Muchinyorwa chino tinokuunzira ruzivo rwakakodzera nezve mesopotamian art. Zvakare, ndekupi kwakabva budiriro yeSumerian uye kuti yaisimudzira sei tsika dzayo kuburikidza nekudzidza uye Mesopotamian art?Ramba uchiverenga uye uwane zvimwe!
Mesopotamian art
Mesopotamian art inoreva dunhu kana nharaunda iri kuMiddle East uye iri pakati peTigris neEuphrates nzizi, ndosaka izwi rekuti Mesopotamia rakashandurirwa muchiSpanish rinoreva "Nyika iri pakati penzizi mbiri" nharaunda iyi ichawedzera mukati menyika yose. nzvimbo yenzizi dzose dziri mbiri, ine ivhu rakaorera kwazvo, uye ichaenderana nenzvimbo dzisiri dzerenje dzinowanikwa muIraq yanhasi. Kunyange zvazvo izwi rokuti Mesopotamia raishandiswa kare.
Ndosaka zvichifanira kucherechedzwa kuti hunyanzvi hweMesopotamia huchave kupatsanurwa kwenzvimbo uye nguva yeguta munguva dzekare, sezvo tsika zhinji dzichireva kutaura kwehunyanzvi kwakaitika kuMesopotamia. Kubva panguva yeNeolithic iyo iri muzana ramakore rechitanhatu BC kusvika pakava nekudonha kweBabironi pakurwisa maPersia mugore ra539 BC.
Mukati meiyi nhambo yose, budiriro dzakasiana-siana dzakatanga, dzakadai seSumer, Akkad, Bhabhironi (kana kuti vaKardhea), Kassite, Hurrian (Mittani) uye Asiria (unyanzvi hweAsiria). Pashure pezviuru zvemakore zvakapfuura, kwakanga kune nzvimbo huru yeLower Mesopotamia neUpper Mesopotamia munharaunda yacho yose. Kusvika Humambo hwePezhiya hwatanga kuumbwa, hwaive nehurongwa hwenzvimbo yepamusoro kupfuura Humambo hwaAlexander Mukuru nechiGiriki.
Kudhirowa kweMesopotamia kwaiva nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekuonana kunyange kare nguva yevaPersia isati yasvika. Yakanga iinewo hukama nenguva yeRoma uye nehunyanzvi hwechiGiriki, pakanga paine nzira dzakawanda dzekuonana, pakati peiyo diplomacy, kutengeserana uye hondo.
Paive zvakare nekubatana pakati pehunyanzvi hweMesopotamian uye magariro akasiyana aigara muAncient Near East, senge hunyanzvi hwebudiriro yevaHiti, hunyanzvi hwebudiriro yeFenike uye hunyanzvi hwebudiriro yekare yeIsrael. Dzimwe budiriro dzakamira panguva iyoyo nekuda kwehunyanzvi hwavo uye dzaive nehukama neMesopotamia art inyanzvi yeIndia, hunyanzvi hweEgypt, hunyanzvi hweLevant yeMedithera uye nzvimbo zhinji dzenharaunda yeCentral Asia.
MuMesopotamian art, pakanga paine kupararira kukuru kwetsika, pamwe nekushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana uye hunyanzvi hwekugadzira mabasa akasiyana-siyana eunyanzvi, izvo zvakabatsira mukufambira mberi kwesainzi kwakawanda, izvo zvinosimbisa maovheni evaumbi. inoshanda zvakanaka uye yakazopa nzira kugadzirwa kwekini dzeceramic dzakapenya uye honi dzesimbi.
Pakati pebudiriro yemagariro netsika yenzanga yeMesopotamia pakanga pane kuzvarwa kwenzanga yakazvipira kunyora nezvitendero, masangano akagadzirwa aitongwa nehurumende yaitungamirira guta. Nyanzvi zhinji dzehunyanzvi dzakasvika pakusimbisa kuti budiriro yakaoma kunzwisisa.
Parizvino, hunyanzvi hwakawanda hweMesopotamiya hwakachengetedzwa, asi inyaya yakaunza kukakavara kukuru nekuti vazhinji vanochera matongo uye vezvekumabvazuva, kubva pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, vakatora zvidimbu zvakakosha zveMesopotamian art kumamyuziyamu akasiyana mukondinendi yeEurope uye. United States..
Ndokusaka parizvino paine kuunganidzwa kwehunyanzvi hweMesopotamian mumamyuziyamu akati wandei eEurope, kusanganisira British Museum muLondon, Louvre Museum muParis uye Pergamon Museum muBerlin.
Nepo pari zvino zvakawanikwa zvakaitwa pahunyanzvi hweMesopotamian zvakatungamira mabasa kuNational Museum yeIraq, asi hondo iripo munyika iyoyo yakakonzera kushata uye kupambwa kwezvidimbu zviripo zvine mutengo usingasviki zviuru gumi zveAmerica. madhora.
Nhoroondo yeMesopotamia
Mubudiriro yedunhu reMesopotamia mumakore 6000 ne5000 a. C. zvipfuyo uye zvekurima zvakaiswa, ndiyo yaiva mukova weNeolithic nguva apo nzira itsva dzekugadzira dzakanga dzichigadzirwa munzvimbo yekutanga yeNeolithic dzakashandiswa.
Aya marongero akagadzirwa uye akapararira mudunhu rese, pakati peiyo Lower Mesopotamia yakamira, izvo zvakakonzera kuti maguta mazhinji awedzere kupfuura mamwe, pakati peiyo guta reBuqras, Umm Dabaghiyah neYarim, uyezve maguta eTell es-Sawwan. naChoga Mami, vachipa nzira kune tsika itsva yainzi Umm Dabaghiyah.
Gare gare tsika iyi yakatsiviwa netsika dzeHassuna-Samarra, dziri pakati pe5600 BC kusvika 5000 BC uye pakati pe5600 BC kusvika 4000 BC, tsika yeHalaf yakatanga. Nekufamba kwenguva kutenderedza gore 3000 a. C munharaunda yeMesopotamia kunyora kwakatanga kushandiswa. Asi chinangwa chayo chikuru chaive chekuchengeta maakaundi ekutonga enharaunda.
Zvinyorwa zvekutanga zvakawanikwa nevanochera matongo zvakaitwa muvhu, kushandiswa kwevhu kwaiwanzogara munzvimbo yeMesopotamia, kunyora kwakagadzirwa nemifananidzo yakawanda mumhando yemitsara inozivikanwa se pictograms.
Budiriro yemaguta mudunhu reMesopotamia yakaramba ichifambira mberi mune tekinoroji munguva yeObeid inova pakati pe5000 BC ne3700 BC. Kufambira mberi kwehunyanzvi uku kwakanangana nekuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi hweMesopotamia hwemakeramics uye mukudiridza. Temberi dzekutanga dzemudhorobha dzekunamatira vanamwari dzakatangawo kuvakwa.
Kamwe nguva yeObeid yapera, nguva yeUruk inoberekwa. Munguva iyi, budiriro yemadhorobha yeMesopotamia yakatanga kugara mudunhu iri, ichiita budiriro huru yehunyanzvi senge vhiri uye kuverenga. Uko macalculations ainyorwa pasi pamahwendefa evhu kuchengetedza kurongeka. Iyi ndiyo yaizova ratidziro dzokutanga dzaizonyorwa muMesopotamia.
VaSumerian
Mugore ra3000 BC, budiriro yevaSumer yakatanga kugadzira maguta akati wandei munzvimbo yezasi yeMesopotamia, pakati payo Eridu, Uri, Ea, Uma, Kish, Lagash neUruk, ayo aizivikanwawo semaguta. .
Hupfumi hukuru uye chikafu chemaguta aya chaive chakavakirwa pakudiridza. Maguta aya aitongwa namambo akakwana aizova nechinzvimbo chaizivikanwa somufundisi. Nemhaka yokuti akanga ane simba rokukurukura navamwari uye kudzivirira maguta panjodzi dzomusikirwo dzakasiana-siana.
Munhau yevaSumer, zvinooneka kuti yakanga iri budiriro mukunyora kwecuneiform uye vakavaka tembere huru dzokunamatira vamwari vavo, izvo zvaireva kufambira mberi kukuru muunyanzvi hwokuMesopotamia.
The Archaic Dynasty Period
Kunyange zvazvo budiriro yeUruk yaigara munharaunda yeMesopotamia yakanga ichiwana kufambira mberi kukuru muMesopotamia tsika neunyanzvi, yakanga ichibereka tsika yeSumerian. Nemhaka yokuti nzira dzakawanda dzaishandiswa pakudiridza kweMesopotamia, upfumi uye unyanzvi zvakanga zvichishandiswa mumaguta akasiyana-siyana uye munzvimbo itsva dzakanga dzichitorwa mune mamwe matunhu eMesopotamia.
Mazhinji emaguta matsva achamira zvakanaka nekuti akavaka masvingo. Asi ongororo dzakaitwa nevanochera matongo dzakatsanangura kuti dzakasimudzwa nehondo dzakasiyana-siyana dzakaitika panguva iyoyo. Inosimbisawo kunyora seunyanzvi hweMesopotamia, sezvo hwaishandiswa munzvimbo yekutonga, semunyanzvi yekunyora kutsaurirwa pazvidhori zvavanopa kuna vanamwari vavo.
Izvo zvinodikanwa kusimbisa kuti kune akawanda mazita ehumambo hweSumerian. Asi nhoroondo iyi haina kunyatsonyorwa zvakanaka sezvo isingazivikanwe nekuti kwaive nehumambo hwakawanda hune mazuva asingagoneke uye muzana ramakore rechigumi nenomwe BC madzimambo akatanga kugadzira mazita ehumambo sezvo madzimambo aya aida kuziva kuti dzinza ravo raive ripi kubva panguva dzemaepic.
Ndosaka madzimambo mazhinji edzinza rekare angave echokwadi asi mamwe mazhinji haasi, akagadzirwa nemamwe madzimambo uye hapana humbowo hwenhoroondo hwekuti vakavepo uye hakuna zvimiro zvenyama zvemadzimambo aya.
Humambo hweAkkadian
Munenge mugore rimwechetero 3000 BC, budiriro yevaSemite yaizivikanwa sevafambi vaigara munzvimbo yeArabia, uye vakapararira kuchamhembe vakawana budiriro nyowani dzakaita semaAmorites, maFenike, vaIsraeri nevaAramu. Ndichiri munharaunda yeMesopotamia vanhu vechiSemitic, budiriro yakave nepesvedzero huru yakanga iri vaAkkad.
Mugore ra2350 BC, mambo ainzi Sargon I wekuAkkad, aive nedzinza rechiAkkad, akarwisa guta reKishi ndokutora simba rekuritonga. Chinhu chekutanga chaakaita chakawanikwa guta guru idzva. Iyo yaakadaidza kuti Agade uye izvi zvakaita kuti atange hondo dzinoverengeka kukunda maguta ese eSumerian. Akakunda mambo wemaguta aya ainzi Lugalzagesi.
Zvese izvi zvaizivikanwa sehushe hwekutanga munhoroondo yenyika uye hwaizotungamirwa nevatsivi vaSargon vaifanira kutarisana nekumukirana kwaienderera mberi kwaiitwa kubvisa Humambo. Pakati pemadzimambo akatanhamara zvikurusa akanga ari muzukuru wake nomukundi Naram-Sin. Yakanga iri nguva iyo tsika yevaSumeri yakaramba uye tsika yevaAkkadians yakasimuka.
Asi mugore ra2220 BC hushe hwakadonha nekuda kwekumukira kuzhinji kwavaifanira kutarisana nako uye nekupinda kwevaAmori nevaGuti vachitama-tama, pakazodonha humambo dunhu rose rakatongwa nemarudzi aya. Izvozvo zvakasimudzira tsika dzayo nounyanzvi hwayo mumaguta akasiyana-siyana eMesopotamia. Kwaakasimbisa zvakanyanya kwaive muguta guru reAgade kuti nharaunda dzaro dzese dzakaparadzwa.
Zvinyorwa zveSumerian zvenguva iyoyo zvinotsanangura zviitiko izvi sezvisina kunaka kunzanga seboka revatorwa nemadhiragoni emakomo akauya kuguta kuzoparadza zvese munzira yavo. Asi vamwe vanochera matongo vakaratidza kuti chokwadi ichi chakanga chisina kuipa, nokuti mumaguta akawanda maiva nekukura kukuru mutsika nemifananidzo yeMesopotamia.
Muenzaniso wakajeka weichi chinhu wakaitika muguta rainzi Lagash, panguva yekutonga kwemutongi Gudea, uyo aisimbisa hunyanzvi hweMesopotamiya, achisimudza kunaka kwayo sezvo mabasa akaitwa muguta iri Lagash aive nemhando yepamusoro soro.uye vakauya kubva kumaguta ari kure seRebhanoni kana diorite, goridhe uye carnelian kubva muIndus Valley.
Pamusana peunhu uhwu, vanochera matongo vanofunga kuti kutengeserana kwakanga kusiri, sezvo kuendeswa kwechinhu ichi kwaizova kunodhura zvikuru. Ndicho chikonzero nei vanhu vakawanda vaigara mumaguta ekumaodzanyemba vaida kutenga rusununguko rwehama dzavo mukutsinhana nezvinhu zvinokosha zvekusimudzira hupfumi hweMesopotamia uye unyanzvi. Maguta eUruk neUri munguva yezana ramakore rechinomwe nerechipiri akabudirira zvikuru uye dzinza ravo rairemekedzwa zvikuru.
The Sumerian Renaissance
Muhwendefa rakawanikwa nevatsvakurudzi rinonzi Utu-hegal, aiva mambo weguta reUruk. Ndiani akanyorwa mumakore 2100 BC nekuti akatungamira mauto ake kuti akunde vatongi veguta reGutis munharaunda yeSumeri. Asi akanga asingazivi nzira yokushandisa nayo budiriro iyi kubvira nokukurumidza pashure pokunge abviswa pachigaro naUri-Nammu, akanga ari mambo weguta reUri.
Ipapo guta rakava guta rine hegemonic munharaunda yese yeMesopotamia panguva yedzinza rechitatu reUri.Kunyange zvazvo nyanzvi dzakawanda dzakazvidaidza kuti kuzvarwa patsva kwetsika dzeSumerian. Humambo hweSumerian hwakabuda kuburikidza nehumambo hwakagara kwenguva yakareba sehumambo hwedzinza reSargon.
Mushure meizvi, dzidziso yeHumambo hwakabatana yakamera mudunhu reMesopotamia uko madzimambo akachinjika kuhurongwa hwehurumende yevaAkkad vaizviti "madzimambo eSumer neAcad" muguta reUr-Nammu uko humambo huchange huri. mwanakomana waShuri akatarisana noumambo hwokumabvazuva hweEramu uye nendudzi dzaitama-tama dzevaZagros.
Ipapo mwanakomana wake Amar-Suen anotora simba, ipapo mukoma anonzi Shu-Sin anotora simba. Kupedzisa neIbbi-Sin. Samambo wechitatu achitevedzana pachigaro chebudiriro yevaSumeri. Asi mukutonga uku budiriro yevaAmori vanobva kuArabia vanova vakasimba nekuda kwekufambira mberi kwehunyanzvi hwavo netsika kusvika muna 2003 BC humambo hwekupedzisira hweSumer hunowira mudunhu reMesopotamia.
Ipapo tsika ichatekeshera munharaunda yeMesopotamia ichava iya yebudiriro yeBhabhironi yakagara nhaka miitiro yakawanda netsika zvavaSumer.
Dzinza roumambo ravaAmori
Pakadonha hutongi hweguta reUri, panguva ino nhoroondo imwechete yerima haina kudzokororwa kuvanhu, sezvo nhanho iyi yakaratidzwa nekukwira kwedzinza revaAmori vaive netsika huru uye vaive vakagadzirira kugara munyika. nharaunda iri nani.
Mukati memakore 50 okutanga ebudiriro, vaAmori vaigara muguta rainzi Isin, iro rakaedza kuzvimanikidzira rimene munharaunda yose yeMesopotamia asi pasina budiriro ipi neipi. Zvino mugore ra1930 BC, madzimambo eguta reLarsa akatanga kurwisa mamwe maguta munharaunda, achirwisa guta reEramu neDiyala sechinangwa chavo chikuru, achipedzisa neguta reUri.
Asi chinangwa chacho hachina kuzadzikiswa zvizere sezvo asina kuwana kutonga kwakakwana kwenharaunda yeMesopotamia. Asi yakawana hutongi hwakajeka kubva kuHammurabi's Paleo-Babylonian Empire, asi hukuru hwayo hwakawira pakati pa1860 na1803 BC. C sezvo guta Uruk neuto raro vanosarudza kupikisa simba rehegemonic ravaiva naro nokuda kwehutungamiri hwavakashandisa munzvimbo yose.
Muguta reEramu, tsika dzevaAkkad dzakaita kuti humambo hweguta iri huve hwakasimba zvikuru, hwakaunzwa zvakanyanya mune zvematongerwo enyika zvaiitwa munharaunda yeMesopotamia.
Ndichiri munharaunda yekuchamhembe yeMesopotamia inozivikanwa zvikuru yakamuka maguta akasimba ayo akagadziridzwa nekutengeserana uye hupfumi hwaiitwa pakati pemaguta ekumaodzanyemba neayo eAnatolia, uko humambo hweAsiriya huchabuda pachena, kwahuchawedzera munharaunda yese kusvika hwasvika. Mediterranean inotungamirwa namambo weShamshi-Adad I.
Paleobabylonian empire
Maererano nokunzvera kwakaitwa, Hammurabi akauya pachigaro choumambo mugore ra1792, uko guta reBhabhironi rakanga risingakoshi zvikuru munharaunda yeMesopotamia. Panguva iyoyo Farao achatanga mutemo wekuwedzera munharaunda yese. Mune imwe yenzira dzake dzokutanga kwaiva kusunungura guta reUri mugore ra1786.
Mushure mekutarisana nehondo yake uye nekupidigura mambo weLarsa, anozivikanwa saRim-Sin. Akatorawo kutonga kweguta reUruk neIsin. Nekubatsirwa kwemauto akasiyana-siyana akabatana nechikonzero chake. Mugore ra1762, mubatanidzwa waiva pakati pemaguta aiva kumahombekombe eRwizi rwaTigris wakakundwa.
Kuti mushure memakore mashoma vakasarudza kupinda nechisimba uye kukunda guta reLarsa mushure mekuita uku mambo aigona kuzvizivisa sagavhuna weguta reSumer neAcard. Iri zita raive rashandiswa munguva iyo Sargón de Acad yakaraira. Uye yakatanga kushandiswa namambo mumwe nemumwe akatanga kutora chigaro pamwe nekukunda kana kutevedzana. Munharaunda yose yeMesopotamia.
Nekufamba kwenguva, mufananidzo wemadzishe wakapararira, kubva mukukunda kwakasiyana-siyana asiwo kushandiswa kwechiito chekuvaka nekuchengetedza masisitimu akasiyana-siyana ekudiridza uye mukutsanangurwa kwehurongwa hwemitemo yaifanira kuzadzikiswa setsime- inozivikanwa Hammurabi code.
Mugore ra1750 BC, mambo Hammurabi akafa, achipa humambo hwake hwese kumwanakomana wake Samsu-Iluna, uyo aifanira kutarisana nehondo dzakati wandei kurwisa vaKassite vanotama. Mamiriro ezvinhu aya anodzokororwa kakawanda kusvika mugore ra1708 BC, mukutonga kwaAbhi-Eshuh. Matambudziko mazhinji emumba macho aive awanda.
Dzvinyiriro iyi yaigara ichiitika mukati mezana ramakore rechigumi nenomwe BC, humambo hwakanga hwapera kusvikira kurwiswa kwekupedzisira kwamambo wevaHiti, Mursili I, kwagadzirisa humambo hwakawira pasi pesimba revanotama-tama veKassite.
Hunhu hweNhoroondo yeMesopotamian Art
Kukudziridza zvishoma zvenhoroondo yeMesopotamia art, tinofanira kudzidza zvidzidzo zvekutanga uye kuferefeta kwakaitwa mugore re1786 nemufundisi anozivikanwa uye mukuru Joseph de Beauchamps, aifanira kumirira makore akati wandei kuti akwanise kutakura. kunze kwekuchera kwekutanga kwechokwadi munharaunda yeMesopotamia.
Kunyangwe uku kuchera kwakakurudzirwa nemumiriri weFrance anozivikanwa saPaul Émile Botta, aive muguta reMotul. Ivo vakatarisa pakuchera muguta re tell Kuyunjik, asi havana kupa zvibereko zvakanaka sezvo rakanga riri pedyo neguta reNinevhe uye mumwe mugari womumusha akakarakadza kuti vafambise kuferefeta nokuchera kuchamhembe kweguta uko vakawana mabasa eguta. Mesopotamia sezvakanga zvakaita zvidhori zvevaSyria.
Ikoku kwakatsinhanisa chimwe chezvinokosha zvikurusa zvakawanwa pakutanga zvounyanzvi hwokuMesopotamia hwakanga hwangopiwa zita reBhaibheri. Kubva panguva iyoyo zvichienda mberi, kuferefeta kwakasiyana-siyana uye kuchera kwakatanga kuwana humwe humbowo hweMesopotamian art uye tsika.
Izvi zvakatangawo makwikwi pakati peFrench neChirungu. Sezvo maChirungu, mukuferefeta kwavakanga vachiita, vakakwanisa kuwana mavambo eraibhurari yeAshurbanipal, nepo vaFrench vakakwanisa kuwana muzinda waSargon II muKhorsabad.
Asi zvakawanwa izvi zvakava nemagumo anosuruvarisa sezvo mabasa akati wandei eunyanzvi hweMesopotamia pamwe nezvisaririra zvakawanda zvetsika zvakatorwa muchikepe pasi peRwizi rwaTigris. Ngarava iyi yakanyura uye mabhokisi anopfuura 230 ezvigadzirwa neunyanzvi zveMesopotamia akarasika mugungwa.
Ipapo kuchera kwakatanga kuitwa kumaodzanyemba kwenharaunda yacho kuti vawane humwe hunyanzvi hweMesopotamia, neizvi vakawana matongo emaguta eUruk, Susa, Uri neLarsa. Pakasvika gore ra1875, humbowo hwebudiriro yeSumer hwakawanikwa, pamwe chete nemabasa akati wandei ounyanzvi hweMesopotamia.
Mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, nhamba huru yezvisaririra zvezviumbwa zvakasiyana-siyana zveguta reGudea reMesopotamian arts zvakawanikwa. Munguva iyi, veAmerica vakatanga kufarira kuchera pamwe chete nemaGermany kuti vawane pfuma uye Mesopotamiya unyanzvi kutengesa kune vateresi vakasiyana-siyana vaifarira Mesopotamia art.
Tsika mudunhu reMesopotamia
Munharaunda yese yeMesopotamia, tsika dzayo uye hunyanzvi hwayo hweMesopotamia yaive imwe yevakatanga mumapazi akati wandei eruzivo, chimwe chehunhu hwekutanga kwaive kuvandudzwa kwekunyora kwecuneiform, sezvo musimboti yaive yemifananidzo yakagadziridzwa nayo art yeMesopotamia. . Mumunda wemutemo, makodhi ekutanga ehutsika akagadzirwa.
Ndichiri muhunyanzvi hwekuvaka nehunyanzvi hwakafambira mberi uye kwakave nekufambira mberi kwakakura sekugadzirwa kwezvivharo nedzimba, vaive neruzivo rwakanyanya zvekuti vakagadzira karenda yaive nemwedzi gumi nemiviri nemazuva 12 pagore. Muchikamu chesvomhu vaive nehunyanzvi nehuchokwadi pakushandisa nhamba dzehexadecimal.
Mazhinji ehunhu hweMesopotamian art. Pamwe netsika dzayo, pane zvakawanda zvekuwana nekuenderera mberi nekudzidza, ichi chiri chimwe chebudiriro chakaita simba guru kune akati wandei budiriro yaive pedyo zvakanyanya uye ndokusaka yakatanga kuvaka nekusimudzira tsika yekuMadokero.
Sayenzi Yakagadziridzwa muMesopotamian Art
Imwe yesainzi yainyanya kushandiswa muhunyanzvi hweMesopotamian kwaive kushandiswa kwemasvomhu kuburikidza nekushandisa hexadecimal manhamba uye decimal manhamba system mazana emakore gare gare. Yekutanga application yakapihwa kune akasiyana masisitimu emanhamba yaive mune zvehupfumi uye mune zvekutengesa.
Kubva pavakatanga kushandisa masvomhu akadai sekuwedzera, kubvisa, kuwanda uye kupatsanura kuita masvomhu akasiyana siyana. Pakutanga kwechipiri chemireniyamu BC, masvomhu ake akafambira mberi kusvika pakushandisa equations kusvika padhigirii rechitatu. Vaizivawo kukosha padyo nenhamba pi.
Pamwe chete nekushandiswa kwemasimba nemidzi mukushanda kwemasvomhu. Saizvozvo, mudunhu reMesopotamia vakashandisa calculus kuona mavhoriyamu uye nzvimbo muhukuru hwejometri manhamba.
Budiriro iyi yakashandisawo ruzivo rwenyeredzi kurondedzera kuMesopotamian art, sezvo vaSumeri vakaita zvidzidzo uye vakafunga kuti mamwe mapuraneti uye zvinhu zvinofamba zviripo. Mukuwedzera kune nyeredzi dzakawanda. Asi budiriro yainyanya kunangidzira ngwariro pakuvandudza ruzivo rwemitumbi yomudenga vakanga vari vaBhabhironi avo vakanga vane mano uye ruzivo rwokufanoona zvichaitika.
Neruzivo urwu, vaBhabhironi vakatora karenda remwedzi chaiwo apo vaisanganisira mwedzi wakawedzerwa kuti vagadzirise kukarenda rezuva. Pakati pekuferefeta kwakasiyana kwakange kuripo, akati wandei pamishonga uye akawanda geology rondedzero akawanikwa pakanga paine akati wandei emhando yezvakasiyana zvinhu zvavaiziva.
Zvinyorwa zvinoenderana neMesopotamian Art
Pasati pave nekuvandudzwa kwakasimba kwezvinyorwa nemutauro wakanyorwa waishandiswa zvakanyanya kukwanisa kunyora pasi zvakasiyana-siyana zvekutengeserana zvakaitwa munzvimbo yekutonga kuti iite sangano munharaunda. Asi nekufamba kwenguva vakanga vachipa imwe chikumbiro kumabhuku nekunyora sezvo zvaiva nechokuita nounyanzvi hwokuMesopotamia.
Kunyora kwakashandiswa kunyora pasi uye kutsanangura zviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana, njodzi, ngano, ngano dzaiitika mubudiriro yeMesopotamia uye kushanduka kwese uku kwaienderana netsika nehunyanzvi zveMesopotamia. Naizvozvo, zvinokosha kuziva kuti mabhuku echiSumer akasvika misoro mikuru mitatu sounyanzvi hweMesopotamia, hwakadai semariro, ngano, uye nziyo.
Idzo nziyo dzacho dzakanga dzakaumbwa nengano dzakasiana-siana dzairondedzera mavara akasiana-siana avamwari veMesopotamia, pakati pavo Enlil baba Mwari uye tateguru wavamwe vamwari vaduku vakatanhamara; Mwarikadzi Inanna uyo aizivikanwa samwarikadzi werudo uye ushamwari. Asi kupfurikidza nokumushatirisa akanga ari mwarikadzi wehondo.
Zvakare zvairatidzwa aive mwari wemvura yakachena anozivikanwa saEnki uyo aigara achipokana namwarikadzi wemakomo Ninhursag. Idzi nziyo dzese dzaive chikamu chehunyanzvi netsika dzeMesopotamia. Nepo nziyo dzaishandiswa kuita nziyo dzekurumbidza nemhemberero kuvamwari nemadzimambo mumaguta akasiyana siyana nematemberi eMesopotamia.
Mariro akashandiswa seunyanzvi hweMesopotamia kurondedzera tsaona nenjodzi dzaiitika munharaunda yose yeMesopotamia uye kunyora zvose zvakaitika.
Dzakawanda dzenyaya idzi dzakabva pazviitiko zvakaitika sehondo kana zviitiko zvechisikigo zvakaita semafashamu kana nekuda kwekuvakwa kunoshamisa kwematemberi kana zviumbwa zvaMwari kana mambo zvakakanganiswa nekufamba kwenguva. Ndosaka mabhuku ari hunyanzvi hweMesopotamian sezvo hwaibva panhetembo dzakasiyana.
Chitendero Chaiitwa muMesopotamia
Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti munharaunda yose yeMesopotamia chitendero chaiitwa chaiva chokuva vanamwari vakawanda, sezvo muguta rimwe nerimwe Mwari waro mukuru neboka ravamwari vaduku vainamatwa, kunyange zvazvo kwaiva navamwariwo zvavo vainamatwa navanhu nokuda kwechimiro chavo. had.. Vamwari vakuru vainamatwa munharaunda yeMesopotamia vaiva:
- Anu: mwari wedenga uye baba vevamwari.
- Enki: mwari wePasi
- Nannar: Mwari weMwedzi
- Utu: Mwari weZuva (akapoteredza 5000 BC ainzi Ninurta).
- Inanna: mwarikadzi Venus
- Ea: musiki wevarume
- Enlil: mwari wemhepo.
Uku kuve pesvedzero huru uye tsigiro yetsika nehunyanzvi hweMesopotamia, izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX BC, Mambo Hammurabi akasarudza kubatanidza dunhu rose reMesopotamia kuita nyika imwechete. Kubva kwaakasimbisa guta reBabironi seguta guru uye muzinda wehupfumi hweMesopotamia, tsika nehunyanzvi. Yakaisa Mwari Marduk samwari mukuru wokunamata nokunamata munharaunda yose yeMesopotamia.
Mwari uyu aiva nebasa guru mubudiriro yeMesopotamia sezvo aitungamirira kudzoreredza hurongwa hukuru hwekudenga izvo zvaireva kuita kuti nyika ibude mugungwa uye kuveza miviri yavanhu yakafanana neyavamwari uye kukwanisa kugovera nharaunda. nyika pakati pavo vose.
Chinhu chakakosha chekusimbisa muunyanzvi hweMesopotamian hwakavakirwa pachitendero ndechekuti vamwari vaive nehukama nemabasa akasiyana avaiita mubudiriro senge mombe, zvipfeko, kunyora, pakati pemamwe mabasa mazhinji. Izvi zvakapa nzira kune chitendero chakafara kwazvo munzvimbo yese yeMesopotamia uye kune vanhu vazhinji venguva iyoyo uye nhasi zvinonakidza uye chinhu chekudzidza sechitendero, tsika uye seMesopotamia art.
Munharaunda yeMesopotamia, zvichiratidza kuti yakanga iri pakati penzizi mbiri, ivhu rayo rakanga rakaorera kwazvo, ndosaka budiriro yakaitika munharaunda iyoyo yakava vanhu vanotama-tama vakauya ikoko kuzova varimi uye vapfumi, vachikudziridza tsika dzavo pachavo nounyanzvi hwavo. Mesopotamia iyo yakashamisa vanhu vakawanda munhoroondo yose nokuda kwezvitaera zvayo zvakasiyana uye zvimiro zvavaishandisa.
Kune zvese izvi, zvinogona kujekeswa kuti hunyanzvi hweMesopotamian hune kubatana kwakakwana maererano nevavariro yezvese zvazvaireva uye zvakakonzera kuomarara, geometric uye yakavharika maitiro eunyanzvi. Sezvo hunyanzvi hweMesopotamian huchamira kunze kwekuita uye kushandiswa kwayo uye kwete kweaesthetics sezvo yagara ichigadzira kuzadzisa sevhisi neMesopotamian nzanga.
Chivezwa Chaiitwa muMesopotamia
MuMesopotamian art, imwe yehunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi hwekugadzira hunyanzvi hwaive hwekuveza, nekuti mhizha zhinji dzaimiririra vanamwari, madzimambo nevakuru vehurumende vakasiyana-siyana, asi nguva dzose vachisimbisa vanhu vakazvimiririra vanogaroisa zita remunhu pavari. .
Chimwe chinhu chakatanhamara pachivezwa sechivezwa cheMesopotamia ndechokuti chifananidzo chacho chaitsvakwa kuti chitsive munhu pane kuti chichimiririra, sezvo chaiva nezvinhu zvaisiyana nemunhu, zvakadai sechiso nemusoro, izvo zvakanga zvisina kuenzana nemunhu. .chimiro chakajairika chemunhu.
Panguva iyoyo, izvo zvakazozivikanwa seconceptual realism zvakagadziridzwa muMesopotamian art, iyo yaisanganisira kurerutsa nekugadzirisa mafomu emuviri wemunhu nekuda kwekushandiswa kwehunyanzvi hwainzi mutemo wekumberi, wakavakirwa pakuita chivezwa. kuti mativi ekuruboshwe nekurudyi aive akaenzana,
Zvizhinji zvezvivezwa zvakagadzirwa mumhando yejometri silinda yakafanana nekoni. Ndosaka zvimiririro zvakasiyana zvakaitwa zvisina kutenderedza chokwadi chairarama. Pairi nyanzvi zhinji dzemhizha dzakatanga kugadzira zvivezwa zvemhuka dzavainamata neuchokwadi hukuru kupfuura zvivezwa zvevanhu.
Misoro mizhinji yaiitwa muMesopotamia yemifananidzo yezvivezwa yaive yekugadzira nzombe dzechiyeuchidzo dzaive dzechokwadi sezvo dzaive dzakadzikama kwazvo.Nzombe idzi dzaimiririra zvikara zvemuMesopotamia, asi dzairemekedzwawo semangwaru uye vadziviriri venzanga. vaiva nemasimba makuru.
Maitiro makuru akashandiswa muMesopotamian art aive akavakirwa pakushandiswa kwekuyemura kukuru, parietal relief, stelae, zvisimbiso, uye glazed zvidhinha. Vakagadzirawo nzira itsva dzekuveza matombo uye kugadzira nyaya pamadziro etemberi zvichibva pamifananidzo yakasiyana-siyana iri chikamu cheunyanzvi hweMesopotamia.
Zvivezwa zviri muunyanzvi hweMesopotamia zvakaitwa muchiyero kune chokwadi chevanhu, asi vanyori vaiuraya vebasa reunyanzvi reMesopotamia vakaripa imwe chiratidzo chakaita kuti chive chakatanhamara kana kuti chirevo chinopfuura icho vanhu verudzi rumwe cheterwo vangagona kuona. . Ndosaka zvivezwa muMesopotamia art aive mapoka apo budiriro yakanyangarika yedunhu reMesopotamia inomira zvakanyanya.
Muenzaniso wakagadzirwa nemifananidzo yakasiyana-siyana muMesopotamia waiva wekuti maoko aigara akayambuka chipfuva, musoro wemunhu wakaveurwa mumufananidzo uye torso kana kumashure kwechimiro chakafukunurwa kana rudzi rwemask raiiswa. pairi Musoro wacho wakanga wakavakirwa pavanhu vaizivikanwa mubudiriro yeMesopotamia. Pamwe chete nesimba rekutenda uye nematauriro avaive nawo.
Nepo mamwe maitiro echivezwa muMesopotamian art yaive kushandiswa kwebas-relief yaishandiswa kurondedzera nyaya dzehondo dzehondo uye zviitiko zvinokatyamadza zvaifanira kurondedzerwa kuitira kuti nzanga yeramangwana izive zviitiko.
Pamwe chete nemafungiro echitendero aiitirwa vamwari vakasiyana-siyana vainamatwa munzanga ndiwo akanga ari maitiro makuru eunyanzvi hweMesopotamia.
Kupenda muMesopotamia
Painting muMesopotamia art haina kumira zvakanyanya nekuda kwehunhu hwedunhu reMesopotamia, ndosaka kune mashoma mabasa ehunyanzvi, zvisinei hunyanzvi hwakaitwa muMesopotamia hwakafanana nehunyanzvi hwaiitwa munguva yeMagdalenia yeprehistory. . Sezvo hunyanzvi hwaishandiswa mudunhu reMesopotamia hwaive hwakafanana nekuyamura parietal. Pakanga pasina maonero uye mabasa aingova nechinangwa chekushongedza.
Mumifananidzo yakasiyana-siyana uye zvinyorwa zvakawanikwa nevanochera matongo mukuongorora kwakaitwa, hutungamiri hwemifananidzo hwakaratidzwa maererano nehukuru hwevanhu vakapendwa mubasa reMesopotamia. Sezvo vaive nechinzvimbo chepamusoro sema monarch nevakuru vakuru vaive vakapendwa zvakakura kudarika vamwe vanhu.
Asi zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti muMesopotamian art, pendi yaishandiswa kushongedza nekushongedza zvivakwa asi haina maonero uye irombo chromatically, kune chete tsvuku, bhuruu uye chena mavara. Kushandisa tekinoroji yekudziya iyo inofarirwa mukushongedza mosaic uye mataira. Madingindira aidzokororwa aishandiswa muunyanzvi hweMesopotamian aive zvibodzwa zvezvibayiro, tsika nehondo zvaive zvechokwadi.
Mimwe mifananidzo yakawanikwa kubva kuMesopotamian art yaive mifananidzo yemhuka, mifananidzo yejometri, zvikara nevanhu vane misoro yemhuka yaishandiswa kushongedza mudzimba dzakasiyana nematemberi uye isina mimvuri.
Architecture muNharaunda yeMesopotamia
Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti mavakirwo eMesopotamia akanyanya kunyanya seMesopotamian art nekuda kwezvese zviwanikwa uye zvinhu zvaishandiswa, kuti akati wandei ekuvaka akavakirwa pamasisitimu maviri ekutanga ayo aive lintel uye vault.
Kuvakwa kweMesopotamia kwaive kwakavakirwa pakuvaka machira ane mavara akajeka kwazvo, pakati pawo girinhi, dema uye bicolor akamira, ayo akagadzirwa neayo maartisans anogadzira madhizaini ekusika, mwenje wakawanikwa kuburikidza nesirin'i sezvo tembere zhinji dzavakanga vasina. mahwindo.
Asi mukubudirira kweMesopotamia vainetseka zvikuru nezvakaitika muupenyu hwepasi uye havana kunyanya kukoshesa nyika yevakafa, saka zvivakwa zvaive nemumiriri mukuru idzimba dzeumambo netemberi.
Ndosaka mumatemberi vaikumikidzwa kuzvinhu zvakawanda zvakaita sezvematongerwo enyika, zvechitendero uye zveupfumi. Uyezve, temberi idzi dzakanga dzine nzvimbo huru dzekurima uye paiva nemapoka emakwai nemombe. Mune mamwe matemberi maive nemadhipoziti uye matura ekuchengetera zvirimwa zvakasiyana.
Chokwadi paivewo nemaworkshop paigadzirwa midziyo, zviumbwa zvebronze necopper. Zvakare zvidhori zveceramic zvaimiririra kukosha kwetsika muMesopotamian art.
Vaprista vetemberi dzakasiyana-siyana ndivo vaironga kutengeserana kweguta sezvo vaipinza basa varimi, mhizha nevafudzi kuti vatengese zvinhu zvaiva mutemberi uye vanhu ava vaibhadharwa neminda midiki yekurima zviyo, mazuva kana kuti. makushe.
Pamusoro pazvo, vanhu vanozivikanwa sema<em>ziggurats vaive nedzimba dzine makamuri makuru ekugara vanhu vaibva kumaguta ari pedyo kuzochinjana zvinhu nekudaro kusimudzira upfumi hwemaguta. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kuronga kwemaguta kwakatanga kudzorwa mumaguta akati wandei, rimwe remaguta makuru riri guta reBhabhironi neguta raNebhukadhinezari II.
Nepo mabasa einjiniya airatidza network yemigero yakaitwa kuti ibatanidze mvura dzeRwizi rweTigris neRwizi rwaYufratesi. Neizvi vakakurudzira kurima, kudiridza uye kufamba. Hunhu hukuru hwatinogona kuwana mumamonuments ndeiyi:
The Palace: sezvo muMesopotamian art pakanga pasina chimiro chaicho chedzimba dzeumambo, asi kuti dzaive nhevedzano yezvivakwa zvaive nehukuru hwakasiyana uye zvakabatanidzwa nemakoridho mazhinji, mikoridho uye maberere aive akabatanidzwa nemapatio makuru uye nemadziro akatenderedza kuti adzivirirwe. .
Mazhinji emizinda iyi akagadzirwa mune imwe quadrangular kuvaka yaive nepatio iri nyore kwazvo yaiwana chiedza chezuva uye mhepo yekufefetera uye yakasimudzwa nemateru ezvidhinha mahombe aisvikwa nematanho mahombe kana masitepisi uye aive nemugero wemvura. mafashamo akasiyana akaitwa nemafashamo enzizi.
Masuwo edzimba dzemadzimambo akanga akagadzirwa nemachira endarira akaisvonaka akanga akakomberedzwa nezvidhori zvenzombe dzine mapapiro nemisoro yavanhu izvo zvakanga zviri chinhu chinokosha zvikuru chemifananidzo yokuMesopotamia. Madziro edzimba dzehumambo aive akashongedzwa nemafrescoes pachigadziko cheraimu, akaiswa zvidhinha zvaipenya. Izvo zvakaita kuti hunyanzvi hweMesopotamiya huoneke nenzira yakapfava.
The wall: Maguta aiva munharaunda yeMesopotamia akanga akadzivirirwa nemasvingo makuru kuti azvidzivirire pakurwiswa. Aivewo akagadzirwa pamakona ekurudyi ayo akasimbiswa kubva pakutambanudzwa kusvika kutambanudza neshongwe dzamativi mana. Mikova yemaguta yaifanira kuitwa napamusuwo mukuru wakanga wakakombwa norusvingo, une chengeteko yakakwana;
Kuti avhure masuo eguta, akagadzirwa nenzira yevhavha ine kanoni yakakura pakati uye kumativi akaiswa zvidhori zvakakura zvenzombe dzine mapapiro nemisoro yevanhu yaiva chinhu chinokosha zvikuru chetsika dzeMesopotamia uye. art.
Makuva: Kubva pakuona kweunyanzvi hweMesopotamia uye mavakirwo, makuva aya akanga asina kufarira zvikuru vagari veMesopotamia sezvo akanga akagadzirwa semiganho yakareruka yezvidhinha yakanga ine makamuri akati wandei, aiva nekadombo kadiki kunze kwekamuri imwe neimwe. mumwe mupiro kune vakafa vakanga varipo.
Ndichiri mukati memakuva, zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvakawanikwa semidziyo yakakosha zvikuru mutsika nehunyanzvi hweMesopotamia. Sezvo paiva nefenicha pamwe chete nezvitunha zvemadzimai, vaimbi, vashandi, varairidzi nevarindiri vakabayiwa mumapoka zvinoratidza kuti vaiva netsika dzemariro dzisingawanzoitiki mumaguta aya omunharaunda yeMesopotamia.
Kana iwe wawana chinyorwa ichi cheMesopotamian art chakakosha, ini ndinokukoka iwe kuti ushanyire anotevera malink: