufa kunorwadza"
- "Kushamwaridzana nevasingadiwi kutambura"
- “Kuparadzaniswa nezvinodiwa ndiko kutambura”
- "Kusawana zvaunoda kutambudzika"
Neaya mavara manomwe echiBuddha, zvinogona kuratidzirwa kuti vanhu vanoshuva uye vanoomerera kuzvinhu zvisina kukwana nemigariro muupenyu, iyo inozivikanwa semiunganidzwa minomwe yokunamatira kutambura. Ndosaka varapi vachiuya kuzove mune imwe nyika inonzi samara, iyo inozivikanwa kubva mutsika dzehuzivi dzeIndia; Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Bön, Sikhism sekutenderera kwekuzvarwa, uko kune kuzvarwa, rufu uye kuberekwa.
Neiyi nzira, vanhu vanoda kuwana mufarwa kupfurikidza nokutsvaka zvinhu zvokunyama nemigariro isingagari uye ndokusaka mufarwa wechokwadi usingasvikwi.
Kwakabva duhkha ndiro tṛṣṇā (muSanskrit: chido, chido, chido, nyota)
Panguva ino zvinozivikanwa kuti kutambura kunokonzerwa nekuchiva kunozokonzera zvishuwo muvanhu, mukuwedzera kunokonzereswa nemafaro enyama uye pfungwa, chinangwa ndechekutsvaga chero mamiriro kana mamiriro anofadza uye anotipa isu. kugutsikana mune zvino uye gare gare.
Ndicho chikonzero nei kune zvimiro zvitatu zvokushuva muchiBuddha izvo zvinozivikanwa sokushuva mifarwa yokunzwa, (kama-tanha). Yekutanga inozivikanwa seKushuva mafaro epfungwa (bhava-tanha). Chechipiri chinozivikanwa sechishuwo chekuenderera mberi mukutenderera kwehupenyu nerufu. Yechitatu (vibhava-tanha) kushuva kusaona nyika uye manzwiro ekurwadziwa.
Ndosaka munhu achitenda kuti chimwe chiito, kubudirira, chinhu, munhu kana nharaunda zvinozomutungamira kugutsa zvaanoda pane zvatinodaidza kuti "Ini" asi ichi hachisi chimwe chinhu kunze kwekugadzirwa kwepfungwa kusingagumi. Ndiko kusaka kuchiva uye kubatirira kuchiwanzoburitsa karma uye isu tinozvisungirira pachedu samsara inova denderedzwa rerufu nekuzvarwa patsva.
kupera kwe Duhkha, iyo inozivikanwa se nirvana
Kuti usvike nirvana (Kusunungurwa kubva mukutambura) zvakakosha kudzima kana kusiya chishuwo uye kusavapo kwechido uye kusachengeta zvimwe. Iyi ndiyo pfungwa yakanyatsojeka ye nirvana, iyi hunhu hweBuddhism inotaura kuti kutambura kunogona kupera, sezvo nirvana iri kudzima samsara kubva muhupenyu hwedu, sezvatinogona kudzima moto wekenduru nekurova uye kunopa magumo. kuti renaissance.
Kune nzira yekumisa inozivikanwa seNoble Eightfold Path.
Imwe yehunhu hweBuddhism ndiyo nzira iyi kana nzira iyo mushandi anoedza kudzivirira nayo kunyanyisa kwekutsvaga kunoshamisa kwekugutsikana kune rumwe rutivi uye mortification kune rumwe. Iyi ichange iri nzira yeuchenjeri, nzira yehutsika uye kudzidziswa kana kukura kwemoyo nepfungwa.
Iyi nzira ichaitwa kuburikidza nekufungisisa uye kufunga kwekuve munguva yazvino uye nekuenderera. Asi kuti ukwanise kuzadzisa chinangwa ichi, mushandi anofanira kudzidzira nguva dzose uye kubvisa kusaziva, kushuva uye izvi zvinotungamirira ku duhkha, izvi zvichamutungamirira munzira yeuchenjeri, tsika uye kufungisisa uye iyo inoenda kuva nzira yake yakanaka.
Kutenderera kwekuzvarwa, hupenyu, kufa uye kuzvarwa patsva (Samsara)
Imwe yehunhu hweBuddhism ndiyo inozivikanwa saSamsara, iyo inoreva dzidziso yekuzvarwa patsva uye denderedzwa rehupenyu, sezvo izvi zvinoreva muBuddhism sechinhu chisingagutsikane uye chinorwadza chinorarama chichivhiringidzwa nechishuwo uye avidya zvinoreva kusaziva uye kubva mumhedzisiro iyi. karma.
Kuti mushandi akwanise kuzvisunungura kubva mukutenderera uku, anofanira kutarisa nirvana, iyo ndiyo nheyo uye inonyanya kukosha uye yezvakaitika kare kururamiswa muuzivi hweBuddha. MuBuddhism, kuberekwa patsva hakuoneki sechinhu chinodiwa uye hazvirevi determinism kana nzvimbo inofanira kusvika.
Nzira yehuchenjeri hweBuddha inoshanda kuti vanhu vazvisunungure kubva kune iyo seti yezvikonzero nemhedzisiro. Chero bedzi kutenderera uku kuchigona kuvapo, tichararama upenyu huzere ne<em>duhkha (upenyu husina kukwana), sezvo munhu wacho achifanira kusangana nezvaanofanira kurarama uye kuva nomutoro wezvose zvaanoita muupenyu.
MuIndia makanga mune kudavira kwakawanda mukuberekwazve uye kwakanga kuri rutivi rwemashoko akapoteredza ouzivi hwechiBuddha, ndokusaka mufungo uri wokuti kuberekwazve hakufaniri kubatanidza mweya upi noupi, sezvo kune dzidziso yaanattā (Sanskrit: anātman, kwete-kuzvimirira). ), iyo inopesana nemirangariro yokuti munhu wechigarire kana kuti kune mweya usingachinji, sezvinotaurwa muchiHindu.
Izvo zvinozivikanwa sekuzvarwa patsva kwechiBhudha inzira inonzi karma, iyo inoita kuti kuziva kwezvisikwa kuve pachena, asi hakuzove nemweya usingaperi kana mweya. Ndicho chikonzero mutsika dzechiBuddha uzivi hunosimbiswa kuti vijñāna (kuziva kwomunhu) inofanira kushanduka uye kushanduka uye ndiyo nheyo apo kuberekwa patsva kunowanikwa.
Nenzira iyi, izwi rekuzvarwa patsva rinoshandiswa zvakanyanya muuzivi hwechiBhudha pane kuzvarwa patsva, sezvo zviito zviri zvemuviri, asi pfungwa ine mhedzisiro inozoonekwa nekufamba kwenguva ingave muhupenyu hwazvino kana muhupenyu hunotevera, nekuti kune kuyerera kwekuziva kunobatanidza nekufamba kwenguva, uye panguva imwechete kunobatanidza neruzivo rwekare rwemunhu.
Kana paine kuenderera mberi pakati pevanhu, inozivikanwa seyakajairika ikozvino, iyo inozozviratidza sechimiro chehupenyu kuburikidza nemamwe mamiriro. Sezvo kuberekwa patsva kunowanikwa mune imwe yehumambo hushanu maererano nebazi reBuddhism rinonzi Theravada, kana mumatanhatu maererano neuzivi uye tsika mune zvimwe zvikoro zvinodzidzisa uzivi hweBuddhism, izvi zvinogona kuva: umambo hwekudenga, vanamwari, vanhu, mhuka, zvipoko zvine nzara nenzvimbo dzegehena.
Karma muBuddhism
Chimiro chakakosha cheBuddhism i karma, iyo muSanskrit inoshandura sekuita chiito kana basa. Izvi zvichasimudzira Samsara, inova zviito zvakanaka (Pāli: kusala) uye nekudzorera zvakare zviito zvakaipa Pāli: akusala), uye nekufamba kwenguva mbeu dzinoramba dziri mukuziva kwevanhu vanoenda kukukura muhupenyu huno kana mukati. kuzvarwa patsva kunotevera.
Ndicho chikonzero nei zvichifanira kucherechedzwa kuti karma kutenda kwakakosha kwazvo muuzivi hwechiBuddha, sezvo muzvitendero zviripo muIndia havafungi nezvekufa kana kuti chii chinogona kukonzera munhu nekuda kwekarma.
Kufanana nechero chiitiko cheune muuzivi hweBuddha, karma ichagadzira akasiyana siyana kana zvimwe zvinhu zvichaitika izvo zvinongoita matuation muhupenyu. Ndosaka karma ichibatwa sedzidziso muchitendero chechiBhudha, sechiito chipi zvacho chinobva pakutaura, kubva mumuviri uye kubva mukufunga kunoitwa nechinangwa.
Asi mafambiro anoitwa nechido kana kuti anga asingadi, akadai sereflexes, anoregererwa. Aya mafambiro anozivikanwa sekarmic neutral movements.
Zvakakosha kuziva kuti mutsika dzechiBuddha zvinhu zvehupenyu zvinobatwa nemutemo wekarma zvichabatanidzwa munguva yakapfuura uye yemazuva ano kuberekwa kwomunhu mukuzvarwa patsva. Kunyangwe muCula-kamma vibhanga Sutta Buddha, zvinonzwisiswa kuti izvi hazvizovepo netsaona asi nekarma. Izvi zvichashanda semitemo yefizikisi inoshanda munyika yedu pasina kupindira kwekunze.
Nenzira iyi, munzvimbo imwe neimwe yekuvapo umo vanhu nevamwari vanosanganisirwa, karma yakanaka uye karma yakaipa zvichasiyaniswa nemabatiro anoita vanhu kubva mumwoyo yavo, ndokusaka muKukkuravatika Sutta, Buddha mukuru ari kuvaisa mumapoka. nenzira inotevera:
- Rima rine rima mhedzisiro.
- Inopenya nemhedzisiro inopenya.
- Yakasviba uye inopenya ine rima uye rinopenya mhedzisiro.
- Kana rima kana kupenya nemhedzisiro isina rima kana kupenya.
Mudzidziso yekarma yeuzivi hwechiBhudha, hazvireve kuti kune magumo kana kufanotemerwa, sezvo pasina automatism muuzivi hwechiBuddha, uye munhu haafanire kuve bofu mukuda nekutevera maitiro uye hazvigoneke kufungidzira kuti chii. zvoda kuitika.. Muzviito zveBuddhism zvinotenderwa kuona uye kuziva zvinogona kuitika kwauri uye kutora mutoro weizvi maitiro.
Kuvanhu vazhinji zvakafanira kuti vazive kuti karma haisi chirango, mutemo usiri munhu uye hapana kupindira kwaMwari, ndicho chikonzero kune marudzi ekarma asingachinji ayo asina kunyange Buddha pachake anogona kukanganisa kana iye achinge anozvarwa uye ane muviri
Yakagadziriswa inomuka muBuddhist philosophy
Kubuda kwemamiriro ezvinhu ndechimwe chimiro cheBuddhism, icho chakakosha zvikuru sezvo ichizova dzidziso yeBuddhism, iyo inoedza kutsanangura hunhu uye hukama hwemunhu, kubva pakuzvarwa kusvika pakuvapo, nekuda kwechikonzero ichi huzivi hweBuddha huchasimbisa kuti. hapana chakazvimirira, chete mamiriro e nirvana.
Nenzira iyi zvese zvepfungwa nezvemuviri zvichange zviripo zvichamuka kubva kune dzimwe nyika dzatovepo uye zvese zvichabuda kubva kune yakatomisikidzwa mamiriro, ndosaka dzidziso yekumisikidzwa inomuka ichave kuumbwa kwakatsanangurwa muhurongwa hwekuvapo uye vanhu vazhinji vanozobatikana mukusaziva kwavo zvichitevera kutenderera kwekutambudzika.
Nokudaro, iyi nzira ichava yenguva dzose uye inofanira kufungidzirwa kuti ichavhara nguva yose yehupenyu hwekare pamwe chete nehupenyu huripo. Ichaonekwa panguva imwe neimwe uye naizvozvo inofanira kufungidzirwa kuti ichava nzvimbo yakasikwa uye inoparadzwa panguva imwe neimwe.
Kune chitendero chechiBhudha chinozivikanwa sePratītya-samutpāda, chinova hukama hwekutsamira uye hwaro hweontology, sezvo pasina Mwari anosika zvese, uye hakuna pfungwa yeVedic yekuvapo kwepasi rose se (Brahman) , uye hapanawo imwe nheyo inopfuura mwero muchitendero chechiBuddha.
Ichi ndicho chikonzero muBuddhist philosophy kune kubuda kunonangana nemamiriro akasikwa uye panguva imwechete kune zvakanyanya kutsamira zviitiko zvinotungamira mukuzvarwa patsva. Ndiko kusaka chiBhudha sehuzivi hwehupenyu huchatsvaga kutsanangura mafambiro ese ekuzvarwa patsva kuburikidza nedzidziso inozivikanwa semibatanidzwa gumi nemaviri inosimbisa kuti kusaziva kuripo.
Chero bedzi kusaziva kusati kwabviswa kubva kune vashandi vehuzivi hweBuddhism, nzira yacho ichadzokororwa nguva dzisingagumi, ndicho chikonzero kuburikidza nekubvisa kusaziva iyi ketani ichadamburwa, iyo ichazivikanwa se nirvana kuguma kweketani.
Nirvana kumuka
Buddha "Iye Akamutswa" aive iye akasimbisa kuti denderedzwa uko kutsamira nekuzvarwa patsva kunotanga kunogona kumiswa. Nokudaro, chinangwa chikuru cheBuddhist philosophy ndiko kumutswa kweSamsara kuitira kuti murapi agone kurega kana kumisa kushandiswa kwemanzwiro asina kunaka (kleshas), kutambura (dukkha) uye kukwanisa kuziva chokwadi chehupenyu hwake.
Zvose zvataurwa pamusoro apa zvichakwanisa kuwanikwa kusvika nirvana, iyi yanga iri nzira huru iyo mamongi echiBuddha anofanira kutevera muhuzivi uhwu kubva panguva yaBuddha, zvinoreva uyo akamutswa.
Izwi kana izwi rokuti nirvana rinoreva kuti "kupera kana kubuda, Mumanyoro okutanga pamusoro porudzidziso rwechiBuddha, tsinhiro dzinoitwa pamusoro pechimiro chemwero nokuzvidzora icho mumongi wechiBuddha anofanira kuva nacho, icho chichamutungamirira kumisa kana kuti kumisa mibato yokutambura. Zvinotaurwawo muzvinyorwa zvakawanda kuti nirvana inobatanidzwa nehuchenjeri hunozoziva ivo-kwete (anata) uye nyore (sunyata).
Chinozivikanwa sechimiro chenirvana muuzivi hwechiBuddha, uye chinorondedzerwa mumanyoro akasiana-siana kubvira panguva yaBuddha, uye icho chakafanana zvikuru neicho chinoshandiswa mune mamwe marudzidziso, ndechokuti nirvana ichava mugariro wakakwana. rusununguko rwomushandi, nepo vamwe vachirufananidza nechimiro chokuvhenekerwa, mufaro wakakwana, mufaro mukuru, rusununguko rusingatyi, uye chigarire chisingarondedzereki uye chisingarondedzereki.
Nenzira yakafanana, nirvana yakarondedzerwa seasati aberekwa, asina mavambo, asina kusikwa, asina kubatanidzwa. Zvisinei, izvi hazvirevi kuti kuparadzwa kana kuti kuparadzaniswa kwechiBhudha chinoshandiswa kana zvakafanana nehilism, iyo dzidziso yehuzivi apo zvinhu zvose zvichaderedzwa pasina.
Ndicho chikonzero nei huzivi hweBuddhism huchatora nirvana sechinangwa chemweya chepamusoro icho mumongi wechiBuddha anofanira kusvika, hunhu hwechiBhudha chepakutanga icho munhu wese anofanira kushuvira sechinangwa chekupedzisira muuzivi hwechiBhudha.
Nechikonzero ichi, mune zvemazuva ese uye zvechinyakare tsika yekufungisisa iyo inoisa mamongi echiBhudha anotarisisa, ndeye kutsvaga uye kuunganidza zvakanaka kuburikidza nekuita mabasa akanaka, semipiro kune mamwe mamongi uye netsika dzakasiyana dzavanoita uye izvi zvichavafarira kuitira kuti. vanogona kuberekwa patsva.
Chii chinozivikanwa seNO-YO uye kusava nechinhu
Ichange iri dzidziso yehuzivi hwechiBhudha, iyo ichave ine hukama neshoko rinonzi (anatta) iyo inoturikira ichiti insubstantiality kana kusavapo kwemweya. Izvi zvakare zvine hukama neicho chisipo mumunhu anogara, mweya usingachinji kana usingaperi kana musimboti. Vamwe vazivi vorudzidziso rwechiBuddha, vakadai saVasubandhu naBuddhaghosa, vane chimiro cheiyi dzidziso yechiono icho munhu anacho chezvirongwa zvamapoka mashanu.
Ava vazivi vachaedza kuratidza kuti izvi zvishanu zvikamu zveunhu hazvizove zvechigarire kana mhedziso, sezvazvinoratidzwa muhurukuro dzeBuddha dzakadai saAnattalakkhana Sutta.
Sezvo pfungwa yekusava nematuro ichizova pfungwa inomiririra kududzira kwakawanda mukati mehuzivi hwakasiyana uhwo Buddhism inahwo. Sezvo mumazuva ekutanga eBuddhism zvikamu zvishanu zvinonzi hazvina chinhu (kittaka), hollow (tuchanka), coreless (asāraka). Nenzira imwecheteyo, mubazi reTheravada Buddhism, zvinosimbiswa kuti zvikamu zvishanu hazvina chinhu mukati mavo.
Kune zvakare imwe pfungwa inoshandiswa zvakanyanya inozivikanwa mubazi reMahayana Buddhism, kunyanya inoshandiswa muMadhyamaka Buddhist chikoro cheNagarjuna, inozivikanwa se (sunyata), inova chiratidzo chinotsigirwa mune zvese zviitiko (dharma) kuti havazove nechero hunhu hwavo uye nenzira iyi hapana hunhu hwakadzama, saka havana chinhu chekuzvimirira.
Zvishongo zvitatu zveBuddhism
Mudzidziso dzehuchenjeri hwechiBhudha zvakasimbiswa kuti matombo matatu echiBuddha akakosha zvikuru kana mumongi wechiBhudha azvipira kuvimba naBuddha, Dharma naShangha. Izvo mumashoko ekumadokero ane chirevo cherunako, chokwadi uye kunaka zvakateerana. Iyo kumumongi wechiBuddha inofanira kureva hunhu hwake huchafanira kuzviratidza mukati nokunze kwake, aya ari mabwe anokosha matatu echiBuddha.
Kana mumongi wechiBhudha akazvipira kuzvipira kwezvishongo zvitatu zveBuddhism, ndicho chimwe chezvimiro zvakatanhamara, sezvo zvipingamupinyi zvinomuka nekuda kwehumwe hwedu huchanyungudika nekucheneswa.
Ndicho chikonzero kuzvipira kumatombo matatu eBuddhism kuchatiyeuchidza kuti tinofanira kugara tichizvipira kuzvininipisa pamberi pehukuru hwose hwakatipoteredza uye hwakatibata, sezvo ngazi yehupenyu inoshaya "Ini" uye mararamiro ehupenyu arikushaya. chinhu ichi uye chinonamirwa chinogadzirwa uye panguva imwe chete kurambwa uye kugadzirisa matanho akasiyana ehunhu kugadzira ego yedu.
Ipo iyo ego iri kugadziridzwa, inosvika painozozviwana iri mukati memukati. Iye pachake anosiya parutivi manera ehupenyu ogara munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana semukati, kunze, chinhu, chimiro uye kusava nechinhu uye zvose zvinorasikirwa nechirevo.
Naizvozvo, mumongi anodzidzira wechiBuddha, paanenge achizvipira kumabwe matatu anokosha, achamupa ruzivo rwokukwanisa kunzwisisa dzidziso dzechiBuddha kupfurikidza noruzivo rwokuzviwanira nokurangarira uye nenzira iyi achasimbisa kuti dzidziso dzaSiddhārtha Gautama kana kuti Buddha dzichava. chokwadi. Pakati pezvishongo zvitatu tine:
Buddha: Mumarudzi ose echiBuddha aripo nhasi, vachanamata Buddha, zvinoreva kuti “vakamuka” Pakati pawo tine maonero akasiyana, semuenzaniso tine bazi reTheravada Buddhism iro rinosimbisa kuti Buddha munhu akatomuka kuburikidza nekufungisisa kwake uye maitiro, anosvika pakumutswa nekuedza kwake uye nzwisiso.
Kunyangwe varapi veBuddhism vachifanira kupedzisa kutenderera kwavo kwekuzvarwa patsva uye zvese zvepfungwa izvo zvisiri kuzove zvine hutano uye izvo zvinozotungamira kuzviito zvakaipa.
Maererano naBuddha, akanga ariwo pasi peganhuriro dzomuviri womunhu munzira dzakasiana-siana, sezvazvakanyorwa muzvinyorwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvechiBuddha, uko kunotaurwa kuti Buddha akatambura nemarwadzo mazhinji omusana uye zvakanga zvakaoma zvikuru. kuti unzwisise kubva kuna Buddha yaive yakadzika segungwa guru, asi panguva imwechete yaive nemasimba makuru epfungwa.
Mubazi reTheravada reBuddhism, Siddhārtha Gautama Buddha anoonekwa saBuddha wenguva ino. Kunyange zvazvo asiri munyika ino, asi akatisiyira dzidziso dzakawanda dzakadai seDharma (Kudzidzisa), Vinaya (Kurangwa) uye Sangha (Nharaunda).
Asi mubazi reMahayana reBuddhism, iro rine mwero wakawedzerwa wedzidziso uye cosmology nemaBuddha mazhinji uye zvimwe zvisikwa zvakave vatsvene (aryas), uye vari kugara munyika dzakasiyana. Zvakanaka, zvinyorwa zvebazi reMahayana Buddhism zvinopa rukudzo kune maBuddha akasiyana akadai saSakyamuni, akadai saAmitabha naVairochana uye panguva imwe chete kune zvimwe zvisikwa zvakapfuura kana zvesupramundane (okuttara).
Neizvi, zvinosimbiswa uye panguva imwechete zvinotsigira kuti maBuddha anogona kubatwa uye anogona kubatsira zvisikwa zvenyika ino nedzidziso dzavo, sezvo paine Buddha akafanana namambo wemweya uye mudziviriri wezvisikwa zvese izvi. nyika yaanayo.upenyu hune makore asingaverengeki.
Ndicho chikonzero nei rufu noupenyu hwaSakyamuni Buddha pasi pano zvichinzwisiswa kuva kwaingovawo zvako chitarisiko kana kuti kuratidzirwa kwakaratidzirwa nounyanzvi nouyu munhu akavhenekerwa muupenyu hwapasi, uyo anowanikwa kuvanhu kudzidzisa kupfurikidza nezviitiko zvavo.
Dharma: Icho chimwe chezvishongo uye chimiro cheBuddhism chine hukama nedzidziso dzaBuddha sezvo ichisanganisira pfungwa dzakawanda dzinotsanangurwa muzvinyorwa zvekare zveBuddhism.
Idzi ndidzo dzidziso dzechokwadi dzinoratidza chimiro chechokwadi chedu, haifanire kuve yekutenda kubatirwa kwairi, asi dzidziso yepragmatic yakanangana nekuita. Mamongi mazhinji echiBhudha akaienzanisa negwara rinoshandiswa kuyambuka uye kwete kubatirira.
Nenzira imwecheteyo, mutemo wepasirese uyu unoreva chokwadi chekuti dzidziso dzicharatidza kwatiri kurongeka kwemuchadenga uko zvinhu zvese zvakavakirwa. Asi richava musimboti usingaperi unoshandiswa kuvanhu vose uye kunyika dziripo. Ichi ndicho chikonzero chinodavirwa kuti chichava chokwadi chekupedzisira uye ndicho chokwadi icho chisiko chakavakirwa pachiri.
Naizvozvo ndizvo zvakaita zvinhu chaizvo uye mamongi echiBhudha ane chokwadi chekuti maBuddha ese ari munyika dzese, iyezvino, munguva yakapfuura uye mune ramangwana, anonzwisisa uye ndosaka vaine chishuwo uye chisungo chekudzidzisa. iyo dharma.
sanga: Iro ibwe rinokosha rechitatu rechiBuddha, uye ndimo munopotera mamongi echiBuddha, sezvo richinongedzera kunzanga yemamongi namamongi ouzivi hwechiBuddha avo vachazvitsaurira vamene kuchirango chechiBuddha chakadzidziswa naGautama Buddha. Iyi dzidziso iyo yakagadzirwa nenzira yeSangha senharaunda yakanaka yekugara kwakanaka. Pamwe chete nekuva nemamiriro akakwana ekukura pamweya.
Sangha inoumbwa nevadzidzi vose vakasarudza kutevera iyi nzira yakanaka youpenyu inova iya yaBuddha, hunova upenyu hwokurasha zvinhu zvose zvokunyama nezvinhu zvishomanene zvakadai senguo nendiro yake yokunwa. .
Ichi chishongo chechitatu chemamongi echiBuddhism chinofanirwa kutungamirwa nehupenyu hwaBuddha uyo ari kushumira uye ari muenzaniso wemweya kune vamwe vadzidzi uye kune nyika, pamwe nezvizvarwa zvinotevera. Ndosaka paine mutemo unozivikanwa se (Vinaya), uyo unomanikidza maSangha kuti ararame achitsamira kune mamwe nzanga.
Mamongi anofanira kupemha kuitira kuti atungamirire hupenyu hwe sangha uye ave nehukama nehupenyu hwevasiri. Kunze kwezvose izvi, kune imwe tsananguro yeSangha inoti avo vese vakakwanisa kusvika chero nhanho yekumuka (Nirvana), vangave vari monastic kana kwete, vachave nekwaniso yekunamata aryas avo vanozivikanwa se. vatsvene vechitendero chechiBhudha uye vanhu vepamusoro vemweya. Vakakwanisa kuwana zvibereko zvekutevera nzira yeBuddha.
Kukwanisa kuve aryas (vasande kana zvisikwa zvemweya zveBuddhism) chinangwa chiripo mumhando dzese dzeBuddhism kunze uko. Uyewo āryasaṅgha iyi inosanganisira zvisikwa zvitsvene zvakadai se bodhisattvas, arhats uye sotapannas ("vanopinda-vanopinda").
Mubazi reTheravada reBuddhism uye Buddhism yekutanga mudzidzi akazova a arhats zvinoreva munhu akakodzera, uye kuti aigona kubudirira nenzira dzake pachake kumutswa kunozivikanwa soku bodhi , kana kuti Buddha pachake achitevera dzidziso dzaBuddha. Nenzira iyi akakwanisa kupedza kuberekwa kwake patsva uye kusvibiswa kwose kwepfungwa. Ukuwo kune vanhu vanonzi bodhisattva uyo anenge ari chisikwa chakagadzirirwa kumutsa kubhudha.
Muzvikoro zvechiBuddha, somubazu rechiBuddha rinozivikanwa seTheravada, kurangarira mumongi wechiBuddha somu<em>bodhisattva, anofanira kuita mhiko pamberi paBuddha mupenyu uye nenzira imwe cheteyo anofanira kugamuchira simbiso youBuddha hwake hwomunguva yemberi. MuTheravada Buddhism Buddha weramangwana achazivikanwa seMetteya uye anoremekedzwa nekuremekedzwa se bodhisattva.
Nepo Mahayana Buddhism, rinova rimwe bazi reuzivi hwechiBhudha, kazhinji rinoona kubudirira kwearhat sechinhu chakaderera, inotoonekwa sechokwadi chinoitika chete nekuda kwekusunungurwa kweanorapa, zvichibva panzira yekuve bodhisattva. seyepamusoro-soro uye anokosha zvikuru.
Zvakadaro muMahayana Buddhism chero mumongi wechiBuddha anoda kuve bodhicitta (chishuwo chekuva Buddha chinobva mukunzwira tsitsi kune zvisikwa zvese zvipenyu). Nokudaro, bodhisattvas ichaonekwa sechinhu chitsvene chave chatosvika pachiyero chepamusoro chemweya uye chinoonekwa semunhu ane simba guru ane simba rekupa rubatsiro kune zvisingaverengeki zvisikwa kuburikidza nemasimba ake epamusoro.
Mamwe maitiro eMahayana Buddhism
Mubazi reMahayana, ine hunhu hwechiBuddha hwakasiyana kwazvo neTheravada Buddhism uye zvimwe zvikoro zvinodzidzisa dzidziso dzeuzivi hwechiBhudha, sezvo zvichidzidzisa dzidziso dzakasiyana uye dzine zvakawanda zvirimo mumasutra uye muuzivi. zvinyorwa zvenguva dzakapfuura.
Imwe yeaya mafirosofi maitirwo kududzirwa kwe sunyata uye yakazvimirira mavambo umo Madhyamaka chikoro chiripo. Humwe hunhu hunopesvedzera Mahayana Buddhism ndiyo chiono cheuzivi icho chikoro cheYogacara cheBuddhism, icho chakadana dzidziso apo pane chete pfungwa kana pfungwa dzepfungwa, iyo zvakare inozivikanwa sedzidziso yekuziva.
Mumwe muongorori uye mufungi weYogacara Buddhism anonzi Mark Siderits, kuti mupfungwa dzedu tine mifananidzo yekuziva kana pfungwa dzepfungwa, dzinoratidzika sezvinhu zvekunze asi muchokwadi hapana chinhu chakadaro kunze kwepfungwa.
Sezvo isu tichiziva mifananidzo yepfungwa kana zviratidziro zvinoratidzika sezvinhu zvekunze, asi muchokwadi zvinhu izvi hazvipo kunze kwepfungwa. Asi kune dudziro dzakawanda dzedzidziso idzi uye vamwe vanyori vezvakaitika kare uye masayendisiti vanoona izvi semhando yekufungidzira kana chimiro che phenomenology.
Humwe hunhu hweBuddhism hunocherechedzwa mubazi reMahayana Buddhist huchava hunhu hwaBuddha kana sematrix eTathagata inozivikanwa, uko chimiro chaBuddha chinotsanangurwa sepfungwa inogona kuwanikwa muzvinyorwa izvo. kubva mumireniyamu yekutanga yenguva yedu. Zvimwe chetezvo zvinoitika nema sutras ari vanhu vane manzwiro ane musimboti uye ari emukati mehunhu.
Nenzira iyi, chinhu chiri chose chine chokuita nedzidziso dzechiBuddha chakatanga kunyorwa mukupera kwezana ramakore rechipiri uye kutanga kwezana ramakore rechitatu. Aya manyoro achasimbisa kuti chimiro chaBuddha ndechekudzidzisa avo vanhu vose vanotya apo teererai dzidziso dzaanatta.
Nzira dzerusununguko
Mutsika dzechiBhudha, nzira dzakawanda nemhando dzakashandiswa kuitira kuti murapi afambire mberi pamweya muzvikoro zvakasiyana zvechiBhudha, asi vanogara vachigovana hunhu hweBuddhism senge acronym inoreva tsika, panewo kufungisisa neuchenjeri. Aya matatu maitiro eBuddhism anozivikanwa sekudzidziswa kutatu kuri humwe hwehunhu hweBuddhism.
Humwe hunhu hwechiBuddha hunokwevera ngwariro itsika inonzi nzira yapakati uye yakanga iri rutivi rwemharidzo yokutanga iyo Buddha akapa, apo iye akaratidzira nzira yakaisvonaka yakapetwa kasere senzira yapakati pakati peusterity nehedonism, inova dzidziso yetsika. anogadza magumo epamusoro ehupenyu kugutsikana.
Izvo zvinonzi magwaro ekutanga echiBuddha
Idzo inzira yokuratidza nzira ( marga ) inotungamirira kurusununguko rwakanyorwa mumagwaro echiBuddha okutanga anonzi hurukuro inotungamirirwa kana kuti dzidziso yapashoma napashoma umo Buddha anoita nhano nenhano mharidzo yerovedzo yake.
Mumagwaro ekutanga aya, anowanikwa mumitsara yakasiyana-siyana yakasiyana negwara remagiredhi. Imwe yemharidzo iripo uye yakakosha zvikuru uye imwe yeinonyanya kushandiswa nezvikoro zvakasiyana zveBuddhism ndiyo inozivikanwa Noble Eightfold Path kana inozivikanwa seEightfold Path yeNobles ndechimwe chehunhu hweBuddhism.
Ichi chinyorwa chinogona kuwanikwa muhurukuro dzakasiyana asi inonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeiya inozivikanwa seDhammacakkappavattana Sutta zvinoreva kuti "Hurukuro Yekutenderedzwa Kwevhiri reDharma".
Asi kune vamwe vanozivikanwa seTevijja Sutta uye Cula-Hatthipadopama-sutta iyo inogona kududzirwa sezvirongwa zvinotungamirira murapi pakufamba zvishoma nezvishoma kusvika pakuva mumongi wechiBuddha. Asi zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti nzira dzakawanda dzakafanana sezvo uchifanira kushandisa kufungisisa uye tsika nguva dzese, uchiita zvakanaka.
Sekureva kwemumwe muongorori anonzi Rupert Gethin, anoreva nzira yeBuddhism sekumutsa kweanorapi nekuita fomula pfupi kwazvo yekusiya zvipingamupinyi zvishanu uye kugara uchidzidzira masangano mana ekurangarira uye kukudziridza izvo zvinomwe zvinhu muhurongwa. kusvika pakumuka uku kuva hunhu hweBuddhism.
Iyo Yakanaka Sere Nzira
Iyi nzira inoratidzwa sechimiro cheBuddhism, iyo inogadzirwa muunhu husere kana zvinhu zvakabatanidzwa asi kana zvagadzirwa panguva imwe chete zvinotungamirira mushandi weBuddhism kumunhu ari nani, zvichimubvumira kumisa duhkha.
Nzira yeRusere inoumbwa nekuona kwechokwadi, kufunga kwakanaka, kutaura kwakarurama, kuita kwakarurama, kurarama kwakarurama, kushanda nesimba, kungwara uye kuisa pfungwa kwekupedzisira asi kusiri kushoma. uye ichi chimiro chechiBuddha.
Maonero chaiwo: ndiko kuva nechitendero chokuti kune upenyu hwomunguva yemberi uye kuti hapana chichaguma norufu sezvo Buddha akadzidzisa munhu ari wose nzira inobudirira yokusvika nirvana. Uku kutenda kunotarisa pamisimboti yeBuddhism senge karma, kuzvarwa patsva uye zvokwadi ina dzakanaka.
Mufungo wakarurama: ndiko kuva nevavariro yokusiya mifungo yenyama ndokutsvaka rugare nguva dzose, kuita nokufunga chinhu chakarurama pasina chishuvo chakashata uye utsinye chimiro chakatanhamara chechiBuddha.
taura chokwadi: kushandisa mashoko panguva yakafanira hunhu hwechiBuddha, asi usingarevi nhema, usingatauri mashoko anogona kukuvadza vamwe vanhu uye kusataura zvinofungwa navamwe pamusoro pomunhu iyeye uye nguva dzose kutaura zvinokutungamirira kuruponeso.
Chiito chakanaka: haufanirwe kuuraya kana kukuvadza chero chipenyu, usatore chinhu chisina kunaka, hapana hupombwe muhupenyu hwemamongi uye kune maBhudha vanova vanhu vakarara haufanirwe kuita hupombwe husina kufanira, sekuita hupombwe nemunhu waunoda. wakaroora kana kuti nemukadzi asina murume anodzivirirwa nevabereki vako uye chinhu chakakosha cheBuddhism.
Hupenyu Hwakakodzera: Icho chinhu chakakosha kumamongi sezvo zvichireva kuve nezvakakosha kuti urambe uri mupenyu uye uchikumbira. Kune mamongi echiBhudha, ivo vanofanirwa kurega kuita basa risingaenderane nehuzivi hwechiBhudha hwehupenyu uye havafanirwe kuve nzira yekutambura kune zvimwe zvisikwa:
"Masutta anoti: "kutengeserana kwezvombo, kutengesa zvisikwa zvipenyu, kutengeserana nenyama, kutengesa zvinodhaka, kutengesa chepfu"
Kuedza chaiko: pfungwa dzinofanira kuchengetedzwa kubva kupfungwa dzenyama, uye zvipingamupinyi zvemweya zvinofanirwa kudziviswa sezvo mamongi echiBuddha achifanira kudzivirira nyika dzehutano husina kunaka, nekuti vanokanganisa tsika yekufungisisa.
Right Mindfulness: mumongi wechiBuddha haafaniri kumboputirwa mupfungwa dzake uye anofanira kugara achiziva zvaari kuita. Izvi zvinokurudzira kutarisisa kwakazara kumuviri, manzwiro uye pfungwa. Pamusoro peizvi unofanira kuziva zvipingamupinyi zvishanu, zvokwadi ina dzakanaka uye zvinhu zvinomwe zvekumuka pamweya.
Correction concentration: mamongi ese anofanirwa kutevedzera danho iri kune iyo tsamba sezvo vachifanira kudzidzira zuva nezuva kufungisisa kunotsanangurwa mumajhanas mana sezvo chiri chimiro cheBuddhism.
Iyo Theravada Way
Ndiyo imwe yematavi eBuddhism uye hunhu hweBuddhism, ine tsika dzakasiyana siyana uye ine tsananguro dzakasiyana siyana dzekusvika nirvana kana iyo inonzi nzira yekumuka. Zvisinei, Buddha akapa dzidziso dzakasiana-siana dzakaputirwa mukati megadziriro yezvokwadi ina dzakaisvonaka uye Nzira Yakapetwa Rusere idzo dzakatsanangurwa muchinyorwa chino pamusoro pezvimiro zvechiBuddha.
Mamwe mamongi echiBhudha anotevera bazi reTheravada reBuddhism anotevera kuratidzwa kwegwara rakatevedzwa naVisuddhimagga weBuddhaghosa.Iyi nzira inozivikanwa sekucheneswa kunomwe kunoperekedzwa neruzivo rwenjere, asi inoshandiswa zvakanyanya nemamongi akazvipira kudzidza kutsvaga. yakanakisa nzira yebuddha yekusunungurwa.
Iyo bodhisattva nzira muMahayana
Iyi nzira yakavakirwa pakuva Bodhisattva, zvinoreva kuti ndiye munhu ari munzira inoenda kuBuddha. Muzvinyorwa zvekutanga zveMahāyāna Buddhism, nzira yakashandiswa kuita Bodhisattva inoda kutanga inomutsa bodhicitta uye kugara uchidzidzira pāramitās. kunze kwekuve humwe hwehunhu hweBuddhism.
Izvi zvakaitwa pakati pezana remakore rekutanga nerechitatu AD, tsika iyi yeMahayana Buddhism yakapa nzira kune dzidziso yeBhumi gumi, iyo yaiva nhanho gumi kana nhanho kusvika pakumuka kwakaitika panguva yekuzvarwa patsva.
Mamongi akadzidza aiita zveMahayana Buddhism aitsanangura nzira chaiyo yemamongi nevanonamata, nzira iyi ichasanganisira mhiko yekuti vanofanira kudzidzisa ruzivo rwavo rwechiBhudha kune vamwe vanhu kuitira kuti vavabatsire kuzvisunungura kubva kuDuhkha (kupera kwekutambura. ), kuti usvike kuBuddha mukuzvarwa patsva kunotevera.
Munzira iyi yakasikwa kuti ive Bodhisattva, paramita yakasanganisirwa, iko kusakwana, hunhu hunodarika. Kunyange zvazvo kuchikosha kuziva kuti muMahayana Buddhism magwaro acho haawirirani zvikuru mukurukurirano inopiwa pamusoro peparamitas, sezvo mamwe magwaro achironga nhevedzano yeparamita iyo mamongi anofanira kuita.
Maparamita akanyanya kudzidzwa akanyorwa uye ari matanhatu uye ndiwo akanyanya kudzidzwa nemamongi echiBhudha anoti Dāna (Rudo), Śīla (Ethics), Kṣānti (shiviriro), Vīrya (simba), Dhyāna (Kufungisisa), Prajñā (Uchenjeri). MuMahayana Sutra Buddhism inosanganisirawo gumi paramita, uye mamwe mana asina kukwana ayo ari "unyanzvi nzira, mhiko, simba uye ruzivo". Nenzira iyi, paramita inonyanya kukurukurwa uye iyo inonyanya kukoshesa inowanikwa mumagwaro eMahayana Buddhism uye ndeyekukwana kwekumanikidza.
Eastern Buddhism: Ndiyo Buddhism yakaberekerwa kuEast Asia, uye inopesvedzerwa netsika dzechiBuddha dzeIndia, pamwe chete neMahayana Buddhism seyakawanikwa muDa zhidu lun. Nenzira imwecheteyo, kune mharidzo dzakawanda dzeinonzi soteriology iyo inosanganisira nzira dzakawanda uye dzinonzi motokari (yana), sezvo kune tsika dzakasiyana-siyana dzekusvika panzira yemweya, asi pasina iyo inotungamira, kunze kwekuve hunhu hweBuddhism.
Muenzaniso wakakosha weEastern Buddhism iZen Buddhism, uko maitiro mana nemasuo maviri anogona kuwanikwa, kuti tive Bodhidharma, tinogona zvakare kuwana Iwo Mashanu Matatu» naDongshan Liangjie.
Indo-Tibetan Buddhism: ndihwo humwe hunhu hweBuddhism huchatungamira murapi akarangwa kugwara rerusununguko, parimwe rinotsanangurwa mumhando yezvinyorwa inozivikanwa seLam-rim, zvinoreva matanho egwara. Muzvikoro zveTibetan zveBuddhism ivo vese vachave nekuratidzwa kwavo kweLam-rim. Ichi chiBuddha chezvinyorwa chinodzokera shure kuzvinyorwa zvakanyorwa natenzi weIndia Atiśa, akazozivikanwa se "Rambi reNzira Yokuvhenekerwa" (Bodhipathapradīpa, zana remakore rechiXNUMX).
Inonyanya kushandiswa maitiro echiBuddha
Maitiro echiBhudha maitiro uye hunhu hweBuddhism hunoitwa nemamongi echiBhudha pamwe nevadzidzi nguva dzose kuitira kuti tisvike munzira yekumuka pamweya pakati pavo tinogona kuziva kuti mamongi achange ari mukumuka pamweya uye nekufamba kwenguva ivo. kuda kuwana tsitsi, uchenjeri, nzira dzounyanzvi, uye zvimwe zvakawanda zvepfungwa dzakavhenekerwa dzaBuddha, uye tinodzokororawo nzira yapashoma napashoma yokuvhenekerwa. (LamRim).
Kuteerera kune Dharma: Kuti atange nzira yekumuka kwemweya, munhu anofanira kuziva izvo Buddha akadzidzisa, uye hunhu hweBuddhism hunowanikwa mumagwaro Samaññaphala Sutta uye Cula-Hatthipadopama Sutta, ichi chiri nhanho yekutanga, mushure meizvi Unofanira kuwana. kuvimba kwakawanda uye kutenda muna Buddha.
Vadzidzisi vechiBuddha vane ruzivo rwokuzviwanira zvikuru vebazi reMahayana nebazi reTheravada vanobvuma kuti Dharma inofanira kuteererwa uye hurukuro dzechiBuddha dzenguva dzakapfuura dzidzidzwe nomutoo wokurangwa uye dzakasvika pakusimbisa zvinotevera: "kana munhu achida kudzidza nekudzidzira Buddha Dharma." Nenzira imwecheteyo muIndo-Tibetan Buddhism zvinyorwa zvematanho egwara (Lam Rim) anoshandiswa uye idanho rakakosha kwazvo rekunzwa zvese nezveruzivo rwechiBhudha.
Refuge: Ndiyo imwe tsika yakakosha yeBuddhist uye muzvikoro zvinodzidziswa ruzivo rwechiBhudha, iyo "Vatatu Vapoteri" inofanira kutorwa seyekutanga kudzidza, iyo inozivikanwawo sematombo matatu atove akatsanangurwa muchinyorwa chino pamusoro pehunhu hweBuddhism. .
MuchiBuddha cheTibetan, nzvimbo yokupotera yechina inowedzerwa, inova lama inosanozivikanwa.” Mamongi echiBuddha anodavira kuti nzvimbo dzokupotera nhatu vadziviriri venzanga yose yamamongi uye yavanhuwo zvavo uye, somutoo woruremekedzo, vanomunamata. formula inotaura zvinotevera:
"Ndinoenda kuna Buddha kunopotera, ndinoenda kuDhamma kutizira, ndinoenda kuSangha kunopotera"
Mumwe mutsvakurudzi anonzi Harvey akauya kuzodzokorora mantra iyi uye akataura kuti haisi nzvimbo yekuvanda asi kuti kana achigara achiidzokorora, inochenesa uye inosimudza simba remwoyo.
Muzvikoro zvechiBhudha mune mhemberero inotungamirwa nemumongi kana mudzidzisi anopa kupotera kumatombo matatu anokosha, izvi zvinoitwa sechiratidzo cheruzhinji uye kuzvipira asi hazvizove chinhu chisingafungidzike kuti kuwana kumuka pamweya.
Mamongi mazhinji uye varapi veBuddhism vanogona kutora pekugara pamatombo matatu ivo pachavo nekuzvibata uye nekuvimbika uye zvinogona kukwana kune mamwe maBhudha.
Kuzvipira: MuchiBuddha, kuzvipira kunoumbwa nokuvimba nokutenda, kunofanira kuva unhu hunofanira kudzikamiswa nouchenjeri uye somuperekedzi womumongi, sezvo huri hunhu hwechiBuddha hunofanira kuitwa nguva dzose huri kufungisisa. Ndicho chikonzero kuzvipira kunofanira kuva chikamu chakakosha chemuitiro weBuddha kuitira kuti usvike pakumuka pamweya.
Miitiro yekunamata inogonawo kusanganisira minamato yetsika, kupfugama, zvipiriso, kufamba, uye kuimba. Mukuzvipira kwechiBhudha, inogara ichitarisa pane chimwe chinhu kana chifananidzo chinonzi chitsvene kana icho pamweya chinopesvedzera imba yemamongi yeBuddha. Mimwe mienzaniso ndeiyi: mifananidzo kana kuti zvidhori zvaBuddha uye bodhisattvas, stupas, uye bodhi miti.
Zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti mapoka ekuimba ekunamata agara aripo mumamongi echiBuddha kubhadhara kutenda kuna Buddha. Sezvo izvi zvakadzokera kuIndia, sezvo nekuda kwekuimba kunobatsira kubata nemusoro dzidziso dzaipfuudzwa naBuddha munguva yake.
Kune zvakare marozari ane zita remala, uye anoshandiswa kukwanisa kutaura rwiyo runodzokororwa, nenzira imwechete iyo rwiyo runoshandiswa kuita boka rekufungisisa uye kugadzira mantras akajairika uye izvi zvinozotungamira. kurunyararo uye rugare rweimba yemamongi yechiBhudha.
Bhudha Ethics: Iyo inozivikanwa se sila, ihwo hwakakosha hunhu hweBuddhism sezvo hwakavakirwa pamusimboti wekusambokuvadza, uye nzira yepakati ichave yakanakisa sarudzo sezvo inotorwa zvine mwero uye munhu haafanire kubatirira kune chero chinhu. kana.
Mudzidziso dzeuzivi hwechiBhudha, mitemo yetsika inofanirwa kutariswa nechiito icho munhu wacho anotora, sezvo zviito zvichigona kuva nemhedzisiro inokuvadza kana inokuvadza kune iwe kana kune mumwe munhu, ndicho chikonzero tsika dzechiBuddha dzinosanganisira kutaura uye kuita chinhu chakanaka.
Muzvinyorwa zvechiBhudha mune zvirevo zvishanu izvo mumongi wese wechiBhudha nenyanzvi anofanira kutevedzera sezvishoma kuti ave netsika dzechiBhudha, sezvo hurongwa hwetsika nemirairo yemamongi chiri chimwe chepfungwa dzakanyanya kukosha kumumongi uye kuhuchenjeri hwechiBhudha. Mitemo mishanu inoshanda kune vese varume nevakadzi vanozvipira, uye izvi ndezvi:
- Musauraya chero munhu upi zvake.
- Musatora zvisati zviri zvangu.
- Usaita hunhu hunokuvadza hwepabonde.
- Usareva nhema.
- Usashandise doro kana zvinodhaka zvinotungamirira mukusangwarira.
Kuwedzera kune iyi mitemo mishanu, mamongi nemasisita echiBhudha anofanira kutevedzera mimwe mitemo inosvika 200 yakanyorwa zvakadzama muVinaya pitaka, rinova gwaro rakarurama rekurarama upenyu hwemamongi uyewo, rinotsanangurwa muShanga.
Zvinonziwo mamongi anofanira kuzvienzanisa uye mudambudziko iri usakuvadza vamwe vanhu. Vanofanira kuva netsitsi dzakawanda uye kutenda kwakasimba kuti kune karmic retribution iyo inoumba hwaro hweiyi mirairo yeBuddha.
Zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti mitemo mishanu yataurwa pamusoro apa inofanira kuteverwa nemamongi anogara mumusha wemamongi pamwe chete nemamongi avo vane imba yavo pachavo. Asi zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti mirairo haisi mirairo uye kudarika kunoitwa kumirairo hakuunzi zvirango zvechitendero.
Asi kana iyo inounza karmic sequels mukuzvarwa patsva, muenzaniso ndewekuti mumwe munhu anouraya mumwe munhu mukuzvarwa patsva anogona kuzviita munzvimbo yegehena. Uye kana akabatwa ari mumwe mumongi wechiBuddha, ichagara kwenguva refu uye mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma.
Ndiko kusaka zvirevo izvi zvakagadziridzwa nechinangwa chekugona kukudziridza pfungwa uye kuve nehunhu kuti vakwanise kufambira mberi munzira yavo vakananga mukumutswa kwemweya kwemunhu. Hupenyu hunoitwa mumonastery hauna mimwe mirairo, inongotevera inonzi Viyana (Kuranga) uye kodhi yemitemo yemamongi iripo.
Kusiyana nemamongi aya, kudarika kunoitwa nemamongi kuchava nezvirango. Akasimba kudzingwa zvachose kubva ku sangha, kana akaita chero humhondi kana kuita bonde, kuba, kana kutaura kwenhema kweruzivo rwemumwe mumongi wechiBhudha.
Kana mumongi wechiBuddha akatora rutivi muhutsotsi huduku, anogona kudzingwa kwechinguva ndokubvumirwa kupinda zvakare. Zvirango zvinogona kusiyana zvichienderana nechikoro, imba yemamongi uye hukama hunogara mumongi ari kutadza.
Avo vachangotanga hupenyu hwemamongi pamwe chete nemamongi emuungano dzakawanda vanosungirwa kuchengeta mirairo misere kusvika kugumi nguva nenguva. Ina yeiyi mirairo imwe cheteyo iyo mumongi upi noupi wechiBuddha kana kuti mupi wemipimo wouzivi hwechiBuddha anofanira kuwirirana nayo, iyo isingafaniri kuuraya, kusaba, kunyepa uye kusadhakwa. Uye mamwe mana anofanira kuzadzikiswa kune iyo tsamba ndeaya:
- Hapana kuita zvepabonde;
- Rega kudya panguva isiriyo (masikati);
- Rega zvishongo, zvinonhuwira, zvishongo, varaidzo;
- Rega kurara pamubhedha wakakwirira.
Iyi mirairo misere inofanira kuzadzikiswa kudzivirira matambudziko mukuzvarwa patsva kunotevera, zvese izvi zvirevo zvinorangarirwa pazuva rezvirevo, izuva renhoroondo rakavambwa munguva dzeBuddha Siddhārtha Gautama. Munyika zuva iri rinofananidzwa nepfungwa yeJudeo-Christian yeSabata.
Kusiya basa: Ndiyo imwe tsika yakakosha uye yehunhu yeBuddhism iyo yakadzidziswa kubva panguva yaBuddha Siddhārtha Gautama, izvi zvinoreva kuti kudzorwa kwepfungwa uye itsika inodzidziswa kusati kwave nekufungisisa kwepamutemo, sezvo kuiziva iyo monk inotsigira mukuramba. kuti uvandudze kufungisisa kwako.
Sezvo kuziva tsika iyi monk inonetesa zvishuwo zvekunzwa zvinogona kuva chipingamupinyi. Maererano naBhikkhu Anālayo, ndipo kana zvishuwo zvadzorwa ndipo mumongi wechiBuddha anogona “chengetedza magonhi epfungwa kudzivirira manzwiro ekunzwa kubva kutungamira kune chido uye kusuwa»
Kuti aite uyu muitiro wengwariro yokuziva kuzvirangaridzo, mumongi wechiBuddha anofanira kudzivisa pesvedzero inokuvadza kupinda mundangariro yake. Mamongi mazhinji echiBuddha akataura kuti tsika yenguva dzose yekuramba inogona kuwana pfungwa yerunyararo uye mufaro mukuru wemukati uye inoumba hwaro hwakakosha hwekunzwisisa zviri nani uye kuisa pfungwa kwemumongi wechiBuddha.
Urwu hunhu hwechiBuddha hunoreva idi rokuti mamongi echiBuddha anofanira kurega zvishuvo nezviito zvinorangarirwa kuva zvisina kunaka kuti vaite nzira yavo yomudzimu, zvakadai sezvishuvo zvenyama nezvinhu zvenyika.
Mamongi echiBhudha anokudziridza kuramba nenzira dzakasiyana, mumwe muenzaniso ndeyekudzidzira kupa, mumwe muenzaniso ndeyekusiya hupenyu hwemamongi uye kuzvipira kuhupenyu hwemamongi uye chekupedzisira asi chisiri chidiki, kuita kusaroora kungave kwechinguva kana muhupenyu hwemamongi. Ndiyo imwe yenzira dzekuramba dziripo.
Mamwe mamongi echiBuddha, kuti akudziridze kuramba, anoshandisa nzira yakadzidziswa naBuddha Siddhārtha Gautama, iyo inoumbwa nokufungisisa ngozi nomufarwa wenyama, izvo zviri rutivi rwehurukuro yaakapa kushamwari dzake. Iyi tsika inodzidziswa mushure mekunge mudzidzi atoziva tsika yekupa uye tsika dzechiBuddha.
Imwe tsika inofanirwa kuzivikanwa inoenda nekuramba ndiyo yakadzidziswa naBuddha inonzi "mwero pakudya kumamongi zvinoreva kuti hapana chavanodya masikati. Kune mamongi anotevera mutemo uyu pazviitiko zvakakosha zvekuchengeta zvechitendero.
Kufunga uye kunzwisisa kwakajeka: Ndiko kudzidziswa kune mumongi wechiBhudha kunozomutendera kurangarira uye kuchengeta ruzivo rwakakosha mundangariro dzake uye hunhu hweBuddhism sezvo muuzivi hweBuddha zvakakosha kushandisa ndangariro.
Mumwe muzivi wechiBhudha anozivikanwa saAsanga akasvika pakutsanangura kufunga uye kunzwisisa kwakajeka achiti “Zvinoreva kuti pfungwa hadzikanganwe chinhu chine ruzivo. Basa rayo harisi kukanganisa»nenzira imwechete iyo muongorori Rupert Gethin, sati zvakare "kuziva hukama pakati pezvinhu uye nekudaro kuziva kukosha kwehukama hwechiitiko chimwe nechimwe".
Kufungisisa kweBuddhist: humwe hwehunhu hweBuddhism hunomira zvakanyanya muhuzivi hwechiBhudha, kunyangwe paine huwandu hukuru hwehunyanzvi hwekufungisisa uye vese vanozotsamira pachikoro, monastery uye hukama uhwo mumongi wechiBhudha.
Kunyangwe kufungisisa kwese kwechiBhudha kwakanangidzirwa pazvinhu zviviri zvinonzi samatha (kudzikama kwepfungwa, kugadzikana) uye vipassana (ruzivo rwakananga, intuition). Mukufungisisa kwechiBhudha pane musimboti wepakati uye ndiko kudzikama asi kutarisisa kwemaitiro nezviitiko zvingangosangana nachiremba wechiBhudha.
Muzvinyorwa zvekutanga zvechiBhudha zvaireva zvakanyanya kuzadzisa kubatana kwepfungwa, zvinonzi zvakare inofanirwa kunge iri munzvimbo yerunyararo apo kuziva kunonangana uye kwakabatana pasina zvinokanganisa Asanga anoitsanangura se ".kutarisa kwepfungwa pachinhu chakaongororwa. Basa rayo nderekuva hwaro hweruzivo (jñāna) ».
Mukufungisisa kwechiBuddha kunodzidziswa kubva munzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzakadai sekufema, muviri wenyama, manzwiro anofadza uye manzwiro asingafadzi epfungwa pachayo. Nzira yekufungisisa inoshandiswa muIndia inotsanangurwa muRigveda uye muzvinyorwa zvakasiyana-siyana zveBuddhism zvakakwanisa kurarama nhasi.
Kunyangwe vazhinji vakatsigira kuti nzira iyi ichiri kushandiswa nhasi, asi chero zvakadaro pane ruzivo kubva muzvinyorwa zvenguva iyo Buddha akadzidzisa kufungisisa senzira uye dzidziso yekukwanisa kuzvisunungura uye izvi zvakapa nzira yekufungisisa. yejhāna ina pamwe chete nekurangarira.
Nhaurirano dzakaitwa pamusoro pekufungisisa kwechiBhudha ndedzekuti hapana pfungwa yepamutemo, uye kuti hapana munhu wemukati mukufungisisa, pamusoro peizvi ndezvekuti kufungisisa kwakanyanya kweJainism sekufungisisa kwechiHindu kunotsvaka kuwana Kuzvibata kwekusingaperi. uye pasi rose.
Iwo mana jhanas: Kunyange zvazvo kune marudzi akawanda ekufungisisa, pane hunhu hweBuddhism hunoshandiswa nemamongi mazhinji kuti vagone kufungisisa nenzira yakanakisa uye inozivikanwa seina "rupa-jhānas" (kuna kufungisisa mumunda wechimiro), ivo. inhengo dzematanho arikusvika pakusangana kwemamongi kuti akwanise kupinda munzvimbo yekutarisisa, kunyarara uye kujeka.
Kana iwe wawana chinyorwa ichi pane hunhu hweBuddhism chakakosha, ini ndinokukoka iwe kuti ushanyire anotevera malink: