Pakati pekupera kwezana remakore rechiXNUMX nekutanga kwezana remakore rechiXNUMX, boka revanyori vane tarenda rakabuda muSouthern Netherlands, rakatumidzwa se Primitive Flamingos, iyo yakapa nhoroondo yevanhu mipiro isingaperi yetsika. Saka kukosha kwekuve neruzivo nezvazvo, saka gara nesu uye unakirwe nechinyorwa ichi chinodzidzisa.
Chii chinonzi Primitive Flamingos?
Mifananidzo yakagadzirwa pakati pezana remakore rechiXNUMX neXNUMX neboka guru revanyori vanobva kumaodzanyemba kweNetherlands dzinozivikanwa seFlemish Primitives. Imwe yenzvimbo dzakanyanya kudarika munhoroondo yehunyanzvi inonzi ndeyenguva yakadai.
Mune mamwe mazwi, kana tichitaura nezvesangano iri, tiri kutaura nhoroondo yevatenzi vechikoro cheFlemish chekupenda mumazana emakore ekutanga, kubva kuna Jan van Eyck muhafu yekutanga yezana ramakore rechigumi neshanu, kuna Pieter Brueghel Mukuru pakati pe muzana remakore rechigumi neshanu.
Mukati meboka iri, rakaumbwa naDieric Bouts, Hans Memling, Rogier van der Weyden, Jan van Eyck pachake, pakati pevamwe, vatsigiri varo vaigara uye vaishanda zvikuru mumaguta akabudirira anoumba dunhu, se: Antwerp, Bruges, Brussels. , Ghent naLeuven.
Flemish pendi yakavambwa nezvikoro zvakasiyana siyana: iyo yekuItaly uye reactionary panguva yeXNUMXth neXNUMXth century, uye colorist kana naturalist weChikoro cheAntwerp, chezana ramakore rechi XNUMX. Iwo maviri ekutanga chikamu cheunyanzvi hweNetherlands, hwakabuda panguva yeEuropean Renaissance.
Sezvineiwo, raive boka revanyori vaive vakazviparadzanisa kubva kune yaive shanduko yeRenaissance uye, kune vamwe, sevaya vechikoro chekupindura, vachipesana nehunyanzvi hwekuItaly hunouya.
Nekuda kweunyanzvi hwakazvarwa semugumisiro wenzira itsva yekupenda mafuta, uye chiono chake maererano nehupamhi, unyanzvi hwemifananidzo hunogona kufambiswa kusvika kune imwe nzvimbo isati yamboonekwa, apo nzira yenhoroondo yemifananidzo yakashandurwa zvachose.
Yakanga iri nguva apo makomisheni akanga asiri kungouya chete kubva kumatunhu epamusoro emagariro nemasangano ezvitendero panguva iyoyo, asiwo kubva kuvagariwo zvavo nemaguta ari kure nemaguta makuru. Kwenguva yokutanga mumakore akawanda, vanopenda vakapiwa nzvimbo inokosha munzanga.
Panguva iyoyo, maartist achiri akachengetedza mashoma ekutanga maitiro echiGothic, ese ari maviri ehunyanzvi, sekushandiswa kwepaneru pachinzvimbo che canvas, kana thematic, kazhinji zvechitendero uye zvemweya. Nekudaro, pakanga painewo kuwedzera kwehunyanzvi hunyanzvi, sezvatotaurwa.
Zvido izvi zvakasimudzira kuferefetwa kwesimba uye kuwanikwa kwemaonero, pamwe nekurevererwa kwenzvimbo semusoro wenyaya, uye kuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi hwemifananidzo, iyo yakapa hudzamu hwepfungwa hunokatyamadza uye kusimbiswa kwenzvimbo sedingindira.
Nhasi, iwe unogona kuramba uchiyemura iyo inoshamisa hunyanzvi nhaka yeFlemish Primitives. Munharaunda yeFlanders, somuenzaniso, tinowana zvakakosha Royal Museums of Fine Arts muAntwerp neBrussels, uye Groeninge Museum muBruges. Saizvozvo, iyo Ghent Museum yeFine Arts, iyo M yeLeuven, iyo Mayer van den Bergh uye iyo Sint-Janshospitaal inowanikwa ipapo.
Saizvozvowo, muSpain tinowanawo mabasa asingaverengeki, sezvo madzimambo ayo aifarira zvikuru rudzi urwu rwekupenda. Madhipoziti eMuseo Nacional del Prado akamira kure, uko pendi yakaitwa neane tarenda Rogier van der Weyden, "The Descent from the Cross" (1438), inodzivirirwa.
Historical-geographical mamiriro echinyakare cheFlemish
Kazhinji, rudzi urwu rwependi rwunotaurwa nezvarwo neshoko rekuti Flemish Primitives, zvichipa fungidziro yekuti isangano rakashata uye rakapfava rehunyanzvi, risingambokwanisa kusvika pakukwanisa kwaro. Iri izwi rakavamba apo art yeRenaissance kazhinji yakatorwa sechinhu chekutarisa, mukuwedzera kune chokwadi chekuti Middle Ages yaionekwa kwenguva yakareba senguva yerima.
Hongu, hapana chingave chiri mberi kubva pachokwadi, nekuti pakabuda chikoro ichi chakanakisa, kupenda muNetherlands kwaitova nenhoroondo yakakura uye yakasimba shure kwacho, iyo yaisanganisira nguva dzechienzi nemataera akadai seRomanesque uye International Gothic.
Kune rumwe rutivi, ichiri kunzi "Flemish", pasinei nokuti Flemish Region yeBelgium, inozivikanwa zviri nani seFlanders, inongova iyo, nzvimbo duku yeNetherlands. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti, muzana rose remakore rechiXNUMX, kwaiva nemamiriro ezvinhu akanaka akapesvedzera kusikwa kwechikoro chepamusoro chekupenda munzvimbo iyi yekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweEurope.
Kubudirira kwehupfumi kwaizivikanwa muFlanders, izvi zvaive zvakabatana neindasitiri uye kutengeserana kwemachira uye, nokudaro, zvakaunza budiriro yemaguta kubva mukukura kuri kuita mabhunu.
The heyday of the whole society and bourgeois valuesive chaive chinhu chinotaridza mukusimudzira kwakasimba kwehunhu hutsva uye hunyanzvi hwekunzwisisa. Ziso, asi asina kumboramba, kune vamwe vose, kuzvipira kwake kwechitendero kwakadzika midzi.
Panguva iyoyo, maguta ane mukurumbira mukati menzvimbo iyi aive Ghent, Bruges neYpres, rimwe nerimwe rawo richigadzira matinji ekubatanidza pakati pemambure ekutengesa achitungamira kubatanidza Northern Europe nedzimwe nyika dzekuMadokero dzinozivikanwa. Dunhu rakati raive chikamu cheDuchy yeBurgundy, ine vatongi vaive vatamba semutsigiri weGothic art.
Pamusoro peizvi, yaive nehuwandu hwehuwandu hwevanhu, imwe yepamusoro-soro muEurope yese, iyo madhorobha aive akakwirawo kupfuura avhareji yeEurope. Mariri maive nemaguta akati wandei aive nemukurumbira ane hupfumi hwakawanda, vatengesi vanokosha uye mhizha dzakawanda.
Muchokwadi, uku ndiko kwaive kubatana kwemukati menzanga, zvekuti yakarongwa nekukurumidza kuita hupenyu hunerunyararo uye hwakarongeka. Sosaiti yaitongwa nemapoka ehurumende: vatengesi, vagadziri, vemabhanga, nezvimwe.
Kunowedzerwa kuna ikoku iidi rokuti, munenge muna 1380, somuuyo weHondo yeMakore Ane zana, Paris yakanga isisarangarirwi seguta guru rounyanzvi renyika, sezvayakanga yave iri kutozosvikira panguva iyoyo. Nokudaro, mapoka evanhu aiwanzoenda kune dzimwe nyika akatanga kugara munyika yavo uye achishanda kune bourgeoisie uye vatengesi vakuru vekondinendi.
Izvi zvakaonekwa kupfuura chero chinhu chipi zvacho munharaunda yeSpanish neItaly iyo yakawedzera kukoshesa hunyanzvi hwavo. Mabasa ese aive pashumiro yeruzhinji rwebourgeois, vane hanya zvakanyanya uye vakapfuma mutsika, vakabatanidzwa neChechi yeKatorike uye mazana evatsigiri vevanyori.
Mutengi ainyanya kunetseka kuti akwanise kuona kutaridzika kwezviso zvavo nenyika mumifananidzo yavakaraira kuti iitwe. Pamusoro pezvo, kusimukira kwemaguta kwakagonesa kutangwa kwemayunivhesiti ekutanga ayo, pamwe chete nekugadzirwa kwemuchina wokudhinda, zvakava manyuko anokosha ekupararira uye musiki wetsika.
Munguva iyoyo, kushanda kwaikosheswa zvakanyanya, kunyange chitendero chakawana revo inonzwisisika. Ndokusaka ichizivikanwa senguva yechokwadi zvachose. Kubva mugore ra1420, pfungwa yokuti mudzimu woumwari waiva muchinhu chiduku chiri chose, yakaita kuti mifananidziro yacho ive nokupfuura kwakakwirira.
Zvose zvinonzwisisika uye zvinobatika zvechokwadi zvaive nemukurumbira mukuru. Izvo zvinhu zvakamira kuve zvechipiri zvinhu kuti zviuye pamberi sema protagonists. Izvi pazvakaitika, munyori weFlemish Primitive, Robert Campin, aigara muguta reTournai.
Panguva imwecheteyo, guta guru repurovhinzi yeEast Flanders, Ghent, akaona Hubert van Eyck achikura nemunun'una wake, uye nekuzivikanwa kwakawanda, Jan van Eyck. Zvidzidzo zvezvakaitika kare zvinoti vatatu ava ndivo vaive vamiriri vakuru veshanduko yekupenda.
Mumwe nemumwe nenzira yake akakwenenzvera kushandiswa kweoiri nemhedzisiro yakanakisa pamhedzisiro, uchishandisa mavara emhando yepamusoro, kuwana zvinoshamisa mhedzisiro nemagirazi, nezvimwe. Nekutanga kwezana ramakore, kubva kuXV kusvika kuXVI, vese maartist vakatanga kufunga nezvemhedzisiro yeRenaissance yeItaly.
Muzana rino ramakore, kunyanya muna 1477, iyo duchy yaive neremekedzo yakazara nekuda kwehupfumi hwayo, yakava korona yeHabsburg Austrian. Imba yeHabsburg yaive nebazi reSpanish kubva panguva yaCarlos I weSpain, dzinza reHabsburg.
Nekuda kweizvi, Spanish Renaissance uye Baroque art yaive nehukama hwepedyo neFlemish mafomu. Zvisinei, pasinei nekugamuchirwa kweRenaissance kunofambira mberi, vanyori vakaramba vakavimbika kune hupfumi hwechinyakare, sezvo chaive chinhu chichiri chipenyu uye nemukana wekusika.
Paive nevashoma vasina kuramba hunyanzvi hwakanaka, kuravira kweruzivo, huchokwadi mumifananidzo uye mamiriro akaitwa zvakanyanya semutambi mumabasa ake. Mifananidzo, mifananidzo yeboka uye mhepo ye costumbrista inogarisana nemadingindira echitendero pasina dambudziko.
Hunhu hwehunyanzvi pane primitive flamingos
Kazhinji, kupenda kweFlemish kune kushomeka kwezvakatangira mumhando huru, kunze kwegirazi rakasvibiswa. Nekudaro, inoita mumaminiatures, pairi iine tsika yakakura yemhando inoshamisa.
Somugumisiro weizvi, maitiro mashomanana eunyanzvi hweFlemish akatemerwa, zvakadai sekushandiswa kwemavara anoyevedza zvikuru anoshumira kuyeuchidza mavara anoshandiswa mukuvhenekera kwezviduku. Iko kushandiswa kweruzivo kune zvidiki masterpieces kunowedzerwawo, izvo zvavanoendesa kune akasiyana mahombe-fomati pendi.
Iyi ficha inonyanya kufarira kufambira mberi kwehunyanzvi pamusoro peoiri, iyo yakawanikwa yakatoitwa, asi iyo yaive ichiri nekuoma kwakanyanyisa kuomesa iyo isingape zvakawanda zvinoshanda.
Nechikonzero ichi, zvakakosha kusimbisa kuti vanyori vekutanga veFlemish vezana ramakore regumi neshanu havana kugadzira nzira yemafuta, chete kuti vaive nebasa rekuishandisa zvakarongeka, izvo zvakakonzera kubatanidzwa kwayo uye kupararira muzana rino uye rinotevera.
Nokuda kweizvi, maingi emvura uye akajeka akashandiswa, akashandiswa nenzira ye glazes kuti awane mwenje, shading yakapfava uye nuance yemuvara wemashure. Vapendi venharaunda vakashandisa nzira yakasanganiswa pakati pe tempera nemafuta.
Mutsara wekutanga waishandiswa kuva tempera, kuitira kutsanangura kudhirowa uye kuenzanisira nemagetsi ayo, pamwe chete nekuratidza zvishoma kwemavara. Chikamu chinotevera, icho chemafuta, chaive nebasa rayo guru rekuti muimbi akazvipira chete kune chinomiririra chromatic effect.
Pasinei nechokwadi chokuti mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzakadai seVenice, kushandiswa kwevheji zvishoma nezvishoma kwakava kwakakurumbira, pani yaigara yakachengetedzwa seyokutanga tsigiro, iyo, munguva yeLate Middle Ages, ndiyo yakanyanya kukosha kupfuura dzose. Chiratidzo chakajeka chekubatana kwepedyo uko pfungwa dzemuimbi nemhizha dzaichiri nadzo panguva iyoyo.
Hukama pakati peFlemish Chikoro uye Renaissance
Chikoro cheFlemish Renaissance chekupenda chinowanzo kunzi nenyanzvi uye vatsoropodzi vehunyanzvi se "Ars Nova", rakashandurwa muchiSpanish seArte Nueva. Nekudaro, zita rakadaro harifanirwe kuvhiringwa nemazita enziyo.
Zita rayo rinobva kune yehunyanzvi uye yehunyanzvi kufambira mberi iyo isina chekuita nehungwaru uye inofungidzira hunhu hwekutanga nzira dzeRenaissance, dzakaitika dzakafanana mudunhu reTuscany.
Vanyori veFlemish School havana kutora Classical Antiquity semuenzaniso wekudzoreredza, hapana nguva yaive pfungwa yehunyanzvi yekutengeserana yakaiswa patafura. Ava, pamusoro pekuita basa redare, vaivewo nevatengi vaive chikamu cheve bourgeoisie nevagari vevatengesi vemaguta ane simba.
Vatangiri vake vakuru vaisada kufungidzira nezvezvavakawana zvakasiyana, kana nezvehunhu hwavo, sezvakamboitwa nevenguva dzeItaly. Saizvozvo, basa rakaenderera mberi mukati memamwe mapeji ekupedzisira-ekare, kunze kwevashoma vanopenda vakaita saJan van Eyck.
van Eyck, pamwe nevamwe vaaishanda navo, vakatanga kuve neruzivo rwakajeka rwehunyanzvi hwavo uye vakagadzira tsika yekusaina mabasa. Kwenguva iyoyo, pakanga pasina maFlemish pendi zvinyorwa, kana nhoroondo dzehupenyu hwevanonyanya kutsanangura.
Kushaikwa kwambotaurwa kwetsanangudzo yedzidziso kunogona kubva pakudanwa kwemweya chete. Nepo vanyori veItaly vakaedza kuvandudza ruzivo rwese rwenyika kuburikidza nekuyera kwevanhu, vachishandisa masayenzi uye chikonzero, kune vekare veFlemish zvaive zvakakwana kurarama mukutarisana nekuyedzwa kunoshamisa kwechitendero chezvinooneka.
Inotora maonero echinyakare flamingos
Mune iyi nhevedzano yemafungiro, kuita kuenzanisa kwenguva pakati pe MaItalian neFlemish, zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti ese ari maviri panguva imwe chete akawanikwa mutsara uye maonero emuchadenga, chete iwo ekupedzisira mune empirical nzira uye kwete kutevera masvomhu kana yekuona kukura. chaiyo.
Kazhinji, nzira yekushandura kubva kuhurongwa kuenda kune mutsara maonero eQuattrocento yainonoka, iri mazana emakore ekupedzisira eMiddle Ages nguva iyo miedzo yakawanda, kugogodza uye zviedzo zvisiri izvo zvaiitwa, nechinangwa chikuru chekuputsa. ndege yemifananidzo uye kudzokera kune yechitatu dimension.
Pakati pekuedza kwakasiyana uku ndiko kumiririra sisitimu inoshandisa iyo oblique parallel fungidziro, inodaidzwa kuti "Knight's Perspective" kana "A shiri's eye view", iyo inonyanya kuumbwa inomiririra zviratidziro umo zvinoita sekunge muvendi ari mune chaiyo nzvimbo yekuona. kukwidziridzwa, kunge munhu akatasva bhiza.
Nenzira iyi, zvinhu zvinofungidzirwa kuti zviri padyo nemuoni zvinoiswa muchikamu chezasi chekuumbwa kumberi, kubva ipapo zvimwe zvese zvakasimudzwa zvakatsiga sezvazvinofanirwa kunge zviri kure, zvichikwidza pendi yacho kusvika pakakwirira. mutsara wehorizon kazhinji unodhirowa.
Kubva pane izvi, zano rechikamu chechitatu rakatanga nekunyara, nekudzoreredzwa kwekupenda kune zvakasikwa. Izvi zvinyorwa zve "gentleman perspective" zvakave zvakazara munguva yeGothic pendi, iyo zita reInternational kana Courtly Gothic rakanzi.
Imwe neimwe yemaitiro aya inopa yakajeka inomiririra yezvisikwa yenyika, yakazara nezviratidzo zvemweya. Pakazosvika zana ramakore rechigumi neshanu, vese vapendi veFlemish neveGerman vakaedza kushandisa marudzi ese emaonero masisitimu, akabatanidzwa nemaitiro emagetsi senge convex mirror, yakashandiswa navan Eyck mubasa rake "The Arnolfini Marriage".
Nokudaro ivo vakamirirwa sekona yakafara inofukidza nzvimbo huru zvikuru. Imwe yezvinyorwa zve theoretical inounganidza iyo Nordic maonero masisitimu ndeye Jean Pelegrin's "De artificiali perspective", iyo inozivikanwa seViator uye inoonekwa seyakaenzana neAlberti's Treatise paRenaissance pendi.
Pamusoro pezvo, kune kuunganidzwa kwemamwe masisitimu akadai se "cornuta maonero", anowanzozivikanwa seangular kana oblique maonero, ane basa raizove maitiro aishandiswa nevechinyakare vapendi veFlemish kwenguva zhinji yezana ramakore regumi neshanu.
Nekudaro, iyo inomiririra iyo inomutsa kufarira kwakanyanya mune ino chibvumirano ndiyo inobata sisitimu ine chinhambwe, chakafanana neAlbertian mutsara maonero, kunze kweiyo, ine yakareruka fomula ine nyore uye yakajeka kuuraya, uye kuti inoenderera nekufungidzira kwemaitiro eNordic pendi maworkshops.
Kusiyana neItalian Renaissance pendi, uko chiedza chine basa rekugadzira zvinhu uye zvivakwa zvinoonekwa mukuyedza kuratidza volumetric values, muFlemish pendi maonero ari pedyo nekuonekwa kwechisikigo.
Mariri, mhepo inonzwisisika, sekunge ichokwadi chega uye chimwe chinhu chiripo mukuumbwa. Saizvozvowo, maartist anosarudza kushandiswa kweruvara rwegiredhi kuenda kugiriyi yakati rebei kune zvinhu zviri kure, sezvinoita Leonardo da Vinci muzvidzidzo zvake zvemuchadenga.
Thematic
Semunguva dzakapfuura, madingindira ezvinamato akanyanya kuwanda padanho rino, iro kudzokorora kusingaperi kwendima dzebhaibheri kana mareferensi ehupenyu hwevasande kana anchorites zvinogona kutaurwa.
Vamwe vanyori vakaita saBosch kana Brueghel mukuru, ndivo vaitungamira kugadzira mifananidzo inoratidza zvitadzo uye mhedzisiro yavo. Saizvozvo, idzi dzinogonawo kutorwa sepfungwa dzakapfava dzehuzivi hwenyika dzakavakirwa pazvitendero zvakawanda kana zvirevo zvakakurumbira.
Kuzadzikiswa kwezvisikwa izvi zvakanakisa, vakabatsirwa nefungidziro yakawanda yezvinhu uye nziyo dzinokwanisa kufambisa meseji kuburikidza nemutauro wekufananidzira uye wakaoma. Nekudaro, kushandiswa kwayo kwaive kwakakodzera, kana munhu akafunga kuti vateereri vayo vekupedzisira vaive mabhunu edunhu nemasangano ezvitendero.
landscape kusimbisa
MuFlemish pendi iwe unogona kuona kufarira mune zvese zvese, nekuti nekunyatso uye nehanya kuti chimiro chemunhu chakapendwa, mhuka, chinhu uye kunyange chirimwa chakapendwa. Zvinoshamisa kuti nzvimbo yacho inowana sei kukosha kukuru panguva iyoyo.
Nenzira iyi, vekare veFlemish artists vakaratidza nekutendeka nharaunda yaive chikamu chenzvimbo yavo, chete iyo inopa humwe hunhu hwekufananidzira kune chokwadi chakadaro. Nekuda kweizvozvo, zvinoita kuti zvive zvedimikira kukosha kwemavara anoshandiswa uye akawanda echipiri zvinhu zvinoratidzwa.
Izvo zvaive zvechinyakare muchimiro cheGothic, yegoridhe uye isina kwayakarerekera kumashure, inonyangarika zvachose uye inotsiviwa nemarudzi ese emasikirwo enzvimbo. Chiedza chinomira kuita capricious uye chinhu chimwe nechimwe chinotanga kuve nemumvuri waro chaiwo, sekufanana nekamuri yega yega ine furemu yekuvhenekesa, imwe neimwe nzvimbo yakachengeteka tonality uye chimwe nechimwe chinhu chayo chekusvika panguva.
Muchidimbu, pendi yega yega yeFlemish inogara ichireva nzvimbo mune imwe nzira kana imwe, kungave nepahwindo kana nekuti inoitika kunze. Mamiriro aya akagadzirwa pasina zviratidzo zvechisikigo, saka zvinhu zvawo zvaive zvisingaite.
Nechinhu ichi taigona kutaura chimiro chematombo ayo, akakombama uye asina zvinomera, maguta ari kure, ane shongwe uye ane mavara, miti ine chimiro chakaita semanhenga, ine hunde dzakatetepa uye refu, pakati pezvimwe. Iwo mavara akagovaniswa zvine mwero, pakati kana paine mumwe chete uye akaenzana kana aive akawanda.
Zviito zvaiwanzoitirwa kudziviswa uye kufamba kwaisawanzobvumidzwa. Kunyange zvazvo vatori vechikamu vaigona kugoverana mumwe nomumwe, havana kumbobvumirwa kuba chitarisiko kubva kumunhu mukuru, nzvimbo.
Kazhinji, mabasa akaitwa mudiki manyorerwo vachishandisa bhodhi sechitsigiro, sezvo ivo vakanambwa kuve mukati meiyo bourgeois hombe uye dzimba dzevaristocratic, zvemukati zvemukati izvo nekureruka kukuru kwakaita kuti mufananidzo uratidze hutsvene hwepedyo uye bourgeois.
Mukuwedzera, mapuranga anowanzo kuve nemashizha matatu, saka zita ravo rinonzi Triptych, mativi maviri akasungirirwa uye akavhara pamusoro pepakati. Kune chikamu chayo, chiso chekunze chinowanzo pendi negrey tones uye nzira yegrisaille kuitira kuti ibudise manzwiro ekuve sculptural relief.
Mufananidzo wacho
Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti Flanders inopihwa zita reimwe yenzvimbo dzemberi maererano nekugadzira mapikicha nekupinda kwepfungwa kwemuenzaniso. Zvimiro zvechinyakare zveFlemish, izvo zvakazogamuchirwa nekubudirira kunoshamisa muSpain nevakawanda, ndezviya zvinotora ma protagonists mupfuti yepakati.
Nekudaro, kwete sezvazvino zivikanwa pamberi, asi pane zvishoma curvature inotendeuka pachayo, nguva dzose pane isina kwayakarerekera kumashure yerima ruvara uye ichibatanidza chiso nemaoko nechimwe chinhu chekufananidzira.
Icho chokwadi chekuti chimiro chinoratidzwa chakatenderedzwa zvishoma chinofarira kubatanidzwa kwakazara munzvimbo, kuitira kuti zvinomiririra zvisaitwe kuburikidza nemanomano efenicha kana mavakirwo emashure. Chete nekuvapo kwechimiro chakaremerwa, pamusoro peyakarasika kumashure, ndiko kuvepo kwevhoriyamu uye nzvimbo yakabatwa insinuated.
Nekufamba kwenguva, yatova muzana remakore rechiXNUMX, muchikoro cheAntwerp, apo guta rakazova nhare yeFlemish Baroque, rudzi urwu rwemufananidzo rwakakwanisa kushanduka kusvika pakubwinya kwayo kukuru mune yakasarudzika uye ine mavara maitiro.
main exponents
Pamberi pekugadzwa kweFlemish Primitives, paive nevamwe vakatangira vakaita semudzidzisi ane tarenda Melchior Broederlam, uye Limbourg Brothers, Brothers, Paul, naJohan. Nekudaro, maartist ekutanga kutora zvitsva izvi mumufananidzo aive Robert Campin, uye Jan naHubert van Eyck.
Ava vanoonekwa sevakavamba vekutanga chikoro cheFlemish pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX. Tinogona kutaura pakati pemabasa ake akanyanya kukosha "Triptych of the Annunciation", "Misa yeSaint Gregory", "Seilern Triptych", "Mhandara yeCanon Van der Paele uye Mhandara yeChancellor Rolin", "Mufananidzo weArnolfini Marriage" , pakati pevamwe.
Sezvaakambotaura, mavari iyo yegoridhe kumashure yakarambwa uye hunyanzvi uye pendi yemafuta zvakatanga kushandiswa sechinhu chikuru chemifananidzo. Saizvozvo, iyo easel pendi modhi inogadzirwa mune yayo yemazuva ano pfungwa, zvekuti yakaumbwa kuti ionekwe padhuze.
Invoice yake yaive yakangwarira uye yakadzama, iine hunhu hwakabatsira zvakanyanya mukukura kwakakura kwakawanikwa nediki diki rekodhi mudare reDukes of Burgundy, kupa muenzaniso, kune idzo nyika idzi muzana rino ramakore.
Izvo zvakakosha kusimbisa kuti, pakushumirwa kwehunyanzvi hwakadaro, pfungwa yakanaka yekucherekedza yakaratidzwa uye, nekudaro, maitiro echisikirwo echisikigo, ndosaka kukwana kwakawanikwa kwakaoma kwazvo kukunda maererano nekududzira. yehunhu hwemachira, zvimedu zvemupfuri wegoridhe (simbi, girazi, dehwe, nezvimwewo) uye mumhando dzakadai semufananidzo uye mamiriro.
Pamusoro peizvi, pakati pevanyori vakashanda muchikamu chechipiri chezana remakore rechigumi neshanu, uye vakabatsira kugadzirisa zvakawanda zveFlemish School, tinowana akakurumbira Rogier van der Weyden, anozivikanwawo seRogier de la Pasture.
Uyu wekuBelgian akaita mifananidzo yakakosha uye yakanakisa senge "Kudzika kubva pamuchinjikwa", "Diptych yaFelipe de Croÿ neMhandara neMwana", "Kuchema nekuvigwa kwaKristu", "Madonna Medici", "Polyptych yemutongo wekupedzisira. ”, “San Lucas achidhirowa Mhandara” nezvimwe zvakawanda.
Kare pakupera kwezana remakore uye kutanga kweXNUMX, vamwe vekare veFlemish maartist vakamira vakakwanisa kuongorora nekusimbisa humwe hunhu hwemabasa avo, senge nyika. Somugumisiro weizvi, mune imwe nzira mafomu uye zvinyorwa zvakanga zvatogadzirwa kare zvinodzokororwa.
Iyi pfungwa inogona kuonekwa muunyanzvi hwaHans Memling naGerard David, kunyange zvazvo kwaivawo nevashoma vakadzivisa tsika iyi nechishuvo chakajeka chekumiririra mavambo avo, sezvakaitwa naBosch. Muzana rino rose remakore, pakukwirira kweRenaissance, basa raPieter Bruegel Mukuru uye Joachim Patinir rakamira.
Mipiro mikuru kuFlemish pendi yakaitwawo naHugo van der Goes, Petrus Christus, Dieric Bouts, Ambrosius Benson naPieter Coecke. KuFrance, Jean Fouquet, Enguerrand Quarton, Nicolas Froment naTenzi weMoulins. KuGermany, Konrad Witz, Martin Schongauer, Hans Holbein Mukuru naMichael Wolgemut. Portugal yaingove nemipiro yaNuno Gonçalves.
Munyaya yeSpain, maartist akakamurwa maererano nekorona yavo. Mumwe anobva kuAragon naLuis Dalmau, Jaume Huguet, Jaume Vergós, Rafael Vergós, Pau Vergós, Jacomart, Joan Reixach, Bertomeu Baró, Pere Nisart naBartolomé Bermejo. Uye iyo yeCastile naJorge Inglés, Tenzi weSopetrán, Juan Rodríguez de Segovia, Sancho de Zamora, Master of the Catholic Monarchs, pakati pevamwe.
Kana chinyorwa ichi chaive chaunoda, usasiye usina kutanga waverenga: