Hieroglyphs uye zvinyorwa zveEgipita zvine zvazvinoreva

Imwe yetsika dzechinyakare iyo inoburitsa inonyanya kufarira ichiri Ekare Egypt, izere nezvakavanzika, tsika uye ruzivo, ivo vakabatsira kune nyika kwete chete monumental architecture uye papyrus, ivo vaivewo pakati pekutanga kugadzira hurongwa hwekunyora. Ziva zvese zvine chekuita neakanakisa kunyora kweEgipita!

KUNYORA KWEIJIPITI

kunyora kweEgipita 

Kunyora kweEjipita kunotangira kumakore angangoita 3000 BC, yakaoma uye yekare sisitimu yakave neshanduko dzakawanda uye kugadziridzwa munhoroondo yese. Chave chiri chinhu chekufarira uye kudzidza nenyanzvi dzakawanda, zvisinei kusvika 1822 iyo Jean-François Champollion akazivisa chakavanzika icho zviratidzo izvi zvakachengeta.

Champollion, munyori wezvakaitika kare wechiFrench uyo anotsanangurwa semuvambi weEgyptology, ndiye akaongorora uye kududzira zvinyorwa zveEgipita, achitarisa pakuongorora nekudzidza kwedombo reRosetta.

Imwe yemhando dzakakurumbira dzekunyora kweEgypt yekare inozivikanwa se hieroglyphs kana mifananidzo inoera uye yakagadziridzwa imwe nguva isati yatanga dynastic nguva, pakati pe3150 ne2613 BC, zvisinei haisi iyo yega mhando.

Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinoratidza kuti pfungwa yeshoko rakanyorwa yakatanga muMesopotamia ikapararira kuIjipiti Yekare kuburikidza nekutengeserana. Kunyange zvazvo kuchinjana kwetsika kwakaramba kuchichengetwa pakati pematunhu ose ari maviri, hapana zvinoratidza kuti maEgypt hieroglyphs ane mavambo awo mune imwe tsika, iEgypt zvachose.

Ikozvino hapana humbowo hwekunyora neaya hieroglyphs, ayo anotsanangura nzvimbo dzisiri dzeEgypt kana zvinhu, uye mapikicha ekutanga eEgypt haana hukama nezviratidzo zvekutanga zvakashandiswa muMesopotamia.

Izwi hieroglyphs iyo inotsanangura zvinyorwa zvepakutanga izvi ndezvechiGiriki, kureva kunyora kwavo vaEgipita vakashandisa izwi iri medu-netjer zvinorevei mashoko amwari, sezvo vakabvuma kuti Thoth, wavairangarira samwari mukuru, akanga avapa runyoro.

Kwakabva mwari mukuru ane dzidziso dzakawanda. Maererano nedzimwe nhoroondo dzekare dzeIjipiti, pakutanga kwenguva, Thoth, akazvisika, akaita seshiri yaizivikanwa seshiri ndokukandira zai romuchadenga raiva nezvinhu zvose zvakasikwa.

KUNYORA KWEIJIPITI

Imwe nhau yekare inotaura kuti, pakuvamba kwenguva, mwari Thoth akabuda mumiromo yamwari wezuva Ra uye imwe inoratidza kuti yakabuda mukurwisana kukuru pakati pavamwari Horus naSet, avo vanomirira masimba masimba nenyongano.

Zvokwadi ndeyokuti pasinei nokuti yakabva kupi, nyaya dzose dzekare dzinoratidza kuti mwari mukuru Thoth akanga ari muridzi wezivo dzakawanda, chimwe chezvinonyanya kukosha isimba remashoko.

Thoth akapa vanhu ruzivo urwu pachena, zvisinei, chipo ichocho chaimiririra basa guru ravaifanira kutora zvakanyanya, nokuti mashoko ane simba guru.

KuvaEgipita, mashoko anogona kukuvadza, kuporesa, kuvaka, kusimudzira, kuparadza, kupa mhosva, uye kunyange kumutsa munhu kubva kuvakafa. Mamwe maEgyptologist anoratidza kuti, kune iyi budiriro yekare, kunyora kwakanga kusina chinangwa chekushongedza, saka kwakanga kusingashandiswi pakunyora kana kutengeserana.

