Iine nhoroondo yakagadzirwa pamahombekombe eRwizi rweNairi kuburikidza nezviuru zvemakore, izere ne hieroglyphs, mapiramidhi, sphinxes, mafarao, hondo, kumukirana uye kutengesa, izvo zvakasarudzika. Hunhu hwechiEgipita tsika fadza nekunaka kwavo kusinganzwisisike nekuoma kunzwisisa. Usapotsa chinyorwa ichi chinonakidza!
Hunhu hwechiEgipita tsika
Budiriro yeEgypt yekare, iyo yakasimuka makore angangoita zviuru zvina Kristu asati auya, yaive imwe yekare kwazvo pasirese. Mamiriro ezvinhu akanaka echisikigo akabatsira mukukura kwetsika uye hunyanzvi muEgypt yekare. Panguva ino, vaIjipita vaiziva kugadzira zvishongo zvakanaka kubva mumatare anokosha, kunyora kwakaonekwa, uye ruzivo rwesainzi rwakatanga kuungana zvishoma nezvishoma.
Hunhu hwetsika dzeEgypt hwakasiyana zvekuti Egypt yakasiya nhaka yakakura yetsika kubudiriro yepasirese, mabasa ehunyanzvi hwayo akatengeswa kunzvimbo dzakasiyana dzepasi munguva dzekare uye akateedzerwa zvakanyanya nevatenzi vanobva kune dzimwe nyika.
nhoroondo yetsika dzeEgipita
Kune matatu makuru masosi eruzivo nezve hunhu hwechiIjipita tsika: zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa nevanyori vechiGiriki, Bhaibheri nemamwe mabhuku echitendero chechiJudha akanyorwa kubva muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX BC, uye masosi akanyanya kukosha ayo ari magwaro, zvinyorwa, uye zvinhu zvakananga kubva kukare. Ijipita.
Nekuda kwekushaikwa kwehwaro hwaro nhasi, munhu haagone kuve nezana muzana rechokwadi chemazuva akakwana eichi kana chiitiko ichocho munhoroondo. Zvizhinji zvezvokwadi zvinogona kurondedzerwa chete. Saka, kutanga kweEgypt yekare budiriro ndiko kutanga kwekutanga dynastic nguva, iyo yakaitika, maererano nemazuva ano Egyptologists, mumireniyamu yechina BC.
Magumo echinyakare Egypt anozivikanwa aine chokwadi: i31 BC. C., apo Farao wokupedzisira weEgipita Yakare, Kesariya, akagumisa kutonga uye Egipita yakava ruwa rweUmambo hweRoma.
Nhoroondo yeEgypt yekare inowanzokamurwa kuita matanho akati wandei. Yemazuvano Egyptology munhoroondo yeEgypt inoratidza kuti:
prehistoric egypt
Inguva munhoroondo yeEgypt kubva pakuonekwa kwemunhu kusvika pakuumbwa kwebudiriro yezvekurima yeEgypt.
Predynastic nguva (XNUMXth-XNUMXth millennium BC)
Nguva yekuparara kwekupedzisira kwehukama hwemadzinza, kuumbwa kwevanhu vakasiyana-siyana uye kubuda kwekutanga kwevaranda veEgypt yekare.
umambo hwepakutanga
Ndiyo yekutanga dynastic nguva munhoroondo yeEgypt yekare, nguva yekutonga kweI uye II dynasties yevafarao. Yakatora kubva 3120 kusvika 2649 BC
umambo hwekare
Ndiyo nguva inovhara kutonga kwevafarao veIII-VI dynasties. Panguva ino, nyika yakasimba yepakati yakaumbwa muEgypt, pakanga paine hupfumi, zvematongerwo enyika-mauto uye tsika.
Nguva yekutanga yekuchinja
Munguva yekutonga kweVII neVIII dynasties, simba revafarao veMemphis raingova zita, mhirizhonga yezvematongerwo enyika yakatonga muEgypt. Simba rakapinda mumaoko emadzimambo.
umambo hwepakati
Inguva iri pakati pa2040 na1783 (kana 1640) BC. C., inotsanangura hutongi hwemadzinza evafarao Manetho XI - XII, kubva kuThebes. Nguva yekubuda kutsva, asi ine kushaya simba pakati penyika yekare yeEgypt.
Nguva yeshanduko yechipiri
Mushure mekudonha kwedzinza rechiXNUMX, Egypt inoputsika kuita mazita akazvimirira.
humambo hutsva
Inguva yekukura kukuru kweiyo nyika yekare yeEgypt, inozivikanwa nenhamba huru yezviyeuchidzo, inova hwaro hwenhaka yese yebudiriro yevafarao, avo vanove vanoumba 20% yehuwandu hwenyika. Iyi inguva yekutonga kwemadzinza matatu akakosha: XVIII, XIX, XX.
Nguva yekuchinja yechitatu
Kuparadzaniswa kweEgypt kwakakonzera kuparara kwehupfumi humwe chete, hwaro hwehurumende centralization.
Nguva Yakanonoka kana Kunonoka Humambo
Inofukidza hutongi hwevafarao veXXVI-XXX dynasties (664 - 332 BC). Iyi inguva yekurwira kudzoreredzwa kwerusununguko kubva kuEgypt, hondo dzakasimba uye nekupinda nechisimba kune dzimwe nyika, izvo zvakaguma nekukundwa kwenyika neumambo hwePersia uyezve naAlexander Mukuru.
Ptolemaic nguva
Nguva yePtolemaic kana kuti Hellenism inguva munhoroondo yeMediterranean, kunyanya yekumabvazuva, inotangira kubva pakufa kwaAlexander Mukuru (323 BC) kusvika pakugadzwa kwehutongi hweRoma munzvimbo idzi, dzinowanzova kubva kudonha kweHellenistic Egypt. , inotungamirwa nedzinza rePtolemaic (30 BC).
mutauro nekunyora
Masayendisiti anoziva mutauro wekare weEgypt kubva kune nhamba huru yezvinyorwa zvakachengetedzwa zvekunyora hieroglyphic, zvakaitwa pamatombo uye papyrus. Mutauro weEgipita ndeimwe yemitauro yekare pasi rose yaive nemutauro wakanyorwa; zvinyorwa zvekare zvekare zvakasara zvinotangira pakupera kwemireniyamu yechina neyechitatu BC.
Kubva panguva iyi, kunyora kwevaIjipita kwaive nezviratidzo zvese zvinomiririra mazwi nezviratidzo zvinoratidza musanganiswa wemakonzonendi, mukuwedzera, masaini ealfabheti emakonzonendi mamwechete uye zvigadziriso zvakajairwa, zvichiratidza nemufananidzo kuti izwi nderedenderedzwa ripi. Maakaunzi anoshandisa mari hombe: zviuru gumi, zana rezviuru uye kunyange miriyoni, izvo zvavaive vaine mazwi avo nezviratidzo. Kunyorwa kwevaEgipita kwakakamurwa kuva marudzi akati wandei:
hieroglyphics
Chinyorwa chekufananidzira chinowedzerwa nezviratidzo zvefonetiki, ndiko kuti, chinosanganisa mabhii ediographic, syllabic uye phonetic.Hieroglyphs aimbove akavezwa mudombo, kune zvakare mutsara hieroglyphs emapuranga sarcophagi uye papyrus.
hieratics
Iyi imhando yekutanga yekunyora kwekutuka, iyo yakamuka panguva yeXNUMX Dynasty apo mavara ehieroglyphic akaiswa nebhurasho panhokwe, dombo, kana dehwe, izvo zvakaita kuti mavara agamuchire chimiro chakatenderedzwa chakatenderedzwa.
demotics
Imhando yekunyora kwakapfava kwekutuka. Zviratidzo zvainyorwa zvakachinjika kubva kurudyi zvichienda kuruboshwe, zvichibva pazviratidzo zvakapfava zvikuru, dzimwe nguva zvinopfuurira.
mabhuku ekare eEgipita
Literature ndeimwe yehunhu hwechiIjipita tsika, yakanyorwa kubva panguva yeparaonic yeAncient Egypt kusvika kumagumo ehutongi hweRoma, pamwe chete nezvinyorwa zveSumerian, zvinoonekwa semabhuku ekutanga pasirese. Kwemakore zviuru zvitatu, vaIjipita vakagadzira ngano yakapfuma, yakagadzira mhando dzayo dzakasiyana.
Munguva yeHumambo hwekare (XNUMXth kusvika XNUMXnd mazana emakore BC), hunyanzvi hwekunyora hwaisanganisira zvinyorwa zvemariro, tsamba, nziyo dzechitendero nenhetembo, uye zvinyorwa zvisingakanganwiki zveautobiographical zvinorondedzera mabasa evakuru vane mukurumbira. Chete mukutanga Middle Kingdom (XNUMXst kusvika XNUMXth century BC) nenganonyorwa mabhuku akagadzirwa. Yakanga iri 'chimurenga', icho, maererano naRB Parkinson, chakaunzwa nekusimuka kweboka renyanzvi dzevanyori, pfungwa itsva yekuzivikanwa kwetsika, ruzivo rwakanyanya rwekuverenga, uye kuwanikwa kuri nyore kune zvinyorwa.
Fine arts
Kweanopfuura makore 3500, maartist akaomerera kune mafomu uye canons akagadzirwa panguva yeHumambo hwekare, achitevera akasimba seti yemisimboti inoenderera kunyangwe panguva dzekunze pesvedzero uye shanduko yemukati.
Humwe hunhu hwetsika dzechiEjipita ndehwekuti iyi miitiro yehunyanzvi inoratidzwa mumitsara yakapfava, maumbirwo, hunhu hwakatsetseka hwakatsetseka hwenhamba, pasina kutsanangura kudzika kwenzvimbo, izvo zvakagadzira pfungwa yekurongeka uye kuenzana mukuumbwa.
Mifananidzo nemashoko zvakanga zvakanyatsobatanidzwa pamadziro eguva uye etemberi, matombo akavezwa, uye zvidhori. Pendi dzakatorwa kubva kune zvicherwa zvakaita sesimbi ore (tsvuku uye yero ocher), mhangura ores (bhuruu uye girini), soot kana marasha (dema), uye limestone (chena). Aigona kusanganiswa negum arabic kuona viscosity uye kupatsanurwa kuita zvidimbu zvinogona kunyoroveswa nemvura kana zvichidikanwa.
Kupenda
MuEgypt yekare, mifananidzo yose yakanga ine mavara akajeka, zvishoma pamifananidzo yose yaiva mudzimba dzeumambo, temberi nemakuva, pakanga paine mifananidzo chete pamusoro. Zvizhinji zvezviratidziro zvemifananidzo zveEgypt yekare zvakapona nekuda kwemamiriro ekunze akaoma. Iro dombo rakanga rakagadzirirwa kupenda, ivhu gobvu rine purasita yakapfava pamusoro, ipapo raimestone, uye pendi yaiti sandara. Mavara ekuvaka aiwanzova mamineral kudzivirira mifananidzo kubva kuchiedza chezuva.
Kuumbwa kwepende kwaive kwakasiyana-siyana: zai tempera, zvakasiyana-siyana viscous zvinhu uye resins. Pakupedzisira, iyo fresco mural haina kumbogadzirwa kana kushandiswa. Pane kudaro, pendi yaishandiswa pamusoro pechidzitiro chepurasita yakaoma, inonzi mural al seco. Pamusoro pepende yakafukidzwa nemucheka wevarnish kana resin kuchengetedza chifananidzo kwenguva yakareba.
Mifananidzo midiki yakagadzirwa nehunyanzvi uhu yakachengetedzwa zvakanaka, kunyangwe isingawanikwe pazvidhori zvakakura. Kazhinji kazhinji, vachishandisa nzira dzakafanana, zvidhori zviduku zvakapendwa, kunyanya matanda.
Chivezwa
Chivezwa chekare cheEgypt ndeimwe yeakasarudzika uye akanyatso gadziridzwa nzvimbo dzeEgypt tsika. Chivezwa chakasikwa uye chakagadziridzwa kuti chimiririre vamwari vekare veEgipita, vanafarao, madzimambo nemahosi muchimiro chenyama. Zvidhori zvevanamwari nevafarao zvakaiswa pachena, sekutonga, munzvimbo dzakazaruka uye kunze kwetemberi. Zvidhori zvinowanzochengeta chimiro chepakutanga chebhuroko kana chidimbu chehuni chazvakavezwa.
chitendero nengano
MuEgypt yekare, kwakanga kusina chitendero chakajairika, asi zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvinamato zvemunharaunda zvakatsaurirwa kune vamwe vamwari. Vazhinji vavo vainamata Mwari mumwe chete (vachitarisa kunamatwa kweumwe mwari uye kubvuma vamwe), ndokusaka chitendero cheEgipita chichionekwa sekunamata vanamwari vakawanda.
Vanamwari vanonamatwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana vanofananidzira masimba omusikirwo nezviitiko zvenzanga. Denga raimiririrwa nemukadzi kana mhou, pasi nemhepo - nevamwari vechirume. Mwari Thoth akanga ari musande wekunyora uye uroyi, uye mwarikadzi Maat akafananidzira chokwadi. Zviitiko zvechisikigo zvaionekwa sehukama hwevamwari vakasiyana-siyana. Vamwe vamwari munguva dzakare vainamatwa navaEgipita muchimiro chemhuka kana kuti shiri.
VaIjipita vakabatanidza Horus Falcon nepfungwa yehumwari wekudenga ane simba. Iyo falcon yakaratidzwa mumadzinza, inoratidzwa zvakare ichiunza Narmer kukunda pamusoro peLower Egypt. Mushure mekuumbwa kwehurumende, Horus anoita semutsigiri wenguva dzose wevafarao.
Kusanganiswa kwechitendero chaHorus nechamambo kwakafambiswawo nenyaya yekuti nekuvandudzwa kwechitendero cheOsiris saFarao akafa. Munguva dzakasiyana, vairemekedzwa zvikuru vaiva vamwari vaRa uye ipapo Amun, Osiris, Isis, Set, Ptah, Anubis vakaonekwa pamwe chete naye.
Muzana remakore rechigumi nemana BC, Farao Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten) akaita shanduko inokosha yechitendero, ndiye akaunza chitendero cheAton. Akhenaten akaita chitendero chimwe chete (henotheism) cheAten kwete nokuti akanga asingatendi kuvapo kwevamwe vamwari, asi nokuti airega kunamata chero mwari kunze kweAten. Kugadziriswa kwaAkhenaten kwakanga kusiri kwechitendero chete, asiwo tsika, yakazara. Mushure mekufa kwake, Amun akave zvakare mwari mukuru wechitendero.
Upenyu hwezuva nezuva
Chikafu chikuru chaive chechingwa nedoro uye chinowedzerwa nemuriwo sehanyanisi negariki nemichero yakaita semazuva nemaonde. Pamazuva emutambo zvaipiwa waini nenyama. Paiva nemhando dzakawanda dzechingwa nemabhanzi, zvakasiyana muupfu, chimiro, dhigirii yekubika uye zvinowedzera muhupfu, izvo zvakashandiswa uchi, mukaka, michero, mazai, mafuta, bhotela, mazuva, nezvimwewo. Zvigadzirwa zvemukaka zvaizivikanwa: kirimu, bota, cottage cheese. MaEjipita vaishandisa uchi kana carob sezvinotapira zvinwiwa uye zvekudya.
VaEgipita vaikoshesa zvikuru chitarisiko uye rucheno rwomunhu oga. Vaizvigeza nemvura yemurwizi vachishandisa sipo yemafuta emhuka nechoko. Kuti varambe vakachena, varume vaigera miviri yavo yose uye vaishandisa mapefiyumu kurwisa kunhuwa kusingafadzi uye mafuta ekuzora kuti ganda ritonhodze.
Masayendisiti anoziva kuti vagari veEgypt yekare vaida kutamba mitambo yebhodhi, asi mitemo yavo haina kurarama. Midziyo yekutamba yaigadzirwa kubva kumhando dzakasiyana dzehuni pamwe chete nezvimwe zvinhu. Matoyi akasiyana-siyana, mitambo yebhora, uye juggling zvaifarirwa nevana, uye umboo hwekukurumbira mutsimba hwakawanikwawo. Vanhu vakapfuma vaidzidzira kuvhima (kusanganisira kushandisa imbwa dzakanyatsodzidziswa) uye kufamba.
Zviridzwa zveIjipiti yekare zvaiva udimbwa nenyere. Mukati menguva yoUmambo Hutsva, vaEgipita vairidza mabhero, makandira, ngoma, uye mitengeranwa yaibva kuAsia. Vapfumi vakaita mabiko nenyanzvi dzevaimbi.
Nhaka
Ijipita yekare yakasiya nhaka yakakura yebudiriro yenyika, mabasa ayo ehunyanzvi munguva dzekare aitengeswa kunzvimbo dzakasiyana dzepasi uye akateedzerwa zvakanyanya nemhizha kubva kune dzimwe nyika. Tsika dzechiEgipita dzakapesvedzera zvikuru vaRoma vekare. Kunamata mwarikadzi Isis kwakanga kwakapararira muRoma. Ijipita sculptural portraiture, pendi yepasi, obelisks uye zvimwe zvinhu zvekuvaka, shumba uye sphinxes zvakaonekwa nehunyanzvi hwekare, uye kuburikidza nazvo neEuropean art.
Tsika uye budiriro yeEgypt yekare zvakateya hwaro hwekuvandudzwa kwetsika dzevanhu vazhinji. Akasarudzika ezvivakwa mafomu: mapiramidhi makuru, temberi, dzimba dzemadzimambo uye obelisks, zvakakurudzira fungidziro yevafambi uye vaongorori kwemazana emakore akawanda. Nyanzvi dzeEgypt dzakagadzira mifananidzo yakanaka yemadziro uye zvidhori, magirazi ane unyanzvi uye nzira dzekugadzira midziyo yevhu, vadetembi nevanyori vakagadzira mafomu matsva mumabhuku.
Pakati pebudiriro yesayenzi yavaEgipita vekare kusikwa kwegadziriro yapakuvamba yokunyora, masvomhu, mushonga unoshanda, kucherekedza kworuzivo rwemitumbi yomudenga, uye karenda yakavapo pahwaro hwayo. Kufarira kwezviyeuchidzo, zvigadzirwa uye matongo ekuchera matongo muEgypt yekare, iyo yakasimuka pakupera kwezana remakore rechiXNUMX neXNUMX, yakatungamirira pakusikwa kwesayenzi yeEgyptology uye kubuda kwemamwe maitiro mumafashoni.
Heano mamwe malink aunofarira: