Simba rechiGiriki riripo muunyanzvi hwake hwese, asi chirevo chake chinoisa maitiro ane hunhu pane mufananidzo weRoman: zviitiko zvehupenyu, zvimiro zvengano, nzvimbo, hupenyu huchiripo kana kunyange trompe l'oeil kushongedzwa. Architectural decoration yaizivikanwa zvikuru nevaRoma.
mufananidzo weRoman
Kungofanana nehunyanzvi hwechiGiriki hwakaunzwa nevekare-Hellenic budiriro yeCrete neMycenae, hunyanzvi hweRoma hwakawanawo nzvimbo yekuberekera muEtruscan neGreek budiriro. Mumakore akapoteredza 1000/800 vanosvika kubva kumabvazuva kweMedithera, zvichida kubva kuLydia, kuAsia Minor, Etruscan madzinza eItaly mukati. Sezvineiwo, ivo nokudaro vanowedzera chiverengero chavagari vemo; kumoyo weItaly vanounza chidimbu chenhaka yetsika kubva kuMabvazuva.
Sezvo maEtruscans akakunda inenge peninsula yese yeItaly, vanopa zvakawanda mukuvakwa kwebudiriro yeRoma: kuita kwavo uye hunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi hunosiya mucherechedzo wakadzama paunyanzvi hweRoma. VaGiriki vakashandisawo simba guru paunyanzvi hweRoma uye budiriro.
Munguva yehukoloni hwakakura, 800-550, vakazambira kumahombekombe eMediterranean. Ivo vanogarawo muSicily here? uye kumaodzanyemba kweItari, iyo yakanzi naizvozvo Girisi Guru. Aya maGreek anounza budiriro yeGreek mune ese maficha kune Italic ivhu uye anopesvedzera hunyanzvi hweRoma kupfuura chero ani zvake.
Nekusimuka kwetsika dzechiRoma, nguva yekare yakapinda padanho rayo rekupedzisira. Art muRoma yakaita basa rakasiyana zvachose kubva kuGreece, umo yakanga yakabatana nehupenyu.
Vapendi vechiGiriki, vavezi, vagadziri vezvivakwa, vazivi uye vadetembi vakaita nhoroondo vamene. MuRoma yekare, basa iri raiitwa nevatongi vemaguta, vakuru vakuru, vatauri. Mazita avo akanyorwa muzvinyorwa zvenhoroondo, asi mazita evapendi veRoma nevavezi vemifananidzo haana kuuya kwatiri, kunyange zvazvo vakanga vane tarenda semaGiriki.
Kupera kwetsika dzeEtruscan kwaive kutanga kwehunyanzvi hweRoma. Zvichida, nguva iyoyo isati yasvika kwaiva nevanyori nevavezi muRoma yekare, asi hapana ruzivo pamusoro pavo rwakachengetwa. Izvo zvakakanganisawo chokwadi chekuti kusvika pakupera kwekuvapo kweRepublic, Roma yaigara ichirwa hondo ichikunda vavakidzani vayo, uye hondo, sezvamunoziva, haibatsiri mukuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi.
Nyika yakazununguswawo nekurwisana: vanhuwo zvavo vairwisana nevakuru vakuru, vachidzivirira kodzero dzavo; Maguta eItaria (makanzuru) aida kuenzana nevagari veRoma. Hondo dzakatora mazana emakore, pasina kumbomira kwegore rimwe chete. Zvichida semugumisiro wezvikonzero izvi, unyanzvi hweRoma hwakadaro hwakanga husipo kusvikira IV-III mazana emakore BC. Architecture ndiyo yekutanga kuzvizivisa: kutanga nenzira yemabhiriji uye zvivako zvekudzivirira, uye gare gare - temberi.
Zvinowanzotaurwa kuti vaRoma havasi vechokwadi vanyori. Munhu anogona kuwana fungidziro iyoyo kana achienzanisa kubudirira kweunyanzvi kwevaRoma ne, toti, izvo zvevaGiriki kana vaEgipita. Mumazana amakore apakuvamba enhau yeRoma, tinowana zvishomanene zvinoratidzira runako kana kuti zvishuvo zvounyanzvi; vaRoma zvirokwazvo havana kugadzira hunyanzvi hwepakutanga.
Kana Roma, zvakadaro, ikatora nzvimbo yakatanhamara munhoroondo yehunyanzvi kwemazana emakore, imhaka yekuti vaRoma, mushure mekukunda hutongi hwemauto pasirese, vakazivawo hunhu hwemweya uye hunyanzvi hwemamwe marudzi. , kunyanya maGiriki. , yakanga ine simba guru rokubatanidza uye kuziva magadzirirwo nenzira yomunhu oga.
General maitiro ekare echiRoma pendi
Kupenda kwechiRoma kwakauya kwatiri kunyanya nenzira yemifananidzo yemadziro. Panyaya iyi, mabasa mazhinji ehunyanzvi achiri munzvimbo yaakasikirwa uye kwaanochengeterwa mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma. Humbowo hwakakosha hwekupendwa kwevaRoma shongedzo dzemakuva nedzimba dzevanhu, dzetembere nenzvimbo tsvene muhumambo hwose.
Pesvedzero yechiGiriki zvakare yakatekeshera pakutanga mukupenda kweRoma. Nzvimbo chaiyo yeRoma yakawanikwa kubva muzana ramakore rechitatu BC. C. mune inonzi mifananidzo yekukunda. Kukudza vatungamiriri vehondo vanokunda, mifananidzo yakaitwa semishumo yakakurumbira mukufora kworukundo ndokuzoratidzirwa pachena. Zvinosuruvarisa, mifananidzo iyi haina kurarama uye inopupurirwa chete mumabhuku ekare.
Tsika yekupenda mukati memadziro edzimba yakapinda mumaguta eRoma muzana ramakore rechipiri BC kubva kumaguta echiGreek ekumaodzanyemba kweItari, asi vapendi vevaRoma vanoshongedza, vachikwevera pahunyanzvi hwechiGiriki, nehunyanzvi vakagadzira hupfumi hwavo hwekushongedza madziro. .
MuchiRoma rusvingo rwekupenda rwezana remakore rechipiri BC itsika kusiyanisa pakati pezvipfeko zvina zvekushongedza, izvo dzimwe nguva zvinonzi "Pompeian" (nekuti mifananidzo yakadaro yakatanga kuwanikwa muunyanzvi hwefresco panguva yekuchera muPompeii).
Mupiro mukuru pakudzidza kwemifananidzo yemadziro muRoma Yekare wakaitwa nemusayendisiti weGermany August May, uyo aiva nebasa rekuona maitiro mana ekupenda kwePompeian.
Kupatsanurwa kuita masitaera ekupenda kunopokana uye hakuenderane nemitemo yakajairwa yekushanduka kwekupenda kweRoma kwakazara.
Kupenda kweRoma mural kunoonekwa kubva munzvimbo dzakasiyana: Kutanga, sechinhu chimwe chete chemufananidzo chinoshongedza ichi kana zvimwe zvivakwa zveimwe saizi uye chinangwa. Chechipiri, semaungira ezvinyorwa zvechiGiriki nechiGiriki.
Chechitatu, sekutsvaga kweichi kana icho chiyero chetsika, chiyero chehunyanzvi hwechiRoma chinonaka kubva panguva dzakasiyana. Chechina, semumiriri wemhando dzakasiyana dzehunyanzvi dzechiRoma pendi pachayo, hunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi hwevagadziri vayo.
Matekiniki uye masitaera ekupenda kwechiRoma
Mukati mezvivakwa zveRoma zvaiwanzoshongedzwa zvine mutsindo nemavara matema nemagadzirirwo. Mifananidzo yemadziro, mafrescoes uye kushandiswa kwestucco kugadzira mhedzisiro yakaitwa muzana ramakore rekutanga BC.
Inoshandiswa muzvivako zvevanhu vose, mudzimba dzevanhu, temberi, makuva, uye kunyange nzvimbo dzemauto munyika yose yeRoma.
Madhizaini aisiyana kubva kune yakaoma kunzwisisa, yechokwadi kusvika kune yakanyanyisa kududzira kazhinji inovhara chikamu chese chiripo chemadziro, kusanganisira sirin'i.
Kugadzirwa kwepurasita kwaikosha zvekuti Pliny naVitruvius vanotsanangura, mumabasa avo, nzira inoshandiswa nevapendi kugadzira madziro: chekutanga, purasita yemhando yakanaka yaifanira kugadzirwa iyo yaigonawo kugadzirwa nemateru manomwe anotevedzana. kuumbwa kwakasiyana.
Yokutanga yakanga isina kusimba, tevere dzimwe nhatu dzakanga dzakaumbwa nedhaka nejecha, uye dzokupedzisira nhatu dzakanga dzakaumbwa nedhaka nevhu remabhura; Kazhinji, purasita dzaiitwa kukora anenge masendimita masere, yekutanga ichiiswa pamadziro zvakananga kuti inyatsonamira, uye yakanga yakakora (masendimita matatu kusvika kumashanu) yakagadzirwa nejecha neraimu.
Vapendi vemadziro echiRoma vaifarira mavara epasi echisikigo, zvakare matsvuku matsvuku, yero uye ocher. Mavara eruvara rwebhuruu nematema aishandiswawo zvakanyanya pakugadzira zvinhu zviri nyore, asi humbowo hwakabva kuchitoro chependi chePompeii hunoratidza kuti paive nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzematoni.
Muzana remakore rechitatu nerechipiri BC, mifananidzo yakanga isina kupendwa zvakananga pamadziro. Mumapuranga ane pendi, rectangular slabs ye marble, kumira uye nhema, yemarudzi akasiyana-siyana emavara, yakatevedzerwa, iyo yakashandiswa kuvhara masvingo pakakwirira. Kumusoro uku kushongedzwa kwakavharwa nepurasita, mafuremu aya angangodaro aive nemapanera asina kusimba. Mienzaniso yakawanda yegadziriro iyi yekushongedza yakachengetedzwa muCampania, kusanganisira Imba yeSallust muPompeii.
Izvi zvakatevera fashoni yakapararira munyika yose yechiGiriki. Chete pakutanga kwezana ramakore rekutanga BC ndipo pakabuda hunyanzvi hwechokwadi hweRoma. Mahwendefa acho akanga asisapiwi mupurasitiki, asi akapendwa uye chimiro chairatidzwa nemitsetse yechiedza nemumvuri.
Gare gare, rutivi rwapakati rworusvingo rwakapendwa sokunge rwakadzokera shure zvishomanene uye mbiru dzairatidzirwa panhambo dzenguva dzose dzairatidzika kuva dzakamira pachikuva uye sezviri pachena dzakatsigira denga. Nechepamusoro pemadziro pairatidza kuti pane imwe kamuri kana kuti chivanze. Zvivako zvezvivakwa zvakarongerwawo zvakaenzana zvakatenderedza pendi yakavhurwa, ine gonhi kana gedhi pakati, sepaPublius Fannius Sinistor's villa kuBoscoreale, 50-40 BC.
Zvidzidzo zvacho zvaive mapikicha, zvibodzwa kubva mungano, trompe l'oeil architecture, maruva, fauna, uye kunyangwe magadheni, nzvimbo, uye mataundi ese ekugadzira anoyevedza panorama anotakura muoni kubva munzvimbo dzakamanikana kuenda kunyika isingaperi yekufungidzira iyo muvendi. hijacked.
Mienzaniso mikuru yependi yeRoma inobva kumafrescoes munzvimbo yeVesuvius (Pompeii neHerculaneum), kubva pamahwendefa eEgypt eFayum uye kubva kumamodheru echiRoma, mamwe akatorwa kubva kunguva yePaleo-Christian (pendi kubva kumakomba). Tine humbowo hwekupenda kwechiRoma mumatanho matatu:
- Mural pendi: yakaitwa mufresco, pane lime nyowani, uye nekudaro inogara yakasimba; mavara acho aisanganiswa nezai kana namo kuti avabatsire kubata;
- Kupenda pahuni kana panhi: nekuda kwechimiro chekutsigirwa, mienzaniso yakagamuchirwa haiwanzoitiki. Musiyano une mukurumbira unobva kumatombo emakuva eFayum (Egypt), ane rombo rakanaka akachengetedzwa nekuda kwemamiriro ekunze uye mamiriro ekunze;
- Abstract painting, inoshandiswa kune zvinhu, nokuda kwezvinangwa zvekushongedza. Kazhinji inoratidzirwa nepfupiso uye nekukurumidza shamhu.
Kazhinji, mapendi ekare uye edzimba dzakapfuma anoratidza mitsara yakawanda kupfuura yakapendwa yakazopendiwa uye iya yezvivakwa zvishoma zvekugara. Kutangira kumusoro, purasita uye pendi zvakazoiswa kumadziro uye pakupedzisira zvakaperera pasi.
Pasinei nekusiyana kukuru mumashoko, masvingo anovakwa maererano nechirongwa chakafanana. Kune nguva dzose nzvimbo yepasi, nzvimbo yepakati uye nzvimbo yepamusoro. Iyo base zone inowanzo kuve yakapusa, inogona kuve monochrome, asi inogona zvakare kuve nekutevedzera marble kana nyore chirimwa pendi. Geometric maitiro anozivikanwawo zvikuru.
Pakati pepakati, zvisinei, pakati pesimba regiravhiti remufananidzo rinoitika. Zvichienderana nemaitiro, iwe unowana zvivakwa zvemhando yepamusoro kana minda yakapusa, ine pakati pemadziro kazhinji inorema uye yakashongedzwa nependi.
Mifananidzo yemunda, iyo yainyanya kupararira mune yechitatu (yekushongedza) maitiro, inosanganisira kuchinjika kweyakafara, monochrome, uye nhete minda, iyo inowanzo shongedzwa zvakanyanya nezvirimwa, zvivakwa zvisiri izvo, kana mamwe mapatani.
Kupenda kwakanga kwatoitwa nevaEtruscans (mifananidzo yeguva), asi humbowo hwekare hwekuita kwemifananidzo muRoma hunodzokera kuhafu yekutanga yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX BC: kunyanya, mufananidzo weakakurumbira Fabius Pictor (pakupera kwezana ramakore rechina BC) anoyeukwa, mugadziri weTemberi yaSaro.
Kufungidzira kunosimudzwa kuti muchikamu chekare, pendi yeRoma yakatoratidza hunhu hwemafaro emazana emakore anotevera, hunoratidzwa kuburikidza nerunyoro uye runyoro rwakajeka, semuzvino sculptural bas-reliefs. Yakanyanya mukurumbira ndiyo inonzi Pompeian pendi, yakatumidzwa zita remifananidzo yakawanikwa muPompeii, Herculaneum nedzimwe nyika dzakabatwa nekuputika kweVesuvius (79 AD). Yakakamurwa kuita mana akasiyana masitaera:
maitiro ekutanga
XNUMXrd-XNUMXnd mazana emakore BC, anonziwo "inlays". Yaienderana nehupenyu hwevaRoma vezana remakore rechipiri BC. Iyi nzira ndeyekutevedzera mavara emarble masonry. Pamadziro emakamuri emukati, zvese zvekuvaka zvakaitwa muzvikamu zvitatu-dimensional: pilasters, ledges, cornices, mabheji ega ega masonry, uye ipapo zvese zvakapendwa, kutevedzera kupedzisa matombo muvara uye muenzaniso.
Iyo purasita, iyo iyo pende yakashandiswa, yakagadzirwa kubva kune akati wandei, apo imwe neimwe yaitevera yaitevera yaive yakaonda.
Iyo "inlay" maitiro yaive yekutevedzera yemukati medzimba dzemadzimambo uye dzimba dzakapfuma mumaguta echiGiriki, uko horo dzaive dzakashongedzwa nematombo ane mavara-mavara (marbles). Nzira yekutanga yekushongedza yakabuda kunze kwemaitiro mu 80s BC. Muenzaniso we "inlay" style ndiyo Imba yeFaun muPompeii. Mavara anoshandiswa, rima dzvuku, yero, dema uye chena, anosiyaniswa nekuchena kwavo toni.
Iyo frescoes muImba yeGriffins muRome (100 BC) inogona kushanda senhanho yekuchinja pakati pekutanga neyechipiri yekushongedza masitaera.
Iko kusanganiswa kwebhuruu, lilac, ruvara rwemavara matsvuku, kupenya kusinganzwisisike kwehumambo uye yakasarudzika pendi, yakadzika uye volumetric mufananidzo, pakati pemadziro emadziro ekushongedza uye makoramu, sekunge, akabuda kubva kumadziro, anobvumira kuratidza pendi ye Imba yeGriffins senzira yekuchinja kubva padiki kutevedzera masonry kuenda kune inoshanda nzvimbo nzira yekugadzirisa madziro.
chimiro chechipiri
XNUMXnd-XNUMXst century BC Inonzi 'architectural perspective', iri, mukupesana neyakamboita flat style, yakawanda nzvimbo muzvisikwa. Madziro acho airatidza mbiru, makoni, mapilaster uye misoro ine manyepo chaiwo echokwadi, kunyangwe kusanganisira hunyengeri. Chikamu chepakati chemadziro chakanga chakafukidzwa nemifananidzo ye pergolas, mavhavha, anoratidzwa mumaonero, achishandisa chiaroscuro. Nekubatsirwa kwekupenda kwekushongedza, nzvimbo yekunyengera yakasikwa, masvingo chaiwo akaita seakaparadzana, imba yacho yakaita seyakakura.
Dzimwe nguva zvimiro zvevanhu, kana zviratidziro zvemhando dzakawanda kana nzvimbo, zvaiiswa pakati pembiru nemapilasta. Dzimwe nguva pakati pemadziro maiva nemifananidzo mikuru ine zvimiro zvikuru. Zvirongwa zvemifananidzo zvaive zvakanyanya ngano, zvisingawanzo mazuva ese. Kazhinji mapendi emhando yechipiri aive makopi emabasa evanyori vekare vechiGiriki vezana ramakore rechina BC.
Muenzaniso wekupenda mune yechipiri yekushongedza dhizaini ndiyo inoyevedza kushongedzwa kweVilla yeMysteries muPompeii. Muimba duku ine marble-yakakwirira-yakafanana plinth, inopesana nemashure emadziro matsvuku akajeka ane pilaster yakasvibirira, mafananidzo makumi maviri nemapfumbamwe akaiswa muhukuru hwehupenyu.
Mazhinji ekuumbwa akatsaurirwa kune zvakavanzika mukukudza mwari Dionysus. Dionysus pachake anoratidzwa pano, akatsamira pamabvi Ariadne (mudzimai). Vakuru, vechidiki, maenads, uye vakadzi vanoratidzwa pano.
Chinonyanya kufadza ndicho chiitiko umo murume mukuru akasimba, anoratidzwa pane rumwe madziro ekamuri, anonangidzira akatarisa kune wechidiki maenad, uyo anoratidzwa kune rumwe madziro. Panguva imwecheteyo, Silenus anonyomba mudiki satyr ane mask yemitambo mumaoko ake.
Chimwe chiitiko chekupenda chinonakidzawo, chinoratidza mwarikadzi anotyisa achirova musikana akapfugama neshamhu refu kumusana wake usina kupfeka achiedza kuva mubatanidzwa akazara mune zvakavanzika. Mamiriro emusikana wacho, chiso chake, maziso asingachaoni, tambo dzakamonereka dzebvudzi dema zvinoratidza kutambura mumuviri uye kushushikana mupfungwa. Iri boka rinosanganisirawo chimiro chakanaka chechidiki chisina munhu mutambi uyo akatopasa bvunzo dzinodiwa.
Kuumbwa kwefresco hakuna kunyanya kuenderana nehuwandu hwemavhoriyamu ari muchadenga, asi pakubatana kwesilhouettes mundege, kunyangwe iwo manhamba anomiririrwa ari voluminous uye ane simba. Iyo fresco yese yakabatanidzwa mune imwechete yakazara nekuita uye kumira kwemavara anoratidzwa pamadziro akasiyana. Mavara ese anovhenekerwa nechiedza chakapfava chinoyerera kubva padenga.
Miviri yakashama yakapendwa zvinoyevedza, ruvara rwezvipfeko rwakanyanya kunaka. Kunyangwe iyo yekumashure iri tsvuku tsvuku, hapana ruzivo runonyangarika pane ino mutsauko kumashure. Vatori vechikamu mune zvakavanzika vanomiririrwa kuti vagadzire kunyengera kwekuvapo kwavo muimba.
Chinhu chinoshamisa chechimiro chechipiri mifananidzo yemamiriro ezvinhu: makomo, gungwa, mapani, akararamiswa neakasiyana siyana akaitwa zvimiro zvevanhu, vakaurayiwa zvine mutsindo. Nzvimbo pano haina kuvharwa, asi yemahara. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, nzvimbo yacho inosanganisira mifananidzo yezvivakwa.
Panguva yeRiphabhuliki yeRoma, mufananidzo weesel waive wakajairika. MuPompeii pane mufananidzo wemukadzi wechidiki ane mahwendefa ekunyora, pamwe chete nemufananidzo waPompeian Terentius nemudzimai wake. Mapikicha ese ari maviri akapendwa zvine mwero. Ivo vanosiyaniswa nekufambiswa kwakanaka kwemapurasitiki kumeso. mifananidzo yakadzika.
nzira yechitatu
Chimiro chechitatu chePompeian (pakupera kwezana remakore rekutanga BC - kutanga kwezana remakore rekutanga AD) rinoenderana nemhando yekushongedza.Panzvimbo yekushongedza kwemifananidzo, nechinangwa chekuparadzanisa uye kutsiva masvingo eumambo, kune mifananidzo inoshongedza rusvingo pasina kuputsa ndege yayo.
Mifananidzo, pane zvinopesana, inosimbisa ndege yemadziro, ichiishongedza nezvishongo zvakapfava, pakati peiyo mbiru dzakanaka kwazvo dzinotungamira, senge chandeliers esimbi. Hazvina kuitika kuti yechitatu yekushongedza maitiro inonziwo "chandelier".
Kuwedzera kune uku kushongedza kwekuvaka kwechiedza, mifananidzo midiki ine zvinyorwa zvengano yakaiswa pakati pemadziro. Zvichiri hupenyu, madiki madiki uye zviitiko zvezuva nezuva zvinounzwa mukushongedza kwekushongedza nehunyanzvi hukuru.
Garlands yemashizha nemaruva akapendwa pamuchena chena ane hunhu hwakanyanya. Zvishongo zvemaruva zvakapendwa, zvishongo, zvidhori zvidiki uye hupenyu huchiri hunoda kunyatsotariswa. Kupenda kwechimiro chechitatu kunosimbisa kunyaradza uye kushamwaridzana kwekamuri.
Iyo palette yevanyori vemhando yechitatu inonakidza uye yakasiyana-siyana: dema kana rima repepuru chigadziko, paishandiswa makwenzi madiki, maruva kana shiri. Muchikamu chepamusoro, mapaneru anochinjana ebhuruu, tsvuku, yero, girini kana dema akaiswa, paiiswa mifananidzo midiki, medallion kana akapararira akasununguka manhamba akaiswa.
Vanyori veRoma vakatsanangura mhinduro yechiGiriki yemifananidzo yengano maererano nemanyorerwo aiitwa. Chimiro chakakomba chechiso, chimiro chakadzikama uye mwero wezvimiro, zvimiro zve statuesque.
Kunyanya kukoshesa kwakabhadharwa kune chinyorwa chakajeka chinotsanangura zvakajeka mipendero yenguo. Muenzaniso wemhando yechitatu ndeyeCicero's Villa muPompeii. Nzvimbo dzakasarudzika dzevafundisi dzakasara muPompeii neRome. Kazhinji madiki-saizi mapendi, akati sketchy, dzimwe nguva akapendwa neimwe kana maviri mavara.
nzira yechina
Chimiro chechina chekushongedza chakagadzirwa muchikamu chechipiri chezana remakore re XNUMX. Chimiro chechina chakanyanyisa uye chinofadza, chichibatanidza chivimbiso chezvivakwa zvekuvaka zvechipiri chimiro nekushongedza kwemaitiro echitatu.
Iyo yekushongedza chikamu chemifananidzo inotora hunhu hweakanakisa ekuvaka maumbirwo, uye mapendi ari pakati pemadziro emadziro ane nzvimbo uye ine simba hunhu.
Mhando yemavara inowanzosiyana. Zvirongwa zvemifananidzo zvinonyanya kunge zvengano. Huwandu hwenhamba dzisina kuvhenekerwa, dzinoratidzwa mukufamba nekukurumidza, dzinowedzera ratidziro yekupamhama. Chimiro chechina chinyorwa zvakare chinoputsa ndege yemadziro, inowedzera miganhu yekamuri.
Masters emhando yechina, vachigadzira murals, vanoratidza pamadziro nzvimbo inoshamisa yakanakisa yeimba yamambo, kana mifananidzo inorondedzera, ichichinjana ne "mahwindo" kuburikidza iyo zvikamu zvezvimwe zvivakwa zvekuvaka zvinoonekwa.
Dzimwe nguva, nechokumusoro kwemadziro, vaidhirowa vaipenda maberere nemavharanda nemifananidzo yevanhu, sokunge vakatarisa vari mumba. Kupenda mumutauro uyu, kusarudzwa kwepende kwaivewo maitiro. Kunyanya panguva ino vanomiririra zvinyorwa zvine zviito zvinochinja kana zvakapinza
MuPompeii murals uye mweya weRoma chaiwo zvakachengetedzwa. Semuenzaniso, paCalle de la Abundancia, pamusuwo weworkshop ye dyer Verecundo, pamadziro ekunze pakanga paine pendi yakaitwa nemazvo uye scrupulosity, iyo inoratidza maitiro ese edhayi nevabatsiri vake. Muenzaniso wemhando yechina ndeyekupendwa kwemuzinda waNero muRoma (Imba yeGoridhe), kushongedzwa kwacho kwaitungamirirwa nenyanzvi yeRoma Fabullus.
Yakanga iri yakanakisa dhizaini, inosanganisa yakanakisa uye illusionistic dhizaini yechipiri chimiro, enhema marble mapaneru uye zvishongo zvemhando yechitatu (Imba yeVettii muPompeii, Imba yeDioscuri). Munguva ino kune mikuru mienzaniso yezvivakwa zvine theatre uye scenographic mhedzisiro iyo, zvisinei, inogadziridza uye kusanganisa zvinhu zvakatorwa kubva kune ekutanga masitaera.
Mazhinji maPompeian villas akashongedzwa nenzira iyi kubva pakuvakazve mushure mekudengenyeka kwenyika kwa62 AD Muenzaniso wavo iImba yeVettii, yakashongedzwa nezviitiko zvehupenyu hwezuva nezuva (semuenzaniso kurwa pakati pemachongwe) uye, pamusoro pezvose, zviitiko zvine nyaya yengano.
Iko kwekutanga kweRoma mural pendi yezana remakore reII-III
Mushure mekunyangarika kwePompeii, Herculaneum uye Stabiae muna 79 AD Zvakaoma kwazvo kutsvaga nzira yekuvandudzwa kwekupenda kwekare kweRoma, sezvo zviyeuchidzo zvakatangira kumakore eII-IV mashoma kwazvo. Tinogona kutaura kuti kupenda kwemadziro muzana ramakore rechipiri kwakave kwakapararira. Kusiyana nechitarisiko chechina chekushongedza, uko kunyengedzwa kwenzvimbo huru kwakasikwa, ndege yemadziro ikozvino yakasimbiswa. Rusvingo runodudzirwa nenzira yakatsanangurwa nemavakirwo ega ega.
Kuwedzera pakupenda pakushongedza mumba, marudzi akasiyana-siyana emabhura akashandiswa pamwe chete nematombo akaiswa pasi nepamadziro. Muenzaniso ndewe mufananidzo wemusha waMambo Hadrian paTivoli, pedyo neRoma. Pakupera kwezana remakore rechipiri nehafu yekutanga yezana remakore rechitatu, maitiro ekushongedza ekupenda akave akareruka.
Ndege yemadziro, sirin'i, denga reguva rakakamurwa nemitsetse yakasviba kuita rectangles, trapezoids, kana hexagons, mukati mayo (semufuremu) musoro wechirume kana wechikadzi, kana motif, yakapendwa. zvirimwa, shiri nemhuka.
Munguva yezana remakore rechitatu, nzira yekupenda yakagadzirwa, iyo inoratidzirwa nekurohwa kunosimbisa chete mavhoriyamu makuru uye kutevera fomu yepurasitiki. Dense mitsetse yakasviba, yakanyatsotsanangurwa maziso, tsiye, mhino. Bvudzi racho raiwanzobatwa muhuwandu. Nhamba dzacho dzakarongwa. Chimiro ichi chakanyanya kufarirwa pakupenda macatacombs echiKristu nemakuva eRoma.
Pakupera kwezana ramakore rechitatu mosaics inonyanya kufarirwa. Nhamba dzeMosaic dzinosiyaniswa nekuomarara kwezvimiro, kudhirowa kwemutsara wemapeta embatya, nzvimbo yeruvara rwemavara, uye ndege yefomu. Zviso zvevatambi vanomiririrwa hazvina chimiro chimwe nechimwe.
Zvaive zvakajairika kuti vevakuru kuve nemadziro edzimba dzavo uye dzimba dzepachivande dzakashongedzwa ndosaka humbowo huzhinji hwemifananidzo hwakadzika kwatiri hunobva pane ino mamiriro. Chakanyanya kukosha pakupenda kweRoma yaive pesvedzero yechiGiriki, yakabva muruzivo rwezvivezwa zvechiGiriki nemifananidzo, asi pamusoro pezvose kubva pakupararira kwevapendi vechiGiriki muRoma. Kubva muchikamu chechiGiriki, kupenda kweRoma hakuna kungogara nhaka madingindira ekushongedza asiwo masikirwo uye zvinomiririra zvinomiririra.
Fayum funerary mifananidzo
Pamwe chete nekupenda kweRoma uye bhero, kune yakakurumbira Fayum Portraits (zana ramakore rekutanga BC - XNUMXrd century AD) ari akateedzana mahwendefa eEgypt akafanana nemifananidzo yakaiswa pamufi panguva yekuvigwa. Zvidzidzo zvakaratidzwa zvipenyu, zvine huchokwadi hwakasimba hwezviso, zvakamiririrwa kumberi uye kazhinji pane kwazvakarerekera kumashure. Hunhu hwemahwendefa aya mufananidzo wakasiyana-siyana.
Muenzaniso wekubatanidzwa pakati petsika dzakasiyana, boka iri remifananidzo rinozivikanwa seFayum Portraits nekuda kwenzvimbo yavakawanikwa. Kune angangoita mazana matanhatu emifananidzo yemafiro, akagadzirwa pamapuranga ane encaustic kana tempera tekinoroji pakati pezana ramakore rekutanga neretatu, uye akachengetedzwa mune yakanakisa mamiriro nekuda kwekuoma kwemamiriro ekunze enzvimbo. Huwandu hwevanhu vaigara muno hwaive hwemaGreek neEgypt asi vaive vatove neRoman zvakanyanya mukushandiswa kwavo, vachivashandura kuti vaenderane netsika dzavo.
Rudzi urwu rwekupenda patafura mufananidzo chaiwo wemufi uye chikamu chetsika dzemariro emunharaunda: mutengo wacho unogonawo kunge wakakwira zvakanyanya sezvo mufananidzo wacho waigona kuve wakashongedzwa nemashizha egoridhe kutevedzera matombo uye zvinhu zvinokosha, wakaiswa pakati. mabhandeji aamai kwemazuva mashoma panguva yekuratidzwa kwemutumbi kumba usati wavigwa.
Rite yeEgipita, Tsika yechiGiriki asi Chimiro cheRoma: Nharaunda iyi yakabatwa nehunyanzvi hweRoma uye yakakopa madingindira nemaitiro ayo; mapikicha ese ane kwaakarerekera kumashure, asi anogoneka zvakanyanya mukupa zviso zvechiso uye ruzivo rwezvipfeko nemagadzirirwo ebvudzi.
Mukugadzirwa uku kune mavara anodzokororwa aive akapararira muRoma: maziso makuru, kutarisa kwakagadziriswa uye kurerutsa kwevhoriyamu (kubviswa kweiyo contour ndege nemuviri) inowanikwawo mune mamwe mapikicha echiRoma eSevere nguva uye nguva pfupi yapfuura.
Inosarudzwa semuenzaniso wekutanga webhaibheri pendi mifananidzo yeDura Europos (Syria), inodzokera kuhafu yekutanga yezana ramakore rechitatu. Kugadzirwa kweiyo itsva yeChristian iconography kunoratidzwa pano kuve kwakapesvedzerwa zvakanyanya netsika dzechiHellenistic-Jewish iconographic: yekutanga mifananidzo yechiKristu inobvisa, chokwadi, zvinhu uye iconography kubva kuchiJudha uye yechihedheni repertoire, ichivapa chirevo chitsva chechitendero.
Tichifunga nezve yepedyo iconographic uye stylistic affinities, zvinotendwa kuti maartist akashanda panguva imwe chete kune vatengi vechihedheni nevechiKristu. Ihwo huchokwadi hwaigara huchiratidzira mufananidzo weRoma hwakarasika zvishoma nezvishoma mukupera kwekare apo, nekupararira kweunyanzvi hwepurovhinzi, mafomu akatanga kuve akareruka uye kazhinji anofananidzirwa.
Iko kuuya kwekupenda kwechiKristu chepakutanga, kunozivikanwa pamusoro pezvese kuburikidza nekupenda kwemacatacombs anosanganisa zviratidziro zvebhaibheri, kushongedzwa, manhamba kubva kuchiri chihedheni mamiriro uye akapfuma repertoire yezviratidzo zvinonongedza kunhamba dzechiKristu uye zvirimo (semuenzaniso, hove , Mufudzi Akanaka). Mienzaniso inonyanya kuzivikanwa inobva kumakatacombs aPrisila, Callisto naSS. Pietro naMarcellino (Roma).
Mosesi weRoma
Pamusoro peAlexander mosaic, zvidhori zvidiki, kazhinji masikweya, akaumbwa nematombo ane mavara mazhinji, akawanikwa kuPompeii uye akaverengerwa sepakati pezvakangogadzirwa pasi. Iyo inonzi emblemata yakatanga muzana ramakore rekutanga BC. Mamiriro akafanana echiHellenistic akawanikwa paDelos. Iyo mifananidzo, iyo inowanzova neBacchus pane panther kana ichiri hupenyu senyaya yavo, yakafanana nemifananidzo.
Izvo zvakasiyana nevhu dema nechena, iro rakaonekwa muItaly muzana ramakore rekutanga BC. Vakaurayiwa nemarble uye vaine geometric motifs, stylized zvinomera nemaruva, uye zvakarerutswa zvinomiririra zvevanhu nemhuka sedingindira ravo, uye zvinokodzera zvachose yavo. basa rekuvaka. Iyi nhema uye chena mosaic, yakafanana neItari, yakanyatso kuvandudzwa muzana ramakore rechipiri AD, kunyanya muOstia, uko kwakagadzirwa mikuru yezvisikwa zvegungwa.
Kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kwehumambo vakatanga vakabatana netsika yevatema nechena yeItari, asi kubva pakati pezana ramakore rechipiri AD vanhu vakatanga kushandisa ruvara rwakawanda. Iyo kupatsanurwa kuita masikweya uye octagonal nzvimbo, paive nemifananidzo yakasiyana-siyana yakarongedzwa, yaive yakakurumbira ipapo.
Unyanzvi hweMosaic hwakabudirira muNorth Africa, uko zviitiko zvikuru zvengano uye zviitiko zvehupenyu hwezuva nezuva zvakaratidzwa nemavara mazhinji pauriri (Piazza Armerina villa muSicily). Polychrome mosaics zvakare akachengetedzwa muAndiyoki. Muzana ramakore rekutanga AD, marangi emadziro ainyanya kushandiswa uko pendi yaisanyanyokodzera (semuenzaniso pazvivakwa zvemutsime). Wall uye vault mosaics kubva kuXNUMXnd uye XNUMXrd mazana emakore akapotsa arasika zvachose.
Rusvingo mosaic rwakangogadzirwa zvizere mumakereke echiKristu (XNUMXth century). Mukuwedzera kune mosaic, imwe nzira inonzi opus sectile yakashandiswawo, umo mapikicha uye motifs aigadzirwa nezvidimbu zvakakura zvakachekwa kubva kumhando dzakasiyana dzemarble. Iyi nzira yakashandiswa kwete chete pasi, asiwo kumadziro.
Curiosities
- Sekureva kwaPliny, iwo mavara akakamurwa kuita 'flowery' (minium, armenium, cinnabaris, chrysocolla, indicum uye purposorum) yaifanira kutengwa zvakananga nemutengi uye "auster", iyo panzvimbo pezvo yakaverengerwa nemuimbi mumutengo wekupedzisira. uye kazhinji yaisanganisira yero uye dzvuku ocher, pasi, uye bhuruu yeEgipita
- Zvakaonekwa kuti muImperial Villa yePompeii mifananidzo iri mumikoridho, yese yerudzi rwechitatu, yakadzorerwa makore mashoma kuputika kusati kwaitika uye makore makumi mashanu chete mushure mekuvakwa kwayo, iyo inoratidza kukosha kukuru kwakambotaurwa kare.
- Chimiro chinomiririrwa mumifananidzo yeRoma inogara uye chete iyo yemapindu: mumafungiro enguva yakangoerekana yasanganiswa netsika dzevatorwa uye kusavapo kwebudiriro, zvinomiririrwa chete ndezvemhuka dzesango mukuvhima zviitiko zvengano.
- Muzana ramakore rechigumi neshanu muRoma "bako" rine madziro akapendwa akawanikwa netsaona: yaive Domus Aurea yamambo Nero. Mupendi wedare Fabullus kana Amulius kubva 64 kusvika 68 AD anoshanda muDomus Aurea, achifenda makamuri mazhinji muchina Pompeian maitiro.
Mavara
Iwo mavara akagadzirwa nepigment yemuriwo kana yemaminerari mabviro uye Vitruvio muDe Architectura inotaura nezvegumi nematanhatu mavara anosanganisira maviri organic, mashanu echisikigo uye mapfumbamwe ekugadzira. Yekutanga ndeye dema, inowanikwa ne calcining resin nezvidimbu zvehuni resinous kana pomace yakapiswa muchoto uye ipapo yakasungwa neupfu, uye yepepuru, yakabva murex, iyo yakashandiswa zvakanyanya mukupisa nzira.
Iwo mavara emaminerari anobva (machena, yero, tsvuku, girinhi uye rima toni) akawanikwa ne decantation kana calcination. Decantation inzira yekuparadzanisa iyo inosanganisira kupatsanura zvinhu zviviri kubva musanganiswa wakasimba-mumvura nesimba regiravhiti (mukuita, iyo yakasimba inogadzika pasi pegaba kusvika mvura yese iri pamusoro yachena).
Calcination inzira yekupisa yekupisa inoenderera mberi kwenguva yakareba sezvainotora kubvisa zvinhu zvose zvinoputika kubva mumakemikari emakemikari uye yakashandiswa kubva kare kare pakugadzirwa kwependi pigments, kusanganisira cerulean. Iwo mapfumbamwe ekugadzira akawanikwa kubva mukuumbwa nezvinhu zvakasiyana uye pakati peaya ainyanya kushandiswa aive cinnabar (vermillion red) uye cerulean (Egyptian blue).
Cinnabar, yekwakabva mercurial, yakanga yakaoma kushandisa nekuchengetedza (yaisviba pakuratidzwa chiedza) uye yaidhura zvikuru uye yaitsvakwa zvikuru. Yakatengwa kubva kumigodhi iri pedyo neEfeso muAsia Minor uye kubva kuSisapo muSpain. Cerulean yakagadzirwa kubva kujecha re nitro fleur rakapwanyika rakasanganiswa nesimbi yakanyorova mafilings akaomeswa obva aiswa muma pellets.
Ruvara urwu rwakaunzwa kuRoma nemubhangi, Vestorius, akaritengesa nezita rekuti Vesterianum uye akadhura mari inosvika madhenari gumi nerimwe. Mutemo wakasimbisa kuti mutengi aipa "maruva" mavara (anonyanya kudhura) nepo "akaoma" (akachipa) mavara akaiswa muchibvumirano. Musangano wacho, zvichida, wakanga wakaumbwa natenzi ane vabatsiri vake.
Idzi mhizha dzinoremekedzwa zvikuru dzakava chikamu chemidziyo yechitoro, uye apo chitoro chakatengeswa kune vamwe varidzi, ivowo, pamwe chete nezvishandiso zvebasa (level, tambo yokuyeresa, sikweya, nezvimwewo) uye midziyo, akachinja maoko. muridzi. Basa rake rakatanga mambakwedza uye raipera manheru, uye kunyange zvazvo mabasa ake akashanyirwa nokuyemurwa, haana kurangarirwa.
Heano mamwe malink aunofarira: