Dzidza nesu nhasi, kuburikidza neiyi inonakidza positi, nhoroondo ye Cuzco, guta remadzitateguru riri kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kwePeruvia rudzi, muAndes Mountains, hwaro hwaro hwekutanga, muMagna Carta ndiro guta guru renhoroondo yenyika nezvimwe zvakawanda. Usarega kuiverenga!
Kwakabva Guta reCuzco
Ndiyo imwe yemaguta ekare ekugara muAmerica, vakundi veSpain vakaiona kekutanga muna 1533, yaiva nzvimbo yeumambo hweInca, kutanga kwayo kunotsanangurwa mumutauro weAymara, nemashoko okuti qusqu wanka, mutauro wechiCastilian, zvinoreva Dombo rezizi, nokuda kwerondedzero yedzimwe hama dzinonzi Ayar, nokuti ndihwo humambo hukurusa hwakanga huripo muPre-Columbian America.
Guta reCuzco rakaona kupinda kwevaSpanish senge nzvimbo zhinji muAmerica, asi richiri kuchengeta mashiripiti emadzitateguru aro kana vachifamba mumigwagwa yaro, izvo zvinokwezva zviuru zvevashanyi vanoda zuva nezuva kuve chikamu cheiyi nyaya, ramba uchiverenga chinyorwa.
Apo mumwe wehama, akanga ane masimba emashiripiti, akabvuma nzvimbo yaibhururuka nemapapiro ayo akabuda mumuviri wake kuti amhare padombo ndokuva rutivi rwebwe sezvo manyoro aJuan Díez de Betanzos anoti:
"... Enda uko uchibhururuka ... uye ukagara ipapo utore chigaro chimwe chete panoonekwa chiratidzo ichocho, nokuti tichazoenda kunogara uye kurarama ... uye kugara ipapo rakashanduka rikava dombo, richigadzira nzvimbo yenyika. mumutauro wekare wekuCuzco nevaSpanish vakasiya zita reCuzco…”
Nekuda kwekuwanda kwevashanyi, Cuzco ndiro guta rechinomwe rine vanhu vakawanda munyika yePeruvia, kwakabva guta iri ngano, nekuda kwenyaya dzemadzitateguru aro, pane kutaura kwemireniyamu Kristu asati auya, dunhu rose iri rakagarwa nevanhu. tsika dzakasiyana-siyana , iyo inocherechedzwa nekuda kwekuchera matongo muunhu hweceramics, sezvo imwe neimwe ine yakatsanangura maitiro.
Pane kutaura pamusoro peZuva Mwari pachake anonzi Inti, akatora nyika idzi, vamwe vanotaura pamusoro pemurwi mukuru mwanakomana weZuva Mwari Manco Capac nehanzvadzi yake, asi zuva chairo rekusikwa kwayo sekugadzirisa hazvizivikanwi, vakatonga tsika dzakawanda. . vamwe vakavatora vachigadzira nzvimbo yakakura yakapoteredza 600.000 square kilometers, guta guru rayo riri Cuzco.
Kune vagari veCuzco, kubata kwavo kwaive kwehuviri uye nekudaro nyika dzavo dzakakamurwa kuva nzvimbo dzakakwirira dzinonzi Hanan uye nzvimbo dzakaderera dzine zita rekuti Hurin, kubva kuzita reManco Capac kwakatanga imwe kirasi yenzvimbo yemagariro pakati pemiti inoratidzira neKupfuura makore. , kukosha kukuru, nekuda kwekuferefeta kwakaitwa, ceramics uye Killke tsika ndeyavo, vakazvidaidza ivo Incas.
Akaratidza humambo hweInca, sangano rakanakisisa renzanga nerezvamatongerwe enyika rakavabvumira, nemhaka yokufambira mberi kwavo mukuvaka, kuwana guta rakarongeka, Cuzco, rakafanana nerekare akacherekedzwa muRoma, chimwe chinhu chinokatyamadza pamusoro pezivo yavo youinjiniya kunyange zvazvo ivo. handina kuziva vhiri.
Kutanga nengano Manco Capac, nhevedzano yevatongi yakatangwa muCuzco avo vakabva kuna mwari weZuva, vakanga vakaparadzaniswa netsika dzavo zvokuti ivo, vatongi veumambo hweInca, vaisagona kubata pasi, ivo bedzi. vakasiya nhare yavo huru mumibato yorudzidziso yavanhu vavo, kuti varemekedzwe navo.
Guvhu renyika, kuhumambo hweInca raive guta reCuzco, mumutauro waro weQuechua, maererano nekuferefeta kwakaitwa kunoonekwa kuti pakati pemakore 1200 ne1400 hwaro hwesangano rezvematongerwo enyika, remagariro uye rechitendero. Kubudirira kwekare kweColumbian, maererano nezvidzidzo zvimwe chete izvi pane kutaura nezvekutonga kweInca yainzi Pachacútec pakati pemakore 1438 na1463.
Kubatanidzwa kwehumambo hukuru uhwu kunotanga, kukurira madzinza akapoteredza aipikisa apo diplomacy haina kuwana migumisiro yaidiwa, unyanzvi hwavo hwakaita zvokuti guta rakagadzirwa nevainjiniya vavo muchimiro chepuma yaigona kuonekwa kure. pamusoro pemakomo anoumba mupata weKuziko.
Kuratidzira hukuru hwemaguta uye kupfuma sezvakawanikwa mukukura kwayo nevaSpanish pavakakunda, muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX; Pamusoro pekuvakwa kweguta reCuzco, mainjiniya makuru aya akaratidzira kufambira mberi mune zvekurima, akavandudza nharaunda uye akavaka zvivakwa zvakanakisa zveveruzhinji uye zvechitendero zvakakodzera kuyemurwa nekuremekedzwa kwetsika dzavo.
Kune iyo Cuzco yakaratidza budiriro yayo yemagariro seyakakura yedhorobha, iyo yakaganhurwa nenzizi mbiri Saphi uye Tullumallo, iyo yavakatamira kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzemumadhorobha dzekutsinhana kwekutengeserana sezvo vaisaziva mari.
Muguta iri reCuzco maiva nemuzinda.
Mukuwedzera kunhevedzano yezvivakwa zvikuru zvetembere dzechitendero nedzimba dzevakuru, kunze kwaikoku kwakanga kuri kukura kwamadhorobha nemapoka akakurumbira akanga ari hwaro hwekurima nokupfuya mhuka.
Cuzco raive guta guru rehumambo hweInca uye kune veSpanish, rimwe remaguta akanyanya kukosha muhutongi hwePeru, munguva dzemakoloni pasi pekuraira kweSpain Crown, nhamba huru yematemberi echitendero, nhare nenzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana dzakavakwa. ine hukuru hwebaroque uye neoclassical art.
Kuita kuti guta reCuzco rirove, mu1972, rakazivikanwa seNational Historical Monument uye muna 1983, World Heritage Site neUNESCO.
Nheyo yeCuzco uye nguva yeInca empire
Kutenda kurondedzero dzevagari vemo, idzo dzakaunganidzwa naGómez Suárez de Figueroa, wedzinza reHispanic-Inca, akaberekerwa muPeru musi waApril 12, 1539, akashandisa zita remanyepo rokuti Inca Garcilaso de la Vega.
Akatsinhira kuti Manco Cápac akanga ari gavhuna wokutanga uye akatanga Cuzco pamwe chete naamai Ocilo, uyo akanga ari hanzvadzi yake nomudzimai wokutanga, vana veZuva, vakatamira pedyo neLake Titicaca.
Nokuraira kwababa vavo, Mwari weZuva, vakakanda pfumo rendarama nesimba guru, uko chiridzwa ichocho chakawira, vakavamba taundi ravo reCuzco, sezvinorondedzerwa nouyu munyori we<em>mestizo, mugore ra 1615, richizivikanwa kubvira panguva iyoyo neSpain. , nekuda kwekunyora uku:
“… pokumira kwokutanga kwavakaita mumupata uyu, akadaro Inca, kwakanga kuri pachikomo chinonzi Huanacauri, masikati eguta rino, ikoko vakaedza kurovera chitanda chendarama pasi, icho chakanyura nyore nyore mukurova kwokutanga kwavakaita. vakamuwana, kuti havana kuzomuona zvakare. ”…
"... Ipapo Ika wedu akati kuhanzvadzi yake nomukadzi: Mumupata uyu baba vedu Zuva vanoraira kuti timire tiite chigaro chedu nedzimba dzedu; danai nokukwezva vanhu ava kuti tivadzidzise nokuita zvakanaka zvatinotumirwa nababa vedu Zuva ... ”
Zvinoenderana neruzivo rwakawanikwa nekuda kwekuferefeta kwakaitwa mukuchera matongo uye anthropology, basa reCuzco rakadzidzwa, zvinogumiswa kuti hutongi hweTiahuanaco hunoderera, zvichigadzira kutamiswa kweguta kubva kune yava kunzi Bolivia.
Ichi chiverengero chavagari vapasi chinopoterera varume mazana mashanu, vanogara mumupata worwizi Huatanay, vachiuya kuzowana Cuzco pamahombekombe erumwe rwizi runonzi Saphy; iro zuva chairo harizivikanwe, nezve nguva yakavambwa Cuzco, asi inofungidzirwa maererano nekuferefeta kwakaitwa kuti yakagarwa kwemakore 500.
Mumwe wevanyori veSpain Crown, Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa, paakasvika muAmerican kondinendi, aitungamira chidzidzo cheCuzco, maererano nekuferefeta kwake kuti Cuzco yaive yatogarwa nemarudzi eGuayas, Antasayas neSahuasiray.
Sevagari vekare veguta rino, akataurawo mamwe madzinza akadai saCopalimaytas, Culunchimas neAlcavistas setsika dzazvino; Akataurawo nezve Ayarmacas, avo vaive vagari vekare uye maInca akashandisa diplomacy, iyo mubatanidzwa wemuchato pakati pebudiriro idzi wakabvumira kubwinya kweCuzco.
Kuve guta rinonyanya kukwirira reInca Empire yekuve guta rayo guru, izvi zvakagadzira kukura kwakawanda zvekuti yaive muzinda wetsika nechitendero chehumambo uhwu hukuru, apo diplomacy yaisagona kuitwa, kunetsana kwakaitwa kutonga nesimba re uto rayo..
Izvi zvakaitika nekuda kwemutongi wayo Pachacútec, akashandura Cuzco kuita tsika apogee, akatanga kutonga muna 1438, vese Pachacútec nemwanakomana wake Túpac Yupanqui, vaive kutungamira kwemakore makumi mashanu ekuronga nekubatanidza marudzi akasiyana-siyana, vachisvika kuzotonga kumativi gumi. mamiriyoni evagari vemo, muumambo hwose hweInca.
Uhwu umambo hwakanga hwakakura kwazvo zvokuti simba reCuzco rakasvika kusvikira kuQuito, nhasi guta guru reEcuador, richibatanidza vagari vose muhupamhi hwemakiromita 4500 XNUMX muketani huru yemakomo eAndes; Uyezve, zvinofungidzirwa kuti chimiro chekugadzirwa kweCuzco ibasa rePachacútec.
Eya, pakuicherechedza kubva kumakomo eCuzco, ine chimiro chepuma, nokuda kwebasa ravainjiniya vayo, sezvo zvinofanira kucherekedzwa kuti vakanga vasina ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu, asi vakaratidza unyanzvi hukuru mukuvaka kwavo, uko kunoratidza kukura kukuru kwenjere.
Puma ndiyo mhuka inoera yevanhu veAndean, iyo Cuzco yaive kubva kure silhouette yepuma huru, iri nzvimbo yepakati yainzi Haucaypata muchipfuva chemhuka uye mumusoro wemhuka pakanga paine chikomo cheguru. nhare yemhemberero inonzi Sacsayhuamán, yakanga yakarongeka zvikuru muchimiro cheguta.
Cuzco ndiyo yaive chigaro chesimba nehurongwa, pazvuru zvitatu nemazana matatu nemakumi mashanu emamita pamusoro pegungwa, izvo zvakaratidzwa mumavakirwo aro kubva guta rakapinda munzira ina kuti ribatanidze raro, aive matunhu mana avaigara. nharaunda yeCuzco, inozivikanwa seTahuantinsuyo, zvinoreva kuti ivo vana pamwechete.
Iyi nharaunda yakanga yakakura kwazvo zvokuti yakasvika kuEcuador nedzimwe nzvimbo dzezvino yava Chile, Argentina, Bolivia neColombia, sezvo muUrubamba Valley unogonawo kuona zvivako zvikuru zveInca, zvakafanana zvikuru neizvo zveguta reCuzco.
Kukunda kweSpanish uye nguva yeviceregal
VaSpain pavakasvika munharaunda yeCuzco, vakasarudza kutora guta iri kuSpain Crown, vakakwanisa kubata Inca Atahualpa uyo aiva mutongi wekupedzisira weInca empire, muguta reCajamarca, kubva ipapo vakaenda kuCuzco. , maererano nezvinyorwa zvinoratidzwa Zvinobva mugore ra1533, mumwedzi waFebruary, nekukunda uku kubwinya kweCuzco kunopera.
VaSpanish panguva yekukunda havana kukwanisa kugadzirisa nharaunda yeguta reCuzco nekuti zvivakwa zveInca zvisingaite zvakaita kuti zvisakwanise kuvaparadza kugadzira zvivakwa zvitsva, saka vakafunga kuumba zvivakwa zvavo mune zviripo zveInca zvivakwa, izvo zvinogona kuitika iye zvino. inoonekwa muConvent yeSanto Domingo iyo yakavakwa paTemberi yeZuva.
Imba inoyevedza yeViracocha yakagadzirwa nemaInca yakava chigaro cheCathedral yeCuzco, ndosaka Inca urbanism inogona kumiririrwa nhasi kune zviuru zvevashanyi vanoshanyira guta reCuzco.
Vaongorori vakati wandei vanopokana nezvevatambi vakaita crusade yakadai, Inca Garcilaso de la Vega y López de Gómara inotaura nezvaHernando de Soto naPedro del Barco, nepo Pedro Pizarro naRubén Vargas Ugarte vachitaura nezvevamwe vatambi, iri boka rekutanga revaSpanish. Vakadzoka kubva kuCuzco kuenda kuguta reCajamarca, pakati pemwedzi waMay naJune mugore ra1533.
VeSpain vakauya negoridhe nesirivheri zvakakura, sekunyora kunoita munyori wenhoroondo anonzi Vargas Ugarte, zvakare vakundi vakaita imwe nzendo kuguta reCuzco, muna Nyamavhuvhu 11, 1533.
Francisco Pizarro anotyisa ari pamwe neimwe chizvarwa chainzi Túpac Hualpa nechinangwa chekuti atore chinzvimbo saAtahualpa, asi akangorarama mwedzi mitatu nekuti akafa nehupfu, uye murwi ainzi Calcuchimac, aive mumwe wevakuru vatatu vemauto. Atahualpa.
Manco Inca, anozivikanwa zviri nani saManco Cápac II, akaperekedzawo Francisco Pizarro, akabatsira Pizarro nevarume vake kupinda muCuzco, pana November 15, 1533, Manco Cápac II akagadzwa korona, saInca, sezvinorondedzerwa munhoroondo yemumwe wevatsvakurudzi. Rubén Vargas Ugarte.
Pashure pemwedzi, vakanga vakwanisa kubata simbi dzose dzinokosha muCuzco uye vokuSpain vakanyungudutsa mabasa ose akaisvonaka akanga aita umambo hweInca; ichi chitsama chikuru chegoridhe rakanyungudutswa chavakatsamwisa kubva kuCuzco chaive chikuru kudarika chakawanikwa muCajamarca, chichitenderera maererano nenhoroondo pa700.113.880 pesos.
Nechekare munaKurume 23, 1534, Francisco Pizarro akakwanisa kuwana guta reSpain muguta reCuzco, muPlaza de Armas, parizvino iguta remazuva ano reCuzco, iro raive rakaganhurwa nemadzishe ehumambo hweInca.
Panzvimbo hombe yakatarisa kuchamhembe Francisco Pizarro akapa murairo wekuvaka temberi yechitendero, akaisa chirevo: Guta rinokudzwa uye guru reCuzco, makumi masere nevasere veSpain, vaiva vagari vekutanga veCuzco, ikozvino guta reSpain, paThe zuva rakatevera kanzuru yeguta yakasikwa, vari mameyawo Pedro de Candia naBeltrán de Castro, mukuwedzera kune vasere.
Muguta reCuzco, rava kuSpain, mameya navakuru vakuru vaifanira kuchinjwa gore, mumwedzi waOctober wegore ra1534 vakaita kugoverwa kwemijenya kana kuti nharaunda dzeCuzco pakati pevakundi veSpain, kwakanga kuchiri kurwisana nehondo. nhengo dze empire Inca.
Mushure memakore maviri muna 1536, Manco Inca anozvidemba kubatsira maSpanish uye anotanga kurwisana nevakakunda uye anoronga dzinza rinozivikanwa seIncas of Vilcabamba, avo vaiva madzimambo mana aigona kuva vatsivi veAtahualpa uye Vanodzivisa vakundi, asi kurwisana kwakatora. nzvimbo yacho kusvika gore ra1572.
Pakave nemakore makumi matatu nematanhatu ekurwisana kutozosvikira Túpac Amaru I akundwa mukati mehondo, vakamubata uye kuratidza vamwe vagari vemo kuti vaisagona kurova Spanish ivo vakamugura musoro mukuita kweruzhinji.
Cuzco yakava nzvimbo huru yekutengeserana nekuchinjana tsika mumakomo eAndes, kwaivewo nenzira dzekuenda kuLima nenzvimbo yemugodhi yeyaizivikanwa seUpper Peru.
Zvakawanda kune veSpain zvinonyanya kugadzikana kuti chiteshi chiise guta reLima seguta guru rehutongi, asi Cuzco yaive yedhipatimendi rekutonga kwehutongi hweSpain Crown, maererano nekuferefeta kwairemekedzwa vanhu veCuzco. vachiva voruzhinji vakaberekerwamo venzanga yakakwirira yeInca, uko ivo vakapiwa ropafadzo dzakati.
Saizvozvowo, chikamu chevaSpanish chakapedzwa muCuzco, mukuwedzera, kusawirirana kwetsika nehupfumi kunoonekwa muguta nhasi kwakatanga, maererano nekugadzira machira, hongu panguva iyoyo yaive pre-industrial, ikozvino vanoshandisa tekinoroji. , kuti vasvike kuRío de la Plata, vaifanira kupfuura nokuCuzco.
Yakatotongwa neSpanish, munguva yeXVI neXXVII mazana emakore, Cuzco inotanga kurasikirwa neInca kunaka kwayo, kutanga kuvakwa kwetembere dzechitendero dzeBaroque order, sezvakaita Cathedral, iyo yakavakwa pakati pemakore 1560 ne1664 , mamwe machechi akadai seLa Compañía muna 1576, La Merced, iyo yakavakwa pakutanga kwezana remakore rechiXNUMX.
Temberi yeSan Francisco, pakati pe1572 ne1662, maSpanish aivewo ari kutungamira kuvakwa kwenzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana dzezvipatara senge zvipatara zvekoloni zveSan Bartolomé, izvo zvakazoshandura zita ravo kuChipatara uye Convent yeSan Juan de Dios, kuti vapinde. chete kune veSpanish uye Hospital de Naturales yevagari vekuCuzco.
Shanduko dzakawanda uye zvivakwa zvakaitwa muchimiro cheguta reCuzco, maererano nekuvaka kwenzvimbo dzekurongeka kwevanhu, seAlmirante Palace, imba yeMarquises yeSan Lorenzo de Valle Umbroso uye Archbishop's Palace.
Panyaya yedzidzo, veSpanish vakasarudza kutanga zvikoro zvakawanda muguta reCuzco, sechikoro cheSan Francisco de Borja, kudzidzisa vana vemadzishe eInca, kuwedzera kuYunivhesiti yeSan Ignacio de Loyola, Seminary ye. San Antonio de Abad, kuwedzera kune imwe Yunivhesiti ine zita reSan Antonio Abad.
Mushure mekurwisana nevaInca, yakanga yava zvino masangano e telluric akaparadza guta reCuzco, rava kuSpain, ndicho chikonzero kukura kwemaguta kwakaratidzika kunonoka, kudengenyeka kwenyika kuchangopfuura kwakaratidzwa mugore ra1650.
Kubva ipapo, kukosha kwehumambo hweInca kunoonekwa mukuvaka kwayo kwakavakirwa pamateru kudzivirira kuparadzwa kwezvivakwa zvayo, sezvo ivo vaive anti-seismic, sezvave zvichiratidzwa nekuda kwekuferefeta kwakaitwa pazvivakwa zvakavakwa nevainjiniya. yeInca empire.
Kune veSpaniard, kutya kwavo mukudengenyeka kwenyika ikoko kwakava zvekuti vakave vakazvipira kuna Ishe weKudengenyeka kwenyika, uyo kubva musi iwoyo anonamatwa gore negore mukufora, kunyangwe zvakakosha kuganhura.
Kuti vagari veCuzco vaiva netsika yokutamba nokuda kwezvichemo zvavo zvakanga zviri magavhuna ekare ebudiriro yavo huru, nemhaka yokuti vakapfuurira netsika dzavo asi panzvimbo pokudhanza zvitunha zvavo, vaSpain vakaita kuti vasande vegamuchidzanwa reKaturike vadhambe.
Zvakaitika kuSpain, Bourbon reforms uko Felipe de Borbón, anotora hutongi hwerudzi rweSpain, izvi zvaiitika muEurope mugore ra1780, muCuzco pane musangano wakatangwa nevanhu verudzi rwechivanhu vari mukuru aive mukuru ainzi José. Gabriel Condorcanqui, anonzi Tupac Amaru II.
Izvi zvinoitika kuvonga kupesvedzerwa pfungwa akavhenekerwa Túpac Amaru II, anosimuka pamusoro simba vokuSpain, kubva muguta Cuzco, kurwisana uku kwakapararira munyika yose yePeruvia, kumukira uku kwaigona kupedza mwedzi mishomanana chete nokuti pakati pehondo iyo Zvakaitika kuCuzco.
Iyo cacique José Gabriel, anonyanya kuzivikanwa saTúpac Amaru II, anobatwa uye kuti dhorobha risatya kudzokorora kupokana, kuurayiwa kunorairwa pamwe chete nemhuri yake yese muPlaza de Armas yeCuzco.
Nhasi unogona kuona muCuzco, kune rumwe rutivi rweChechi yeCompañía de Jesús, imba yechitendero yakashandiswa panguva iyoyo sesero kuchengetedza cacique uyo nhasi ari Gamba rePeru.
Chiitiko ichi chakaziviswa nekukasira, munzvimbo yese yemakomo eAndes, zvakaitika muCuzco uye kwaive kuchema kwekusunungurwa kwevagari venzvimbo iyo vazhinji veSpain vevakuru vepamusoro, vachitya kutarisana nenhamba huru yevagari vemo, vakasarudza kufamba navo. mhuri dzavo kuguta guru rePeru uye guta reArequipa.
Izvi zvakakonzera kudzikira kwekutengeserana kweguta reCuzco sezvo vashanyi vainzvenga kusvika kunzvimbo iyi vachitya kudzvinyirirwa nevagari veko, muzana ramakore rechigumi nepfumbamwe, zvakare mugore ra1814, kwakavapo kumwe kunetsana kwevagari vemo vachipesana nehutungamiri hweSpain Crown. , inozivikanwa zviri nani seCuzco Rebellion.
Kurwisana uku kwakamiririrwa nehama dzeAngulo uye brigadier ainzi Mateo Pumacahua, uyo akanga ari mestizo kubva kuCuzco, vakatanga kumukirana kwakafanana nekwakatanga muBuenos Aires kuwana rusununguko kubva kuPeru kubva kuCuzco, asi zvakangofanana. zvinogoneka nekuti Viceroy José De Abascal vakaguma nekumukira uku mumwedzi gumi neimwe.
Cuzco uye nguva yeRepublican
Sezvinoonekwa munhoroondo yePeru, yakawana rusununguko mugore ra1821 uye guta reCuzco rinoramba richikoshera munzvimbo yezvematongerwo enyika sangano renyika, pamusoro penzvimbo inogarwa neIntendancy, ichitora kunyange nharaunda yeAmazon. , sezvo isati yave yaganhurana nenyika yeBrazil, Cuzco ndiro guta guru redhipatimendi iroro rose maererano nokurayira kwaJosé de San Martín.
Izvi zvakaitika muna Kubvumbi 26, 1822, asi nharaunda yaive ichiri yevaSpain vakavimbika kune korona yeSpain, hondo yeAyacucho yakakundwa uye General Simón Bolívar akabuda akakunda, iyo Viceroy La Serna aifanira kutonga, iyo Zvita 22, 1824 inobvuma. kutorwa kwaAyacucho, ari sachigaro weCuzco General Agustín Gamarra, pana December 24, wegore rimwe chetero.
Gore ra1825 rinotanga uye guta reCuzco rinogashira nehana kushanya kwaGeneral Simón Bolívar, nekuda kweruremekedzo rwaive nerudzi rwePeru kune musununguri weVenezuela akakurumbira Simón Bolívar, zvikoro zveScience uye Arts zvakavhurwa, vakaisa pfungwa pazvikoro zvakapfuura. San Francisco de Borja, iyo San Bernardo, Yunivhesiti yeSan Antonio de Abad.
Panguva yekushanya uku, chikoro chekutanga chedzidzo yevakadzi vePeruvia, chainzi Colegio Las Educandas, chakagadzirwawo muCuzco. Gare gare, nekuda kwePeru-Bolivia Confederation, Cuzco yaive imwe yenzvimbo dzeRepublic iyi yakagara zvishoma, chete. Iyo Arch yeSanta Clara yakaramba iri yechiratidzo ichocho.
Cuzco inowira zvakare mukusagadzikana kwehupfumi, magariro uye huwandu hwevanhu, sezvo vazhinji vevagari vayo vakarasikirwa nehupenyu hwavo nekuda kwehondo dzinogara dziripo dzeIndependence nezvirwere zvinotapukira zvakauraya vagari vazhinji vedhorobha iri, yaivewo pedyo nekupindirwa neRepublic of. Bolivia mugore ra1842; zana ramakore rechi XNUMX rakapfuurira pasina rusuruvaro kana kuti mbiri nokuda kweguta reCuzco.
Kutyisidzirwa nedenda kwakaparadza hupenyu hwevagari veCuzco sechibhokisi muna 1885, yakahwina mubairo wekuve guta rakachena kupfuura mamwe ose muAmerica kusvika parizvino, iro rakaramba richiparadza guta reumambo reIncas, shanduko yemaindasitiri yakauya kuPeru maoko evatengesi vanobva kuUnited Kingdom, vachiwedzera varombo zvizvarwa zveCuzco vaisakwanisa kukwikwidzana navo.
Kwegore ra1872, yekutanga yemaindasitiri matanhatu ekubika doro ayo akazozivikanwa seCervecería del Sur akaiswa mutaundi reCuzco, kusimuka kweCuzco kwakakonzerwa nemakambani ezvinwiwa aya, kupera kwezana ramakore rechi1894, zvichikonzera hondo yevagari vemuPeru. mugore raXNUMX.
Kurwisana kwakaitwa mukati meguta rimwechete reCusco, umo macaceristas akarasika, kwegore ra1909, chimurenga chevechidiki chakaitwa, chikoro cheCuzco chakatangwa, mune yaive Scientific Center yeCuzco mugore ra1897.
Cuzco muzana remakore rechiXNUMX
Pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi1908, Cuzco yakawedzera budiriro yemaguta, kwegore 13, kunyanya munaGunyana XNUMX, njanji inoenda kuCuzco yakavhurwa, ichipa guta mikana mitsva yekudyidzana nevanhu vakasvika pachiteshi, kunyangwe The kuendeswa kwenjanji kwakanonoka zvikuru nekuda kwemamiriro ezvinhu emakomo eAndes.
Tichifunga nezvekuwedzera kwehuwandu muCuzco, nzizi dzakadai seTullumayu, Huatanay neSaphy dzaifanira kufambiswa, kugadziridzwa kutsva kwemaguta kwakaitwa muguta, seChoquechaka neSaphy migwagwa uye Tullumayo neSol avenues, iyo yakabvumira kupinda kukuru kune nharaunda dzakatenderedza pakati peguta, kuronga kwemadhorobha kwakatambanudzirwa kunzvimbo dzekumaodzanyemba nekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva.
Mugore ra1911, chimwe chinhu chinoshamisa chinoitika muCuzco, chenzendo dzakawanda dzakaitwa kubva kuCuzco kuenda kunzvimbo dzakapoteredza makomo eAndes, Hiram Bingham, anoongorora nharaunda ndokuwana matongo echivako chikuru cheInca chisikwa, chinonzi Machu Pichu.
Zvakawanikwa izvi zvakasimudza indasitiri yekushanya muguta reCuzco, sekuzivikanwa kwarinoitwa, nekuti mazuva ese egore, vashanyi vazhinji vanogara vachienda kunoshanyira guta iri, kunyangwe parizvino nekuda kwedenda reCovid-19, zvese zvakawoma. kudzivirira nekudzivirira kupararira kweutachiona uhu.
Izvo zvaparadza hupenyu hwezviuru zvevanhu, panguva iyo tekinoroji netsvagiridzo zvakakosha zvakanyanya uye havasati vawana nzira yekuremedza hutachiona uhu, vanhu vazhinji vakaoma mitezo, kugara mudzimba dzavo nekuchengeta. hutano hwako, kuti usarambe uchiparadzira hutachiona uhwu hunotyisa.
Mugore re1913, kambani yakazvimiririra yakavambwa muguta reCuzco, kuitira kuti guta iri rive nemukana wekunakidzwa nebasa rakanaka remagetsi, izvo zvidzidzo zvakakosha zvakaitwa kugadzira iyo hydroelectric power plant, mudunhu reCorimarca. .
Miedzo yakakodzera yakaitwa uye mugore ra1914, guta reCuzco rakatanga kunakidzwa nebasa remagetsi mune imwe neimwe yedzimba dzaro, neguta rakazvimiririra, iro rainyatsoziva kuti purofiti yevashanyi yaizobhadhara kusimudzira. simba remagetsi, makambani evashanyi akatanga nekunyaradza kukuru nekuda kwebasa remagetsi.
Mugore ra1921, ndege yekutanga kubva kuLima kuenda kuGuta reCuzco yakagadzirwa nemutyairi wekuItaly anonzi Enrique Rolandi, yaive nhau huru kune vezvekushanya vanoita misangano inoenderana yekutengwa kwendege. yeguta reCuzco uye mutyairi uyu Rolandi angave ari chipangamazano weiyi indasitiri diki yekutengesa ndege.
Iyi ndege yekutanga yaive neguta reCuzco, yaive biplane modhi, murwi wakagadzirwa nekambani yeSVA, iyi yekufambisa ndege yakanzi Cuzco, musi waGunyana 1, 1925, mutyairi weCuzco Alejandro Velasco Astete Akafa aine makore makumi maviri- sere.
Akanga ari muPeru wokutanga kubhururuka pamusoro peAndes, akasvika muguta reLima pashure pokubhururuka achibva kuCuzco, asi pana September 25 wegore rimwe chetero akatambura tsaona apo mutyairi wendege akarasikirwa noupenyu hwake uye ndege yakaparadzwa.
Izvi zvakaitika paakaedza kumhara mudhorobha rePuno, paakabva kundege kubva kuguta reCuzco, muna 1930, mukuru weCuzco ainzi José Vargas, aive General, ndiye aiona nezvekutorwa kweimwe nzvimbo yaive mu. Chachacomayoc neimwe inonzi La Pólvora.
Kugadzira munzvimbo iyoyo nhandare yendege yekutanga ine nzira yetsvina muguta reCuzco yaive ichishanda kusvika 1967; Iyi sevhisi yekutanga yevafambi uye ndege dzinotakura zvinhu pakati peguta reLima neCuzco yakatanga muna 1937.
Zvikepe zvakabva zvapihwa ndege dzeDC-3 neDC-4 kubva kukambani yezvendege inonzi Faucett, makore matatu apfuura uye basa rendege rakave rakajairika nekuda kweruzhinji rwevashanyi vakauya kuzoona guta reMachu Pichu.
Parizvino nzvimbo iyi ndeyepaki inonzi Zonal, iyo Adolfo Guevara Velasco National Hospital iri zvakare munzvimbo iyoyo mune inozivikanwa sedunhu reWanchaq uye Casa de la Juventud Yakavharwa Coliseum.
Muna 1964, Alejandro Velasco Astete International Airport yakavhurwa, muzita reyekutanga Peruvian yakabhururuka pamusoro pemakomo eAndes, iyo Cuzco yakashumirwa kubva ipapo uye ndiyo nhandare yendege yechipiri ine vanhu vakawanda kwazvo muPeru. , ndatenda. kukambani yevashanyi.
Izvo zvakakosha kusimbisa kuti kubvira 1944, Chikumi 24 iZuva reCuzco, iro ravanoita scenography inokwezva kutariswa kwevatengi vevashanyi, iyo yavanozviita munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana dzechiratidzo sePlaza de Armas, iyo Matongo eSacsayhuamán kana iyo Inti Raymi, uye ivo zvakare vanogadzira Hymn kuCuzco.
Makore matanhatu anopfuura, mugore ra1950, uye kudengenyeka kwepasi kunoitika muguta reCuzco, rehukuru 6.8 pachikero cheRichter, izvi zvakakonzera kukuvadzwa kwekugariswa kweguta, kunyanya mutemberi dzekoloni nedzimba dzemamongi, dzine mishumo yakasiyana kubva. nyika yePeruvia uye UNESCO yakatumira muongorori George Kubler wekuAmerica.
Ndiani aitarisira kuita chidzidzo chakakodzera chekutungamira uye kurongeka kwekugadziridzwa kwezvivakwa, hurumende yePeru muchishuvo chayo chekubatana nekuvakazve kweCuzco, yakagadzira mutemo Nhamba 11551, umo yaifumura kufarira kweveruzhinji. Cuzco, zviri pachena nekambani yevashanyi uye akaisa mutero pakushandiswa kwefodya kutsigira kuvakwazve kwezvivako.
Mugore ra1952, kuvakwazve kweguta reCuzco kunoitwa, izvo zvakabvumira kuvandudzwa kwemaguta ezvakatipoteredza, zvichibvumira kuwedzera kukuru muindasitiri yevashanyi, mugore ra1952, nhamba yevashanyi ve6092 inoverengwa.
Idzo dzakanga dzichiwedzera gore negore, muna 1975, nhamba yevashanyi yakanga iri 176.625, iyo yakanga yakakwirira zvikuru kupfuura vagari veguta reCuzco, iro rakadzidzwa nokuda kwavagari ve174.000.
Kwegore ra1972, nyika yePeruvia kuburikidza neBazi reDzidzo, yakaita Supreme Resolution ichizivisa Cultural Heritage of the Nation kuMonumental Zone yeCuzco, zvaive zvakafanira kuwedzera guta pakati pa1974 na1991, izvi zvichiitika VII chikamu cheUNESCO World Heritage Committee, muguta reFlorence munyika yeItaly.
Cuzco inonzi Cultural Heritage of Humanity muvhiki yaZvita 05 kusvika 09, 1983, asi muna Kubvumbi 05, 1986, imwe nhanho yekutaura inoitika inoparadza chikamu chenzvimbo huru yeguta reCuzco.
Muna 1990, Meya Daniel Estrada Pérez akaita chirongwa chekushongedza zviyeuchidzo, mativi nematsime panguva yekutonga kwake; kuwana Cuzco zita re Historical Capital yePeru.
Iyo iri muMagna Carta yePeru, kubvira 1993, nhovo yeCuzco yakatsanangurwa zvakare, ichisiya parutivi Colonial Blason kubatanidza Zuva reEchenique, senhovo nyowani yeguta reCuzco, zvakare akaedza kushandura zita. kumutauro weQosqo, asi yakanga isingagari, ichisiya Cuzco.
Geography uye Mamiriro ekunze eguta reCuzco
Guta iri riri mumupata unoumbwa neRwizi Huatanay uye zvikomo zvinoridzivirira, mamiriro ekunze eCuzco anonyanya kuoma uye anodziya, ari pedyo neequator ane mwaka miviri chete; wakaoma pakati pemwedzi waApril naOctober, mukati memwaka uno unonzwa zuva rakajeka neusiku hwakapesana uko kunotonhora zvikuru uye tembiricha inodonha kusvika 13°C.
Mumwe mwaka unonaya uye unoitika pakati pemwedzi waMbudzi kusvika muna Kurume, tembiricha iri pakati pe12°C, mumazuva ezuva inogona kukwira kusvika pa20°C, asi mhepo inobva mumakomo inotonhora.
Cuzco Architectural Heritage
Kutenda kune huwandu hukuru hwezvivakwa zveInca zvinogona kuonekwa muguta reCuzco, rinova renguva ye-pre-Columbian, muna 1972, vakazvizivisa Cultural Heritage of the Nation, izvi zvinoonekwa mukugadziriswa kwepamusoro nenhamba 2900- 72- ED, uye zvakare kuitira kuchengetedza guta reCuzco, chikamu cheVII cheUNESCO World Heritage Committee chakaitwa muna 1983.
Kufunga kuzivisa guta rino Cultural Heritage of Humanity, kune iyo nzvimbo huru dzekufarira vashanyi muguta reCuzco ndidzo dzinotevera:
Iyo nharaunda yeSan Blas, vashandi vanogara pano, mashopu avo uye zvitoro zvekugadzira zviripo, kana uchishanyira guta rino unogona kuona kuti ndiyo imwe yenzvimbo dzinoyevedza muCuzco, migwagwa yaro ine materu uye panguva imwechete yakamanikana, unogona kuona mahombe edzimba dzakavakwa nevaSpain, panheyo dzeInca zvivakwa.
Iyo ine mativi akanaka uye ndiyo paramende yekare kwazvo muguta reCuzco, iyo yakavambwa muna 1563, inoratidzwa nepurupiti yayo yakagadzirwa nematanda, iyo yakavezwa munguva dzemakoloni, mumutauro weCuzco iyo Barrio de San Blas inonzi Toqocachi. zvinoreva mumutauro weCastilian buri remunyu.
Hatun Rumiyuq Street, ndiyo inonyanya kushanyirwa nezviuru zvevashanyi, vanoshanyira guta reCuzco zuva nezuva, iri izwi reQuechua rinoreva muchiSpanish, Kubva padombo guru, Inca Roca Palace yaivapo, pamusoro payo, Imba yaBhishopi yakakura yakavakwa .
Uyu mugwagwa unotungamira kubva kuPlaza de Armas kuenda kuBarrio de San Blas, iyo munzira yayo iwe unogona kuona dombo remakona gumi nemaviri muInca madziro, panguva yerwendo urwu unogona kutenga zvisingaverengeki zvinhu nekuda kwevashandi vehunyanzvi. kusika zvikuru.
The Convent and Church of Nuestra Señora de La Merced, iyi temberi yakanaka yakavakwa mugore ra1536, kuvakwa kwayo kwekutanga kwakaparadzwa nekudengenyeka kwenyika kwegore ra1650, kuvakwazve kwakakodzera kwakaitwa uye kwakaguma mugore ra1675. chivako, chimiro chebaroque chinoonekwa.
Kunyanya mumatare ekwaya, mumifananidzo nemifananidzo yematanda, pano unogona kuona pekugara mugoridhe nematombo anokosha anorema anenge 22 kilos uye kureba kwayo kwemasendimita zana nemakumi matatu, izvo zvinoshamisa uye ndezvenguva yekoloni kana kuti Inca, kubvira. vaSpanish vakabvuta goridhe raive mutemberi yaMwari Zuva.
Cathedral yeCuzco, iyo yekutanga kathedral yeCuzco yaive Chechi yeKukunda iyo yakavakirwa pakuvakwa kwePalace yeViracocha Inca, yakavakwa muna 1539, asi parizvino yakave iyo yekubatsira chapel yeiyi cathedral hombe, iyo yakakura iyi. Kathedral yakavakwa pamusoro peSuntur Wasi, imba yeCondor, pakati pe1560 na1664.
Dombo raishandiswa sechinhu chikuru, icho chakatorwa kubva kune zvimwe zvivakwa zveInca izvo maSpanish akashandisa segori, mukuwedzera kune mabhuraki egranite aive neruvara rutsvuku rwavakaunza kubva kuInca complex inonzi Sacsayhuaman.
Pano vagadziri veSpain vakashanda chirongwa cheRenaissance, mukati metemberi yechitendero iyo Baroque yakasanganiswa neGothic inoonekwa, ine mune yayo mupfuri wegoridhe akanakisa wenguva yekoloni.
Iyo zvakare inomira kunze kweatari dzayo dzechitendero dzinonakidza mumatanda akakwenenzverwa, mutembere iyi unogona kuona mabasa akanaka eCusco Chikoro chePainting chinoshongedza madziro ayo, iri zvakare muzinda weArchdiocese yeCuzco.
Main Square, yairangarirwa senzvimbo yomufaro noumambo hweInca, yakanga yakakura kwazvo zvokuti iyo zvino yava kuzivikanwa sePlaza del Regocijo yakanga iri yayo, pamwe chete neimwe nzvimbo yainzi San Francisco.
Nekuda kwenhoroondo, sikweya iyi yanga iri protagonist yezviitiko zvakasiyana munhoroondo, pakati pavo ndeyekutanga kuziviswa kwerusununguko rwenyika yePeruvia, iyo yakagadzirwa nehama dzine surname Ángulo yakaitwa muna 1814.
Iyi Plaza de Armas, iri muguta reCuzco, yakaonawo kuchekwa musoro kwaJosé Gabriel Condorcanqui, anonzi Túpac Amaru II, uyo nhoroondo yePeruvia inoona semutungamiri wekutanga wekupokana kwechivanhu, paakasangana neBourbon shanduko yaMambo Philip.
Munguva yekoloni maSpaniards akavaka arcade yematombo ane mavara nemaoko echinyakare, ichiripo, heano matembere maviri echitendero, yekare cathedral yeCuzco uye tembere yeSosaiti yaJesu, ese ari pazvivakwa zvakagadzirwa neIncas uye nechepakati. chikamu chesikwere dziva uye pamusoro paro mufananidzo weInca.
Nhasi iyi Plaza de Armas ndiyo nzvimbo yemhemberero dzakasiyana dzetsika uye zviitiko zveveruzhinji muguta reCuzco, pakati pavo Inti Raymi Mutambo weZuva Mwari, unopembererwa wega waChikumi 24, kunakidzwa nezviuru zvevashanyi vari kuenda. cherechedza, kuwedzera kune mhemberero dzeCorpus Christi.
Iyo ine zuva rakasiyana zvichienderana nekarenda yechitendero cheKatorike, inogona kuitwa pakati pemwedzi waApril, Chivabvu kana Chikumi, uko kunoitwa kufora kwevatsvene vakasiyana-siyana veKatorike, mumitambo yese yedunhu inocherechedzwa uye nekudaro Svondo yega yega. vanoita vachisimudza mureza weguta reCuzco uye renyika yePeru.
Santurantikuy inoitirwawo muCuzco, inova yekutengwa kwevasande, musi wa24 Zvita, iri nhandare yekutengeserana ichireva kutenda kwechiKristu paKisimusi, sezvo zuva nezuva kune vashanyi vanoshanyira guta, vanofanirwa kuita mapati akasiyana-siyana nemitambo yekutengeserana. sezvo vagari venzvimbo iyi vachigara kubva kuhupfumi hwevashanyi.
Chechi yeSosaiti yaJesu; Iyi temberi yechitendero yakavakwa pamusoro pechivako cheInca, Amarucancha Palace, iyo yakatsaurirwa kumwari wenyoka. Pano iwe unogona kuona imwe yemuenzaniso wakanakisisa weiyo baroque style, munguva dzekoloni, unogona kuona dombo rakavezwa rakagadzirwa. vaInca..
Parizvino iyi temberi yechitendero ine machapel maviri, imwe yeLourdes uye Oratory yeSan Ignacio de Loyola, pamadziro ayo unogona kuona nhamba huru yemakoloni kubva kuCusco Chikoro chePainting cheguta reCuzco.
Coricancha neConvent yeSanto Domingo, yakanga iri tembere inokosha zvikurusa youmambo hweInca yakatsaurirwa kuna Mwari weZuva, muQuechua zita rayo rinonzi Qorikancha, yaizivikanwa senzvimbo yendarama, sezvo madziro ayo akanga akashongedzwa namachira endarama ayo maIncas akaita. .
Muchivakwa cheInca ichi, kuvakwa kweConvent yeSanto Domingo kwakatsanangurwa kuburikidza neRenaissance style, ine baroque tower, inova ndiyo yakareba pazvivakwa zvese muguta reCuzco, zvisingaverengeki madziro eInca anogona kuonekwa mukati uye mukati. monolith pakati payo, uye semune mamwe matemberi, nhamba huru yemachira eCuzco School of Painting.
Iyo Inca Urbanism muguta reCuzco
Humwe hunhu hunounzwa muguta rino reCuzco kusimba kunoshamisa kwevaInca mainjiniya pavanenge vachiita hurongwa hwemadhorobha eguta zvisinei nenzvimbo yenzvimbo iyi, ivo mutsika dzavo vaitenda kune vamwari vakasiyana siyana vezvitendero uye nekuvakudza. vakavaka temberi.
Pakati pavo pakanga pane Mwari weZuva Inti, Pachamama, Mwarikadzi Wokubereka, Huiracocha, uyo akanga ari wechiInca wechisere, akataura kuva akarota naMwari Wiracocha, pakati pavamwe, avo vakafananidzirwa savanhu.
Iyi nzira yekumiririra vamwari ndiyo yakaita kuti kumiririrwa kweguta reCuzco muchimiro chepuma, chinova chiratidzo chesimba guru rinoreva simba raMwari akanga asika guta reCuzco.
Migwagwa yese uye kuronga kwemadhorobha kwakavakirwa munzira yeZuva, mukuwedzera mukudyidzana nenzvimbo yechisikigo, nekuti ivo havana kuparadza zvisikwa asi vakatora mukana wezvakasikwa kuti zvibatanidze munzvimbo uye zvigadzirise dhizaini, hungwaru hukuru hwakaratidza. nevaInca mainjiniya.
Zviratidzo zveInca Empire, seguta rega rega repasi, Cuzco ine mureza wayo, nhoo yayo nerwiyo rwayo, kunyangwe iri nyika yerudzi rwePeruvia, mumwedzi waChikumi kushandiswa kwezviratidzo izvi ndiko. inocherechedzwa nekuti Musi wa24 Mutambo weInca weInti Raymi unorangarirwa, izuva reguta.
Nezve jasi rezvombo, chiratidzo cheZuva reEchenique parizvino chiri kushandiswa, kwemakore makumi matatu, sechiratidzo chejasi remaoko reguta reCuzco, sezvo hunhu hwayo hunomiririra humambo hweInca.
Huwandu hwevanhu muGuta reCuzco
Mugore ra1533, pakasvika vanhu vokuSpain, guta reCuzco rakanga riine vagari vemo vaisvika pakati pe40.000 200.000, pamwe chete nemataundi aiva pedyo akasvika vanhu vanenge XNUMX XNUMX munzvimbo iyi, asi pakakundwa, nhamba yevanhu yakaderera zvikuru. .
Pasinei neizvi, maererano nekutsvakurudza kwevanhu muzana remakore rechi1780, Cuzco raiva rimwe remaguta ane vanhu vakawanda munyika yeAmerica, uye munyika yePeruvia ndiro guta rechipiri rine vanhu vakawanda, muna XNUMX, kupandukira kwaTúpac Amaru II uye kupandukira. of Túpac Catarí.
Zvakanga zviri zvikonzero kuti chikamu chevanhu vatsvake kutamira kuguta guru rePeruvia Lima, kuti vadzivise kufa muhondo dzaitsigira rusununguko, asi mumakumi emakore apfuura ezana remakore rechiXNUMX, vagari vakanga vasara muguta reCuzco vakanga vafa. muhondo dzakasiana-siana dzavakatarisana nadzo dzichipa kuratidzira muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX.
Kana kuziviswa kwePeruvia Republic kunoitwa, mugore ra1825, zvinogona kuratidzwa maererano nenhoroondo, kuti pakugamuchira General Simón Bolívar, uko Peruvian Congress yakazvikudza uye iyi yakasarudzika yeVenezuelan yakapihwa menduru dzekukunda hondo dzeJunin uye. Ayacucho.
Guta reCuzco chete, raive nenhamba yevagari vezviuru makumi mana, uye mushure memakumi maviri emakore, pakanga paine zviuru makumi maviri chete zvevagari vasara, nekuti kwaive nekuparadzaniswa kweguta iri.
Pasina magetsi kana masevhisi anowanikwa kuvagari vayo, vechidiki vakasarudza kuedza rombo ravo muguta guru reLima, pakazosvika gore ra1910, nhamba chete yevagari ve13500 yakanyoreswa muguta reCuzco uye vazhinji vaive mestizo.
Asi pakawanikwa guta reMachu Picchu, zvese zvakachinja kune vagari ava, kwegore ra2017 zvinonzi huwandu hweCuzco hwaive 437.538 vagari nekuda kweindasitiri yekushanya.
Kushanduka kwevanhu, maererano neNational Institute of Statistics and Informatics, guta reCuzco rine mataundi makuru mashanu, kwegore ra2017, census yakaratidza kuti huwandu hwevanhu hwakapararira pakati pe437.538 vagari uye mukati meguta reCuzco 114.630 vagari vari kunyanya kugara muguta guru iri. kanzuru.
Cuzco Senzvimbo Yechitendero
Muhumambo hweInca, guta reCuzco raive muzinda wainamatwa humwari hweZuva, kwaive netembere huru yainzi Coricancha, zvinoreva kuvharirwa kwegoridhe, kwaivewo neAqllawasi padhuze, dzaive dzimba dzaaive. akanga asarudza.mwari wezuva
Vaivewo muguta iri, chigaro chedzimba dzakasiyana-siyana dzemariro emadzimambo ose akanga atonga humambo hweInca, ainzi Panakas, nekuti mushure mekufa kwavo vakacheneswa uye vachine nzvimbo yeruremekedzo patsika dzechitendero chavo, paivewo zvakare. mumuzinda wamambo maigara mutongi akanga ari mwari, Mwari Mupenyu.
Kunze kwevafundisi vezvitendero vaimiririrwa naWillka umu aive muprista mukuru. Muguta rino reCuzco, mhemberero huru dzehumambo dzakaitwa, sezvakaita Inti Raymi, inozivikanwa zviri nani semutambo weZuva Mwari, uchiri kuramba uchiratidzwa muPlaza de Armas.
Muhupo hwezviuru zvevashanyi uye zvakare paesplanade yeSacsayhuamán, kunyangwe mitambo yevashanyi iyi irikuitwa, Cuzco ndiyo chigaro chabhishopi wenyika yePeruvia.
Tsika muguta reCuzco
Vanoita zviitwa zvetsika zvakati wandei mukati megore muguta reCuzco, imwe yeakanakisa ndereInti Raymi, inozivikanwa zviri nani seMutambo weZuva Mwari, yaive mhemberero yakakosha zvakanyanya maererano nekuferefetwa kwe tsika dzeInca.
Inogonawo kuonekwa muguta reCuzco, mumwe mutambo unopembererwa pazuva reUtatu Hutsvene, zita rechiitiko ichi chetsika ndiIshe weQoyllur Riti, uko vanopfuura 60.000 vafambi vanoenda munzira kuenda kumakomo ari. yakafukidzwa nesinou, ikoko tembiricha kuchinja kumativi 4 ° C, pavanenge vachifamba tsika siyana fireworks kucherechedzwa uye Alasitas musika, mutambo uyu anotora mazuva mana.
Kwemwedzi waGunyana muguta reCuzco, kunyanya musi wa14, zviuru zvevanhu vakazvipira kumutsvene weHuanca, vanoita rwendo rwekuenda kunzvimbo yake tsvene, vanhu vanobva kune dzimwe nyika vanoendawo kuzoita rwendo urwu, seVhiki Dzvene, Mu. guta reCuzco, mhemberero inoitwa asi yakatsaurirwa kuna Ishe weKudengenyeka kwenyika, uyo ari mudziviriri weguta, achirangarira kuti yakatambura nekufamba kwakati wandei.
Nechekuita neCorpus Christi, kushanya kwevatsvene gumi nevashanu nemhandara kunoitwa, vanotamiswa nevagari veguta reCuzco, munzira yeKathedral mudungwe kuti vape ruremekedzo kumuviri waKristu, unomiririrwa munzvimbo inoera. muenzi, mutsika yeCatholic, inochengetwa mumostrance yegoridhe yakasimba inorema makirogiramu makumi maviri nematanhatu uye yakareba mita imwe nemasendimita makumi maviri.
Inocherechedzwa zvakare paKisimusi pazuva reSanturantikuy, uko zviuru zvezviratidziro zvevatsvene zvinotengeswa kune vasingaverengeki vashanyi vanoshanyira Cuzco, mukukudza Kisimusi, unogona kuona akasiyana zvifananidzo zvekuzvarwa kana zvidyiro kuti uzviise mumhuri yemhuri. .
mimhanzi muguta
Tichifunga nezvezviitiko zvetsika, kune Cuzco Symphony Orchestra, yakagadzirwa pasi peDirectory resolution nhamba 021/INC-Cuzco, kubva Kurume 10, 2009, iri kutungamira kuita makonzati makumi mashanu pagore, anounzwa muMunicipal. Theatre yeCuzco.
Kana iri Qosqo Center yeNative Art, yakavambwa muna 1924, ndiyo folkloric institution yeguta reCuzco, yakatogamuchirwa nehurumende yePeru uye zvakare iri Living Cultural Heritage yeCuzco Region.
Economy muGuta reCuzco
Tichitarisa kuwanda kwevashanyi kuguta reCuzco, basa rayo guru kugamuchirwa kwekushanya, kuita kuvandudzwa kwezvivakwa uye masevhisi, nekuti nekuda kwavo guta rinoramba rakamira, vanoshandawo zvekurima, sechibage nezvimwe zvemuno. tubers.
Iyo indasitiri diki uye yepakati inobatanawo nekushanya, senge yekuvaraidza uye inodyidzana zviitiko, zvigadzirwa zvekudya kuwedzera kune zvinwiwa, pakati pesimba rayo doro, mvura, zvinwiwa zvinwiwa, kofi, chokoreti, pakati pezvimwe.
Commercial Bank
Zviripachena, nekuti inzvimbo inofarirwa nevashanyi, Cuzco ine matavi akasiyana siyana emabhangi kuitira kuti vashanyi vakwanise kuwana mari yavo uye, panguva imwecheteyo, inovhura nzvimbo nyowani dzebasa kune vagari veguta guru iri, pakati peakasiyana siyana. mapazi ebhangi anowanikwa imomo ndeaya anotevera:
• Credit Bank yePeru
• BBVA Continental
• Scotia bank
•Citibank
• Interbank
• Bhangi renyika
• Central Reserve Bank yePeru
• Inter-American Finance Bank
• Pichincha Bank
• Chikwereti
• Azteca Bank
• Bhangi rangu
• Bank of Commerce
• Prestaperu
• Kadhi rechikwereti
• Piura Bhokisi
• Huancayo Bhokisi
• Keelcoop
• Cuzco Bhokisi
• Bhokisi Tacna
• Metropolitan Cove
• Financial Edyficar
• Financial Solidarity
• Bank of Materials
• Liberty Cooperative
• Santo Domingo de Guzman Cooperative
• San Pedro Cooperative
Zvematongerwo enyika muGuta
Kubva payakatanga muumambo hweInca, Cuzco yakakomberedzwa nezvematongerwo enyika, sezvo yaive muzinda wezvematongerwo enyika mudunhu reInca uko kwakapihwa hurumende yekutanga yeTawantinsuyo, sezvo guta iri raigara vakuru veHumambo, kubva kumutongi aigara. humwari, hama dzavo, vanokudzwa nevamwe vanhu vakakosha.
Pakasvika vokuSpain, yakarasikirwa nokumwe budiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika nemhaka yokuti guta riri pedyo nechiteshi chezvikepe, rakadai seLima, rakanga rakasununguka zvikuru nokuda kwomubati ushe, zvakatonyanya kubatanidzwa mune zvematongerwe enyika, nokuti rakanga riri guta rokutanga kuva nabhishopi mukuru.
Yakanga iriwo nzvimbo yakarongeka yemigwagwa yekutengeserana, nokuti pano Corregimiento yakanga ine sangano rayo rezvinhu zvemitero, gare gare yakava Intendancy yeCuzco uye pakupera kwehutongi pamberi peIndependence muRoyal Court yeCuzco.
Apo hondo dzakapa rusununguko kurudzi rwePeruvia dzakasunungurwa, basa rezvematongerwe enyika reCuzco rakanga risinganzwisisike, nekuda kwekuparadzaniswa kwayo, kurohwa neArequipa nokuti yaitaurirwa zviri nani nenyika, asi mushure mekuwanikwa kwekuchera matongo kweMachu Picchu, guta re. Cuzco yakaverengerwa zvakare mune zvematongerwo enyika.
Vamiriri vakati wandei vemapato ari kuruboshwe vakabuda muCuzco, sezvakaita Daniel Estrada Pérez. Mushure mekufa kwake, mapato ezvematongerwo enyika akatungamirwa, akadai sePeruvian Nationalist Party neimwe inonzi Broad Front for Justice, Life and Liberty. , uye kunyange masangano ezvematongerwo enyika ematunhu.
Kutakura uye comunication
Nekuda kwekuuya kwezuva nezuva kwevashanyi kuguta reCuzco, kuvandudzwa kukuru kwakaitwa maererano nekufambisa uye masevhisi, kuitira kuti vashumire zvakanaka zviuru zvevaenzi vanouya kuzodzidza nezvenhaka yeInca, pakati peizvi zvitsva mu. chekufambisa ndiyo Alejandro Velasco Astete International Airport.
Iyi airport yeCuzco yakavhurwa munaChikunguru 22, 1967, iri pakati pematunhu maviri eguta reCuzco seWanchaq neSan Sebastián, airport iyi inotungamirwa nekambani yenyika inonzi CORPAC SA.
Pano ndege dzinobva kuguta reLima dzinogamuchirwa zuva nezuva, gore rega rega nhandare yendege yeCuzco inounganidza vanhu 1.700.000, inotumidzwa zita remutyairi wekutanga wePeru kubhururuka pamusoro pemakomo eAndes, muna 1925, ipapo Akaita mharidzo yemuchadenga muguta rePuno. , pana September 25 wegore iroro, yakatadza kudzora ngarava ndokufa nokurovera.
Nekuda kweairport iyi, nhamba huru yevanhu inounganidzwa kuguta reCuzco, nekuda kweizvi ndiyo imwe yenhandare dzendege dzine mwero wakanakisa, nzira dzekumhanya dzayo dzakagadzirwa, mabhiriji ekukwira akaiswa, ine nzvimbo yekugamuchira Boeing 757- 200 maererano neshumo yekambani yenyika.
Iyi nhandare yendege inogamuchira ndege dzemazuva ese kubva kumaguta akasiyana akadai seLima, Tacna, Arequipa, Iquitos, Puerto de Maldonado neJuliaca padanho renyika uye nekuremekedza nzvimbo yepasirese Bogotá, Santiago de Chile, La Paz, kubvira 2019 kubva kuSanta Cruz de la. Sierra .
Chinchero International Airport
Nekuda kwekukura kwevashanyi muguta reCuzco, imwe nhandare yendege iri kuvakwa iri kunze kweguta, uye yakakura kwazvo, inogona kugamuchira kubatana kwenyika pasina kushandisa Jorge Chávez International Airport, ichave iri makiromita makumi maviri nemasere kubva kuguta reCuzco. Cuzco mudunhu reChinchero metropolitan.
Basa iri richaitwa neKuntur Wasi Consortium, iyo yakakumbira hurumende yePeruvia mari inosvika mamiriyoni 264,7 emadhora uye sangano rePeruvia rinongopa 48% yepurojekiti, imwe yose ichava yega.
Nemhaka yeiyi nhandare yendege yemazuva ano, inofungidzirwa kuti inokwanisa kugamuchira nhamba yevashanyi mamiriyoni mashanu pagore, nemukana wekuwedzera nekubatsira vanhu mamiriyoni masere, basa rose rakarongwa kuti rive mamiriyoni 665 emadhora.
Nzira dzenjanji uye migwagwa mikuru yakananga kuCuzco
Nekuda kwekushanya kwekushanya kwevashanyi kuguta reCuzco, kubatanidza njanji kwakaitwa nemaguta akasiyana anosanganisira Arequipa, Juliaca nePuno, maererano nenzira yepasi, inogona kubatanidzwa nemaguta akaita seArequipa, Puno, Puerto kubva kuMaldonado. , Abancay naJuliaca.
Mugwagwa unosangana neguta reAbancay ndiwo unokurumidza kusvika kuCuzco, mushure mekuita rwendo rwepasi rwemaawa angangoita makumi maviri uchiyambuka matunhu akasiyana erudzi seApurímac, Lima, Ayacucho neIca.
Kune zvakare njanji yechitima system inobvumira vashanyi kuti vaende kuMachu Picchu, kubva kuguta reCuzco, mumugwagwa wakaoma wegomo mukufamba kwegzag, ine kumira mudhorobha rePoroy.
Kuti inakidzwe nevashanyi, inozotevera nzira yayo kudzika kuMupata Unoyera uko kune chiyeuchidzo chekuchera matongo cheInca, inoenderera ichitevedza Rwizi rweUrubamba uye kubva ipapo nzvimbo yayo yekupedzisira Machu Picchu.
Mamiriro ehutano muguta reCuzco
Iko kukura kukuru kwevashanyi uye nekuti Cuzco iguta rekutonga rine hupfumi hwenyika mudunhu rePeruvia, ine nharaunda yakanaka kwazvo maererano nesainzi yehutano, yeruzhinji uye yakavanzika, maererano nearipo veruzhinji muCusco, ndeaya anotevera:
• Chipatara chedunhu
• Chipatara chaAntonio Lorraine
• Chipatara cheAdolfo Guevara Velazco
• Metropolitan Polyclinic
• San Sebastian Polyclinic
• Santiago Polyclinic
• La Recolecta Polyclinic
Dzidzo muguta reCuzco
Guta reCuzco rine chikwereti charo masangano maviri makuru kubva panguva dzekoloni, seColegio San Francisco de Borja, iri bhuroka imwe kubva kuPlaza de Armas, yakatsaurirwa kudzidzisa vana vemiti, uye Seminary ye. San Antonio Abad, yakavambwa muna 1598, yaive yechitendero, masangano aya aitungamirwa panguva iyoyo neSosaiti yaJesu.
Muzana ramakore rechi 1825, mayunivhesiti maviri akavambwa muCuzco, San Ignacio de Loyola, iyo yakavhara pashure pokudzinga vaJesuit, uye San Antonio de Abad, iyo ichiripo. Sayenzi neArt, izvo kwemakore mazhinji zvaive muenzaniso wakanaka mune dzidzo.
Nhasi guta rine nzvimbo dzedzidzo pamatanho ese kubva padzidzo yekutanga kusvika kudzidzo yekuyunivhesiti, pakati pezvakakurumbira zvikoro zvechitendero zvakaita seSan Antonio de Abad, San Francisco de Asís, La Merced, Salesiano, LaSalle neSanta Ana.
Nezve dzimba dzekufunda, kune akati wandei, anotevera ari muguta reCuzco, kuitira kudzidziswa kwevagari vemo, nenzvimbo dzakasiyana dzemitauro dzinogona kuwanikwawo:
• National University yeSan Antonio Abad yeCuzco
• Andean University yeCuzco
• Maiwe Peruanas University
• Austral Peruvian University yeCuzco
• Technological University yeAndes
• San Ignacio de Loyola University
• Cesar Vallejo University
• National University of Fine Arts "Diego Quispe Tito"
• TELESUP Private University
Nzvimbo dzeMutauro
• Chikoro cheMutauro weQuechua
• Royal Spanish Academy
• UNSAAC Mutauro Center
• UAC Mutauro Center
• Peruvian North American Cultural Institute yeCuzco
• Italian Cultural Center
• mubatanidzwa wechiFrench
Cinema muGuta reCuzco
Izvi zvinoitirwa muguta reCuzco, gore rega rega pasi pezita reFENACO, inova International Short Film Festival, inoitwa mumwedzi waMbudzi, kutanga muna 2004, pakutanga yaive chiitiko chenyika mune pfupi firimu fomati ine kumisa maminetsi makumi matatu kureba, nekubatana kwezviratidzwa zvepasi rose.
Asi uku kwaive kusimuka kwayo pakati pevagadziri vemafirimu, vagadziri uye vagovani kubva kunyika dzakasiyana-siyana zvekuti yakave yepasi rose, parizvino inobata nyika dzinopfuura makumi matatu nenomwe, ichiita anenge mazana matatu nemakumi mashanu nemana mafirimu mumakwikwi.
Gastronomy muGuta reCuzco
Ndidzo dzakasiyana siyana dzakajairwa madhishi eCuzco, chigadzirwa chekukanganisa uye kusanganiswa kweiyo pre-Inca, Inca, madzitateguru uye emazuva ano madzitateguru, izvo zvakabvumira mubatanidzwa mukuru wekunaka kwakafanana neCuzco.
Mutambo
Munguva ye2004 Copa América, guta reCuzco rakave nemukana wekuita mutambo pakati peColombia neUruguay, ndosaka zvinonzwisiswa kuti mutambo unofarirwa nevagari veCuzco inhabvu, muguta rino mune zvikwata zvitatu zvemitambo. yekutanga iyo Cienciano, inova yeFirst Division.
Kuratidza muna 2003 kuve shasha yeSouth America Cup, muna 2004, shasha yeRecopa Sudamericanna, iri yega timu yenyika yePeru yakakwanisa kuwana mibairo munhandare yemitambo yepasirese, chimwe timu kubva kuguta reCuzco. Deportivo Garcilaso, iyo yakatora chikamu muPeru Cup, inoteverwa neCuzco Fútbol Club, Cal yakavambwa muna 2009 uye zvakare inotamba muFirst Division yenyika yePeru kubva 2012, ichihwina Mukombe wePeru mugore ra2011.
Nezve zvivakwa zvemitambo, kune akati wandei nhandare dzenhabvu muguta reCuzco, dzakakamurwa pakati pematunhu ayo, tinotanga nedunhu reWanchaq, kune Inca Garcilaso de la Vega Stadium, iyo Yakavharwa Coliseum "Imba Yevechidiki", iyo Wanchaq Zonal Park. , madziva maviri ekushambira, yekutanga muWanchaq uye yechipiri muMwaka, Marianito Ferro Park uye Uriel García Coliseum.
Padyo neguta reCuzco pane International Tennis uye Shooting Club, UNSAAC Stadium, Qoricancha Basketball Center, Umanchata Park uye Garcilaso College Stadium.
Iyo San Sebastián Zonal Park neCachimayo Park iri mudunhu reSan Sebastián, uye nhandare yeHuancaro iri mudunhu reSantiago.
Mazita akapihwa kuguta reCuzco.
Mazita akapihwa kuguta reCuzco
Tichifunga nezveruzivo rwezvinocherwa mumatongo rweInca muguta reCuzco, rakagamuchira mazita ekuremekedza akasiyana-siyana, ayo rinoratidza kudada kukuru, ari anotevera:
• Guta Rokutanga neVhoti Yokutanga yeMaguta ose neMataundi eNew Castile, yakapiwa muguta reMadrid neRoyal Certificate yaCarlos V, muna Kubvumbi 24, 1540.
• The chaizvo Insigne, Noble, Akavimbika uye Akatendeka guta reCuzco, iro rinokosha zvikuru uye musoro weumambo hwePeru, rakapiwa muguta reMadrid neRoyal Certificate yaCarlos V, musi waChikunguru 19, 1540.
• Archaeological Capital of America, yakapiwa neXXV International Congress of Americanists, iyo yakaitirwa muguta reLa Plata, Argentina, muna 1933, yakatsigirwa neCongress of the Republic of Peru kuburikidza neMutemo nhamba 7688 yezuva raJanuary 23, 1933
• Cultural Heritage of the World, yakapiwa neChibvumirano cheSeventh of Mayor of the Great Cities of the World, chakasangana muMilan, Italy musi wa19 Kubvumbi, 1978.
• Cultural Heritage of Humanity, yakapiwa neUNESCO, muParis, France musi wa09 Zvita 1983.
• Cultural Heritage of the Nation, yakapiwa pasi peMutemo nhamba 23765 yaDecember 30, 1983, uye zvakafanana zvinonzi munyaya yeMutemo uyu, guta reCuzco, Tourist Capital yePeru.
• Historical Capital yePeru, yakapiwa neMagna Carta yenyika yePeruvia munyaya nhamba 49 yegore ra1999.
• Historical Capital yeLatin America, yakapihwa neLatin America Congress of Councilors and Councillor, muguta reCuzco, muna Mbudzi 2001.
• IAmerican Capital of Culture, yakapihwa neAmerican Capital of Culture Organisation mu2007
Zvibvumirano zvehama neguta reCuscoo
Pakutanga kwemakumi masere, guta reCuzco, kuburikidza neProvincial Municipality yeCuzco, rakaita zvibvumirano zvakasiyana-siyana zvehama nemaguta makumi maviri nerimwe, nekuda kweizvi, rakabatanidzwa nehukama hwenhoroondo, tsika uye tsika, maguta Sista. eCuzco ndeaya anotevera:
• La Paz, nyika yeBolivia, kubvira musi waMarch 1, 1984
• Baguio, nyika yePhilippines, kubvira muna March 08, 1984
• Samarkand, nyika yeUzbekistan, kubvira August 04, 1986
• Mexico City, nyika yeMexico, kubvira musi waJune 17, 1997
• Kyoto, nyika yeJapan, kubvira musi waSeptember 19, 1987
• Krakow, Poland, kubvira pana November 08, 1988
• New Jersey, nyika yeUnited States, kubvira pana November 08, 1988
• Chartres, nyika yeFrance, kubvira muna October 21, 19889
• Kaesong, nyika yeNorth Korea, kubvira Gumiguru 22, 1990
• Athens, nyika yeGreece, kubvira pana September 19, 1991
• Santa Bárbara, nyika yeUnited States, kubvira August 29, 1992
• Moscow, Russia nyika, kubvira June 23, 1993
• Havana, nyika yeCuba, kubvira pana November 22, 1993
• Bethlehem, nyika yePalestine, kubvira muna Gumiguru 22, 1993
• Jerusarema, nyika yeIsrael, kubvira musi wa23 March 1996
• Copán, nyika yeHonduras, kubvira musi waApril 11, 1996
• Xi'an, nyika yeChina, kubvira 21 June 1998
• Potosí, nyika yeBolivia, kubvira June 22, 1998
• Cuenca, nyika yeEcuador, kubva munaKurume 14, 2000
• Montevideo, nyika yeUruguay, kubvira 19 Chikunguru, 2001
• Rio de Janeiro, nyika yeBrazil, kubvira Gumiguru 10, 2003
Dzimwe nzvimbo dzevashanyi muCuzco
Guta reCuzco rinokwezva zviuru zvevashanyi zuva nezuva nekuda kwerunako rwaro rwekare, takataura nezve Sacsayhuaman, Coricancha uye Machu Picchu, asi kune zvakare mupata mutsvuku wePitumarca, uri kumaodzanyemba kweCuzco, zvese zvakadhayiwa neruvara rutsvuku nekuti. zvemaminerari anowanikwa muvhu, zvichipa iwo kusarudzika kune mamiriro.
Iwe unosvika uchibva kuguta reCuzco, maawa matatu ekufamba kuenda kuguta rePitumarca kunoitwa nenyika, kunyangwe zvingave zvakare neherikoputa, paunosvika kudhorobha kune maawa maviri netsoka uye unosvika panzvimbo, nekuti. vashanyi chinhu chinoyevedza.
Kune imwe nzvimbo inonzi michinjikwa mitatu yegoridhe, zvakare muguta reCuzco, mutaundi rePaucartambo, unofamba nemugwagwa kwemaawa mana, wozotora chifambiso chako wega kuenda kunzvimbo iyi, kune zvakare Piquillacta, pre-Inca. Guta reCuzco, zvinofungidzirwa kuti vagari vangangoita zviuru gumi vaigara muguta iri, riri kumaodzanyemba kweCuzco.
Mugwara reMachu Picchu, uchibva kuCuzco, unogona kusvika kuOllantaytambo, ine chivako cheInca, migwagwa yaro ine matombo, maturu ekurima akagadzirwa neakanaka mainjiniya eInca, ayo akashandiswa munyika ino, zvingave zvichikwanisika kuwedzera kurima kwekurima. neimwe nzira Zvinoshamisa kuti inewo temberi dzechitendero, iyo nhasi inzvimbo yekuchera matongo.
Chinhu chakanakisa nezvekudyara uku kukuru kwevashanyi ndechekuti Cuzco, kunyangwe iri iro guta renhoroondo yePeru, iri kumberi kwehunyanzvi, sezvo matikiti ezvifambiso zvakasiyana zvepasi anogona kutengwa pamhepo, sezvo guta reCuzco rakagadziridzwa zvizere.
Kushanyira Machu Picchu, zvakakosha kufamba kubva kuguta reCuzco kuenda kuguta reAguas Calientes, ikoko unogona kugara uye zuva rinotevera, nekuda kwenzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzevashanyi, unogona kushanyira gomo guru kare kare.
Kana iwe waona zvichinakidza, chinyorwa ichi pane "Ziva Iyo Nhoroondo yeCuzco, mudzi weInca Empire" Ndinokukoka iwe kuti ushanyire anotevera malink: