Konke ukubonakaliswa kobuciko kuthonywa izici ezithile, izimo noma amatimu akhona kakhulu ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa kwakho. Kuleli thuba, sikuthatha ukuthi wazi ubuciko bekoloni okuyiyona eqale umbukiso wayo ngokufika kwezifiki ezindaweni ezahlukene emhlabeni.
ubuciko bekoloni
Ubuciko bekoloni lonke kuwuchungechunge lokubonakaliswa kobuciko okwaqala ukuvela, lapho nje amakholoni ahlukahlukene ayenzeka emhlabeni. Kodwa-ke, iningi lalezi zindawo ezibunjwe amakoloni kakade zazinobuciko bazo bobuciko obaziwa ngokuthi ubuciko bangaphambi kobukoloni, obabubulawa abantu bomdabu. Ngakho-ke akumangalisi ukuthi ubuciko bamakholoni bebungathulwa kwabomdabu ngendlela efanayo nendlela izifiki ezazizisungula ngayo ngokubusa kulezi zindawo.
Ngandlela thize lokhu kwadala umqondo omusha noma indlela entsha yokubona lesi sisho sobuciko, esasifuna ukuveza phakathi kwale ngxube yobuciko (ubuciko bangaphambi kobukoloni nobuciko bekoloni) bokuhlangana phakathi kwamasiko amabili - amasiko noma ukunyamalala nje. yezethulo zabomdabu, ukunikeza ithuba amakoloni.
Ithonya elikhiqizwa imisinga ehlukahlukene yobuciko eSpain nakulo lonke elaseYurophu, lafakwa kakhulu kubuciko bekoloni. Lapho esinye sezitayela ezibaluleke kakhulu esasetshenziswa kwakuwubuciko be-Baroque, okuwukubonakaliswa kobuciko okwaba khona kakhulu ezwenikazi elidala ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX futhi maphakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX, kwakhipha umdwebo ohlotshisiwe, obulewe futhi. isitayela esimangalisayo. umehluko kwabanye.
Izethulo ezihlukahlukene zalolu hlobo lobuciko zinikeza ukubaluleka okukhulu emininingwaneni futhi ngokuvamile imisebenzi yakhe yayiyinhle kakhulu futhi igcwele izithombe. Lolu hlobo lobuciko lwaluncanyelwa ukwenza imisebenzi enezindikimba zenkolo noma imibono, ngaphezu kokusetshenziselwa ukuhlobisa ingaphakathi lamasonto. Kodwa-ke, ubuciko be-Baroque babenolunye uhlobo lwenguquko yezwe, lapho ngokusebenzisa lezi zindikimba zobuciko bezindawo kanye nokuphila kwamanje kwaqala ukuboniswa.
Nakuba ubuciko be-colonial bathonywa kakhulu i-baroque, yachaza noma yashintsha isitayela sayo ngokusebenzisa incazelo entsha ye-baroque yezwekazi elidala, ngaleyo ndlela igwema incazelo yokuba ikhophi yayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ubuciko bamakholoni buqukethe phakathi kwezici zabo izimo zaseLatin America, ezingathakaselwa kakhulu kwezokwakha, kanye nezici eziphathelene nabantu bomdabu kanye nabantu base-Afrika.
Esinye sezehlakalo ezaletha ukucindezelwa kobuciko bangaphambi kobukoloni noma bomdabu kwaba ukungenelela okuqinile okwasetshenziswa iSonto kanye neNkantolo Yokuqulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki eNgcwele ngezikhathi zamakholoni, kanye nemiyalo yalo yokulahla noma yiluphi uhlobo lokubonakaliswa okuhlobene nobuciko nezincwadi. odabuka noma okhiqizwe eMelika nanoma iyiphi indawo ethathwe ikoloni.
Izici
Ezikhathini ezidlule lapho kwenziwa amakholoni ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, lokhu kwaholela eqoqweni lezinguquko eziyinkimbinkimbi nezinzima ngokuvamile ezithinta izici ezifana nezombusazwe, inkolo, ezomnotho kanye nakho konke amasiko. Njengoba nje lokhu kwenzeka kuzo zonke lezi zici, kwenzeka okufanayo ngobuciko baseMelika.
Ngakho-ke, ubuciko be-colonial babungenye yezici ezibaluleke kakhulu ezisetshenziswa ngokuzimisela nokubusa, esimweni saseLatin America, ngemva kokuvela kukaChristopher Columbus. Zonke lezi zinkulumo zobuciko ezagcinwa cishe iminyaka engama-400 phakathi kokufika kwezifiki kanye nokukhululwa kweLatin America, zibonakala futhi zihlukaniswa ngalokhu okulandelayo:
- Isakhiwo, umongo, noma ingqikithi yalobu buciko ngokuyinhloko yayingokwenkolo.
- Yayisetshenziswa njengenye yezindlela eziphumelelayo zokuletha ivangeli kubantu bomdabu ababehlala kulezi zindawo.
- Ukubonakaliswa kwayo kokuqala kwanikezwa ngezakhiwo ngokusebenzisa izindawo ezahlukene ezifana namanyuvesi, amasonto nezibhedlela.
- Lokhu kwathonywa kakhulu izitayela zobuciko zaseYurophu, ikakhulukazi iRenaissance, Rococo, nobuciko beBaroque.
- Ekuqaleni, imidwebo eyakhiwe ubuciko bamakholoni yakhiqizwa njenge-replica yesitayela saseYurophu, nokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, yathola izici zayo futhi yayihlukile kuyo yonke into yaseYurophu. Phakathi kwalezi zici, kwaba ukusetshenziswa kwezakhi zangaphambi kwe-Columbian.
historia
Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili embhalweni, ubuciko bekoloni bugxile kakhulu emasikweni aseYurophu ngokujwayelekile. Futhi naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ubuciko bomdabu noma bangaphambi kwe-Columbian bebungameleli kangako ekuqaleni, kwathatha ubuciko bamakholoni isikhathi eside impela ukuqonda nokwamukela izici zalobu buciko bomdabu ngokugqama okukhulu nokucaca okukhulu. Manje ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe mayelana nokuthi lolu hlobo lobuciko lwaba kanjani ummeleli walezi zikhathi, kubalulekile ukwazi kancane ngomlando wawo, esiwethula ngezansi:
Ukuguga
Ngokomlando, kuye kwaqashelwa ukuthi isiko lishintsha kanjani ngokufika kwamasiko angaphandle, njengoba kungabonakala kumasiko asendulo ekoloni njengamaGreki, amaCarthaginians namaFenike ayesakazeka ezindaweni ezinkulu zasentshonalanga yeMedithera. Nokho lezi zifiki zathintwa ngokulinganayo ukuthutheleka kwamasiko asendulo aseMpumalanga Eseduze njengeGibhithe neMesopotamiya.
Omunye wemikhiqizo yokugcina yokuhlala unomphela kanye nomthelela wala masiko ezindaweni ezintsha kanye nempucuko yendabuko ungabonakala kulokho manje okuyiNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia, ubuciko base-Iberia bungenye yezibonakaliso ezibonakala kakhulu.
Inkathi Yesimanje Nenkathi Yanamuhla
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kwase kunethonya elithile lasendulo lokuhlanganisa impucuko kwamanye amasiko, lolu hlobo lobuciko belwaziwa kakhulu ngalokhu kuhlonza kuze kube ezikhathini zamuva kusukela ekubonakaleni kwezifiki ikakhulukazi zaseYurophu ezindaweni zaseMelika, okuningiliziwe ngezansi. umlando walobu buciko kulezi zindawo:
i-Latin America
ELatin America, ubuciko bamakholoni basetshenziswa lapho kufika amaSpanishi, ikakhulukazi ngokutholwa kukaChristopher Columbus ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene cishe ngonyaka we-1442 kamuva kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-1898, iziqhingi zaseCuba nasePuerto Rico zaba ukuphela kokutholwa ngo-XNUMX. .AbaseSpain abafikanga bodwa kula mazwe, beza nolimi lwabo, amasiko, amasiko nenkolo yabo, abazama ukukufaka ngenkani kwabomdabu ababevele benezici zabo njengempucuko.
Phakathi kwamasiko avelele kanye nempucuko enkulu yomdabu eyayingaphansi kwalo mbuso wamakoloni, singabala: amaMeya, ama-Aztec namaInca. Lokhu kubekwa kwakufuna ngokuyinhloko ukucindezelwa noma ukuqedwa ngokuphelele kwezethulo zabomdabu, kanye nakho konke okungadala ukuxhumana okuthile nezinkolelo zabo, amasiko namasiko, njengoba lokhu ngandlela thize kwavimbela ukuqaliswa kwevangeli nokusungulwa kwesimiso esisha sikahulumeni. . .
Ngakho-ke, ngokuletha lezi zimpucuko ohlelweni lwabo bazophinde bethule ubuciko bobukoloni, okuyinto ngandlela-thile, obuyoba umdwebo wobuciko owenziwe emadolobheni amasha abuswa izifiki. Lolu hlobo lobuciko lwaqala ukunqunywa izitayela zaseYurophu kakhulu, njengalezo ezisetshenziswa njenge: Renaissance, Baroque kanye neRococo.
Ukwengeza, lolu hlobo lobuciko lungabonakala ngokwakhiwa kwemisebenzi yezakhiwo ehlukahlukene efana ncamashi naleyo ekhona emasikweni aseYurophu ngalezo zikhathi zokufika kwezifiki, phakathi kwezakhiwo zokuqala kukhona amasonto namahholo. Ngandlela thize, ukuthuthukiswa kwale misebenzi kwenza uhlelo lokuvangela lwempucuko yabantu bomdabu lwaqina futhi lwaqina kakhulu. Kamuva, kwasungulwa izakhiwo zomphakathi ezifana nezibhedlela, izindawo zokuhlala ezizimele, amahholo amadolobha namanyuvesi.
Maqondana nabezenkolo, bekungenzeka ukuthi kubhekwe ukuthi ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo bebesebenzisa kanjani ezindaweni eziningi izindawo ezingcwele zasendulo njengamathempeli alezi zimpucuko zomdabu ukuze kwakhiwe amasonto. Eziningi zalezi zakhiwo ezintsha, kwakuvamile ukuhambisana nezimpawu zamakoloni kanye nezabantu bomdabu ngokwabo, lokhu kwakha isitayela esihluke ngokuphelele nesihluke ngokuphelele kwesaseYurophu esivamile.
Ngakho-ke ngale ndlela kwaba ukuthi imibukiso yokuqala yobuciko bamakholoni yanikezwa, evelele kunazo zonke etholakala ezindaweni ezimbili zangaphambi kweColumbian: iMexico nePeru.
Mayelana nokudweba nokuqopha, kwakungenzeka ukuqaphela ukuthi okokuqala, ngokujwayelekile, imisebenzi yobuciko yaseYurophu yayingeniswa kwamanye amazwe, izintandokazi ziyi:
- ISpanishi
- IsiNtaliyane
- I-Flemish.
Kodwa-ke, cishe ngokuphazima kweso, ukwenziwa okufanele kobuciko bamakholoni kwaqala ukwenziwa kulezi zindawo, kusetshenziswa izici zesiko laseYurophu nelase-pre-Columbian, okwenze kwaba uphawu.
Brasil
E-Brazil, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwakukhona ukuhlonishwa okukhulu kwayo yonke into ehlobene nesiko laseYurophu kusukela ezikhathini zamakholoni kuya ngaphezu noma ngaphansi kwekhulu le-XNUMX, isimo esiphambene nokubonakaliswa kwamasiko ase-Afro-Brazilian ayenqatshelwe futhi avinjelwa ngaleso sikhathi.
Ngakho-ke, yonke into eyayine-tint yase-Afro-Brazilian yalahlwa ngokugcwele futhi yajeziswa ubulungiswa balelo zwe, njengasendabeni yenkolo ne-capoeira, isici sokudansa noma sokulwa saleli qembu lezenhlalakahle. Ngokuphambene nokubonakaliswa okuhlukahlukene komculo we-folkloric okuvuselelwe, kwabungazwa futhi kwathuthukiswa njengama-congadas kanye ne-lundu.
Naphezu kokwenqatshwa isikhathi eside kokubonakaliswa kobuciko kwe-Afro-Brazilian okukhulunywe ngakho ngenhla, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwavuleka igebe lokwamukelwa ngisho nokuqashelwa njengengxenye yesiko namasiko esizwe sabo, lokhu kwenzeka phakathi nekhulu lama-XNUMX. Ngokusobala lokhu kwakuyinqubo ehamba kancane, lapho ukungena kokuqala kokwamukelwa kwanikezwa i-samba egqamile futhi yaziswa njengomculo odumile wase-Afro-Brazil ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX.
ubuciko bekoloniyali base-Afrika
Ukuhlangana kokuqala nabaseYurophu kanye nabomdabu balezi zindawo kwaqoshwa ngandlela thize ngobuciko. Ngokudalwa kwezibalo zabahlali ngokhuni ababemelela umbono wakhe ngalabo bantu bakwamanye amazwe, ababevame ukuba nezikhundla ezibalulekile ngaphakathi kombuso wamakoloni, ikakhulukazi: izisebenzi zikahulumeni, odokotela, izikhulu, amasosha noma ochwepheshe base-Afrika (évolués) ngesikhathi sobukoloni. Ngokuvamile, lezi zibalo ezibonisiwe zamakholoni zaziveza imihlobiso enezici ezifana nalezi:
- Izigqoko zokuzivikela noma i-salacot.
- Amasudi.
- Umfaniswano wezikhulu.
- Amapayipi kagwayi.
Ukwengeza umbala, abomdabu basebenzisa izingulube zemvelo ezithombeni. Imvelaphi yezithombe zokuqala zabahlali yavela eNtshonalanga Afrika, ngokunokwenzeka phakathi kwesinye sezizwe ezinkulu kakhulu e-Ivory Coast, amaBaulé. Lezi zibalo ziphinde zajabulela ukuthandwa nokufunwa ngesikhathi se-postcolonial, ikakhulukazi phakathi nenqubo yokuqeda ubukoloni nangemva kokuphela kweMpi Yezwe II.
Ngokwezinga elikhulu, lolu hlobo olusha lokuvezwa kwezobuciko olwenziwa e-Afrika luxhunyaniswa nempendulo edelelayo ngesikhathi sokwenziwa kwamakholoni kanye nokucwasa imiphakathi yase-Afrika. Kukholakala futhi ukuthi lezi zibalo zadalwa njengengxenye ye-caricature kodwa ngomqondo othile ocashile wokugxeka okunokhahlo, intukuthelo kanye nokwenqatshwa kulaba bantu bangaphandle noma kwakungeyona into engaphezu kwendlela entsha yezitayela ikakhulukazi kulawa masiko. Namuhla lokhu kusadingidwa ngabacwaningi abahlukahlukene, izazi ze-anthropologists kanye ne-ethnographer.
Ngendlela efanayo, abacwaningi abahlukahlukene baxoxa ngokuthi lezi zibalo zabafiki zaziyizinto ezisetshenziswa nje zokuhlobisa noma ukuthi zazinomsebenzi yini emikhubeni yazo. Abaculi base-Afrika balezi zibalo zokhuni ezimele izifiki babebaningi, omunye wabavelele kakhulu kulesi sitayela kwakungu-Nigerian Thomas Ona Odulate (1900-50), eminingi yemisebenzi yakhe okwamanje itholakala kumamyuziyamu eYurophu nase-United States.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi lolu hlobo lobuciko be-colonial yase-Afrika lusakhiqizwa nanamuhla, emifanekisweni yabahlali abenziwe ngokhuni abavame ukudayiswa ezindaweni zase-Afrika Emaphakathi naseNtshonalanga njengezikhumbuzo zokuhamba.
ubuciko bekoloniyali base-asiya
Ngonyaka ka-1615 abaseBrithani bathinta izindawo zaseNdiya. Kusukela ekufikeni kwakhe, kwaba nezimpi ezehlukene nemibuso esungulwe kuleli, okubalwa neya: Maratha, Sikh nezinye ezizimele. Leli koloni lamaNgisi lalwela ukuhlala kwalo unomphela nokulawula lezi zindawo isikhathi eside kwaze kwaba yilapho selikwazile ukulawula ababemelene nalo. Ngakho njengoba uMbuso WaseBrithani wazimisa phakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX, kwabekwa isisekelo sezinhlelo zawo zakamuva zokuxhumana phakathi kweNdiya yanamuhla neNtshonalanga.
Futhi lokhu kuqoqwa okusha kwavula indlela yenguquko enkulu ngenxa yokunambitheka kobuciko, futhi kusuke lapho lapho kwaqalwa khona isitayela esisha esibonisa ukujwayela kwamaciko endabuko ezimfuno ezintsha. Ngakho ukubusa kwamakoloni aseBrithani kwaba nomthelela omkhulu kwezobuciko baseNdiya.
Ngokuvamile, ukufika kweYurophu kwaphawulwa ukungezwani okuhlobene namasiko obuciko bomdabu; ababengabaxhasi bezobuciko baseNdiya baba abacebile nabanamandla, futhi ubuciko baseNtshonalanga banda kakhulu njengoba uMbuso WaseBrithani usungula izikole zobuciko emadolobheni amakhulu, njengeBombay Art Society ngo-1888.
Isitayela senkampani somdwebo, isibonelo, saba yinsakavukela edalwe abaculi baseNdiya abasebenzela abaxhasi baseYurophu beNkampani yaseBrithani East India. Ngo-1858, uhulumeni waseBrithani waqala ukuphatha iNdiya ngokusebenzisa iBritish Raj. Ukuhlanganiswa kwamasiko amaNdiya nesitayela saseYurophu ngalesi sikhathi kwabonakala ezindleleni zezakhiwo, ngakho ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX ukwanda kobuzwe kwazama ukuvuselela ubuciko baseNdiya.
NjengamaMughals ngaphansi kokubusa kwamakholoni aseYurophu, ukwakhiwa kwaba uphawu lwamandla okwakufanele asekele amandla okubusa. Amazwe amaningi aseYurophu ahlasela iNdiya futhi enza izitayela zezakhiwo ezibonisa amakhaya abo okhokho nezamukelwayo. Ababusi bamakoloni aseYurophu bakha izakhiwo ezazibonisa umgomo wabo wokunqoba futhi zazinikezelwe kuhulumeni noma enkolweni. Abadwebi bezakhiwo baseBrithani abahamba phambili bosuku bahlanganisa:
- URobert Fellows Chisholm
- Charles Mant
- UHenry Irwin
- UWilliam Emerson
- George Witte
- UFrederick Stevens
Enye yamathrendi amakwe futhi asetshenziswa kakhulu kule ndawo kwakuyi-Indo-Saracen Renaissance, ephinde ikhonjwe njenge:
- indo-gothic
- I-Mughal-Gothic
- Neo-Mughal
- amaHindu-gothic
Kwakuwuhlobo lokubonakaliswa kobuciko bemvelo yezakhiwo kanye nesimanje sabadwebi bamapulani baseBrithani ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX.
Kulokhu udwebe izici zezakhiwo ze-Indo-Islamic kanye nezamaNdiya futhi wazihlanganisa nezitayela ze-Gothic Revival kanye ne-Neoclassical ezithandwayo eBrithani. Izakhiwo zomphakathi nezikahulumeni ezinjengemibhoshongo, izinkantolo, izakhiwo zedolobha, izikole namahholo amadolobha ngokuvamile avezwe ngamabomu ngezinga elikhulu ukubonisa nokukhuthaza umbono wombuso waseBrithani ongenakunqotshwa.
Phakathi kwezibonelo zobuciko bamakholoni obubonakaliswa ngezakhiwo ezindaweni zaseNdiya, singathola ama-capital enziwa amakoloni ngalesi sikhathi, phakathi kwalokhu okulandelayo kugqama:
- EMadras
- I-Calcuta
- Bombay
- Delhi
- Agra
- Patna
- Karachi
- Nagpur
- Bhopal
- Hyderabad
Olunye lwezimpawu zoMbuso WaseBrithani kule ndawo iVictoria Memorial eCalcutta, eyamiswa njengesikhumbuzo sokubusa kweNdlovukazi uVictoria. Ipulani eliphansi lesakhiwo liqukethe ingxenye enkulu emaphakathi embozwe idome elikhudlwana, elinemipheme ehlukanisa amakamelo amabili. Ikhona ngalinye linedome elincane futhi limbozwe ngesisekelo semabula. Itshe lesikhumbuzo lihlala kumahektha angama-26 omhlaba ozungezwe amachibi akhanyayo.
Manje maqondana nokudweba, ukubusa kwamakoloni aseBrithani kwaba nomthelela omkhulu kwezobuciko baseNdiya. Ngakho-ke abaxhasi bezobuciko bangaphambili baba abacebile nabanamandla, futhi ubuciko baseNtshonalanga banda kakhulu njengoba uMbuso WaseBrithani usungula izikole zobuciko emadolobheni amakhulu njengeBombay Art Society ngo-1888.
Isitayela sokudweba kwezobuciko benkampani yamakholoni sasakazeka futhi sadalwa abaculi baseNdiya abasebenzela abaxhasi baseYurophu beNkampani yase-East India. Isitayela ngokuyinhloko sasinothando, sinombala wamanzi njengendlela eyinhloko yokudlulisa amathoni athambile kanye nendlela yokwenza, le misebenzi iphinde ihlanganise imininingwane engokoqobo yamaNdiya kanye namasiko aseYurophu angaleso sikhathi.
Izakhiwo zamakoloni
Ezikhathini lapho ikoloni laligcizelelwa ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba, amadolobha ayephambene nawaseYurophu angalezo zikhathi, ekhuthazayo futhi egcwele inhlanganisela yezitayela. Babefuna ukusungula, ngokusekelwe ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zamakholoni nokusebenzisa iYurophu njengohlaka, uhlelo lokuhlela lwezindawo zomphakathi nezizimele, olwaluzovumela kokubili ukumelwa kwamandla ikoloni ngalinye elinawo kanye nethuba lokudala ukuthuthukiswa nekhwalithi. zokuphila, kuzakhamuzi zakhona.
Lapho umgomo wokuba nedolobha lamakoloni elifiswayo usufinyelelwe, ngemikhosi ehlanganisa kokubili amasiko enkolo, izenzo ezigcwele ukuguqulela abantu kwenye yezombangazwe nokuhlanganyela kwezakhamuzi. Umsunguli ngokuvamile owayephethe isikhundla sobukhosi noma sezempi, ngesicelo semvume kuNkulunkulu nasenkosini ngaleso sikhathi umemezela ukusungulwa komuzi omusha.
Okungangcweliswa ngaphansi kokunxuswa kwegama likasanta, lokhu ngendlela ethile kungahluka ngokuya ngendawo lapho litholakala khona, noma enkosini ethile ephakeme enegunya noma enye exhumene nosuku nabangcwele.
Ngesikhathi sesizinda samakoloni aseSpain namaPutukezi, idolobha ngokuhlolwa kokuqala komsunguli namasosha asezingeni eliphezulu, impahla ngayinye yasakazwa ngokwemibandela yabo. Ngokuvamile, indawo yokuqala abayikhethile kwakuyindawo emaphakathi (isikwele esingenalutho) esasizonikeza ukuphila esigcawini esikhulu sedolobha futhi nxazonke zalo, ezinhlangothini zalo ezine, kwasungulwa izikhungo ezihlukahlukene zokuhleleka kanye nombuso wamakholoni.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi eMelika, izakhiwo zamakholoni zaziwujuqu ekuqiniseni inqubo yokuvangela kwabomdabu balezi zindawo. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kwakubalulekile ukuthi kube nezakhiwo ezihlobene njengamasonto nezindlu zezindelakazi, ngokuvamile okwakuyimisebenzi yokuqala eyenziwayo, lezi zakhetha ukwethula isitayela seRenaissance esifanele, ukuze eziningi zazo zibonakale sengathi ziyinqaba. ngenxa yesimo somngcele de las indias, ezinye izibonelo zalolu hlobo lokwakha eMelika, ikakhulukazi eMexico:
- I-Acolman Convent
- I-Actopan Convent
I-Creole gastronomy
Umphumela wamakholoni awuzange ubonakale kwezobuciko kuphela, kodwa nakwezinye izici ezifana nomculo futhi kulokhu ku-gastronomy. Ngakho-ke ngokufika kwabantu baseYurophu ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, kwavela ukudla okuxubile, lapho kungeyona into engaphezu kwengxube yezinongo zendabuko noma zendawo nezinambitheka zakwamanye amazwe.
Lolu hlobo lokudla belwaziwa ngokuthi "isiCreole", leli gama ngokwalo limele labo bantu bozalo lwaseYurophu abazalelwa eZweni Elisha futhi abamukela isiko labo endaweni yabo yendabuko. Inzalo evelele kakhulu yayixhunyaniswe nombuso wamakoloni waseSpain, isiPutukezi, isiFulentshi kanye neBrithani, lokhu ngandlela thize kwabeka laba bantu esigabeni esibalulekile senhlalo emphakathini.
Ukuqhubeka nendikimba ye-Creole gastronomy, kubalulekile ukugqamisa ukuthi ngisho nasezikhathini zethu zamanje lapho amathonya amakoloni aseYurophu angabonakala ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zokudla zomhlaba, ezinye zazo esingabala:
- Brasil
- Peru
- Louisiana e-United States of America
- U-Antillas Francesas
- I-Dominican Republic
- Jamaica
- I-Annobon e-Equatorial Guinea
- Cabo Verde
Ngayinye ye-gastronomy yesiCreole emhlabeni iguqule umkhiqizo ngamunye wezwe noma owayo, ngakho-ke njengoba kungekho kulungiselelwa okukodwa kwesiCreole noma i-gastronomy. Kuvame kakhulu ukuthola izitsha ezijwayelekile noma amalungiselelo ase-Europe ngesichasiso sesiCreole, ngoba salungiswa ngemikhiqizo yendawo, efana nale:
- Inkukhu yesiCreole
- I-Creole pate
- Umsila wenkomo a la criolla
ubukoloni bamasiko
Njengengxenye yokwethula umlayezo wemibono yokuwuphoqelela esikweni, kwasetshenziswa imidiya ehlukahlukene ukuze kwenziwe izindinganiso zomphakathi ocindezelayo zibe nesinqumo somphakathi ongaphansi, lokhu kukodwa kumela impiriyali yamasiko. Lolu hlobo lwesenzo ngokuvamile lusetshenziswa imiphakathi enamandla amakhulu, ukugoba ngandlela thize noma ukuzivumelanisa nomunye umbuthano womphakathi ngokwemibono yawo, ukuze ibenze bakwazi ukuphatha.
Lo mqondo wabuye wabizwa ngeGrand Capital kanye nokuphakama namandla amazwe amaphakathi. Ngakho-ke lapho ivela cishe ngawo-1940 nawo-1970, yaqala ukubhekwa njengomcabango wamanje noma obucayi owafinyelela umvuthwandaba eYurophu naseLatin America phakathi neminyaka eshiwo ngaphambili.
Kamuva yachazwa njengethiyori egxekayo noma i-critical-ideological sociology, imiqondo yayo yaqalwa esikoleni saseFrankfurt eJalimane. Phakathi kwabacabangi abavelele kakhulu kulesi sikole esibucayi kungashiwo:
- UTheodor Adorno
- UMax Horkheimer
- UHerbert Marcuse
- UWalter Benjamin
Uma uthole le ndatshana emayelana nobuciko bekoloniyali inentshisekelo emhlabeni, sikumema ukuthi ujabulele lezi ezinye: