Muverengi anonzwa kuti akadzurwa kubva pachokwadi chinonyadzisa asi haaparadzani nacho uye zvakadaro anotorwa nenyika yekufungidzira inonzwa yakadzika midzi mutsika nemagariro ake uye zvese zvaakawana kuburikidza nedzidzo yepamutemo, zvese izvi zvinobudirira Kuita zvemashiripiti.
Zvemashiripiti
Mashiripiti echokwadi kufamba kwemabhuku ane hunhu hwakakosha kuparuka kwechokwadi nechiitiko chinoshamisa chinotsanangurwa nenzira yechokwadi mukati merondedzero.
Munyori wekuVenezuela Arturo Uslar Pietri ndiye akatanga kushandisa izwi iri achitaura nezvezvinyorwa mubasa rake "Letters and men of Venezuela", iro rakadhindwa kekutanga muna 1947. Pietri akazoreurura kuti chirevo cheMagical Realism chakanga chatorwa nekusaziva. kubva mubhuku ra1925 rakaitwa nemutsoropodzi wekuGermany Franz Roh, akashandisa Magischer Realismus (Magical Realism) achitaura nezvemataera ekupenda akazozivikanwa seNeue Sachlichkeit (Chinhu Chitsva).
Sekureva kwaRoh, kuita zvemashiripiti kwaive kwakabatana ne surrealism, asi hazvina kufanana, nekuti chokwadi chemashiripiti chinotarisa pamusoro pechinhu chenyama uye chokwadi chezvinhu zviri munyika, kusiyana nekunyanya kujeka, kurota, maonero epfungwa uye kusaziva nezve surrealism. . |
Munyori wekuMexico uye mutsoropodzi wezvinyorwa Luis Leal akarerutsa tsananguro iyi achiti yaisatsanangurika uye dai zvaigona kutsanangurwa zvanga zvisiri zvemashiripiti uye anowedzera kuti munyori wega wega anoburitsa chokwadi maererano nekududzira kwaanoita kubva pane zvaanoona kuvanhu uye anoramba achiti. realism Mashiripiti inzvimbo inotorwa nevatambi murondedzero maererano nenyika nemasikirwo.
Nekuda kwake, Arturo Uslar Pietri mu "Tsamba neVarume veVenezuela" akatsanangura "murume sechakavanzika chakakomberedzwa nechokwadi chechokwadi. Kufanotaura kwenhetembo kana kuramba kwedetembo kwechokwadi. Ko kushaiwa rimwe zita kunganzi mashiripiti realism. Zvisinei nekusajeka kwetsanangudzo yaUslar Pietri, izwi iri rakabata zvikuru vaverengi sezvo vairiziva nenzira yavo yekunzwa ngano dzeLatin America.
Vamwe vatsoropodzi vanoramba kuti mashiripiti echokwadi mutsauko wechokwadi chakachena, sezvo zvichiratidza matambudziko enzanga yeAmerica nekutsanangura mavara nenzvimbo, musiyano ungave wekuti bazi iri rechokwadi rinoshandisa kuwedzeredza kwezviitiko chaizvo nekuzvisanganisa nemashiripiti pachawo. yevanhu veLatin America, kunyanya vaIbero-America.
Mashiripiti echokwadi ane pesvedzero kubva kune ese ari maviri psychoanalysis uye surrealist kufamba muEurope, mune yayo oneiric mativi, kusafunga uye kusaziva, pamwe nezviri pachena pesvedzero yetsika dzeAmerican Indians vasati vasvika vakundi, kunyanya muzviitiko zvemweya zvine chekuita ne ngano dzavo nengano.
Mashiripiti echokwadi akamuka semhinduro kune realist, indigenist uye regionist mafambiro akatonga kusvika ipapo, asi asingaregi kuve nezvikamu zvekufamba ikoko. Vanyori vakafemerwa nemhirizhonga yezvematongerwo enyika zviitiko zvedunhu nekuda kwemabasa avo, nekudaro kushoropodza kwemagariro nezvematongerwo enyika kwaive chinhu chinogara chichipindirana nezviitiko zvinoshamisa uye zvisingaite.
Arturo Uslar Pietri anosimbisa kukosha kwekunyatsoparadzanisa huchokwadi hwemashiripiti hwakabuda muLatin America pakati pezana ramakore rapfuura nemamwe maitiro kana mabasa akafanana, senge chivalric novel kana The Thousand and One Nights, mune zvemashiripiti realism, maererano neVenezuelan Uslar Pietri, chokwadi hachitsiviwa nenyika yemashiripiti, asi chinoshamisa chikamu chehupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Kuita zvemashiripiti kunounza kushoropodzwa kwemagariro nezvematongerwo enyika, kunyanya kushoropodza uku kunonangana nevakuru vanotonga.
Kubva mumakore makumi matanhatu ezana ramakore rapfuura, huchokwadi hwemashiripiti hwaive hunofungidzirwa nevanyori vezvinyorwa kunze kwekondinendi yeLatin America. Uchokwadi hwemashiripiti hwakakunda misiyano yetsika nekutora dudziro yepasi rose uye yakajairika, kazhinji ichiwedzeredzwa kusvika kumiganhu yekushivirira kwevanhu.
Vanyori vazhinji pasi rose, kwete chete veLatin America mavambo, vari chikamu chekufamba kwemashiripiti, pakati pevakanyanya Miguel Ángel Asturias, Alejo Carpentier, Gabriel García Márquez, Arturo Uslar Pietri, Isabel Allende, Salmán Rushdie, Lisa St Aubin de Terán. , Elena Garro, Juan Rulfo, Louis de Berniéres, Günter Grass, Laura Esquivel.
Hunhu hwemashiripiti realism
Hunhu hwechokwadi hwemashiripiti hunosiyana kubva kune mumwe munyori kuenda kune mumwe uye kunyange kubva kune rimwe basa kuenda kune rimwe. Chinyorwa chimwe chakasiyana kubva pane chimwe uye mamwe anogona kunge aine chimwe chete kana akawanda ezvimiro zvakanyorwa.
Magical realism uye ayo akanakisa zvikamu
Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvemashiripiti echokwadi kurapwa kwemamiriro ezvinhu anofadza sechiitiko chechokwadi chaicho. Anotamisa ngano, ngano uye ngano kuzvinhu zvemazuva ano zvemagariro. Kuburikidza nehunhu husingagoneki hunopihwa kuvatambi, ndezvekusimbisa chokwadi chezvematongerwo enyika. Izvo zvinoshamisa zvinhu chikamu chechokwadi, munyori haazvisike, anongozviwana chete uye ozvizivisa kune muverengi.
Kusave Nehanya Kwemutauri PaMashiripiti Echokwadi
Munyori nemaune haaburitse ruzivo uye anotoiviga nezvezviitiko zvinoshamisa zvinoitika. Nhau yacho inotevedza nzira yayo ine mufungo unooneka, ichifuratira kuti chimwe chinhu chisingawanzoitiki chakanga chaitika. Zviitiko zvemashura zvinotaurika sekunge ndezvemazuva ese uye muverengi anozviona saizvozvo. Kuedza kutsanangura zvinoshamisa kana kutara pasi kana kukudza fungidziro yacho kunenge kuri kuibvisa.
Murondedzeri anopa chokwadi chisingafungidzirwe uye chisina musoro nehukuru hukuru, pasina kufunga kana kutsanangura kumuverengi. Dzimwe nguva chiito chine vanopfuura mumwe chete vanorondedzera.
Kufara
Munyori weCuba Alejo Carpentier mubasa rake "El Barroco y lo Real Maravilloso" anobatanidza realism yemashiripiti nebaroque uye anoitsanangura sekushaikwa kwekusavapo, kubva kune zvakajairwa uye kurongeka nekunakidzwa kweruzivo zvekuti zvinokanganisa. Carpentier anoenderera mberi achiti: "America, kondinendi yesymbiosis, kuchinja ... kukanganisa, kunokonzera baroque."
Nguva Yekusvika
Nguva muhuchokwadi hwemashiripiti haipfuure mumutsara wakatwasuka kana kuyerwa nezvimiro zvenguva dzose, kutyora nehurongwa hwerondedzero. Nguva yemukati inotaridzwa nenzira itsva, pachishandiswa hunyanzvi hwekurondedzera seyekurangarira uye Introspective.
vanyori vezvechokwadi zvemashiripiti
Vavariro yavanyori veLatin America yakanga iri yokuva nechiono chitsva chezvose zviri zviviri chinhu nomutauro wakanyorwa, vachitsvaka kufumura “icho chaicho chinenge chisingazivikanwi uye chinodokuva chekufungidzira chakanga chiri icho cheLatin America. (...) chokwadi chaicho chakanga chakasiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune chinoratidzwa munhoroondo yeEurope "maererano nemashoko aArturo Uslar Pietri. Vamwe vanyori vanotungamira vezvemashiripiti realism movement ndivo:
Miguel Angel Asturias
Akazvarwa muGuatemala. Akashanda munhau, diplomacy uye mabhuku. Akamira kunze kwekuitira hanya kwake tsika dzechivanhu dzekondinendi. Akanga ari mumwe wevatangiri veboom muLatin America mabhuku. Akanga ariwo piyona mukushoropodzwa kwevanhu uye mumutsetse wepamusoro mumabhuku. Mabasa ake anotarisa pakusimbisa ngano uye ngano dzekondinendi yeAmerica senzira yekuedza uye kushorwa kwevanhu. Mabasa ake anosanganisira Legends of Guatemala (1930), Men of Corn (1949) uye Mr. President (1946).
Alejo Carpentier
Akanga ari nyanzvi yemimhanzi, munyori uye mutori wenhau weCuban. Akaumba shoko rokuti “chaiyo chinoshamisa” nokuda kwemabasa akarongwa muuchokwadi hwemashiripiti. Carpentier anoti:
“Zvinoshamisa zvinotanga kushamisa zvisingaite kana zvamuka kubva mukushandurwa kusingatarisirwi kwechokwadi, kubva kuchiedza chisina kujairika […] chinonzwisiswa nesimba rakanyanya kuburikidza nekusimudzirwa kwemweya unoutungamira kune imwe nzira ye'inogumira".
Munyori anosimbisa kuti chokwadi cheLatin America, zvese zviri zviviri zverudzi, pamwe nenhoroondo, dzidziso, tsika, zvitendero uye zvematongerwo enyika, zvinomanikidza muimbi kutsvaga nzira nyowani dzekumiririra ichi chaicho. Mabasa ake anomiririra zvakanyanya ndeaya The Kingdom of this World (1949), The Lost Steps (1953) uye Baroque Concert (1974).
Julio Cortazar
Aive munyori, mudzidzisi uye muturikiri akaberekerwa muArgentina, muna 1981 achipikisa hudzvanyiriri hwemauto hwaitonga munyika yake, akatora nyika yechiFrench asina kuramba Argentina. Hunhu hwemashiripiti hwaCortázar hunokanganiswa zvakanyanya nemabhuku ekuEurope akadai saKafka, Joyce, uye surrealism. Chimiro chake chinoita kuti zvisingaite uye zvinonakisa kutendwa zvachose uye zvinobatika. Anoonekwa semumwe wevamiriri vakanyanya kukosha veboom muLatin America mabhuku.
Kuna Cortázar, iyo isina musoro uye isingawirirane fomu, sezvimwe zvese, chikamu chehupenyu hwezuva nezuva uye nekuiongorora, munhu anogona kuwana zvitsva uye zvisingazivikanwe maficha echokwadi uye kuenda kumberi. Mamwe emabasa ake anoti Los Premios (1960), Hopscotch (1963), Makumi matanhatu nembiri, Model to Assemble (1968) uye Bestiary (1951).
Juan Rulfo
Akazvarwa muMexico, akanyora zvinyorwa, nyaya uye zvinyorwa, akazvitsaurira kukutora mifananidzo. Zvisikwa zvaRulfo zvakaratidza chiitiko chinokosha mumabhuku eMexico, zvichigumisa mabhuku aitaura nezvechimurenga. Mumabasa ake, chokwadi chinosanganiswa nekufungidzira, mukati mezviratidziro zvekumaruwa mushure mekuchinja kweMexico. Mavara ayo anofananidzira mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza, achiratidzira matambudziko emagariro netsika muchimiro chenyika inoshamisa.
Gabriel García Márquez pachake akati nezvebasa raJuan Rulfo Pedro Páramo: "Iri ndiro bhuku rakanaka kwazvo rakambonyorwa muchiSpanish", uye Jorge Luis Borges akanyora mitsara inotevera: "Pedro Páramo ibhuku rakanaka, uye kukwezva kwaro hakugoneki. kuramba. Iri nderimwe remanovhero akanakisa muzvinyorwa zveSpanish, uye muzvinyorwa zvakazara. Pakati pemabhuku ake akakosha ekunyora anomira pachena Pedro Páramo naEl llano en llamas.
Gabriel García Márquez
Akazvarirwa muColombia, pamusoro pekuve munyori aiita zvehutori venhau, aive screenwriter uye mupepeti. Akahwina Mubayiro weNobel weMabhuku muna 1982. Kubva pamavambo ake somunyori, zviratidzo zvekubatana pakati pemashiripiti nechokwadi zvakaonekwa mumabhuku ake, achisanganisa chokwadi chenhau nengano. Akapa hupenyu kuguta reMacondo rinoshanda sehwaro hwenyaya dzakawanda dzakanyorwa naye. Nemashoko ake pachake:
"Chokwadi chedu (seLatin America) hachina kuenzana uye chinowanzokonzera matambudziko akakomba kuvanyori, iko kusakwana kwemazwi ... nzizi dzemvura dziri kufashaira nemadutu anozunguza nyika, nemadutu anoputika nemhepo, haasi. akagadzira zvinhu, asi zvimiro zvechisikigo zviripo munyika yedu”.
García Márquez akasimbisa kuti nyaya dzengano uye dzengano dzaive chikamu chehupenyu hwezuva nezuva hwepasirese hwaaiziva uye saka muchokwadi "aive asiri kugadzira chero chinhu, asi kungobata uye kutaura nezvenyika yemashura, marapirwo, mashura, mashura ... izvo zvaiva zvedu zvikuru, zvikuru Latin America”
Basa raGabriel García Márquez Makore Mazana Ega Ega anoonekwa seanomiririra basa rekuita zvemashiripiti, kunze kweGabo, sezvaaizivikanwawo, akanyora mabasa akakosha akadai saThe Colonel haana munhu wekunyora kwaari uye Rudo mu. nguva yekorera.
Arturo Uslar Pietri
Aive munyori wekuVenezuela aiitawo zvenhau, mutemo, huzivi uye zvematongerwo enyika. Uslar Pietri anorumbidzwa nekushandisa izwi rekuti "magical realism" kusvika pakati pezana remakore rechi1990 Latin America mabhuku. Zvinyorwa uye zvinyorwa zvaUslar Pietri zvine simba guru pahupenyu hwemagariro edunhu. Muna XNUMX akagamuchira Mutambo weMuchinda weAsturias mukucherechedza basa rake rekunyora. Akasarudzwa kakawanda nokuda kweNobel Prize for Literature. Mune mazwi aUslar Pietri:
“Kana munhu akaverenga, nemaziso eEurope, bhuku raAsturias kana kuti Carpentier, munhu angadavira kuti chiono chokugadzira kana kuti chikanganiso chinovhiringidza uye chisingawanzozivikanwi.
Yakanga isiri pamusoro pekuwedzerwa kwevanhu vanoshamisa uye zviitiko, izvo kune mienzaniso yakawanda yakanaka kubva pakutanga kwezvinyorwa, asi pamusoro pekuzarurwa kwemamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana, asina kujairika, akapokana nemaitiro anogamuchirwa echokwadi ... Uyu mutsetse It kubva kuNgano dzeGuatemala kusvika kuMakore zana Ekuva Woga.
Uye anowedzera kuti: “Izvo zvinorondedzerwa naGarcía Márquez uye zvinoita sechinhu chakanyatsogadzirwa, hachisi chimwe chinhu kunze kwechimiro chechimiro chakasiyana, chinoonekwa nemaziso evanhu vanorarama nazvo uye vanochigadzira, pasina shanduko. Nyika yechiCreole izere nemashiripiti mupfungwa yechienzi uye yechienzi”.
Isabel Allende
Munyori weChilean uye munyori wemitambo. Bhuku rake rekutanga, Imba yeMweya, ndiro basa rake rinonyanya kuzivikanwa. Uyu munyori ane mukurumbira anopa chitarisiko chechikadzi kusangano rinoratidzika kuva rinodzorwa navarume, iro rezvokwadi yamashiripiti. Kutanga nebhuku rake rekutanga, Allende akanyura mune zvemashiripiti sezvaanopinda munhoroondo yeChile neramangwana rayo rekuchengetedza uye anotongwa nesimbi machismo, achishandisa zvakaitika kumhuri dzisingaite.
Mune nyaya dzavo, chokwadi chakashata chezviitiko zvezvematongerwo enyika uye matambudziko evanhu zvinosanganiswa nezviitiko zvinoshamisa zvinotorwa nevanhu vakasiyana-siyana vasina hanya nezvinhu zvisingakoshi zvehupenyu hwezuva nezuva uye nokudaro vanogona kutarisana nemamiriro ezvinhu akaoma.
George Anodiwa
Akanga ari munyori weBrazil, akanga ane nhengo muBrazilian Academy of Letters. Jorge Amado akashandura vanoshaya, varimi, vashandi, vakadzingwa munharaunda, pfambi, uye vasina pekugara kuita magamba uye varatidziri vezvinyorwa zvake. Paakanga ari murwi wemakomunisiti, akabatanidza zvakanaka neurombo uye zvakaipa neupfumi, akazoshandura chiono ichocho paakanzwisisa kuti zvakanaka nezvakaipa zvinoberekwa kubva paunhu nemafungiro evanhu kwete kubva muurombo kana upfumi.
Jorge Amado aive protagonist weiyo boom muLatin America zvinyorwa mumakore makumi matanhatu ezana ramakore rapfuura uye anoonekwa nevatsoropodzi semumwe wevatangiri vayo. Muzvinyorwa zvake anokwanisa kubatanidza chokwadi chemagariro nefungidziro, kuseka, eroticism uye hunhu muchikamu chaicho. Novel rake Doña Flor y sus dos Hudos uye basa remuenzaniso wemashiripiti echokwadi.
Elena Garro
Aive muMexico akazvipira kunyora zvinyorwa, nyaya, zvinyorwa uye aivewo munyori wemitambo. Kunyangwe akaverengerwa mukati memhando yemashiripiti echokwadi uye achionekwa semumwe wevagadziri vayo, akarasa izwi iri achifunga kuti rinongori "mercantilist label". Iwo mavara ari mumabasa aElena Garro anofamba pakati pezviitiko zvechokwadi uye zvenhema mukuuya kunoshamisa uye kuenda mukutsvaga zviroto zvavo.
Mukuwirirana neIbero-American Magazine: “Kazhinji kwakavakirwa padzidziso dzetsika, anovaka nyika umo miganhu iri pakati pezvokwadi sezvatinoiona zuva nezuva inopera; Iye nokudaro anotipa imwe nyika, pamwe yemanyepo, asi pamwe zvakare yechokwadi zvakanyanya sekureva kwechokwadi chemweya wemunhu". Mabasa ake ekutanga Imba yakasimba (theatre, 1958), Memories yeramangwana (rinovhero, 1963) uye Vhiki yemavara (nyaya, 1964), inoonekwa nevamwe vatsoropodzi sevanofanotungamira zvemashiripiti echokwadi.
Laura Esquivel
Laura Esquivel munyori uye wezvematongerwo enyika akaberekerwa muMexico. Basa rake guru rekurondedzera: Como Agua para Chocolate, ine yekutanga edition muna 1989, ine mukurumbira pasi rose uye kusvika parizvino yakashandurirwa mumitauro inodarika makumi matatu uye yakatorwa mifananidzo nemurume wake panguva iyoyo, director Alfonso Arau muna 1992. Iri basa rinomiririra zvemashiripiti echokwadi uye rinoratidza kukosha kwekicheni sehwaro hwekutanga hwemhuri uye imba.
kuita zvemashiripiti mukupenda
Mukupenda, kuita zvemashiripiti kunoreva kubatanidzwa kwechokwadi chemazuva ese, chinogoneka, chinooneka uye chine musoro nemashiripiti, kufungidzira uye kurota chaiko, kuumba chokwadi chitsva. Iri sangano rakatanga kushandiswa nemutsoropodzi Franz Roh mubasa rake rinonzi Post-Impressionism: Magical Realism rakabudiswa muna 1925. Maererano naRoh, mashiripiti echokwadi uye vanyori varo vanopikisa chokwadi chakachena chinongobatanidza chete kune chokwadi chemuviri uye chinangwa uye chinogadzira nzira yekukurukurirana pakati. zvakajairika uye surrealism uye chiratidzo.
Zvisinei nekuedza kwaFranz Roh, kutsoropodza kwehunyanzvi muEurope kwakange kwatotora izwi rekuti New Objectivity (Neue Sachlichkeit). Aya maitiro akabuda mushure meHondo Yenyika Yechipiri mune akati wandei emaguta makuru eGerman achiunza pamwechete maartist kubva kuDada. Guenther anonyanya kushandisa qualifier New Objectivity pamusoro pemashiripiti echokwadi, zvichinzi nekuti chinangwa chitsva chine hwaro hunoshanda, kune maartist anozviita, nepo mashiripiti echokwadi achingori dzidziso, chikamu chekutaura kwekutsoropodza.
Nekufamba kwenguva uye nekuda kwesimba remudetembi wekuItaly, munyori wemitambo, munyori wenovherosi uye munyori Massimo Bontempelli, zita remashiripiti rechokwadi rakagamuchirwa nemitambo yeGerman neItaly.
dissidence
Vazhinji maartist nevatsoropodzi, kunyanya vekuEurope, havabvumirani nepfungwa yekuti mashiripiti echokwadi mumabhuku ane mavambo eLatin America.
Munyori wokuAlbania anonzi Ismail Kadaré anotsinhira kuti: “Vanhu vokuLatin America havana kutanga mashiripiti. Yagara iripo mumabhuku. Hatigone kufungidzira zvinyorwa zvepasi pasina iyi oneiric dimension. Unogona here kutsanangura Dante's Divine Comedy, zviratidzo zvake zvegehena pasina kukwezva kune zvemashiripiti zvechokwadi? Hatiwani chinoitika chimwe chetecho here muFaust, muThe Tempest, muna Don Quixote, mungwavaira dzechiGiriki umo denga napasi zvinogara zvakapindirana?
Nekudivi rake, Seymour Menton anoti Gabriel García Márquez akapesvedzerwa nevanyori vezvinyorwa zvechinyakare zvechiJudha saIsaac Bashevis Singer, André Schwarz Bart nevamwe vanyori vechiJudha vanobva kuUnited States kuti vanyore chinyorwa chake chehunyanzvi Makore Mazana Ega Ega.
Zvakare akagamuchira mubairo wePeruvia weNobel weMabhuku, Mario Vargas Llosa akaratidza kusabvumirana kwake nekushandiswa kwemashiripiti echokwadi. Mune chirevo panguva yeBerlin Literature Festival, akatsanangura kuti hazvina kumbove zvakarurama kushandisa izwi rekuti zvemashiripiti kutaura nezveboka revanyori vanobva kuLatin America.
"Kwenguva refu (kutaura kwemashiripiti) kwakashandiswa sechinyorwa kusanganisa zvinyorwa zvese zveLatin America, izvo zvaive zvisina tsarukano…Iro zita remashiripiti rechokwadi haritomboshandisi vanyori vezvinyorwa zvekufungidzira saJuan Rulfo, (Gabriel) García. Márquez , Julio Cortázar kana (Jorge Luis) Borges, mumwe nomumwe ane nhoroondo yake pachake uye nyika yake »
"Pane dzimwe nguva paive nemaitiro akakura senge echokwadi kana gare gare anonzi mashiripiti echokwadi, iko zvino hapasipo, kune vanyori vazhinji vanotaura madingindira akasiyana siyana nehunyanzvi hwakasiyana, izvo zvakanaka, kunyanya mukondinendi iyo zvinonyatsozivikanwa nekusiyana-siyana
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