Basa ravo guru, uye zvichida rainyanya kukosha, rakanga riri rokushanda sechombo chokutaura dzimwe pfungwa kana zviitiko zvavaida kuti zviitike. Ndiko kuti, muEgypt yekare yakatendwa zvakasimba kuti nekunyora chimwe chinhu kakawanda uye nemashiripiti, izvi zvinogona kuitika.

VaIjipita vekare vainzwisisa kuti chipo ichi chaThoth chaive chisiri chekuzvitaura chete, asi kuti izwi rakanyorwa rinogona kushandura nyika kuburikidza nesimba ravainaro. Asi chakanga chisiri chinhu chiri nyore kwazvo, nokuti kuti simba iri risunungurwe uye izvo zvakaratidzwa navo zvaigona kuitika, chipo ichi chaifanira kunzwisiswa, ipapo bedzi chaigona kushandiswa zvizere.

Kusikwa kwekunyora kweEgipita

Kunyangwe apo vanhu vakagamuchira maitiro avo ekunyora kubva kuThoth, nekuti kune maEgypt nyika yaive budiriro yavo, vaifanira kuzvitsvagira vega kuti chipo ichi chaisanganisirei uye pamusoro pezvose mashandisirwo acho.

KUNYORA KWEIJIPITI

Munguva iri pakati pe6000 ne3150 BC, pazvinofungidzirwa kuti yaive chikamu chekupedzisira chenguva yepredynastic muEjipitori, zviratidzo zvekutanga zvinoratidzika zvinomiririra pfungwa dzakareruka, sekuziva nzvimbo, munhu, chiitiko kana kuti ndeyake.

Humbowo hwekutanga kuvepo kwekunyora muEjipitori rondedzero yezvipo mumakuva muNguva Yekutanga Dynastic.

KuvaEgipita vekare, kufa kwakanga kusiri kuguma kwoupenyu, kwaingova kushanduka, kubva kune imwe nyika kuenda kune imwe, kubva kune imwe nyika kuenda kune imwe. Vanoti vakafa vairarama upenyu hwapashure porufu uye vaivimba nevapenyu kuti vavarangarire nokuvapa mipiro yezvokudya nezvokunwa kuti vatsigire.

Yaizivikanwa seRondedzero yeZvipo uye yaiva nhamba yezvipo zvaifanira kupiwa kune mumwe munhu uye zvainyorwa pamadziro eguva ravo kana matombo akavezwa, akavezwa kana kupendwa. Kazhinji, chikafu maererano nekuravira uye tsika dzemunhu akafa zvakaiswa.

Urwu rudungwe rwezvipo rwaiperekedzwa nemafomu ezvipo, ayo atinogona kutsanangura sechitsinga kana kuti mazwi anozoshandura nemashiripiti iyi rondedzero yakanyorwa yezvipo kuti ive yechokwadi, kuitira kunakidzwa kwemufi.

Mumwe munhu akanga aita mabasa makuru, aiva nechinzvimbo chakakwirira chechiremera, kana kuti aitungamirira mauto kuti akunde muhondo, aifanirwa nezvipo zvikuru kupfuura munhu akanga aita zvishomanene noupenyu hwake.

Pamwe chete nendaza yacho pakanga pane chiziviso chipfupi chairatidza kuti munhu wacho akanga ari ani, zvaakanga aita, uye nei aifanira kupiwa mipiro yakadaro. Aya mazita uye epitaphs aisawanzova mapfupi, aive akawandisa, kunyanya kana mufi aine humwe hutongi.

KUNYORA KWEIJIPITI

Ndaza dzeZvipiriso dzakanga dzichirebesa uye dzichiwedzera kudikanwa, kutozosvikira Munyengetero Wezvipo waoneka, chinotsiva chinoshanda chendaza dzakanga dzava kunetsa kubata.

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti munamato uyu pakutanga wakanga uri munyengetero unotaurwa. Kana yangonyorwa, yakava chinhu chinokosha pairongwa magwaro nemifananidzo yeguva.

Zvakafanana zvakaitika nerondedzero dzisingaperi dzezvinzvimbo uye mazita evakuru vakuru, vakatanga kudzigadzira kuita rondedzero pfupi uye izvo zvatinoziva seautobiography zvakazvarwa.

Zvose nhoroondo yehupenyu nemunamato zvinoonekwa semienzaniso yekutanga yezvinyorwa zveEgypt, zvakaitwa pachishandiswa kunyora kwehieroglyphic.

Nekudaro, pachine mukana wekuti chinangwa chekutanga chekunyora chaizoshandiswa kutengeserana, kuendesa kutenda kwairi ruzivo nezvezvinhu, mitengo, kutenga, nezvimwe. MuEgypt vakagadzira uye vakashandisa marudzi matatu ekunyora:

  • Hieroglyphic, inofungidzirwa kuti ndiyo yekutanga kugadzirwa uye kushandiswa nevaIjipita kubva panguva yepre-dynastic kusvika muzana ramakore rechina. Inobva pamifananidzo, vachishandisa zviratidzo nemifananidzo
  • Hieratic: ine chekuita nekunyora kwehieroglyphic, kwaive kunyora kwakapfava, kwaienderana zvakanyanya uye kwakareruka mahieroglyphs, aishandiswa kunyanya muzvinyorwa zvekutonga uye zvechitendero. Yakashandiswa pakati peXNUMXth neXNUMXth century BC.
  • Demotics; inoenderana neKunonoka Period yeEgypt, nhanho yekupedzisira yeEgypt yekare. Yaive nzira yekunyora yaitonga makore akapoteredza 660 BC, yakashandiswa zvakanyanya munharaunda yehupfumi neyekunyora.

Papyrus yeEgipita, ingi uye kunyora 

Kuvandudzwa nekushanduka kwemaitiro avo ekunyora kwakanyatsoenderana nekugadzirwa kwenhokwe neingi, ichi chiri chimwe chezvipo zvakakosha kutsika dzeEgipita.

KUNYORA KWEIJIPITI

Papyrus (Papyrus) chirimwa chakaberekerwa kuEgypt, chinokura kwazvo mumahombekombe erwizi rwaNire.Pamberi pekugadzirwa kwechinyorwa ichi chaishanda sechitsigiro chekunyora, chaigadzirwa pamahwendefa evhu nematombo, zvisingaite zvakanyanya, kubva painoputsika uye neimwe nzira. rairema uye rakaoma kuveza.

Asi mapepa enhokwe akaita musiano mukuru, sezvo aingoda bhurasho neingi kuti atore mashoko avo, zvinhu zvavaigona kuendesa nyore nyore chero kupi zvako.

Ingi nenhokwe zvaionekwa sechimurenga chakasiiwa nevaEgipita vekare kune dzimwe tsika, chiri hwaro hwaro hwekurukurirano dzakanyorwa nemaoko.

Kuvandudza uye kushandiswa kweEgypt hieroglyphic kunyora

Hieroglyphs dzakagadzirwa kubva pamifananidzo yekutanga, yaive zviratidzo uye mifananidzo inomiririra pfungwa dzakadai semunhu kana chiitiko. Kusikwa kweiyi nzira yekunyora, vaIjipita vakateerera zvakatipoteredza uye vakatora zvinhu zvakajairika, mhuka, zvirimwa, nezvimwewo, kugadzira zviratidzo zvavo.

Nekudaro, aya mapikicha aishandiswa nevanhu pakutanga aive neruzivo rushoma.

Somuenzaniso, unogona kudhirowa mukadzi, muti uye shiri, asi zvakanga zvakaoma zvikuru kana zvisingabviri kuratidza kubatana kwavo. Chinyorwa chekutanga chepikicha chakanga chisina kukwanisa kupindura mibvunzo yakawanda ine chokuita nenhamba nhatu, nokuti mukadzi wacho akanga ari pedyo nemuti, akaona shiri, akanga achivhima, nezvimwewo.

VaSumer muMesopotamia yekare vakaziva kuganhurirwa uku mukushandisa mapikicha uye vakagadzira nzira yekunyora yemhando yepamusoro makore 3200 BC muguta reUruk.

KUNYORA KWEIJIPITI

Nekuda kwechinhu ichi, dzidziso yekuti kunyorwa kweEjipita kwakagadzirwa kubva mukunyora kweMesopotamia haigoneke, nekuti dai zvakadaro vaIjipita vangadai vakadzidza hunyanzvi hwekunyora kubva kumaSumerians, vachipfuura nhanho yemapikicha, kutanga kubva kamwe chete nekusikwa kweSumer. phonograms, zviratidzo zvinomiririra ruzha.

VaSumer vakadzidza kuwedzera mutauro wavo wakanyorwa kuburikidza nezviratidzo zvaimiririra mutauro iwoyo zvakananga, kuitira kuti kana vaida kuburitsa mamwe mashoko chaiwo vaigona kuzviita zvizere uye kuburikidza neshoko rakajeka. MaEgypt vakagadzira hurongwa humwe chetehwo, asi vakawedzera logograms uye ideograms.

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti hwaro hwekunyora kweEgypt hieroglyphic hwaive: phonogram, logogiramu, ideogram uye chirevo. Saka ngatidzidzei zvishoma nezvavo:

1-Phonograms kureva zviratidzo zvaimiririra ruzha chete. Kune marudzi matatu ephonograms ari chikamu chehieroglyphs:

  • Unilateral kana alfabheti zviratidzo: izvi zvinomiririra konsonanti kana kukosha kwezwi.
  • Bilateral zviratidzo, izvo zvinoshanda semakonzonendi maviri.
  • Zviratidzo zveTrilateral zvinoburitsa makonzonendi matatu.

2-Logogram, chimiro chakanyorwa chinomiririra izwi kana mutsara, iwo akabatana zvakanyanya nezvaanoreva pane nemanzwi uye anowanzo nyore kurangarira.

3-Ideograms, zvinova zviratidzo zvinomiririra pfungwa kana pfungwa, kureva kuti, zvinonyatsoburitsa imwe meseji, senge yazvino emojis inobvumira munhu ari kuverenga meseji kuti azive mamiriro epfungwa dzemunhu ane chiso chakatsamwa. , kana ari kuseka nechiso chinoseka misodzi kana kuti kunze kune zuva kana kunaya.

KUNYORA KWEIJIPITI

4-Determinatives: iwo ma ideograms anoshandiswa kuratidza kuti chinhu chinomirirwa chaive chii, sezvo zvimwe zvidhori kana zviratidzo zvine chirevo chinopfuura chimwe. Ideograms inowanzoiswa pamagumo ezwi, ichibatsira munzira mbiri:

  • Inobvumira kutsanangura kana kujekesa revo yerimwe izwi, sezvo paine mamwe akafanana, akada kufanana.
  • Kushandiswa kwaro kunobvumira kuratidza painogumira izwi rimwe nerimwe rinotanga.

Kunyora uchishandisa hieroglyphs kwaive nehunyanzvi hwekuti yaigona kunyorwa nenzira yaidiwa, chero yaitaridzika yakachena uye yakanaka padanho rekunaka, ndiko kuti, inogona kunyorwa chero nzira kubva kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi, kubva pasi kusvika kumusoro uye vice versa in both. cases even.

Paunenge uchiita zvinyorwa mumakuva, temberi, dzimba dzemadzimambo, nezvimwewo, chinhu chakakosha chaiva kuita basa rakanaka uye nokuda kweizvi zvakanyorwa nenzira inonyatsokodzera nzvimbo iripo.

Ndiwo hunhu hwekunyora kweEgyptian kudzorwa neaesthetics, pamusoro pezvese, nekuisa hieroglyphs dzakaiswa mumarectangles, saka zviratidzo zvinowedzerwa kana kuderedzwa kuti zvienderane neboka, zvakadzika kana zvakachinjika, zvichipa kutaridzika kwakadzikama kune zvakanyorwa. .

Mune zvimwe zviitiko vaidzosa kurongeka kwezviratidzo kana vainzwa kuti rectangle inoyevedza uye yakadzikama yaigona kuoneswa, zvisinei nekuti yaive yakashata.

Zvisinei, mutsara wacho unogona kuverengwa zviri nyore, uchitungamirirwa negwara rairongedzerwa magiramufomu, sezvo mifananidzo inogara iri pakutanga kwemutsara, semuenzaniso, kana mutsara uchifanira kuverengwa kubva kurudyi kuenda kuruboshwe, mhuka kana munhu. zvisikwa, vachange vakatarisa kana kutarisa kurudyi.

KUNYORA KWEIJIPITI

Kuvanoziva mutauro wacho chakanga chisiri chinhu chakaoma, kungofanana nokusavapo kwezviratidzo zvinomiririra mavhawero, izvi zvainzwisiswa kune vaya vainzwisisa mutauro unotaurwa. VaEgipita vakakwanisa kurava manyoro e<em>hieroglyphic, kunyange apo mavara akanga asipo mumutsara, nokuti vaiaziva.

Runyoro rwekuEgyptian runyoro rwekunyora rwaisanganisira makonzonendi makumi maviri nemana, asi paive nemavara anodarika mazana manomwe akasiyana anowedzerwa mumutsara kuti ajekese kana kutsanangura zviri kuedza kuburitsa makonzonendi. Kuti vanyore mukushandisa iyi gadziriro nenzira kwayo, vaEgipita vaifanira kurangarira nokushandisa zviratidzo izvi nenzira yakarurama.

Iyi nhamba huru yezviratidzo yaivepo uye yakashandiswa pamberi pearufabheti, ndicho chikonzero, pasinei nokuti inogona kuva yakanyanyisa kuoma kwehurongwa nekuda kwehuwandu hwezviratidzo, vaisagona kubviswa nekuda kwezvikonzero zvechitendero.

Rangarira kuti kunyora, mune iyi nyaya hieroglyphs, yaionekwa sechipo kubva kuna mwari wehuchenjeri Thoth, saka kuregedza kana kuashandura kwainzi kuzvidza, uye zvakare kwaimiririra kurasikirwa kunoshamisa, sezvo mameseji ezvinyorwa zvekare aizorasikirwa nezvaanoreva uye pfungwa. .

Kuvandudza uye kushandiswa kwehieratic script 

Tichifunga nezvokuti kunofanira kuva kwakaoma sei kuti munyori anyore nemavara ekunyora, zvakanga zvisingashamisi kuti imwe nzira yokunyora yakatangwa yaikurumidza uye iri nyore.

Kunyora kunozivikanwa sekunyora kwakadzama kana kuti kunoyera, kwakagadzirwa nemavara anogona kutorwa seanorerutsa manyoro uye akagadzirwa munguva yekutanga yedzinza.

Manyorero eHieroglyphic, akatogadzirwa zvakasimba, akaenderera mberi achishandiswa muIjipiti yekare, ari hwaro hwemanyorero ose aitevera, asi achichengetedza nzvimbo yawo yakasarudzika kana zvasvika pakunyora pakumisikidza matombo nematemberi.

Hieratic yakatanga kushandiswa mumagwaro echitendero, zvino mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzinosanganisira kutonga kwebhizinesi, mabhuku emashiripiti nehuroyi, tsamba dzemunhu uye dzebhizinesi, ematare edzimhosva uye emutemo zvinyorwa uye zvinyorwa.

Rudzi urwu rwokunyora kweEgipita rwaiitwa panhokwe kana kuti chaenga, matombo uye matanda. Pakutanga inogona kunyorwa yakatwasuka uye yakachinjika, zvisinei kubva mudzinza reXII pasi pekutonga kwaAmenemhat III, zvinoonekwa kuti iyo hieratic system yakanyorwa zvakananga kubva kurudyi kuenda kuruboshwe, zvakasiyana neiyo hieroglyphic system.

Mumakore akapoteredza 800 BC, yakave nemimwe misiyano, ichiva chinyorwa chekutuka chinozivikanwa seabnormal hieratic. The hieratic script yakatsiviwa makore akapoteredza 700 BC neinonzi demotic script.

Kuvandudza uye kushandiswa kwekunyora kwedemo 

Kunyora kwedemotic, kana kuti kunyora kwakakurumbira, kwakashandiswa kune marudzi ese ezvinangwa, kunze kwekunyora zvinyorwa zvepamusoro padombo, izvo zvaive zvichiri kuitwa mune hieroglyphs.

MaEjipita akare aidaidza demotic script sekh-shat kana iro raishandiswa mumagwaro, richive rakanyanya kushandiswa uye rakakurumbira kwechiuru chemakore anotevera.

Ichishandiswa mumhando dzose dzezvinyorwa zvemhando, rudzi urwu rwezvinyorwa zveEgipita zvakatangira munharaunda yeDelta yeLower Egypt uye yakapararira zasi mukati medzinza rechimakumi maviri nenhanhatu reNguva yechitatu yepakati pakati pe1069 ne525 BC.

Demotic yakaramba ichishandiswa panguva yeLate Period yeAkare Egypt pakati pa525 na332 BC uye Ptolemaic Dynasty pakati pe332 na30 BC, gare gare mune inonzi Roman Egypt, Demotic yakatsiviwa neCoptic script.

Kuvandudza uye kushandiswa kweiyo Coptic script

ChiCoptic chaive chinyorwa chemaKristu ekuEgypt, ivo vanonyanya kutaura mitauro yechiIjipita uye vanonyora vachishandisa alfabheti yechiGiriki, nezvimwe zvekuwedzera kubva kuDemotic script. Aya mapoka aizivikanwa semaCopt.

MuCoptic alphabet mune makumi matatu nembiri mavara, makumi maviri neshanu anobva kune mavara echiHellenic, ayo anobva muEgypt hieroglyphic script, uye manomwe asara anouya zvakananga kubva kuEgypt demotic script. Kutevedzera kunyorwa kweGreece yekare, Coptic inonyorwa chete kubva kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi.

Yakaunzwa muEgypt pakupera kwezana ramakore rechipiri Kristu asati asvika, iine kubwinya kwayo muzana ramakore rechina. Nhasi chiCoptic chinowanzo shandiswa muChechi yeCoptic kunyora zvinyorwa zvedzidziso.

VaCopt vakabatanidza mavhawero ari mumutauro wechiGiriki mukunyora kwavo, zvichiita kuti revo yacho ijeke zvikuru kumunhu wose anoverenga zvinyorwa zvavo, pasinei nemutauro wavo.

Manyoro eCoptic aigara achishandiswa kukopa nekuchengetedza akatevedzana akakosha magwaro, ayo akaturikirwa kubva mumutauro wavo wekutanga kuenda mumutauro uyu. Kazhinji magwaro akashandurirwa muCoptic aienderana nechitendero, mabhuku eChristian New Testament uye mamwe evhangeri anozivikanwa nezvimwe zvitendero.

Mukuwedzera, yaibatsira pakunzwisisa hieroglyphs, sezvo yakapa mamwe makiyi eiyo kuzvizvarwa zvinotevera.

Nhoroondo yeCoptic alphabet inogona kubatanidzwa nePtolemaic Dynasty, iyo inotanga muna 305 BC nemukuru Ptolemy I Soter uye inoguma naPtolemy XV Caesar muna 30 BC. Munguva iyi, chiGiriki chinotanga kushandiswa muzvinyorwa zvepamutemo. Pamusoro pezvo, zvinyorwa zvedemo zvakatanga kunyorwa pachishandiswa arufabheti yechiGiriki.

Zvinyorwa zvakawanda zvekare zvakanyorerwa mune yave kunzi Old Coptic, mumazana maviri ekutanga echiKristu. Iwo ane zvinyorwa muIjipita, zvakanyorwa nemavara echiHellenic alphabet uye Demotic mavara, izvo zvakaita kuti zvikwanise kuburitsa mamwe manzwi eCoptic.

Pakatangwa chiKristu sechitendero chepamutemo cheEgypt, zvitendero zvechinyakare zvevaIjipita vekare zvakarambidzwa uye zvakarambidzwa, zvichikonzera kunyangarika kunofambira mberi kwekunyora kwehieroglyphic uye gare gare kunyorwa kwedemo, kumisa Coptic senzira yekunyora yakatenderwa nechechi yechiKristu.

Kunyangarika kwekunyora kweEgipita

Mafungiro mazhinji uye nharo dzinoratidza kuti zvinoreva hieroglyphs zvakanyangarika mukuvandudzwa kwenguva yekupedzisira yenhoroondo yeEgipita, sezvo kuverenga nekunyorwa kwezviratidzo izvi kwakabviswa nemamwe masisitimu akareruka uye vanhu vakakanganwa kuverenga nekunyora. hieroglyphs.

Zvisinei, zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvinoratidza kuti hieroglyphs yakanyatsoshandiswa kusvikira Ptolemaic dzinza, kutanga kurasikirwa kukosha nekuonekwa kwechiKristu, munguva yekutanga yeRoma.

Zvisinei, munhoroondo yose yeEgipita kwakanga kune nguva pfupi zvikuru apo kushandiswa kwekunyora kwe<em>hieroglyphic kwakatangwazve, kusvikira nyika yevaEgipita yachinja nezvitendero zvitsva zvechitendero.

Nekushandiswa kweiyo Coptic script, iyo yakapinda mumhando nyowani yetsika yakatsiva iyo yekare tsika yeEgypt, hieroglyphs dzakakanganwika uye dzakanyangarika zvachose.

Mukati mokupinda nechisimba kweArab muzana remakore rechinomwe pashure paKristu, hapana munhu aigara munyika dzeIjipiti aiziva kuti zvinyorwa zvehieroglyphic zvairevei.

Gare gare, apo nzvero dzeEurope dzakavamba kufamba munyika yacho munenge muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX pashure paKristu, havana kunzwisisa zvakafanana navaMuslim, kuti nhamba huru iyoyo yezviratidzo yakanga iri mutauro wakanyorwa wekare zvikuru.

Muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX AD, zvese zvaigona kutaurwa nevaongorori vekuEurope ndezvekuti ma hieroglyphs aive mashiripiti zviratidzo, fungidziro yakasvika kuburikidza nebasa renyanzvi yeGerman Athanasius Kircher.

Athanasius Kircher akangotevedzera muenzaniso wacho ndokugovera mirangariro yavanyori vekare vechiGiriki, avo vakanga vasingaziviwo revo ye<em>hieroglyphics, vachifungidzira kuti vaingova zviratidzo zvomunhu oga zvinomirira pfungwa. Achitarisa pamuenzaniso uyu usina kururama, akaedza kududzira manyoro echiEgipita, zvichiguma nokukundikana.

Zvakadaro, akange asiri iye ega, dzimwe nyanzvi zhinji dzaizoedza kududzira zvinorehwa nezviratidzo zveEgypt yekare, asi hapana akabudirira sezvo vaive vasina hwaro hwekunzwisisa chavaishanda nacho,

Kunyange pavakaita sevanoziva patani muzvinyorwa, pakanga pasina nzira yekuziva kuti mapatani iwayo aikwanisa kushandurwa sei.

Zvakadaro, mugore ra1798 mushure meKristu, panguva yekurwisa kwemauto aNapoleon kunyika dzeEjipita, mumiriri akawana Rosetta Stone. Murume uyu akaziva kukosha kweiyi relic uye yakaendeswa kuCairo, chaizvo kuIjipita Institute yakavambwa naNapoleon pakutanga kwedanidziro yake munyika ino.

Dombo reRosetta chiziviso muchiGiriki, hieroglyphics, uye demotics yehutongi hwaPtolemy V, akatonga kubva muna 204 kusvika 181 BC.

Zvinyorwa zvitatu zviri muhurongwa hwekunyora hwakasiyana zvinopa ruzivo rwakafanana, zvichitevera chitarisiko chePtolemaic chenzanga ine tsika dzakawanda. Chero ani zvake anoverenga chiGiriki, hieroglyphics, kana demotic achanzwisisa meseji yakanyorwa padombo reRosetta.

Zvisinei, kukakavara pakati peEngland neFrance kwakawedzera, kunonoka sezvinotarisirwa hupenyu munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana, somuenzaniso basa rekududzira hieroglyphs nerubatsiro rwematombo rakanonoka.

Nekukundwa kweFrench muhondo dzeNapoleonic, Rosetta Stone yakatamiswa kubva kuCairo kuenda kuEngland uye zvidzidzo nekuongororwa kwayo zvakatangazve.

Vatsvakurudzi vaitungamirira kuongorora uye kutsanangura iyi tsika yekare yekunyora yakaramba ichishanda zvichienderana nezvidzidzo zvaKircher uye zvakabviswa, zvakashanda uye zvakafumurwa nenzira inogutsa.

Musayendisiti wechiRungu Thomas Young, akabatana mubasa rekududzira hieroglyphs, akafunga kuti anomiririra mazwi uye kuti aibatanidzwawo neDemotic, Coptic uye mamwe magwaro akazotevera.

Basa remudiki rakacherechedzwa uye rakatariswa nemumwe wake uye mukwikwidzi, muzivi wefilosofi Jean-Francois Champollion, uyo akapoteredza 1824 AD akabudisa tsvakurudzo yake pamusoro pekududzirwa kwezvinyorwa zveEgypt.

Iyi philologist ichagara iine hukama neRosetta Stone uye hieroglyphs, sezvo ari iye akanyatsoratidza kuti izvi zviratidzo zvekare zveEgypt yaive hurongwa hwekunyora hwakagadzirwa nemagiramufomu, logograms uye ideograms.

Kunyange apo gakava pakati penyanzvi mbiri rakanga riri nguva dzose, kuyedza kuona kuti ndiani akawana zvakakosha zvakanyanya uye saka ndiani anofanirwa kucherechedzwa zvakanyanya nekukodzera, mamiriro ayo nyanzvi dzedzidzo dzinochengeta nhasi, mupiro wevose vari munzvimbo iyi.

Basa reMudiki rakaisa hwaro pairi Champollion akagadzira tsvakiridzo yake uye akawana mhedzisiro yaitarisirwa. Nekudaro, hazvirambike kuti raive basa raChampollion rakapedzisira ratsemura hurongwa hwekunyora hwechinyakare nekufumura tsika nenhoroondo yeEjipita kuvanhu.

Jean Francois Champollion

Anozivikanwa semuvambi weEgyptology, munyori wenhoroondo wechiFrench uyu akazvarwa muna Zvita 23, 1790 mutaundi diki rinozivikanwa seFigeac. Mwanakomana waJacques Champollion naJeanne-Françoise Gualieu, akanga ari gotwe pavana vanomwe.

Akadzidza paLyceum yeGrenoble, chikoro chine chirongwa chemauto uye nechinangwa chekupa dzidzo yekirasi yekutanga uye yeyunifomu, sezvakasimbiswa nemitemo yeNapoleonic munenge muna 1802. Kunyange zvazvo zvakanga zvakaoma kuti agadzirise uye apedze chikoro ichi, akapedza kudzidza muna 1807.

Uyu mudzidzi anoshingaira wemitauro yekare uye tsika dzeEgypt akagamuchira Ph.D yake muNhoroondo Yekare kubva kuYunivhesiti yeGrenoble.

Basa rehupenyu hwake raive rekududzira hieroglyphs dzeEgypt uye muna 1824 akaburitsa chinyorwa.  Pfupiso yeiyo hieroglyphic system yevaEgipita vekare, basa raitsanangura maitiro ekunyora aya akaoma kunzwisisa.

Munenge mugore ra1826, akagadzwa semutarisiri wemuunganidzwa weEgypt weLouvre museum, achitarisira kusarudza nekuunganidza zvinhu zvekare zvezviratidziro zvaakanga aine basa rekuronga, pamwe nekukanganisa kwakaiswa nemuseum.

Muna 1828 akanga ari murwendo rwokuenda kuEgypt, rwaiumbwa nenyanzvi, nyanzvi dzokudhirowa, vanyori vezvivakwa uye dzimwe nyanzvi dzeEgypt, iyi ndiyo nguva chete yaakashanyira nyika ino yaaiyemura uye yaakatsaurira upenyu hwake. Akashanyira nzvimbo dzakadai seCairo kuti aone mapiramidhi neNubia kwaakakoshesa matemberi eRamesside.

Ndinonakidzwa neinenge mwedzi gumi nemisere yebasa romumunda munyika dzeEgypt, ndichidzokera kuFrance ndaneta uye ndiine utano husina kunaka. Muchikamu chekutanga chegore 1831, akagamuchira kugadzwa kwake sePurofesa weArcheology paCollege de France.

Akafa aine matambudziko mazhinji ehutano musi waKurume 4, 1832, asina kukwanisa kupedzisa zvaaifunga nezvebasa rake guru. girama yeEgipita, iro rakazopedzwa nomunun’una wake Jacques-Joseph mukuremekedza kurangarira kwake.

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