Sechinyakare tsika, Japan yakaratidza hunyanzvi hwayo kwemakore ese aya, dzidza nesu kuburikidza nechinyorwa ichi chinonakidza, zvese nezve ekare unyanzvi Japanese, yakagadziridzwa nekufamba kwenguva munguva dzakasiyana-siyana uye zvitayera. Usazvipotsa!
Japanese art
Kana tichitaura nezvehunyanzvi hweJapan tiri kutaura nezve izvo zvakaziviswa nebudiriro iyi nekufamba kwenguva muzvikamu zvakasiyana uye masitayera, ayo akavhurwa kwenguva pfupi nebudiriro yemagariro uye tsika dzevanhu veJapan.
Misiyano irikuitwa nehunyanzvi muJapan mhedzisiro yekuvandudza kwayo tekinoroji, kwatinogona kuona mashandisirwo ezvigadzirwa zvemunyika mukutaura kwayo kwehunyanzvi. Pamwe chete nounonzi unyanzvi hwokuMadokero, kutaura kwahwo kwezviratidzo zvikuru kwakapesvedzerwa norudzidziso nesimba rezvamatongerwe enyika.
Imwe yemhando huru yehunyanzvi hweJapan ndeye eclecticism, ichibva kumarudzi akasiyana uye tsika dzakasvika pamahombekombe ayo nekufamba kwenguva: vagari vekutanga vakagara muJapan -inozivikanwa seAinu- yaive yebazi rekuNorth Caucasian uye East Asia, pamwe. yakasvika apo Japan yakanga ichiri kubatanidzwa nenyika huru.
Mabviro evagari ava haana chokwadi, uye vanyori venhoroondo vanofunga akasiyana fungidziro, kubva kumujaho weUral-Altaic kuenda kune inobvira Indonesian kana Mongolian kwakabva. Chero zvazvingava, tsika yavo yaiita seyaienderana neUpper Paleolithic kana Mesolithic.
Pashure paikoko, mapoka akasiyana-siyana enhangemutange yeMalay kubva kuSoutheast Asia kana kuti Pacific Islands akasvika pamahombekombe eJapan, pamwe chete nomuKorea nemativi akasiyana-siyana eChina, zvishoma nezvishoma achiunzwa kubva kumaodzanyemba, achibvisa Ainu. kuchamhembe kweJapan, nepo mufungu rakatevera, mapoka akasiyana-siyana edzinza rimwe chete akabva kuChina neKorea akauya kuJapan.
Kune iyi musanganiswa wemarudzi inofanira kuwedzerwa pesvedzero yedzimwe tsika: nekuda kwekusagadzikana kwayo, Japan yakave yakazvimiririra kune yakawanda yenhoroondo yayo, asi panguva nenguva yakafurirwa nebudiriro yenyika, kunyanya China neKorea, kunyanya kubva muzana remakore reV.
Nekudaro, tsika yemadzitateguru eJapan iyo yakabuda kubva munzvimbo dzakateedzana dzekubvakacha yakawedzera pesvedzero yekune dzimwe nyika, kugadzira eclectic art yakavhurika kune hunyanzvi uye stylistic kufambira mberi.
Zvinofadzawo kuziva kuti huzhinji hwehunyanzvi hunogadzirwa muJapan hwakavakirwa pachitendero: kune chitendero cheShinto chenharaunda, chakaumbwa kutenderera zana ramakore rekutanga, Buddhism yakawedzerwa kutenderera zana ramakore rechi XNUMX, ichigadzira mubatanidzwa wechitendero uchiripo. yakasiyawo kuratidzwa kwayo mune art.
Unyanzvi hwechiJapani mhedzisiro yeidzi tsika dzakasiyana netsika, kududzira nenzira kwayo mafomu ehunyanzvi anounzwa kubva kune dzimwe nyika, ayo aanowana zvinoenderana nekufunga kwawo kwehupenyu nehunyanzvi, kuita shanduko uye kurerutsa maitiro ayo.
Kufanana nematemberi echiBhudha echiChinese akaomerwa, ayo muJapan akapfuura nomukuchinja kwekufanira kusiya zvimwe zvinhu zveunyanzvi hwavo ndokubatana nazvo nevamwe, izvi zvinoratidza mubatanidzwa weunyanzvi uhu, zvokuti hwakagara huchitora chimwe chinhu kubva kune imwe tsika. dzedzimwe nyika.
Art yeJapan ine mutsika yechiJapan pfungwa huru yekufungisisa uye hukama pakati pemunhu nemasikirwo, zvakare inomiririrwa muzvinhu zvakaitenderedza, kubva kune yakashongedza uye yekusimbisa kune yakanyanya nyore uye yemazuva ese.
Izvi zvinoonekwa mukukosha kunopiwa kusakwana, mamiriro ekupedzisira ezvinhu, pfungwa yekubatsira iyo maJapan anogadzika nenharaunda yavo. Sezvakangoita mumhemberero yetii, vanokoshesa kudzikama uye runyararo rweiyi mamiriro ekufungisisa ayo avanowana netsika iri nyore, yakavakirwa pazvikamu zviri nyore uye kuwirirana kweasymmetrical uye isina kupera nzvimbo.
Kwavari, rugare nedzikamo zvinobatanidzwa noushamwari uye nyaradzo, hunhu hunovawo chiratidzo chechokwadi chepfungwa yavo yorunako. Kunyangwe panguva yekudya, hakusi kuwanda kwechikafu kana kuratidzwa kwayo kunokosha, asi maonero ekunzwa kwechikafu uye chirevo chekunaka chinopa kune chero chiitiko.
Saizvozvowo, maartist uye mhizha dzenyika ino vane hupamhi hwekubatana nebasa ravo, vachinzwa zvinhu sechikamu chakakosha chehupenyu hwavo uye yekutaurirana kwavo nenharaunda yakavatenderedza.
Nheyo dzeJapan art
Unyanzvi hwechiJapan, sehumwe huzivi hwayo - kana, zviri nyore, nzira yahwo yekuona hupenyu- inozviisa pasi peruzivo, kushaikwa kwehungwaru, kutaura kwemanzwiro uye kureruka kwezviito nemifungo. kazhinji inoratidzwa nenzira yokufananidzira.
Zviviri zvezvimiro zveunyanzvi hwechiJapan zviri nyore uye zvechisikigo: kutaura kwehunyanzvi chiratidzo chechisikigo, saka hazvidi kudhirowa kwakadzama, zvese izvi zvinotungamira kune chokwadi chekuti chinodiwa nevanyori ndechekuti izvo zvinotsanangurwa, zvinokurudzirwa, zvinotsanangurwa gare gare. nemuoni.
Uku kuve nyore kwakakonzera mukupenda tsika yekudhirowa kwemutsara, pasina maonero, nehuwandu hwenzvimbo dzisina chinhu, izvo zvakadaro zvinobatanidza zvine hushamwari mune yese. Mukuvaka, inobatika mumitsetse dhizaini, iine asymmetric ndege, mumubatanidzwa wesimba uye static zvinhu.
Zvakare, kupfava uku muunyanzvi hwechiJapan kwakabatana nekureruka kwekuzvarwa muhukama pakati pehunyanzvi nemasikirwo, chiri chikamu cheidiosyncrasy yavo, iyo inoratidzwa muhupenyu hwavo, uye vanosangana nazvo nekunzwa kutetepa kwekuora mwoyo, kunenge kusuwa.
Kupfuura kwemwaka kunovapa pfungwa yekupfupika, kwaunokwanisa kuona shanduko iripo muzvisikwa nekuda kweiyo ephemeral hunhu hwehupenyu. Izvi zviri nyore zvinoratidzwa pamusoro pezvose mumagadzirirwo, ayo anobatanidza zvakabatana munzvimbo dzakapoteredza, sezvinoratidzwa nekushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakasikwa, pasina basa, kuratidza kushata kwayo, kusati kwapera. MuJapan, zvisikwa, hupenyu, uye unyanzvi zvakabatanidzwa zvisingaparadzanisiki, uye kubudirira kweunyanzvi chiratidzo chezvose zvakasikwa.
Unyanzvi hwechiJapan hunotsvaga kuwana kuwirirana kwepasirese, kuenda kupfuura nyaya kuwana musimboti unobereka wehupenyu. Kushongedza kweJapan kunotsvaka kuwana zvinoreva hupenyu kuburikidza neunyanzvi: Kunaka kweunyanzvi hweJapan hunofanana nekuwirirana, kugadzira; iyo inhetembo yekukurudzira, nzira yekunzwa inotungamirira pakuzadzikiswa kwebasa, iyo isina magumo pachayo, asi inodarika.
Chatinodaidza kuti runako iboka rehuzivi hunoreva isu kuvapo: rinogara mukusvika kune zvinoreva nesese. Sezvakataurwa naSuzuki Daisetsu: "kunaka hakusi muchimiro chekunze, asi mupfungwa iyo inoratidzwa."
Art haatangi nehunhu hwayo hune musoro, asi nehunhu hwahwo hunokurudzira; Hazvifanirwe kuve chaizvo, asi ratidza chipo chinotungamira kuhunyoro. Inovavarira kutora zvakakosha kuburikidza nechikamu ichocho, icho chinoratidza zvese: iyo void inozadzisa iyo iripo yeJapan.
Mukufunga kwekuMabvazuva, kune kubatana pakati pechinhu nemweya, iyo inokunda mukufungisisa uye kuyanana nemasikirwo, kuburikidza nekunamatira kwemukati, yekuziva. Unyanzvi hwechiJapan (gei) hune chirevo chakapfuura, chisingabatike kupfuura chirevo chekushandiswa kwehunyanzvi kuMadokero: iko kuratidzwa kwepfungwa, kunonzwisiswa sesimba rakakosha, sechinhu chinopa hupenyu kumuviri wedu icho chinokura uye inoshanduka, ichiona kubatana pakati pemuviri, pfungwa nemweya.
Mafungiro ehunyanzvi hwechiJapan akakura nekufamba kwenguva: kubva payakatangira paive nekutanga hunyanzvi uye runako, zvakabva kunguva dzekare apo nheyo dzekusika dzetsika dzechiJapan dzakagadzirwa uye idzo dzakaratidzwa mumabasa akakosha ezvinyorwa. yenyika:
Kojiki, Nihonshoki naMan 'yōshū, zviri pamusoro ndezvinyorwa, maviri ekutanga ndeekutanga mabasa enhoroondo yeJapan uye yekupedzisira ndeyenhetembo dzakanyorwa mukati memireniyamu yekutanga, panguva iyoyo pfungwa yeSayashi yakakunda ("pure , hongu, kutsva"), zvichireva rudzi rwerunako runoratidzwa nekureruka, kutsva, imwe naivety inouya nekushandiswa kwechiedza uye zvechisikigo zvinhu zvakaita seHaniwa Figure Land kana huni mukuvaka.
Isu tinokwanisa kuisa Ise Shrine seyakanakisa inomiririra yemhando iyi, yakagadzirwa nemuti wemisipiresi, iyo yakagadziridzwa makore makumi maviri ega ega kubva muzana ramakore reXNUMX kuchengetedza kuchena kwayo uye kutsva. Kubva pane iyi pfungwa inomuka imwe yeanogara echiJapan art: kukosha kunofungidzirwa kune ephemeral, ephemeral, ephemeral runako runokura nekufamba kwenguva.
MuMan 'yōshū, sayakeshi inoratidzwa mukuda kwekuve akatendeka uye akaedzwa, pamwe nekutsanangurwa kwekuti zvikamu zvakaita sedenga negungwa, zvakamupa pfungwa yehukuru iyo inokurira munhu.
Sayakeshi ine hukama nepfungwa yeNaru ("kuva"), iyo nguva inokosheswa sesimba rakakosha rinoshanduka rikava, mumagumo ezviito zvese uye hupenyu hwese.
Kuzviisa pachedu munguva dzeNara neHeian, hunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi hwakashanduka nekukurumidza nekuda kwekutanga kusangana netsika dzeChinese, pamwe nekuuya kweBuddhism. Pfungwa huru yenguva iyi yaiva hana, manzwiro epfungwa anokurira muoni uye anotungamirira kumanzwiro akadzama etsitsi kana tsitsi.
Iyo ine hukama nemamwe mazwi akadai okashi, iyo inokwezva nemufaro wayo uye hunhu hunofadza; omoshiroi, pfuma yezvinhu zvinopenya, izvo zvinokwezva kutarisa nekupenya kwavo uye kujeka; iyo yūbi, pfungwa yenyasha, yekunaka; iyo yūga, kunaka kwokunatswa pakunaka; iyo en, kukwezva kwerunako; mambo, runako rwokudzikama; yasashi, kunaka kwekunzwisisa; uye ushin, pfungwa yakadzama yeunyanzvi.
Nyaya yaMurasaki Shikibu yeGenji, iyo yaisanganisira pfungwa itsva yekushongedza inonzi mono-no-awareness -izwi rakaunzwa naMotōri Norinaga-, iro rinopa pfungwa yekushungurudzika, kusuruvara kwekufungisisa kunobva mukupfuura kwezvinhu, runako rusingaperi runogara kwechinguva uye. inoramba iri mundangariro.
Asi pamusoro pezvese kunzwa kwehunyoro hunyoro hunogona kutungamira mukusuwa kukuru kana uchinzwa zvakadzama kunaka kwakafemerwa kwezvisikwa zvese.
Uhwu huzivi hwe "kutsvagirwa kwakanaka" kwerunako, kwenzvimbo yekufungisisa uko kufunga uye nyika yepfungwa zvinosangana, hunhu hwekunaka kwechiJapan kunonaka kwerunako, uye kunoonekwa mumutambo weHanami, kupemberera kwemuti wecherry mukati. ruva.
MuJapan Middle Ages, nguva dzeKamakura, Muromachi neMomoyama, uko hunhu hwaive hutongi hwemauto mune yakazara nzanga yenyika, pfungwa yedō ("nzira") yakabuda, iyo yakagadzira budiriro yehunyanzvi panguva iyoyo. , inoratidzwa mumuitiro wetsika wetsika dzenzanga, sezvinoratidzirwa neshodō (calligraphy), chadō (mhemberero yetii), kadō kana kuti ikebana (unyanzvi hwokuronga maruva), uye kōdō (mhemberero yezvinonhuwira).
Miitiro haina basa mugumisiro, asi panzvimbo yekushanduka-shanduka, kushanduka kwenguva - zvakare naru -, pamwe chete netarenda rinoratidzwa mukuitwa kwakakwana kwemitambo, iyo inoreva unyanzvi, pamwe nekuzvipira kwemweya mune kutsvaka kukwana.
Musiyano weBuddhism unonzi Zen, uyo unosimbisa mimwe "mitemo yehupenyu" yakavakirwa pakufungisisa, apo munhu anorasikirwa nekuzviziva, aive nesimba rakasimba pane idzi pfungwa itsva. Nokudaro, basa rose rezuva nezuva rinopfuura hunhu hwaro hwezvinhu kuratidza kuratidzwa kwemweya, kunoratidzwa mukufamba uye tsika yekufamba kwenguva.
Iyi pfungwa inoratidzwawo mukurima, iyo inosvika pakukosha kwakadaro uko bindu iri chiratidzo chekudenga, ine guru guru (gungwa) rakazadzwa nezvinhu (zvitsuwa), zvakabatanidzwa mujecha nematombo. , uye uko zvinomera zvinomutsa kufamba kwenguva.
Kusanzwisisana kweZen pakati pekureruka uye kudzika kwehupenyu hunodarika hunozadza mweya we "kunaka kwakapfava" (wabi) kwete muhunyanzvi chete, asiwo mumafambiro, hukama hwemagariro, uye zvimwe zvemazuva ese zvehupenyu. . Master Sesshū akataura kuti "Zen nehunyanzvi chinhu chimwe."
Iyi Zen inoratidzwa mune zvinomwe zvekushongedza chokwadi: fukinsei, nzira yekuramba optimization yekuwana chiyero chiripo mune zvakasikwa; kanso , tora izvo zvasara uye zvaunobvisa zvinokuita kuti uone kureruka kwezvisikwa.
Kokō (chiremerera choga), hunhu uhwo vanhu nezvinhu vanowana nekufamba kwenguva uye zvinovapa kuchena kukuru kwehunhu hwavo; shizen (muzvarirwo), iyo yakabatanidzwa nekutendeseka, yepanyama ndeyechokwadi uye isingaori; yūgen (hudzamu), musimboti chaiwo wezvinhu, izvo zvinodarika zvinhu zvavo zviri nyore, kutaridzika kwavo kwepamusoro.
Datsuzoku (detachment), rusununguko mukuita zvehunyanzvi, iro basa rayo nderekusunungura pfungwa, kwete kudzora - nekudaro, art inopihwa nemhando dzese dzema paramita nemitemo -; seiyaku (kunyarara kwemukati), mumamiriro ekunyarara, kudzikama, zvakakosha kuti mitemo mitanhatu yapfuura ifambe.
Kunyanya ndiyo mhemberero yetii, uko pfungwa yechiJapan yehunyanzvi uye runako inogadzirwa zvine hunyanzvi, ichigadzira chitendero chechokwadi chekunaka: "theism". Mhemberero iyi inomiririra kunamatwa kwerunako mukupikisa kushata kwehupenyu hwemazuva ese. Huzivi hwake, hwese hutsika uye hwekunaka, hunoratidza fungidziro yakakosha yemunhu nemasikirwo.
Kureruka kwaro kunobatanidza zvinhu zvidiki nehurongwa hwe cosmic: hupenyu kutaura uye zviito zvinogara zvichiratidza pfungwa. Yenyama yakaenzana neyemweya, diki ndiye mukuru.Iyi pfungwa inowanikwawo mukamuri yetii (sukiya), chigadzirwa che ephemeral chivakwa chedetembo, chisina shongedzo, panonamatwa asina kukwana, uye anogara achisiya chimwe chinhu. isina kupera, iyo inopedzisa fungidziro.
Kushaikwa kwekuenzana hunhu, nekuda kweZen kufunga kuti kutsvaga kwekukwana kwakakosha kupfuura pachayo. Runako runogona kuwanikwa chete neavo vanopedzisa kuburikidza nekufunga kwavo izvo zvisipo.
Pakupedzisira, munguva yemazuva ano-yakatanga nenguva yeEdo-, kunyange zvazvo pfungwa dzekare dzichiripo, makirasi matsva eunyanzvi anotangwa, ayo akabatana nekubuda kwemamwe magariro evanhu anomuka apo Japan inovandudza: sui chimwe chinhu chinonaka chomweya, chinowanikwa. kunyanya muzvinyorwa zveOsaka.
Iki inofunga inyasha dzinoremekedzwa uye dzakananga, kunyanya dziripo mu kabuki; Iyo karumi ipfungwa inodzivirira kureruka sechinhu chekutanga, pasi payo "kudzika" kwezvinhu kunowanikwa, kunoratidzwa kunyanya munhetembo yehaiku, uko Shiori inoyevedza runako.
"Hapana chinogara, hapana chakakwana uye hapana chakakwana." Aya angave makiyi matatu pakavakirwa "Wabi sabi", chirevo chechiJapan (kana rudzi rwechiratidzo chekunakisa) chinoreva runako rwevasina kukwana, vasina kukwana uye nekushanduka, kunyangwe zvichireva kunaka kweiyo. ane mwero uye anozvininipisa, asina kujairika. Uzivi hwe "wabi sabi" ndehwekunakidzwa nezviripo uye kuwana rugare uye kuwirirana mune zvakasikwa uye zvinhu zvidiki, uye nerunyararo kubvuma kutenderera kwechisikigo kwekukura nekuderera.
Pasi pezvinhu izvi zvese ipfungwa yehunyanzvi seyekugadzira maitiro uye kwete sekubudirira kwezvinhu. Okakura Kakuzō akanyora kuti "vatambi chete vanotenda mukurwa kwemweya yavo vanokwanisa kuburitsa runako chairwo".
Periodization yeJapan art
Muchinyorwa chino, tichashandisa kupatsanurwa kuita nguva huru maererano neinocherekedza shanduko yehunyanzvi uye mafambiro ezvematongerwo enyika. Sarudzo yacho inowanzosiyana zvichienderana nezvinodiwa nemunyori, uye mazhinji acho anogona kupatsanurwa. Zvisinei, panewo misiyano maererano nekutanga uye kupera kwedzimwe nguva idzi. Tichatora iyo yakagadzirwa neanochera matongo Charles T. Kelly, iyo inotevera:
Unyanzvi hwechiJapan muunyanzvi hwepurasitiki
Munguva yeMesolithic neNeolithic nguva, yakaramba iri yega kubva kune kondinendi, saka kugadzirwa kwayo kwese kwaive kwayo, kunyangwe kusakosha kushoma. Vaive nzanga dzisingagari, vaigara mumisha midiki ine dzimba dzakacherwa pasi, vachiwana zviwanikwa zvavo zvekudya zvakanyanya kubva musango (nondo, nguruve yemusango, nzungu) uye gungwa (hove, crustaceans, mhuka dzemugungwa).
Masangano aya aive nesangano rakajeka rebasa uye ainetsekana nekuyerwa kwenguva, sezvinoratidzwa neakawanda masara ekugadzirisa matombo edenderedzwa paOyu neKomakino, ayo aiita senge sundials. Ivo sezviri pachena vaive nemayuniti akamisikidzwa ekuyera, sezvinoratidzwa nezvivakwa zvakawanda zvakavakwa kune mamwe mamodheru.
Mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzinoenderana nenguva ino, matombo akakwenenzverwa uye mabhonzo ekugadzira, ceramics uye anthropomorphic manhamba akawanikwa. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti Jōmon pottery ndicho chehari chekare chakagadzirwa nevanhu: mavambo ekutanga ehari akarembera akadzokera ku11.000 BC, mumidziyo midiki, yakagadzirwa nemaoko ine mativi akakwenenzverwa uye mukati mahombe. , ine pfungwa inoshanda uye kushongedzwa kwakaomarara.
Izvi zvinosara zvinoenderana nenguva inonzi "prejōmon" (11000-7500 BC), ichiteverwa ne "archaic" kana "pakutanga" Jōmon (7500-2500 BC), apo inonyanya kufanana yehari yeJomon inogadzirwa, yakagadzirwa nemaoko uye yakashongedzwa. nemachekwa kana kuti tambo, pahwaro hwemhando yemidziyo yakadzika yakaita segaba. Kushongedzwa kwacho kwaisanganisira madhindindi aigadzirwa netambo dzemuriwo, ayo aitsikirirwa pahari asati apisa.
Munzvimbo dzakati wandei aya akachekwa asvika padanho repamusoro rekududzirwa, aine macheto akanyatsochekwa, achidhirowa mitsetse yemitsara yakaoma kunzwisisa. Pane zvisingawanzoitiki, zvisaririra zvezviratidziro zvakawanikwa, kazhinji anthropomorphic uye zoomorphic dhizaini (matatya, nyoka), ichiratidza chiitiko chekuvhima chiripo muvhasi rinowanikwa muHirakubo, kuchamhembe kweHonshū.
Pakupedzisira, mu "Late Jōmon" (2500-400 BC), midziyo yakadzoserwa kune yakasarudzika, isinganyanyi kurongeka, ine denderedzwa-pazasi mbiya nemidziyo, nhete-mitsipa amphora, uye ndiro dzine mibato. kana hwaro hwakasimudzwa. Jōmon pottery zviratidzo ndeidzi: Taishakukyo, Torihama, Togari-ishi, Matsushima, Kamo, uye Okinohara paHonshū Island; Sobata pachitsuwa cheKyushū; neHamanasuno neTokoro pachiwi cheHokaido.
Kunze kwemavhasi, zvidhori zvakasiyana-siyana mumunhu kana mhuka zvakaitwa muceramic, yakagadzirwa muzvikamu zvakawanda, saka zvishoma zvakasara zvezvidimbu zvakakwana zvakawanikwa. Avo vari muchimiro cheanthropomorphic vanogona kuva nemaitiro echirume kana echikadzi, uye mamwe echiratidzo che androgynous akawanikwa zvakare.
Vamwe vane matumbu akazvimba, saka vangave vaibatanidzwa nokunamata mbereko. Izvo zvakakosha kuti ticherechedze iko kurongeka kweiyo iyo mamwe manhamba anoratidza, senge kungwarira kwebvudzi rebvudzi, ma tatoo uye ekushongedza madhirezi.
Zvinoratidzika kuti munharaunda idzi kushongedza kwemuviri kwakakosha zvikuru, kunyanya munzeve, nemhete dzeceramic dzezvigadzirwa zvakasiyana-siyana, dzakashongedzwa nedhayi tsvuku. MuChiamigaito (Honshū Island) zvinopfuura 1000 zvezvishongedzo izvi zvakawanikwa, zvichikurudzira musangano wepanzvimbo wekutsanangurwa kwezvigadzirwa izvi.
Masks akasiyana zvakare anotangira panguva ino, zvichireva basa remunhu pazviso. Nenzira imwe cheteyo, marudzi akasiyana-siyana e<em>jadeite mabhero akasvibira akaitwa, uye akanga akarovedzana nebasa re<em>lacquer, sezvinoratidzirwa nezvisungo zvakawanda zvakawanwa kuTorihama. Zvisaririra zveminondo, mapfupa kana nyanga dzenzou zvakawanikwawo.
Yayoi Period (500 BC-300 AD)
Iyi nguva yaireva kugadzwa kwechokwadi kwenharaunda yezvekurima, izvo zvakakonzera kutemwa kwemasango makuru ekuwedzera kwenharaunda.
Shanduko iyi yakatungamira kushanduka kwenharaunda yeJapan mune zvetekinoroji, tsika nemagariro, nekusarudzika kwakakura kwevanhu uye hunyanzvi hwebasa, uye zvakakonzera kuwedzera kwemhirizhonga.
Zvitsuwa zveJapan zvaive nematunhu madiki akaumbwa akatenderedza madzinza (uji), pakati pawo maYamato akatungamira, izvo zvakapa kusimuka kumhuri yehumambo. Ipapo chiShinto chakaoneka, rudzidziso rwengano rwakaunza pasi mambo waAmaterasu, mwarikadzi wezuva.
Ichi chinamato chakasimudzira pfungwa chaiyo yekuchena uye kutsva kwehunyanzvi hweJapan, nekuda kwezvinhu zvakachena uye pasina kushongedzwa, nepfungwa yekubatanidzwa nezvisikwa (kami kana superconsciousness). Kubva muzana remakore rekutanga BC. C. akatanga kuunza budiriro yekondinendi, nekuda kwehukama neChina neKorea.
Tsika yeYayoi yakaonekwa pachitsuwa cheKyūshū kunosvika 400-300 BC. C., ndokutamira kuHonshū, uko kwakatsiva zvishoma nezvishoma tsika yeJomon. Munguva iyi, rudzi rwekuvigwa kukuru nekamuri uye murwi wakashongedzwa nemasilinda eterracotta ane nhamba dzevanhu nemhuka yakawedzerwa.
Misha yakanga yakakomberedzwa nemigero, uye midziyo yokurimisa yakasiyana-siyana (kusanganisira mudziyo wematombo waishandiswa pakukohwa) wakaoneka, pamwe chete nezvombo zvakasiyana-siyana, zvakadai seuta nemiseve zvine muromo wakakwenenzverwa wematombo.
MuPottery, zvinhu zvinotevera zvakagadzirwa zvakanyanya: Majari, Mavhasi, Ndiro, Makapu uye Mabhodhoro ane zvimwe zvinhu. Vaive nenzvimbo yakakwenenzverwa, ine shongedzo yakapfava, kazhinji kacho, madoti uye zigzag streamers, chinhu chainyanya kushandiswa raive girazi iro zita rainzi Tsubo.
Akasimbisa basa racho nesimbi, kunyanya bhuronzi, seanonzi mabhero edotaku, ayo akashanda sezvinhu zvemhemberero, zvakashongedzwa nemaspirals (ryusui) nenzira yemvura inoyerera, kana mhuka dzinobatsira (kunyanya mhembwe, shiri, zvipembenene uye amphibians), pamwe nezviitiko zvekuvhima, kubata hove uye basa rekurima, kunyanya izvo zvine chekuita nemupunga.
Mhara inoratidzika kuva yakanga ine revo chaiyo, zvichida yakabatanidzwa kune mumwe mwari: munzvimbo dzakawanda mhomho yemapendekete emhembwe yakawanwa ine mavanga kana kuti mavanga akagadzirwa nomwoto, iyo inonzi inobatanidzwa norudzi rwomuitiro.
Zvimwe zvinhu zvekushongedza zvinowanikwa panzvimbo yeYayoi zvinosanganisira: magirazi, minondo, mabhero akasiyana-siyana, uye magatama (zvidimbu zvakaita secashew zvejade neagate, izvo zvakashanda sematombo anokosha ekubereka).
Nguva yeKofun (300-552)
Nguva iyi yakaratidza kubatanidzwa kweImperial Central State, iyo yaidzora zviwanikwa zvakakosha, sesimbi negoridhe. Iyo dhizaini yakagadziridzwa zviri nani mumakuva, ine kamuri yakajairika uye makuva epanzira anonzi kofun ("guva rekare"), umo mahombe epasi akasimudzwa.
Kuvigwa kwemadzimambo Ōjin (346-395) naNintoku (395-427) kunoshamisa, uko kwakawanwa zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, pakati pazvo paiva; zvishongo, nhamba dzakagadzirwa nezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana kunyanya terracotta nhamba.
Aya ma statuettes aive akareba masendimita makumi matanhatu, asingataure, angori mashoma mumeso nemuromo, kunyangwe iwo ari muenzaniso wakakodzera wehunyanzvi hwenguva ino.
Zvichienderana nembatya nemidziyo yavo, kutengeserana kwakasiyana-siyana kunobuda mune aya mavara, sevarimi, mauto, mamongi, vakadzi vepurovhinzi, mbira, nezvimwe.
Pakupera kwenguva iyi, mifananidzo yemhuka yakaonekwawo, kusanganisira mhembwe, imbwa, mabhiza, nguruve, katsi, huku, makwai nehove, zvichiratidza kukosha kwekugadziriswa kwemauto panguva iyoyo, ayo ane chimiro chechimiro chakabatana neSilla tsika. .kubva kuKorea, pamwe nemhando yehari inonzi Sueki, yakasviba uye yakanaka kwazvo, ine zvinhu zvinorira.
Musiyano wemagariro wakonzera kuparadzaniswa kwemapoka ekutonga munzvimbo dzakasarudzika dzemaguta, seYoshinogari, kuti vapedzisire vaparadzaniswa zvachose munzvimbo dziri dzoga dzakadai seMitsudera kana muzinda weKansai, Ikaruga neAsuka-Itabuki.
Kana ari mavakirwo orudzidziso, tembere dzapakuvamba dzechiShinto ( jinja ) dzakanga dzakavakwa namatanda, pahwaro hwakasimudzwa uye madziro akashama kana kuti mativi anotsvedza, ane zvigadziko zvinotsigira denga rakatenuka.
Chimwe chezvimiro zvayo itorii, arch yemukova inotaridza mukova wenzvimbo inoera. Cherechedza Ise Shrine, iyo yakavakwa patsva makore makumi maviri ega ega kubva muzana ramakore reXNUMX.
Chivako chikuru (Shoden) chine uriri hwakasimudzwa uye denga rakakomberedzwa, rine zvigadziko zvipfumbamwe, zvinosvikwa nemasitepisi ekunze. Iri mumanyorerwe e<em>shinmei zukuri, ayo anoratidzira maitire echiShinto anonoka, chiBuddha chisati chasvika muJapan.
Imwe temberi yengano ine mavambo asina chokwadi iIzumo Taisha, pedyo neMatsue, temberi yengano yakatangwa naAmaterasu. Iyo iri mumhando ye taisha zukuri, inoonekwa seyechinyakare pakati penzvimbo dzinoera, chinokwezva chikuru kukwidziridzwa kwechivako papilaster, ine masitepisi seyokusvika kukuru, uye huni huri nyore hunopera pasina pendi.
Maererano nezvinyorwa zvakawanikwa, nzvimbo tsvene yepakutanga yakanga yakareba mamita makumi mashanu, asi nekuda kwemoto yakavakwazve nekukwirira kwemamita makumi maviri nemashanu. Zvivakwa zvacho zvaive Honden ("nzvimbo yemukati") uye Hayden ("nzvimbo yekunze"). Kinpusen-ji, tembere huru yeshugendo, rudzidziso rwokuzvinyima runobatanidza Shinto, Buddhism, uye zvitendero zvomweya, ndezvenguva iyiwo.
Munguva ino tinowana masampuli ekutanga ekupenda, sezvakaita Ōtsuka Royal Funeral uye makuva akaita se dolmen eKyūshū (XNUMXth-XNUMXth mazana emakore), akashongedzwa nemifananidzo yemhuka dzakabatwa, hondo, mabhiza, shiri uye ngarava, kana nemhepo. uye concentric madenderedzwa.
Yaiva mifananidzo yepamadziro, yakagadzirwa nehematite tsvuku, carbon black, ocher yellow, kaolin white, uye chlorite green. Imwe yemhando yemaitiro enguva ino ndiyo inonzi chokomon, inoumbwa nemitsara yakatwasuka uye arches akadhirowewa padiagonals kana michinjikwa, uye aripo pamadziro emakuva, sarcophagi, Haniwa zvidhori uye magirazi endarira.
Nguva yeAsuka (552-710)
Yamato akave nemimba yehumambo hwepakati pamuenzaniso weChinese, wakabatanidzwa mumitemo yeShōtoku-Taishi (604) uye Taika ye646. Kutangwa kweBuddhism kwakagadzira hukuru hweunyanzvi uye hwekunakisa muJapan, ine simba guru reChinese art.
Ipapo kwakauya kutonga kwaMuchinda Shōtoku (573-621), uyo aifarira chiBuddha netsika zvakazara, uye aive nezvibereko zvehunyanzvi. Mavakirwo aimiririrwa mutemberi uye dzemamongi, kwave kunyanya kurasika, tichifunga kutsiva nyore Shinto mitsetse neukuru hunobva kunyika.
Sechivako chakanyanya kukosha chenguva ino, tinofanira kutumidza temberi yeHōryū-ji (607), mumiririri weKudara style (Paekche muKorea). Yakagadzirwa panzvimbo yetemberi yeWakakusadera, yakavakwa naShōtoku uye yakapiswa nevaipikisa muna 670.
Yakavakwa neaxial planimetry, ine seti yezvivakwa uko iyo pagoda (Tō), iyo Yumedono ("horo yezviroto") uye Kondo ("horo yegoridhe"). Iri mumutauro weChinese, uchishandisa kekutanga denga rematairi e ceramic.
Chimwe chezvinhu zvemuenzaniso uyu unoshamisa ndeyeItsukushima Shrine (593), yakagadzirwa pamvura, muSeto, uko Gojūnotō, Tahōtō uye honden dzakasiyana-siyana dzinozivikanwa. Nekuda kwekunaka kwayo yakanzi World Heritage Site muna 1996 neUN.
Chivezwa cheBuddhist-themed chakaitwa nematanda kana bhuronzi: yekutanga maBuddha manhamba akaunzwa kubva kunyika, asi gare gare nhamba huru yeChinese neKorea maartist akagara muJapan.
Mufananidzo weKannon, zita rechiJapan reBodhisattva Avalokiteśvara (inonzi Guan Yin muchiChinese), wakawedzera pasi pezita rokuti Bodhisattva Kannon, basa reKorea Tori; iyo Kannon iri mutemberi yeYumedono yeHōryū-ji; uye Kannon weKudara (zana ramakore rechitanhatu), nenyanzvi isingazivikanwi. Rimwe basa rinokosha iTriad yeSâkyamuni (623), yebhuronzi, yakaitwa naTori Busshi yakaiswa mutemberi yeHōryū-ji.
Kazhinji, aive mabasa eakaomarara, angular uye echinyakare maitiro, akafuridzirwa neKorea Koguryŏ maitiro, sezvinoonekwa mubasa raShiba Tori, iro rakaratidza "maitiro epamutemo" eAsuka nguva: Mukuru Asuka Buddha (Hoko temberi - ji, 606), Yakushi Buddha (607), Kannon Guze (621), Triad Shaka (623).
Mumwe muimbi akatevera iyi dhizaini aive Aya no Yamaguchi no Okuchi Atahi, munyori weThe Four Celestial Guardians (shitenno) yeGoridhe Hall yeHōryū-ji (645), iyo kunyangwe yechinyakare chaizvo inopa yakatenderedzwa volumetric shanduko, ine zvimwe. zviso zvinoratidzira.
Iyo pendi inopesvedzerwa neChinese motifs, yakagadzirwa neingi kana yemamineral dhayi inoshandiswa pasilika kana bepa, pamatehwe mipumburu kana yakaturikwa pamadziro. Inoreva pfungwa huru yekudhirowa, ine mabasa ekutanga hukuru, senge Tamamushi reliquary (Hōryū-ji), mucamphor uye cypress huni, ine bronze filigree mabhandi, anomiririra akasiyana masikirwo mumafuta pamatanda ane lacquered, mune imwe nzira inonzi mitsuda. -i kubva kuPersia uye ine chekuita neChinese pendi yedzinza reWei.
Pazasi pechisimbiso pane jataka (nhoroondo youpenyu hwekare hwaBuddha), ichiratidza muchinda Mahasattva achitsaurira nyama yake kune dingwe rine nzara. Nenguva ino, calligraphy yakatanga kuwana mukurumbira, ichipihwa nhanho imwechete yehunyanzvi semifananidzo yekufananidzira.
Siriki tapestries zvakare akacherechedzwa, senge Mandala Tenkoku yakaitwa kuna Shōtoku (622). Ceramics, iyo yaigona kupenya kana kusapenya, yakanga ine zvishoma zvigadzirwa zvemuno, zviri izvo zvinokosheswa zveChinese zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika.
Nguva yeNara (710-794)
Munguva iyi, guta guru rakavambwa kuNara (710), yekutanga yakagadziriswa guta remikado. Panguva iyi, hunyanzvi hwechiBhudha hwakanga hwakareba, huchienderera mberi nekurudziro yeChinese nekusimba kukuru: maJapan akaona muChinese art kuwirirana uye kukwana kwakafanana nekuravira kweEurope kwechinyakare Girisi-Roman art.
Mienzaniso mishoma yezvivakwa kubva panguva iyoyo zvivakwa zvakakura, seEast Yakushi-ji Pagoda, Tōshōdai-ji, Tōdai-ji, uye Kōfuku-ji temberi, uye Shōso-in Imperial Storehouse muNara, inochengetedza zvinhu zvakawanda. kubva kumifananidzo kubva panguva yaMambo Shōmu (724-749), ane mabasa kubva kuChina, Persia, neCentral Asia. Guta reNara rakavakwa zvinoenderana negiredhi dhizaini, rakateedzerwa mushure meChang'an, guta guru reTang Dynasty.
Imba yehumambo yakapihwa kukosha kwakafanana neyoyo huru yemamongi, Tōdai-ji (745-752), yakavakwa maererano nehurongwa hwakaenzanirana mune yakavharirwa hombe ine mapatya pagodas, uye ine Daibutsuden, iyo "horo hombe yaBuddha". «. ine chifananidzo chikuru chendarira che 15 metres chaBuddha Vairocana (Dainichi muchiJapan), chakapiwa naEmperor Shōmu muna 743. Yakavakwazve muna 1700, Daibutsuden ndiyo chivako chikuru chemapuranga munyika.
Imwe temberi yakakosha iHokkedō, iyo inozvikudza chimwe chifananidzo chakanakisa, Kannon Fukukenjaku, ane pfuti masere ane pfuti bodhisattva akamira mamita mana kureba. yakakwirira uye Tang pesvedzero, iyo inocherechedzwa murunyararo uye runyararo rwezviso zvechiso.
Kusiyana neizvi, iyo East Yakushi-ji Pagoda yaive kuyedza kwevagadziri veJapan kuti vawane maitiro avo, vachifamba kubva kusimba reChinese. Iyo inomira kunze kweiyo verticality, ine mavhavha anochinjana ehukuru hwakasiyana, izvo zvinopa iyo kutaridzika kwechiratidzo che calligraphic.
Muchimiro chayo, maeve uye mabhakoni anomira kunze, akaumbwa neakavharirana mbariro emapuranga, machena uye mashava. Mukati mayo mune mufananidzo weYakushi Nyorai ("Medicine Buddha"). Iyo yakanyorwa seWorld Heritage Site pasi pezita rokuti Historical Monuments of Ancient Nara.
The Tōshōdai-ji (759) yakanga ine dhigirii yakafanana yekufananidzwa kwenyika, ichiratidza kusiyana kwakajeka pakati peKondō ("imba yegoridhe"), neChina-inopesvedzera kusimba, kuenzanisa, uye verticality, uye Kodō ("horo yehurukuro"). ”), yokupfava kukuru uye kuchinjika izvo zvinoratidzira tsika yechiAborigine.
Mumwe muratidziri aive Kiyomizu-dera (778), ine chivakwa chikuru chinomira pachena nekuda kwenjanji yayo huru, inotsigirwa nemazana embiru, inomira pamusoro pechikomo uye inopa zvinokatyamadza maonero eguta reKyoto. Temberi iyi yaive imwe yevachakwikwidza parunyorwa rweNew Seven Wonders of the World, kunyangwe isina kusarudzwa.
Kune chikamu chayo, Rinō-ji ine mukurumbira weSanbutsudō, uko kune zviumbwa zvitatu zveAmida, Senjūkannon uye Batōkannon. SechiShinto shrine, iyo Fushimi Inari-taisha (711) inomira pachena, yakatsaurirwa kumweya weInari, kunyanya yakatumidzwa zviuru zvezvitsvuku zvitsvuku zvinoratidzira nzira pagomo pamire shrine.
Kumiririrwa kwaBuddha kwakawana kukura kukuru mukuveza, nemifananidzo yerunako rukuru: Sho Kannon, Buddha weTachibana, Bodhisattva Gakko weTōdai-ji. Munguva yeHakuhō (645-710), kudzvinyirirwa kwedzinza reSoga nekubatanidzwa kwemambo kwakatungamira kumagumo esimba reKorea uye nekutsiviwa kwayo neChinese (Tang dynasty), ichigadzira akatevedzana emabasa ehukuru hukuru uye hwechokwadi, nekutenderera uye. mamwe maitiro ane nyasha.
Shanduko iyi inoonekwa muchikamu cheYakushi-ji yakavezwa mifananidzo yebhuronzi, yakaumbwa naBuddha akagara (Yakushi) achiperekedzwa nebodhisattvas Nikko ("Chiedza cheZuva") naGakko ("Mwedzi"), anoratidza simba rakakura munzvimbo yake ye contrapposto, uye kuwedzera kwechiso.
PaHōryū-ji, maitiro eTori echiKorea akaenderera mberi, sezvakaita muKannon Yumegatari uye Amida Triad yeLady Tachibana locket. PaTōshōdai-ji Tembere pane nhevedzano yezviumbwa zvihombe, zvakagadzirwa neburi rakaomeswa lacquer, zvichiratidza nechepakati Buddha Rushana (759), iyo yakareba 3,4 metres. Kunewo zvinomiririra mweya yekuchengetedza (Meikira Taisho), madzimambo (Komokuten), nezvimwewo. Iwo mabasa mumatanda, bhuronzi, ivhu mbishi kana yakaoma lacquer, yechokwadi chikuru.
Iyo pendi inomiririrwa neHōryū-ji mudhuri wekushongedza (pakupera kwezana ramakore rechinomwe), senge Kondō frescoes, inotakura zvakafanana neaya eAjantā muIndia. Mataipi akasiyana-siyana akabudawo, akadai se<em>kakemono (“kupendiwa kwakarembera”) uye emakimono (“kupendiwa kwe<em>roller”), nyaya dzakapendwa pamupumburu wamapepa kana kuti silika, dzine zvinyorwa zvinotsanangura zviono zvakasiyana, zvinonzi sutras.
MuNara Shōso-in, kune akati wandei-enyika-themed pendi, ine mhando dzakasiyana uye madingindira: zvirimwa, mhuka, nzvimbo, uye simbi zvinhu. Pakati penguva, chikoro cheTang Dynasty chekupenda chakauya mufashoni, sezvinoonekwa mumakuva eTakamatsuzuka murals, anosvika mazana manomwe.
Nemutemo weTaiho-ryo we701, basa remupendi rinodzorwa mumakambani ehunyanzvi. inodzorwa neDhipatimendi rePainters (takumi-no-tuskasa), pasi peBazi reMukati. Aya masangano aitarisira kushongedza mizinda nematemberi, uye chimiro chavo chakagara kusvika panguva yeMeiji. Pottery yakasimukira zvinoshamisa kuburikidza nehunyanzvi hwakasiyana hwakatengwa kubva kuChina, sekushandiswa kwemavara anopenya akaiswa kuvhu.
Nguva yeHeian (794-1185)
Munguva iyi hurumende yedzinza reFujiwara yakaitika, iyo yakamisa hurumende yepakati yakafemerwa nehurumende yeChina, ine guta guru muHeian (yava kunzi Kyoto). Madzishe makuru emafeudal (daimyō) akamuka uye mufananidzo wemasamurai wakaonekwa.
Panenge panguva ino, girafu inonzi Hiragana yakabuda, iyo yakashandura kunyorwa kwechiChinese kumutauro wepolysyllabic unoshandiswa kuJapan, uchishandisa mabhii echiChinese emhando dzefonetiki dzemasyllables. Kuparara kwehukama neChina kwakaburitsa hunyanzvi hweJapan hwakajeka, huchibuda pamwe nehunyanzvi hwechitendero humhizha hwekunyika hungave chiratidzo chechokwadi cheurudzi hwedare remambo.
Bhudha iconography yakava nekuvandudzwa kutsva nekupinzwa kunze kwemapoka maviri matsva kubva kunyika, Tendai neShingon, zvichibva paTibetan Tantric Buddhism, iyo yakabatanidza zvinhu zveShinto uye yakagadzira syncretism yechitendero yenguva ino.
Iyo dhizaini yakave neshanduko muurongwa hwemamongi, ayo akamiswa munzvimbo dziri kure, akaitirwa kufungisisa. Matemberi anonyanya kukosha ndeEnryaku-ji (788), Kongōbu-ji (816), uye Murō-ji pagoda-shrine. Enryaku-ji, iri padyo neMount Hiei, ndeimwe yeMonuments of Ancient Kyoto, yakaziviswa seWorld Heritage Site muna 1994.
Yakatangwa mu788 naSaichō, uyo akaunza Tendai Buddhist Sect kuJapan. Enryaku-ji yaive nematemberi angangoita 3.000, uye yaive muzinda mukuru wesimba muzuva rayo, nezvizhinji zvezvivakwa zvayo zvakaparadzwa naOda Nobunaga muna 1571.
Pamusoro pechikamu chakapukunyuka, Saitō (“horo yokumadokero”) inomira pachena nhasi uye Tōdō (“horo yokumabvazuva”), uko Konpon chūdō iri, chivako chinomirira zvikurusa cheEnryaku ji, uko kunochengetwa chifananidzo chaBuddha. .zvakavezwa naSaichō pachake, Yakushi Nyorai.
Chivezwa chatambura kudzikira zvishoma zvichienzaniswa nenguva dzakapfuura. Zvakare, mimiririro yaBuddha (Nyoirin-Kannon; Yakushi Nyorai anobva kutembere yeJingo-ji muKyoto; Amida Nyorai anobva kuByōdō-mumusha wamamongi), pamwe chete navamwe vamwarikadzi vechiShinto (Kichijoten, mwarikadzi womufaro, akaenzana naLakshmī India) .
Kuomarara kwakanyanyisa kwechitendero cheBhudha kunoganhurira kungoita kwemuimbi, anozviganhurira kune akaomesesa emakanoni eunyanzvi anodzikisira rusununguko rwake rwekugadzira. Munguva ye859 uye 877, maitiro eJogan anogadzirwa, anosiyaniswa nemifananidzo yesimba rinotyisa rinotyisa, rine imwe mhepo yekufungidzira uye isinganzwisisike, yakadai saShaka Nyorai weMurō-ji.
Munguva yeFujiwara, chikoro chakavambwa naJōchō kuByōdō-in chakasimuka kuita mukurumbira, chine chimiro chakanakisa uye chakatetepa kupfuura chivezwa chaJogan, chinoratidza maumbirwo emuviri akakwana uye pfungwa huru yekufamba.
Mushopu waJōchō wakasuma mitoo ye yosegi newarihagi, iyo yaibatanidza kukamura mufananidzo kuva matombo maviri ayo ipapo aibatanidzwa pamwe chete kuti aaveve, nokudaro kudzivisa kutsemuka kwaitevera, chimwe chezvinetso zvikuru zvine nhamba huru. Aya matekiniki anobvumirawo serial kukwira uye akagadzirwa nekubudirira kukuru muchikoro cheKei chenguva yeKamakura.
Pendi yeYamato-e inobudirira kunyanya pamipumburu yakanyorwa nemaoko inonzi emaki, iyo inosanganisa mifananidzo neKatakana calligraphy inoyevedza. Mipumburu iyi yairondedzera zvinyorwa zvenhoroondo kana zvinyorwa, senge The Tale of Genji, bhuku rakanyorwa naMurasaki Shikibu kubva mukupera kwezana ramakore rechigumi.
Kunyangwe iwo manyoro aive basa revanyori vane mukurumbira, mifananidzo yacho yaiwanzo kuurayiwa nevatongi vedare, vakaita saKi no Tsubone naNagato no Tsubone, vachitora sampuli yeaesthetics yechikadzi iyo yaizove yakakosha mune yemazuva ano art yeJapan.
Panguva ino, kupatsanurwa kwemifananidzo maererano nevakadzi kwakatanga, izvo zvakaratidza musiyano unonzwisisika pakati pevanhu, uko murume aive pasi pesimba reChinese, uye chikadzi uye chakanyanya kunaka chaive chiJapan chehunyanzvi.
Mu onna-e, kunze kweNhoroondo yeGenji, Heike Nogyo (Lotus Sutra) anomira kunze, akatumirwa nemhuri yeTaira yeItsushima shrine, iyo inobatanidzwa mumipumburu yakasiyana-siyana pamusoro peruponeso rwemweya yakaziviswa neBuddhism.
Kune rumwe rutivi, iyi The otoko-e yainyanya kurondedzera uye ine simba kupfuura ona-e, izere nekuita, nekuwedzera kwechokwadi uye kufamba, semumipumburu yeShigisan Engi, pamusoro pezvishamiso zvemongi Myoren; Ban Danigon E-kotoba, nezvehondo pakati pemadzinza anokwikwidza muzana ramakore rechipfumbamwe; uye Chōjugiga, mifananidzo yemhuka dzine chiratidzo checaricatured uye inzwi rinonyadzisa, rinotsoropodza aristocracy.
Nguva yeKamakura (1185-1392)
Mushure mekukakavadzana kwakawanda pakati pemhuri dzemafeudal, Minamoto yakagadzwa, iyo yakasimbisa shogunate, chimiro chehurumende nedare remauto. Panguva ino, boka reZen rakasumwa kuJapan, izvo zvaizonyanya kukanganisa unyanzvi hwekufananidzira. Mavakirwo acho aive akapfava, ainyanya kushanda, asina umbozha uye akashongedzwa.
Kutonga kweZen kwakaunza iyo inonzi Kara-yo maitiro: Zen nzvimbo dzekunamatira dzakatevera nzira yeChinese axial planimetry, kunyangwe chivako chikuru chaive chisiri tembere, asi imba yekuverengera, uye nzvimbo yerukudzo yakanga isingagarwe nechifananidzo. Buddha, asi nechigaro chidiki apo abbot akadzidzisa vadzidzi vake.
Imba shanu huru yetemberi yeSanjūsangen-dō, muKyoto (1266), pamwe chete nemamongi Kennin-ji (1202) uye Tōfuku-ji (1243) muKyoto, uye Kencho-ji (1253) uye Engaku-ji (1282) ) in Kamakura.
Iyo Kōtoku-in (1252) ine mukurumbira nekuda kwechifananidzo chayo chikuru uye chinorema chebhuronzi chaAmida Buddha, ichichiita chiBuddha chechipiri pakukura muJapan mushure meTōdai-ji.
Muna 1234, Chion-in Temple, chigaro cheJōdo shū Buddhism, yakavakwa, ichisiyaniswa negedhi rayo guru guru (Sanmon), chivako chikurusa cherudzi rwacho muJapan.
Mumwe wevamiriri vekupedzisira venguva iyi aive Hongan-ji (1321), iyo ine temberi huru mbiri: iyo Nishi Hongan-ji, iyo inosanganisira Goei-dō uye Amida-dō, pamwe nepavilion yetii nematanho maviri e. imba yemitambo yeNoh, imwe yacho inoti ndiyo yekare kupfuura yose ichiri kurarama; uye Higashi Hongan-ji, musha weakakurumbira Shosei-en.
Chivezwa chacho chakawana uchokwadi hukuru, chichiwana mugadziri wacho rusununguko rukuru rwokusika, sezvinoratidzirwa nemifananidzo yavakuru vakuru navarwi, yakadai seyaUesugi Shigusa (nenyanzvi isingazivikanwi), murwi wezana ramakore rechigumi namana.
Mabasa eZen akanangana nekumiririrwa nevatenzi vavo, murudzi rwechivezwa chinonzi shinzo, chakaita sechatenzi Muji Ichien (1312, nemunyori asingazivikanwe), mupuranga repolychrome, rinomiririra tenzi weZen akagara pachigaro cheushe. mafungiro ekufungisisa akasununguka.
Chikoro cheKei cheNara, mugari wenhaka yeJōchō Chikoro chenguva yeHeian, chainyanya kukosha kune kunaka kwemabasa ayo, uko muvezi Unkei, munyori wezviumbwa zvemamongi Muchaku naSesshin (Kōfuku-ji weNara), zvakare. semifananidzo yeKongo Rikishi (midzimu yevarindi), yakadai semifananidzo miviri mikuru iri pamusuwo we 8-mita-yakakwirira Tōdai-ji temberi (1199).
Maitiro aUnkei, akapesvedzerwa neSong dzinza reChinese chivezwa, chaive chechokwadi zvakanyanya apo chaitora ruzivo rwakadzama rwefiziognomic nekutaura kwemanzwiro uye nemweya wemukati wemunhu anoratidzwa.
Makristasi erima akatoiswa mumaziso, kuti ape kujeka kukuru. Basa raUnkei rakaratidza kutanga kwemifananidzo yeJapan. Mwanakomana wake Tankei, munyori weKannon Senju weSanjūsangen-dō, akaenderera mberi nebasa rake.
Iyo pendi yakaratidzwa nekuwedzera kwechokwadi uye yepfungwa introspection. Landscaping (Nachi Waterfall) uye mufananidzo Monk Myoe muContemplation, naEnichi-bo Jonin; seti yemifananidzo kubva kuJingo-ji Tembere muKyoto, naFujiwara Takanobu; Mufananidzo waGoshin waMambo Hanazono, wakanyanyogadzirwa.
Iyo yamato-e modhi yakaenderera uye mifananidzo yakatsanangurwa mumipumburu, yakawanda yacho yakareba mamita akati wandei. Aya manyoro airatidza ruzivo rwehupenyu hwemazuva ese, zviratidziro zvemudhorobha kana zvekumaruwa, kana zvine mifananidzo zviitiko zvenhoroondo, seHondo yeKyoto ya1159 pakati pemapazi anokwikwidza eImperial Family.
Ivo vakaratidzwa muzviitiko zvinoenderera, vachitevera kurongeka kwerondedzero, ine yakakwira panorama, mumutsara wakatwasuka. Mipumburu ine mifananidzo yezviitiko zvenguva yeHeiji (Heiji monogatari) nemipumburu yeKegon Engi yaEnichi-bo Jonin inomira pachena.
Painting yakabatana nesangano reZen yainyanya kupesvedzerwa neChinese, ine hunyanzvi hwekuwedzera mitsetse yeinki yeChinese ichitevera Zen dictum yekuti "mavara mazhinji anopofumadza ziso."
Nguva yeMuromachi (1392-1573)
Iyo shogunate iri mumaoko eAshikaga, ane kurwisana kunofadza simba rinokura re daimyō, rinoparadzanisa nyika. Iyo dhizaini yaive yakanakisa uye quintessentially yechiJapan, iine dzimba dzepamusoro, dzimba dzemamongi dzakadai seZuihoji, uye temberi dzakadai seShōkoku-ji (1382), Kinkaku-ji kana iyo Golden Pavilion (1397), uye Ginkaku-ji. o Silver Pavilion (1489), muKyoto.
Kinkaku-ji yakavakwa semusha wekuzorora weShogun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, sechikamu chenzvimbo yake inonzi Kitayama. Mwanakomana wake akashandura chivako ichi kuita temberi yeboka reRinzai. Chivako chine nhurikidzwa nhatu, mbiri dzokutanga dzakafukidzwa neshizha regoridhe rakanatswa. Iyo pavilion inoshanda sesheriden, inochengetedza zvisaririra zveBuddha.
Iyo ine zvakare akasiyana zvifananidzo zveBuddha neBodhisattva, uye fenghuang yegoridhe inomira padenga. Iinewo gadheni rakanaka rakabatana, rine dziva rinonzi Kyōko-chi, rine zvitsuwa zvakawanda nematombo anomiririra nyaya yekusikwa kwechiBhudha.
Kune chikamu chayo, Ginkaku-ji yakavakwa ne shogun Ashikaga Yoshimasa, uyo akatsvaka kutevedzera Kinkaku-ji yakavakwa natateguru vake Yoshimitsu, asi zvinosuruvarisa kuti haana kukwanisa kuvhara chivako nesirivha sezvakarongwa.
Zvakare hunhu hwemagadzirirwo enguva iyi kutaridzika kwe tokonoma, kamuri rakachengeterwa kufungisisa kwependi kana maruva kuronga, maererano neZen aesthetic. Uyewo, tatami, rudzi rwemeti yakagadzirwa nemashanga emupunga, yakatangwa, iyo yakaita kuti mukati meimba yeJapan inakidze.
Panguva ino, hunyanzvi hwekurima gadheni hwakagadziridzwa kunyanya, vachiisa hwaro hwehunyanzvi uye hwekunakisa hwebindu reJapan. Nzira mbiri huru dzakabuda: tsukiyama, yakakomberedza chikomo uye dziva; uye hiraniwa, bindu rakati sandara rejecha rakacherwa, rine matombo, miti nematsime.
Miti inonyanyozivikanwa inogadzirwa neshenjere uye akasiyana marudzi emaruva nemiti, ingave yakasvibira, seyeJapan mutema mupaini, kana deciduous, senge mepu yeJapan, zvinhu zvakaita semaferns uye furo zvinokosheswawo.
Bonsai chimwe chinhu chakajairika chegadheni uye dhizaini yemukati. Magadheni anowanzo sanganisira dziva kana dziva, marudzi akasiyana-siyana epavilion (kazhinji kumhemberero yetii), uye marambi ematombo. Imwe yeakajairika hunhu hwebindu reJapan, senge mune mamwe ehunyanzvi hwayo, ihwo husina kukwana, husina kupera uye asymmetrical chitarisiko.
Kune marudzi akasiyana-siyana emapindu: "kufamba", iyo inogona kuonekwa ichifamba nenzira kana kupoteredza dziva; ye "imba yekutandarira", iyo inogona kuoneka kubva panzvimbo yakatarwa, kazhinji pavilion kana machiya-mhando hut.
Te (rōji), yakatenderedza nzira inoenda kuimba yetii, ine bakdosin mataira kana matombo anomaka nzira; uye “kufungisisa” (karesansui, “makomo nemvura”), rinova ndiro gadheni rinonyanya kuzivikanwa reZen, rinoonekwa kubva pachikuva chiri muZen monasteries.
Muenzaniso wakanaka ndiyo inonzi nyika isina mvura yebindu reRyōan-ji muKyoto nemuvengi uye mudetembi Sōami (1480), iyo inomiririra gungwa, rakagadzirwa nejecha rakachekwa, rakazara nezvitsuwa, izvo matombo. , kuumba chizere chinobatanidza chokwadi uye manyepo uye chinokoka kudzikama nekufungisisa.
Kudzokororwa kwekupenda kwakacherechedzwa, kwakarongedzwa muZen aesthetic, iyo yakagamuchira pesvedzero yeChinese yeYuan neMing dynasties, inoratidzwa zvakanyanya mukushongedza.
Iyo nzira yegouache yakaunzwa, chinyorwa chakakwana chedzidziso yeZen, iyo inotsvaga kuratidza mumatunhu zvavanoreva, pane izvo zvavanomiririra.
Chimiro chebunjinso chakabuda, "mumongi wehungwaru" akagadzira ake ega mabasa, nyanzvi uye vateveri veChinese tekinoroji muinki ye monochrome, muchidimbu uye akapararira mabhurashi, airatidza mumabasa ake zvinhu zvakasikwa semapaini, tsanga, orchids, bamboo. , matombo, miti, shiri uye zvimiro zvevanhu zvakanyudzwa muzvisikwa, mumafungiro ekufungisisa.
KuJapan, iyi inki yekuChina yainzi sumi-e. Zvichienderana nemisimboti minomwe yerunako rweZen, sumi-e yakatsvaga kuratidza zvakanyanya manzwiro emukati kuburikidza nekureruka uye kunaka, mumitsetse yakapfava uye ine mwero inodarika chitarisiko chavo chekunze kuratidza mamiriro ekuyanana nezvisikwa.
Sumi-e yaive nzira (dō) yekuwana mweya wemukati, iyi yaishandiswa nemamongi. Izvo zvakasiyana zveinki, zvisinganzwisisiki uye zvinopararira, zvakabvumira muiti kuti atore zvakakosha zvezvinhu, nenzira yakapfava uye yakasikwa, asi panguva imwechete yakadzika uye yakapfuura.
Ihwo unyanzvi hwomuzvarirwo hwekuuraya nokukurumidza, kusingabviri kubatazve, chokwadi chinoibatanidza noupenyu, uko kusingabviri kudzokera kune zvakaitwa. Imwe neimwe dhizaini inotakura yakakosha simba (ki), sezvo chiri chiitiko chekusika, uko pfungwa dzinoiswa mukuita uye maitiro akakosha kupfuura mhedzisiro.
Vamiriri vakanyanya kukosha vesumi-e vaive: Muto Shui, Josetsu, Shūbun, Sesson Shukei uye, pamusoro pezvose, Sesshū Tōyō, munyori wemifananidzo uye nzvimbo, mugadziri wekutanga kupenda achiri mupenyu. Sesshū aive Gaso, mumongi-pendi, akaenda kuChina pakati pe1467 ne1469, kwaakadzidza hunyanzvi uye mamiriro echisikigo.
Mamiriro ake akaumbwa nemitsara mitsetse, inovhenekerwa nechiedza chakaerekana chinoratidza pfungwa yeZen yenguva inodarika. Idzi inzvimbo dzine huvepo hwezvinhu zveanecdotal, senge temberi dziri kure kana zvimiro zvidiki zvevanhu, zvakarongwa munzvimbo dziri kure dzakaita semawere.
Rudzi rutsva rwependi yedetembo rabudawo, shinjuku, apo nzvimbo inotaridza nhetembo yakafemerwa nemasikirwo. Zvakare zvinofanirwa kutaurwa nezve Chikoro cheKanō, chakavambwa naKanō Masanobu, icho chinoshandisa nzira yegouache kuzvidzidzo zvechinyakare, inoratidzira inoera, nyika uye mamiriro.
Iyo yekugezesa yakashandiswa zvakare kune akapendwa masikirini uye mapaneru emagonhi efusuma anotsvedza, zviratidzo zveJapan mukati medhizaini. Mune ceramics, chikoro cheSeto chinomira pachena, typology inonyanya kufarirwa iri tenmoku. Lacquer uye simbi zvinhu zvakare inocherekedza mienzaniso kubva panguva ino.
Nguva yeAzuchi–Momoyama (1573–1603)
Panguva ino, Japan yakanga yabatanidzwa zvakare naOda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, naTokugawa Ieyasu, avo vakabvisa daimyō ndokuva nesimba.
Basa rake rakabatana nokusvika kwevatengesi vechiPutukezi nemamishinari echiJesuit, avo vakasuma chiKristu munyika yacho, kunyange zvazvo vaingosvika vashomanana.
Kugadzirwa kwehunyanzvi panguva ino kwakasuduruka kubva kuBuddhist aesthetic, ichisimbisa tsika dzechiJapan dzechiJapan, nemaitiro anoputika. Kupinda kweKorea muna 1592 kwakakonzera kumanikidzwa kutamiswa kwevakawanda vekuKorea maartist kuenda kuJapan, avo vaigara munzvimbo dzekugadzira midziyo yehari dziri kure nevamwe.
Zvakare, panguva iyi, pesvedzero yekutanga yekumavirira yakagamuchirwa, inoratidzwa muchimiro cheNamban, chakagadzirwa muminiaturist chivezwa, chine dingindira renyika, zvekushongedza porcelain zvinhu uye kupeta zviratidziro zvakashongedzwa muYamato-e maitiro, nemavara akajeka uye shizha regoridhe, mumifananidzo inotaura nyaya yekusvika kwevaEurope pamhenderekedzo yeJapan.
Maonero ekuona, pamwe chete nezvimwe zvakasiyana-siyana zvekupenda kweEurope zvakadai sekushandiswa kwependi yemafuta, hazvina kumira muchimiro cheunyanzvi muJapan.
Muchivakwa, kuvakwa kwenhare huru (shiro) inomira kunze, iyo yakasimbiswa nekuiswa muJapan kwepfuti dzekuMadokero. Himeji, Azuchi, Matsumoto, Nijō, uye Fushimi-Momoyama nhare mienzaniso yakanaka.
Himeji Castle, imwe yezvivakwa zvikuru zvenguva iyoyo, inosanganisa masvingo makuru nekunaka kwechimiro chakatwasuka, pauriri hushanu hwehuni uye plaster, ine zvinyoro nyoro zvimiro zvedenga zvakakombana zvakafanana neaya echinyakare temberi dzeJapan.
Misha yemitambo yetii yeRustic, ine tudzimba tudiki kana mizinda nemapindu makuru, yawandawo, uye dzimba dzemapango dzemitambo yekabuki dzakavakwa mune mamwe maguta.
Munzvimbo yekupenda, chikoro cheKanō chinotora mazhinji emakomisheni epamutemo, achitsanangura pendi yemadziro edzimba huru dzeJapan, pakanga paine vanhu vakakosha vainzi Kanō Eitoku naKanō Sanraku.
Kune nhare, dzisina kuvhenekerwa neyakamanikana yekudzivirira kuvhurika, rudzi rwezvikamu zvine goridhe kumashure akagadzirwa airatidza mwenje uye akapararira mukati mekamuri yese, aine mikuru mikuru yakashongedzwa nemagamba emifananidzo, semhuka. semangwe nemadhiragoni, kana nzvimbo dzine huvepo hwemagadheni, madziva nemabhiriji, kana mumwaka mina, dingindira rakajairika panguva iyoyo.
Kudhinda sikirini kwakagadziridzwawo zvinoshamisa, kazhinji neingi dzakasakara, ichitevera sumi-e maitiro, sezvinoonekwa mumabasa aHasegawa Tōhaku (pine sango) uye Kaihō Yūshō (pine uye plum muti muchiedza chemwedzi). Chimiro chaTawaraya Sōtatsu, munyori wemabasa ehukuru dynamism, mumipumburu yezvinyorwa, zviratidziro uye mafeni, yakasimbiswa zvakare.
Akasika chimiro cherwiyo uye chekushongedza chakafemerwa newaka script yenguva yeHeian, yainzi rinpa, ichigadzira mabasa erunako rwekuona uye kusimba kwemanzwiro, senge Nyaya yeGenji, Nzira yeIvy, vamwari vekutinhira nemhepo. , nezvimwewo.
Kugadzirwa kweceramics kwakasvika pane imwe nguva yekukura kukuru, kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvemhemberero yetii, zvakafemerwa neKorea ceramics, ine rusticity uye chitarisiko chisina kupera chinonyatso ratidza kunaka kweZen kunopinda mukati metii rite.
Madhizaini matsva akabuda, akadai semapureti nezumi nemajagi emvura ekogan, kazhinji aine muviri muchena wakagezeswa mudungwe refeldspar uye wakashongedzwa nemagadzirirwo akareruka akagadzirwa nesimbi. Yakanga iri ceramic gobvu ine chitarisiko chakapenya, ine isina kupera kurapwa, iyo yakapa manzwiro ekusakwana uye kusagadzikana.
Seto akaramba ari mugadziri mukuru, nepo muguta reMino zvikoro zviviri zvakakosha zvakazvarwa: Shino naOribe. Chikoro cheKaratsu nemhando mbiri dzekutanga dzehari dzakaonekwawo:
Iga, ine rough texture uye gobvu jira glaze, ane yakadzika makatsemuka; uye Bizen, dhaka dzvuku-shava risina kupenya, richiri rakapfava, rakabviswa kubva pavhiri kuti ribudise madiki madiki akatsemuka uye akachekwa aipa kutaridzika kwakashata, zvichiri mukuenderana neZen aesthetic yekusakwana.
Mumwe weakanakisa maartist panguva ino aive Honami Kōetsu, uyo akakunda mukupenda, nhetembo, kurima gadheni, lacquerware, nezvimwe. Akadzidziswa tsika yehunyanzvi yenguva yeHeian uye muShorenin chikoro checalligraphy, akatanga koloni yehunyanzvi muTakagamine, padyo neKyoto, panzvimbo yakapihwa naTokugawa Ieyasu.
Kugadziriswa uku kwakachengetwa nemhizha kubva kuNichiren Buddhist School uye yakagadzira akati wandei emhando yepamusoro mabasa. Ivo vakanyanya hunyanzvi mune lacquerware, kunyanya zvishongedzo zvemuhofisi, zvakashongedzwa negoridhe uye amai-ve-parera inlays, pamwe nemidziyo yakasiyana-siyana uye tableware yemhemberero yetii, vachiratidzira iyo yakazara-muviri fujisan ndiro. dzvuku rakafukidzwa nebhurugwa dema uye, pamusoro, chena yakasviba yechando inopa mhedzisiro yekudonha kwechando.
Nguva yeEdo (1603-1868)
Iyi nguva yeunyanzvi inoenderana nenguva yeTokugawa yenhoroondo, apo Japan yakavharwa kune vese vekunze kuonana. Guta guru rakavambwa muEdo, remangwana Tokyo. MaKristu akatambudzwa uye vatengesi vekuEurope vakadzingwa.
Pasinei nehurongwa hwevassalage, kutengeserana nemhizha zvakawedzera, zvichiita kuti boka re bourgeois rakakura musimba uye simba, uye rakazvipira kusimudzira unyanzvi, kunyanya kudhinda, ceramics, lacquerware, uye zvinhu. textiles.
Mabasa anomiririra zvakanyanya iKatsura Palace muKyoto uye Tōshō-gū Mausoleum muNikkō (1636), inova chikamu che "Nikkō Shrines uye Tembere", ese akaziviswa World Heritage Sites neUNESCO mu1999.
Chimwe chirudzi mubatanidzwa weShinto-Buddhist, ndiyo mausoleum ye shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu. Tembere iyi yakaomesesa symmetrical chimiro chine mavara erelief anovhara yese inooneka nzvimbo. Zvivako zvaro zvine mavara uye zvishongo zvakawandisa zvinomira pachena, izvo zvinosiyana nemaitiro ematemberi epanguva iyoyo.
Iyo yemukati yakashongedzwa neyakadzama lacquer yakavezwa mune inopenya mavara uye nehunyanzvi mapaneru akapendwa. Katsura Palace (1615-1662) yakavakirwa paZen-yakafuridzirwa asymmetrical plan, uko kushandiswa kwemitsara yakatwasuka pane yekunze façade kunopesana nekutadza kwebindu rakapoteredza.
Nekuda kwechimiro chayo sechigaro chaizozorora mhuri yehumambo, imba iyi yaive nechivakwa chikuru, akati wandei, makamuri etii uye 70000-mamita paki. Imba huru, ine uriri humwe chete, yakakamurwa kuita mativi mana anosangana pamakona.
Chivako chose chine humwe hunhu hwekuvakwa pambiru uye pamusoro padzo nhevedzano yemakamuri ane madziro nemagonhi, mamwe aine mifananidzo yaKanō Tan'yū.
Zvakare hunhu hwenguva ino dzimba dzetii (chashitsu), kazhinji zvivakwa zvidiki zvemapuranga zvine matenga akapfirirwa, akakomberedzwa nemagadheni munzvimbo inooneka yekusiiwa, ine lichens, mosses uye mashizha akadonha, achitevera pfungwa yeZen. yekusakwana kwakanyanyisa.
Kutanga kwehunyanzvi uye kukura kwenjere
Munguva iyi, Japan zvishoma nezvishoma yakadzidza nzira dzekuMadokero uye kufambira mberi kwesainzi (inonzi rangaku) kuburikidza neruzivo nemabhuku akagamuchirwa kubva kune vatengesi vechiDutch muDejima.
Nzvimbo dzakadzidzwa zvakanyanya dzaisanganisira geography, mushonga, sainzi yechisikigo, nyeredzi, hunyanzvi, mitauro, pfungwa dzemuviri sekudzidza kwemagetsi nemakanika zviitiko. Paivawo nekukura kukuru kwemasvomhu, mumuitiro wakazvimiririra zvachose kubva kune wenyika dzokuMadokero. Yakasimba iyi yainzi wasan.
Kutumbuka kweNeo-Confucianism ndiko kwaive kukura kwehungwaru kwepanguva iyoyo. Kufunda kwechiConfucius kwakanga kwave kuchiitwa kwenguva refu navafundisi vechiBuddha, asi mukati meiyi nhambo iyi gadziriro yechitendero yakakwevera ngwariro huru kukunambwa kwomunhu nenzanga.
Ethical humanism, rationalism uye nhoroondo yekuona kweConfucianism yakaonekwa semuenzaniso wemagariro. Mukati mezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, chiConfucius chakava uzivi hwapamutemo hunodzora uye chakabetsera zvakananga kukudziridzwa kwegadziriro yenyika yokudzidza, kokugaku.
Hunhu hwake hukuru hwehutongi hweshogunal hwaive kusimbiswa kwehukama hwehukama, kuzviisa pasi. kumusoro. uye kuteerera, uko kunosvika kunzanga yose uye kunofambisa kuchengetedzwa kwegadziriro yefeudal.
Unyanzvi hwemachira hwakanyanya kukosha, kunyanya musilika, iyo yakasvika pamazinga emhando yepamusoro, ndosaka madhirezi esiriki (kimono) ane mavara akajeka uye madhizaini akanaka aiwanzoturikwa mumakamuri. akaparadzana, sokunge akanga ari zvidzitiro.
Nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzakashandiswa, dzakadai sekudhaya, kuruka, bhurodhi, embossing, appliqué, uye kupenda nemaoko. Sirika yaingowanikwa kukirasi dzepamusoro chete, nepo vanhu vaipfeka donje, vaigadzirwa pachishandiswa hunyanzvi hwekat yechiIndonesian, vairukwa muzvikamu uye vakadhayiwa indigo vachichinjana nemuchena.
Imwe nzira yemhando yakaderera yaive yekuruka shinda dzedonje dzemavara akasiyana, nedhayi dzekumba dzakaiswa muchimiro chebatik pachishandiswa mupunga wemupunga uye bran yemupunga yakabikwa uye yakasanganiswa.
Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti sekunge hunyanzvi hweJapan hwakapesvedzerwa nehunyanzvi hwekuMadokero muzana ramakore reXNUMX, hwakakanganiswawo neexoticism uye hunhu hwehunyanzvi hweJapan. Iyi ndiyo nzira iyo inonzi Japonism yakazvarwa kuMadokero, yakatanga kunyanya muhafu yechipiri yezana remakore rechiXNUMX, kunyanya muFrance neGreat Britain.
Izvi zvakaratidzwa mune izvo zvinodaidzwa kuti Japoneries, zvinhu zvakafemerwa neJapan prints, porcelain, lacquer, mafeni uye bamboo zvinhu, izvo zvave fashoni zvese mukushongedza kwemba uye mune dzakawanda zvipfeko zvemunhu zvinoratidza kufungidzira uye kushongedza kwetsika yeJapan. .
Mukupenda, manyorerwo echikoro cheukiyo-e akagamuchirwa nomufaro, uye mabasa aUtamaro, Hiroshige, naHokusai akakosheswa zvikuru. Vaimbi vekuMadokero vakatevedzera kuvakwa kwenzvimbo kwakareruka, mitsetse yakapfava, chimiro checalligraphic, uye kunzwisisika kwechisikigo kwekupenda kweJapan.
Mazuva ano (kubvira 1868)
Munguva yeMeiji (1868-1912) kuvandudzwa kwakadzama kwetsika, magariro uye tekinoroji yakatanga muJapan, iyo yakavhura zvakanyanya kune yekunze uye yakatanga kubatanidza kufambira mberi kutsva kwakaitwa kuMadokero. Gwaro remuna 1868 rakabvisa ropafadzo dzehutongi uye kusiyana kwekirasi, izvo zvisina kutungamira mukuvandudzwa kwekirasi dzevarombo dzevarombo.
Nguva yekuwedzera kweimperiyasi yakasimba yakatanga, izvo zvakatungamira kuHondo Yenyika Yechipiri. Mushure mehondo, Japan yakaita hurongwa hwegutsaruzhinji nekusimudzira hupfumi hwakaita kuti ive imwe yemasimba ehupfumi hwenyika uye muzinda unotungamira wekugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri uye hunyanzvi hwekuvandudza tekinoroji. Nguva yeMeiji yakateverwa neTaishō (1912-1926), Shōwa (1926-1989), uye Heisei (1989-) eras.
Kubva 1930, kufambira mberi kwechiuto uye kuwedzera muChina neSouth Asia, pamwe nekuwedzera kwezviwanikwa zvakagoverwa kubhajeti remauto, zvakakonzera kudzikira kwehunyanzvi hwekutsigira. Nekudaro, nekukura kwehupfumi hwepashure pehondo uye kubudirira kutsva kwakaitwa nekusimudzira nyika, hunyanzvi hwakazvarwa patsva, hwatonyura zvizere mukufamba kwehunyanzvi hwepasirese nekuda kwemaitiro ekudyidzana kwepasirese.
Zvakare, budiriro yehupfumi inokurudzira kuunganidza, kugadzira akawanda mamiziyamu nenzvimbo dzekuratidzira dzakabatsira kuparadzira nekuchengetedza hunyanzvi hweJapan nevekunze. Muchikamu chechitendero, kugadzwa munguva yeMeiji yeShintoism sechitendero chepamutemo chete (Shinbutsu bunri) chakatungamirira mukusiiwa uye kuparadzwa kwetemberi dzeBuddhist nemabasa eunyanzvi, izvo zvingadai zvisingagadziriki pasina kupindira kwaErnest Fenollosa, purofesa we uzivi. kubva kuTokyo Imperial University.
Pamwe chete nemukuru uye mutsigiri William Bigelow, akachengetedza nhamba huru yemabasa akakurudzira kuunganidzwa kwehunyanzvi hwechiBuddha paMuseum of Fine Arts muBoston uye Freer Gallery yeArt muWashington DC, maviri eakaunganidzwa akanakisa eAsia art mu. nyika..
Iyo dhizaini ine kutungamira kaviri: iyo yechinyakare (Yasukuni shrine, Heian Jingu uye Meiji temberi, muTokyo) uye yeEuropean-inofurirwa imwe, iyo inobatanidza hutsva tekinoroji (Yamato Bunkakan Museum, naIso Hachi Yoshida, muNara).
Westernization yakatungamira kuvakwa kwezvivakwa zvitsva zvakaita semabhangi, mafekitori, zviteshi zvechitima, uye zvivakwa zveveruzhinji, zvakavakwa nezvinhu zvekuMadokero uye hunyanzvi, kutanga kutevedzera mavakirwo eChirungu Victorian. Vamwe vagadziri vezvivakwa vekunze vakashandawo muJapan, vakadai saFrank Lloyd Wright (Imperial Hotel, Tokyo).
Architecture uye urbanism yakagamuchira kukurudzirwa kukuru mushure meHondo Yenyika II, nekuda kwekudiwa kwekuvakazve nyika. Ipapo chizvarwa chitsva chevagadziri vezvivako chakabuda.
Inotungamirwa naKenzō Tange, munyori wemabhuku akadai seHiroshima Peace Memorial Museum, St. Mary's Cathedral muTokyo, Olympic Stadium ye1964 Tokyo Olympics, zvichingodaro.
Vadzidzi nevateveri veTange vakagadzira pfungwa yezvivakwa inonzwisiswa se "metabolism", vachiona zvivakwa senge organic mafomu anofanirwa kuchinjirwa kune zvinoshanda zvinodiwa.
Movement yakavambwa muna 1959, vakafunga kugadzira nzvimbo yevagari vemo, iyo nzvimbo yavo yaive yekugadzira nhevedzano yezvivakwa zvakashanduka zvichienderana nekuchinja kwekunze, sekunge chaive chipenyu.
Nhengo dzayo dzaisanganisira Kishō Kurokawa, Akira Shibuya, Youji Watanabe, uye Kiyonori Kikutake. Mumwe mumiririri aive Maekawa Kunio uyo, pamwe chete naTange, vakaunza mazano echiJapan echinyakare muzvivakwa zvakaomarara zvemazuva ano.
Zvakare kushandisa hunyanzvi hwechinyakare uye zvinhu zvakaita setatami mat uye kushandiswa kwembiru, chinhu chekare chekuvaka mumatemberi eJapan, kana kubatanidzwa kwemapindu uye zvivezwa mune zvaakasika. Ini handikanganwi kushandisa iyo vacuum tekinoroji, yakadzidzwa naFumihiko Maki muhukama hwepakati pakati pechivako nenzvimbo yacho.
Kubva kuma1980, art yemazuva ano yakave netsika yakasimba muJapan, kubvira kare kare kusanganiswa pakati pechinhu chakakurumbira uye kuoma kwemafomu kune unhu.
Ichi chimiro chainyanya kumiririrwa naArata Isozaki, munyori weKitakyushu Museum of Art uye Kyoto Concert Hall. Isozaki akadzidza naTange uye mubasa rake akabatanidza pfungwa dzekumavirira nemamiriro ekunze, anoshanda uye ekushongedza mazano akafanana neJapan.
Kune chikamu chake, Tadao Andō akagadzira chimiro chakareruka, ane hanya zvikuru nekupa kwechiedza uye nzvimbo dzakavhurika kumhepo yekunze (Chapel pamvura, Tomanu, Hokkaidō; Chechi yeChiedza, Ibaraki, Osaka; Museum of the Vana, Himeji).
Shigeru Ban yaizivikanwa nekushandiswa kwezvinhu zvisingabvumirwi, zvakadai sepepa kana plastiki: mushure mekudengenyeka kwenyika kweKobe mu1995, iyo yakasiya vanhu vakawanda vasina pokugara, Ban vakabatsira nekugadzira Delo iyo yakazozivikanwa sePaper House uye Pepa Church, pakupedzisira , Toyō. Itō yakaongorora chimiro chemuviri weguta muzera redhijitari.
Muchivezwa pane zvakare tsika-avant-garde mbiri, inosimbisa mazita aYoshi Kimuchi naRomorini Toyofuku, kuwedzera kune abstract Masakazu Horiuchi naYasuo Mizui, wekupedzisira mugari muFrance. Isamu Noguchi naNagare Masayuki vakaunza pamwe chete tsika dzakapfuma dzezvivezwa yenyika yavo mumabasa anodzidza musiyano pakati pekukasharara nekuporiswa kwezvinhu.
Mufananidzo wacho wakateverawo maitiro maviri: tsika (nihonga) uye kumadokero (yōga), pasinei nekuvapo kwezvose zviri zviviri, chimiro chaTomioka Tessai chakaramba chiripo pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20. Kunyange zvazvo chimiro che nihonga chakawedzerwa pakuguma kubva 19th century nemuongorori wehunyanzvi Okakura Kakuzō uye mudzidzisi Ernest Fenollosa.
Tichitarisa kuhunyanzvi hwechinyakare hweiyo archetypal fomu yekutaura kwekunzwisisa kweJapan, kunyangwe chimiro ichi chakagamuchirawo kumwe kurudziro yekuMadokero, kunyanya kubva kuPre-Raphaelite uye Romanticism. Ainyanya kumiririrwa naHishida Shunsō, Yokoyama Taikan, Shimomura Kanzan, Maeda Seison, uye Kobayashi Kokei.
Kupenda kweEuropean-style kwakasimudzirwa kekutanga nehunyanzvi uye madingindira ari kushandiswa muEurope pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, zvakanyanya zvine chekuita nedzidzo, sezvakaitika kuna Kuroda Seiki, uyo akadzidza kwemakore akati wandei muParis, asi akazoenderera mberi. mafungu akasiyana akaitika muWestern art:
Boka reHakuba Kai rakatora simba reImpressionist; abstract painting yaive naTakeo Yamaguchi naMasanari Munay sevatambi vakuru; Figurative artists vaisanganisira Fukuda Heichachirō, Tokuoka Shinsen, uye Higashiyama Kaii. Vamwe vaimbi vakagara kunze kwenyika yavo vakaita saGenichiro Inokuma kuUnited States uye Tsuguharu Foujita kuFrance.
MuTaishō, yōga style yakanga ine simba guru pane nihonga, kunyange zvazvo kuwedzera kwekushandiswa kwechiedza uye maonero eEurope kwakaderedza misiyano pakati pemafungu maviri.
Sezvakangoita nihonga yakagamuchira hunyanzvi hwePost-Impressionism, yōga yakaratidza penchant ye eclecticism, ichibuda kubva kwakasiyana kwakasiyana kwakasiyana kufambisa mafambiro.
Kune iyi nhanho, iyo Japanese Academy yeFine Arts (Nihon Bijutsu In) yakagadzirwa. Shōwa era pendi yakaratidzwa nebasa raYasuri Sotaro naUmehara Ryuzaburo, uyo akaunza pfungwa dzehupenzi hwakachena uye abstract pendi kune tsika yeNihonga.
Muna 1931, iyo Independent Art Association (Dokuritsu Bijutsu Kyokai) yakavambwa kusimudzira avant-garde art.
Pakuvamba Hondo Yenyika II, mitemo yehurumende yepamutemo yakasimbisa zvakajeka misoro yokuda nyika. Hondo yapera, vanyori vakadzoka mumaguta makuru, kunyanya Tokyo.
Kugadzira hunyanzvi hwemudhorobha uye hwepasirese, hwaitevera nekuzvipira hunyanzvi hutsva hunogadzirwa pasi rese, kunyanya muParis neNew York. Mushure meabstract styles of the sixties, makumi manomwe akadzokera kune realism inofarirwa nepop-art, sezvinoratidzwa nebasa raShinohara Ushio.
Zvinoshamisa kuti chimwe chinhu chinonakidza chakaitika kumagumo e1970s, ndezvekuti kwaive nekudzoka kune tsika dzechiJapan art, mavakaona kutaura kwakanyanya uye simba remanzwiro.
Tsika yekudhinda yakaenderera mberi kusvika muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX nenzira ye "madhindindi ekugadzira" (sosaku hanga) akadhonzwa uye akavezwa nevatambi zvakanyanya muchimiro chenihonga, saKawase Hasui, Yoshida Hiroshi, uye Munakata Shiko.
Pakati pezvichangobva kuitika, Gutai Group raive nemukurumbira wakanaka mukati meinonzi chiito art, iyo yaifananidza chiitiko cheHondo Yenyika II kuburikidza nezviito zvinopomerwa nekunyomba, nekunzwa kukuru kwekukakavadzana uye hutsinye hwakadzika.
Boka reGutai raisanganisira: Jirō Yoshihara, Sadamasa Motonaga, Shozo Shimamoto, naKatsuō Shiraga. Yakabatana neazvino art, akati wandei maartist, akabatanidzwa mune ichangoburwa chiitiko chekudyidzana kwepasirese, inocherechedzwa nekuwanda kwetsika dzekutaura kwehunyanzvi.
Shigeo Toya, Yasumasa Morimura. Other prominent contemporary Japanese artists include: Tarō Okamoto, Chuta Kimura, Leiko Ikemura, Michiko Noda, Yasumasa Morimura, Yayoi Kusama, Yoshitaka Amano, Shigeo Fukuda, Shigeko Kubota, Yoshitomo Nara71, and Takashi Murakami.
Kana wawana chinyorwa ichi chinonakidza, tinokukoka iwe kuti unakirwe nezvimwe izvi: