Izitshalo emvelweni zinezinhlobo ezahlukene zebhayoloji noma zempilo, kuye ngobudlelwano bazo nendawo yazo, lezi: izihlahla, izihlahlana noma amakhambi. Lokhu okuthunyelwe kunenjongo yokuthi ufunde mayelana nezitshalo futhi ikakhulukazi mayelana nezinhlobo zezihlahla. Ukunikeza izimpendulo ukuthi siyini isihlahla, izingxenye zaso, izici, ukusetshenziswa, kanye nezibonelo zezinhlobo zezihlahla.
Izinhlobo Zezihlahla Nezimpawu Zazo
Ake siqale ngokucacisa ukuthi ziyini izihlahla, abanye ababhali bayavumelana ngokuveza ukuthi: izihlahla ziyizitshalo zasemhlabeni, ezinokhuni, ezinobude obuphakathi noma ubude, zinesiqu kanye nama-ramifications ukusuka ku-1 kuya ku-4 wamamitha ukuphakama, okufinyelela phezulu, lokhu. i-branching ingase ithuthuke kakhulu noma ibe ngaphansi. Izihlahla nazo zibonakala ngokuqina kwesiqu sazo, ububanzi bamagatsha azo kanye nokuphila kwazo okuguquguqukayo.
Ngokwale ncazelo yezihlahla, kukhona, ngaphezu kwezitshalo ezinkulu, eziphakathi noma ezincane ezinezici ezishiwo ngenhla, kodwa futhi nezinhlobo ezithile ze-cacti, izihlahla zesundu, ama-fern ezihlahla ngisho nama-frailejones (izitshalo ezitholakala e-Andean Cordillera).
Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, ubuhlobo bazo nendawo ezungezile bunquma indlela yokuphila yezitshalo (izihlahla, izihlahla, noma amakhambi), ngakho kungashiwo ukuthi ukuma kwezihlahla kuthonywa nobuhlobo bazo nezimo ezihlukahlukene zemvelo, njengesimo sezulu. kanye nomhlabathi. Ngenxa yalokhu, izihlahla zifeza indima ebalulekile endalweni.
Ngokuya ngalobu budlelwano, izihlahla zingaphila isikhathi eside kakhulu futhi ziphile kusukela eminyakeni eyishumi nambili kuya ngisho neminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezinhlanu njenge "Bristlecone Pine", isilinganiso samamitha angu-4 noma ngaphezu kwamamitha angu-100 njenge i-eucalyptus regnans, okuyizifanekiso ezaziwayo ezikala cishe ngamamitha ayi-140 ukuphakama. Futhi, ezinye zineziqu ezincanyana kanye nezinye iziqu ezinamamitha angama-30 ububanzi, njengama-Baobabs kanye nama-Ahuehuetes.
Izakhi zezihlahla
Izakhi zezihlahla zimelelwa impande, isiqu kanye nomqhele, okuhambisana nokukhula okulinganiselayo kwalezi zakhi ezintathu phakathi nokuthuthukiswa kwazo, ngenhloso yokugcina ingxenye eqhubekayo yezingxenye zabo. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa okuhambisanayo kwezingxenye zaso yilokho abakubiza ngokuthi ukwakheka kwesihlahla. Lesi sakhiwo somuthi ukubonakaliswa kwe-morphological, okuye kwaba isici sayo esibonakalayo.
Izimpande
Izimpande ziyizingxenye zokusekela nokudla kwazo zonke izitshalo, ngoba imisebenzi yazo eyinhloko ukumuncwa kwamanzi kanye nosawoti wamaminerali asebenza njenge-hydration kanye nokudla okunomsoco wezitshalo futhi kulokhu izihlahla. Zibuye zisekele ukuvikela isihlahla phansi futhi kuvimbele izimo zezulu ezifana nomoya ukuba zingawisi phansi, ngenxa yalesi sizathu izihlahla zinezimpande ezivame ukunwetshwa ngokuvundlile, phakathi nendawo kanye nokuzungeza noma ukujula. Umthamo wayo ufana nomthamo we-canopy yesihlahla.
Ingodo ye-log
Isiqu sinesisekelo sokhuni esivame ukuhluma endaweni ethile ukuphakama ukusuka phansi, eyaziwa ngokuthi inkomishi, kule ndebe amahlamvu (amaqabunga) akhiwa, futhi izimbali nezithelo ziyakhula. Ngaphakathi kwesiqu kune-xylem, okuye kwaba uhlelo oluhambisa amanzi kusukela ezimpandeni kuya kumqhele (amagatsha, amaqabunga, izimbali nezithelo). Futhi nange-phloem, okuyingxenye yezicubu zemithambo yegazi lapho amanzi nezakhamzimba zidlulela kolunye uhlangothi ku-xylem. Kokubili i-xylem kanye ne-phloem kunikeza ukufana okukhanyayo neziqu zezihlahla.
Inkomishi (amagatsha namaqabunga)
Umqhele wezihlahla wakhiwe ingxenye enamagatsha esihlahla, okungukuthi, amagatsha namaqabunga futhi itholakala engxenyeni engenhla yezihlahla. Amaqabunga ayizitho ezikhethekile zezitshalo, kulokhu izihlahla zimunca amaminerali atholakala emkhathini, amandla elanga, futhi aguqule abe ushukela ukuze ondle isitshalo futhi akhiphe umoya-mpilo emkhathini. Khumbula ukuthi izihlahla ziyizidalwa ezizenzelayo, ezikhiqiza ukudla kwazo. Lokhu kudla kwezitshalo kukhiqizwa nge-biochemical reaction ebizwa ngokuthi i-photosynthesis.
Izimbali
Ezitshalweni eziqhakazayo yizitho zokuzala zezitshalo ngakho-ke izihlahla. Anezingxenye ezine: i-calyx, i-corolla, i-stamens, ne-ovary noma i-gynoecium.
I-calyx yezimbali yiyona engabonwa ngeso lenyama futhi ziyi-sepals, okungamaqabunga aluhlaza avikela imbali. I-corolla iyingxenye evelele kakhulu yezimbali, yenziwe ngamashidi ezimbali amaningana anemibala ehlukene kanye nenani elibizwa ngokuthi ama-petals. Izitho zokuzala ziyi-stamens kanye ne-ovary noma i-gynoecium, zombili ezitholakala phakathi nendawo yembali.
Izithelo
Lapho imbali isivundisiwe, izithelo ziyakhiwa. Ezithelweni kukhona imbewu, izithelo ziyahlukahluka kuye ngezinhlobo zesitshalo. Izithelo zingaba yinyama noma zome. Izithelo ezinenyama ziyisibonelo, ama-apula, amapentshisi, amawolintshi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amantongomane yilawa: ama-acorns, ama-walnuts, ama-hazelnuts, phakathi kwabanye.
Izinhlobo Zezihlahla Ngosayizi
Emvelweni kunezinhlobo zezihlahla ezingaba yizinkulungwane eziyi-100, eziningi zazo ezikhula ezindaweni ezishisayo zeplanethi, zivumelanisa ne-morphology yazo kanye ne-physiology kuye ngezimo zezulu kanye ne-edaphic yendawo ngayinye. Lezi zingabonakala zikhula ezindaweni zemvelo nasezinhlelweni zemvelo ezingenelwa ngumuntu njengamadolobha.
Kuye ngobukhulu bayo, kungashiwo ukuthi kunezinhlelo ezimbili eziyinhloko, lezi: I-Parasol noma uhlobo lwe-polyaxial kanye ne-candelabra noma uhlobo lwe-monoaxial. Lezi zinhlelo zezihlahla ziyimpendulo yokuxazulula inkinga yokuthi amaqabunga athola i-insolation enkulu kakhulu phakathi nosuku. Le mpendulo igcina ibhalansi nokutholakala kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, kanye ne-eco-physiology yesitshalo.
I-parasol noma i-polyaxial shaft
Kulolu hlobo lwezihlahla, amagatsha ahlukana negatsha likamama ebangeni elikhulu ukusuka phansi futhi adlulele kulokho kuphakama okufanayo. Le ndlela yokuhlela amagatsha ivumela wonke amaqabunga esihlahla ukuba athole imisebe yelanga eyanele emini. Ingabonakala ezihlahleni zomndeni wakwaFabaceas, isibonelo: i-carob.
I-Candelabra noma isihlahla sohlobo lwe-monoaxial
Kulolu hlobo lwesihlahla, igatsha eliyinhloko alihlukanisi kodwa likude kakhulu nesisekelo. Amagatsha angaphezulu, ngemva kohlobo oluthile lokulahlwa ngokunganaki, aqondisa ngokushesha futhi azibeke endaweni ehambisana nomama noma igatsha elikhulu, njengezihlahla zaseBurseraceae, njengesihlahla senhlaka (I-Boswellia sacra) ngokunokwenzeka umuthi okwavela kuwo impepho okubhekiselwa kuyo eBhayibhelini iZazi ezaziwunikeza njengesipho.
Ukuguqulwa kwalolu hlobo lokukhula kwegatsha, uhlobo lwe-candelabra, kuyisimo sezinhlobo zezihlahla ezicindezela ama-ramifications futhi ukukhula ngokushesha kwesiqu kubangela ukuthi amagatsha ambalwa abekwe phezulu komqhele wesihlahla. Isibonelo, izihlahla zezihlahla, izihlahla zesundu, i-Cycas, i-Guapuruvu, phakathi kwabanye.
Izinhlobo Zezihlahla Ezivuthuluka Nezihlala Ziluhlaza
Izihlahla, kuye ngokuthi amaqabunga azo ahlala unomphela yini phakathi nokukhula kwawo nesikhathi sonyaka, zibizwa ngokuthi ama-deciduous noma aluhlaza. Ezifundeni ezishisayo, ukulahlekelwa kwamaqabunga awo kwenzeka ngenxa yokungabikho noma ukuchichima kwamanzi futhi kwenzeka ngesikhathi esomile, ngenxa yemvula encane. Emazweni anesimo sezulu esipholile, zenzeka ekwindla nasebusika, lapho izimo zezulu zibi.
izihlahla eziphukayo
Igama elithi deciduous liyigama elihlanganisiwe elakhiwe kusuka kwelesiLatini elithi "caducus", elisho ukuthi liwile, nelithi "folium", okusho ukuthi iqabunga. Lokhu kusho ukuthi isihlahla esinamaqabunga noma uhlobo lwesihlahla esivuthulukayo sisho ukuthi isihlahla esilahlekelwa amahlamvu ekupheleni komjikelezo wokukhula, njengempendulo yemvelo evumela ukusetshenziswa okunengqondo kwemisoco emuncwe ezimweni ezimbi. Isimo sezulu namanzi, ikakhulukazi ezikhathini zasekwindla nasebusika ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esipholile kanye nenkathi eyomile ezindaweni ezishisayo.
Emazweni anesimo sezulu esishisayo, ukuwa kwamaqabunga ngenkathi yasekwindla kumangalisa kakhulu, le nqubo iyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi izimvula noma ngisho nangenkathi yasebusika, njengoba kubonakala esihlahleni se-maple. Lokhu kwehla kwamaqabunga kuwukuzivumelanisa okunenzuzo, njengoba izinhlobo zezihlahla ezilahlekelwa amaqabunga ngeke kudingeke zichithe amandla ebusika zivikela amaqabunga azo emakhazeni.
Ezifundeni ezishisayo, kunezindawo ezinjengamahlathi avundile lapho ukuna kwemvula kunamandla kakhulu ngesikhathi esisodwa sonyaka bese kufika inkathi yokomisa ephawuleka kakhulu. Kulezi zifunda, izihlahla ezivuthulukayo zichitha amaqabunga azo ukuze isihlahla silondoloze amanzi amaningi ngangokunokwenzeka ngenkathi eyomile. Izihlahla ezingenamacembe zimunca amanzi angaphansi komhlaba phakathi nesomiso.
Ezindaweni ezishisayo, izihlahla eziningi ezivuthulukayo zilahlekelwa amaqabunga azo phakathi nenkathi eyomile, futhi kungase kwenzeke nokuthi emahlathini anomswakama ashisayo, okuyizindawo ezinemvula eyanele, umswakama wendawo ezungezile nokutholakala kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, kube nezinhlobo zezihlahla ezihlala ziluhlaza.
Izinhlobo Zezihlahla Eziphukayo
UGinkgo biloba: Lesi sihlahla sibuye sibizwe ngokuthi "isihlahla samafeni" ngenxa yokuma kwamaqabunga aso.Lolu hlobo lukhula kancane, luwuhlobo lwe-dioecious, olunokwakheka kwe-pyramidal ukukhula komqhele wawo, uma kuyizibonelo zesilisa nalapho bengabantu ngabanye. abesifazane izinkomishi zabo zibanzi. Amaqabunga awo aluhlaza futhi afana nabalandeli abancane.
I-Lagerstroemia ibonisa: Isihlahla esincane esineziqu eziningi, esingamamitha angu-8 ukuphakama. Amagxolo esiqu sawo abushelelezi, akhula ngokugqamile futhi ampunga-pinki. Amaqabunga awo anombala oluhlaza okotshani futhi awa ngesikhathi sekwindla. Ngenxa yobuhle bezimbali zayo ezimhlophe, ezibomvana, ezibomvu klebhu noma ezi-mauve neziqu, isetshenziswa njengokuhlobisa.
I-Castanea sativa: Isihlahla esiphakathi kwamamitha angaba ngu-25 kuya ku-30 ukuphakama, sinesiqu esifushane, esiqondile nesiwugqinsi esingamamitha angu-2 ububanzi. Umbala wamagxolo ayo uyahlukahluka njengoba ikhula, isuka emlomeni noma ibe nsundu iye ensundu ngokumnyama. Amaqabunga anesisekelo esiyindilinga, imiphetho e-asymmetrical futhi eyisiyingi. Isithelo saso siyadliwa futhi sasiwumthombo wokudla obalulekile eningizimu yeYurophu.
U-Albizia julibrissin: Okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-Constantinople acacia, isihlahla esivuthuluka esingamamitha angu-15 ubude, umqhele obanzi, amagxolo aluhlaza okotshani okumpunga. Isithelo siyindumba. Itholakala eningizimu-mpumalanga nasempumalanga yezwekazi lase-Asia, kusukela e-Iran, eChina naseKorea. Yethulwa eYurophu kusukela ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili ukuze isetshenziswe kwezokuhlobisa.
Izinhlobo Zezihlahla Eziluhlaza
Ngokungafani nezihlahla ezivuthuluka emvelweni, izihlahla ezihlala ziluhlaza zingabonwa, okungukuthi izihlahla ezihlala ziluhlaza noma izihlahla ezinamaqabunga aluhlaza. Ezifundeni ezipholile lezi zihlahla zigcina amaqabunga azo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inkathi yonyaka. Lolu hlobo lwesihlahla luvuselela amaqabunga aso ngokuqhubekayo, kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezihlahla ezinamahlamvu ahlala eluhlaza.
Izihlahla ze-Evergreen broadleaf: Izihlahla ezinamaqabunga anamapheshana abanzi ahlala enamathele emagatsheni esihlahla unyaka wonke. Lezi yizihlahla ezinamaqabunga kakhulu ngakho-ke zikhiqiza umthunzi omningi lapho zikhula khona. Izihlahla ezihlala ziluhlaza zivame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezishisayo nenkabazwe ezinamazinga okushisa aphezulu kanye nemvula eningi.
Izihlahla ezinamahlamvu anjengesikali, acicular noma amise okwenaliti futhi ahlala eluhlaza: Izihlahla ezinamaqabunga noma amapheshana amancane futhi made. Lezi zinhlobo zezihlahla zivame ukukhula ezindaweni ezinokushisa okuphansi. Phakathi kwalezi zihlahla ezingapheli kukhona ama-conifers, amaqabunga awo ayisikhumba futhi ambozwe nge-resin. Ochwepheshe babhalisa cishe izinhlobo ezingama-600 zamakhowuli, okungesinye sezihlahla ezindala nezinde kunazo zonke emvelweni. Ezinye izinhlobo zezihlahla zalolu hlobo: uphayini, umsayipuresi nomsedari, phakathi kwabanye
Zihluke ezinhlotsheni zezihlahla ezivuthuluka ngokuthi izihlahla ezihlala ziluhlaza aziwushintshi umbala wamaqabunga azo futhi ngokuvamile kwenzeka ukuthi isikhathi sokulahlekelwa amaqabunga side kakhulu, futhi ngezinye izikhathi kwenzeka njalo eminyakeni engu-17. Izihlahla ezihlala ziluhlaza ziyaziwa ukuthi zitholakala ezindaweni ezishisayo nasezifundeni zasenkabazwe kanti ezinye zitholakala ezindaweni ezibandayo zamazwekazi ase-Asia, eMelika naseYurophu.
Phakathi kwezihlahla ezihlala ziluhlaza, yi- Pinus longaeva, okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-bristlecone pine noma ngesiNgisi i-bristlecone pines. Itholakala endaweni evikelekile yezintaba eziphakeme eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-United States, ukugwema ukuthenwa. Kukholakala ukuthi bangaphila iminyaka engaphezu kuka-5.000 XNUMX.
Izinhlobo Zezihlahla Eziluhlaza
I-Quercus ilex: Yaziwa ngegama elivamile le-oki, i-chaparra noma i-chaparro, isihlahla esinobude obuphakathi nendawo ehlala eMedithera. Kuyisihlahla esingafinyelela kumamitha angama-30 ukuphakama, noma ukukhula kwesihlahla, ngenxa yezimo zemvula. Lezi zihlahla zitshalwa izithelo zazo, ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-acorns.
I-Magnolia grandiflora: Isihlahla se-magnolia, sidabuka e-United States, isihlahla esine-pyramidal top. Isihlahla esingamamitha angama-35 ukuphakama, esinamaqabunga aluhlaza, alula, amise okweqanda ahlala kuze kuvele amaqabunga amasha ngenkathi yasentwasahlobo. Isetshenziselwa ukuhlobisa.
I-Arbutus inedo: Isihlahla esiphakathi kwamamitha ama-4-7 ukuphakama. Isakazwa isuka esifundeni saseMedithera, eFrance iye e-Ukraine. Bayibiza ngenhlamba njengesihlahla sama-strawberry. Amaqabunga awo afana nalawo e-laurel, i-elliptical kanye nohlaza olumnyama. Iwuhlobo oluzimele lwaseSpain, nokho, kwezinye izingxenye zalelo zwe luziphatha njengomhlaseli ongavamile. ukusetshenziswa kokuhlobisa.
Amaqabunga e-Coniferous ehlala eluhlaza njengenaliti
AmaConifers yiqembu elibaluleke kakhulu lama-gymnosperms. Bake baba yiqembu elibusayo lezihlahla cishe kuzo zonke izifunda, manje sebesuswe ama-angiosperms. Abizwa ngokuthi ama-conifers, ngoba imbewu yawo itholakala esakhiweni esikhethekile esibizwa ngokuthi ama-cones. Ukuzalanisa, ama-conifers akhiqiza izigaxa zesilisa nezinsikazi esitshalweni esisodwa. I-Conifers isuka ku-Carboniferous, cishe iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-300. Njengamanje ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuwukuhlobisa, kusetshenziselwa u-pulp wephepha nokwakhiwa.
U-Abies uthi: Iwuhlobo lwefir oluvela emndenini wakwaPinaceae, isihlahla sepyramidal, esingamamitha angama-30 ukuphakama, indawo yaso yemvelo iyiNhlonhlo yase-Iberia. Amaqabunga awo abukhali futhi aqinile. Ikhiqiza uphayinaphu okuthi uma usuvuthiwe ukhiphe amantongomane kaphayini.
I-Taxus baccata: Bayazi ngegama elivamile le-yew emnyama noma i-yew evamile, evela eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Kuyi-conifer engaba ngamamitha angama-30 ukuphakama, inomqhele obanzi wepyramidal, amagatsha avundlile.Ingaphila iminyaka engaba ngu-5.000. Sonke isitshalo sinobuthi, ngaphandle kwe-aril evala isithelo. Ngenxa yokuphila isikhathi eside, zivame ukutshalwa emathuneni kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Isetshenziselwa ukuhlobisa.
I-Atlantic Cedrus: Kuyisihlahla esiphila isikhathi eside, esidabuka e-Atlas Mountains yase-Algeria nase-Morocco. Kuyisihlahla esingamamitha angama-30 ukuphakama. Ukuma komqhele wayo ku-conical, isiqu sayo siqondile namagxolo abushelelezi, amaqabunga angapheli kanye nezinaliti eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okumpunga.
I-Sequoia Sempervirens: Ngokuvamile eyaziwa ngokuthi i-redwood noma i-California redwood, ephile isikhathi eside kakhulu kusukela eminyakeni engaba ngu-2.000 kuya kwezingu-3.000, ingafinyelela cishe amamitha angu-115 ukuphakama futhi cishe amamitha angu-7,9 ububanzi. Iwuhlobo oluhlukile kune-sequoia enkulu engamamitha angama-85 ukuphakama (I-Sequoiadendron giganteumkanye ne-metasequoia (I-Metasequoia glyptostroboides), ukuphakama okuphansi, kufika ku-45 m. Igama elithi "Sequoia" elaziwa ngalo emhlabeni wonke, labekwa ekuhlonipheni inkosi yamaCherokee okuthiwa uSequoyah.
Indlela Izihlahla Ezizala Ngayo
Emvelweni, izitshalo zokuqala ezazikhona ziyingxenye ye-Gymnosperms Division, okuyizitshalo ezingenazo izimbali futhi phakathi kwezihlahla esizaziyo futhi ezimele ama-gymnosperms kukhona ama-conifers, abizwa ngokuthi ngenxa yokuthi isakhiwo sazo sokuzala sibizwa ngokuthi ama-cones. i-ginkgo, phakathi kwabanye. Ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwezitshalo njengamanje, izitshalo eziningi futhi phakathi kwazo izihlahla ezikhona emhlabeni yiMagnopliophyta Division (ngaphambi kwama-angiosperms), okuyizitshalo ezinokutholakala kwezimbali.
Izitho zokuzala zezitshalo zitholakala ezimbalini. Kuzo kukhona i-ovule noma imbewu engaba khona ku-ovary, iqiniso lokuvalwa ngaphakathi kwembali, umehluko wezitshalo ze-gymnosperm (izitshalo ezinembewu enqunu ngoba azinayo izimbali). Emvelweni, izitshalo eziningi, kuhlanganise nezihlahla, zizala ngembewu futhi ezimbalwa ngokusikwa noma ukusikwa, ngemva kokuba umoya onamandla uhlukanise isihlahla namagatsha aso amancane amila izimpande emhlabathini.
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha ngezimbewu
Ngokungenela komuntu, ngokubheka indlela izihlahla ezizalwa ngayo emvelweni, baye baqoqa imbewu yabo futhi baphelelisa indlela yokuzalanisa izihlahla ngembewu futhi nangokuzama nangephutha baye bakwazi ukuzalanisa izihlahla ngenye indlela, okungukuthi: ngokusika. noma ukusikwa, ngokubeka umoya kanye namasiko e-in vitro. Ukuzikhiqiza ngembewu, kuye ngokuthi hlobo luni lwembewu, enye yalezi zindlela zokulungiselela nokuhlwanyela ingasetshenziswa.
Ukuhlwanyela imbewu ngokuqondile: Imbewu yezihlahla ensimini noma izithelo zazo ziyaqoqwa futhi zitshalwe emibhedeni yembewu.
Ukucwilisa imbewu: Kuye ngobulukhuni bembewu noma kungase futhi kube ukususa uqweqwe (ukuthungwa kwe-viscous okubukeka njengerabha), imbewu ifakwa esitsheni esinamanzi cishe amahora angu-24.
i-stratification ebandayo: Imbewu ifakwa esiqandisini izinyanga ezimbili noma ezintathu emazingeni okushisa aphakathi kuka-4 kuya ku-6 °C, bese isuswa futhi itshalwe enkulisa. Le ndlela yokulungisa imbewu yenziwa ngezihlahla ezimila ngokwemvelo ezindaweni ezipholile.
I-stratification eshisayo: Kuyindlela yokulungisa imbewu lapho ibekwa khona ekushiseni isikhashana bese ihlwanyelwa.
Indlela ye-Thermal shock: Kulesi simo, imbewu ifakwa emanzini abilayo umzuzwana, bese idlulisela imbewu esitsheni esinamanzi ekamelweni lokushisa, futhi ishiywe kuwo amahora angamashumi amabili nane. Ngemva kwalokho, imbewu ithathwa ukuze ihlwanyelwe enkulisa. Inhloso yale ndlela ukukhiqiza ukusikeka okuncane egobolondweni noma ungqimba olungaphandle lwembewu. Lokhu kusikwa okuncane kuzovumela umbungu ukuthi umanzise futhi imbewu iqhume. Isetshenziswa ezinhlanyelweni ezincane njengalezo ze I-Acacia sp.
ukukhiqizwa kwe-asexual
Lolu hlobo lokukhiqiza alukhiqizwa yimbewu, emvelweni lukhiqizwa ukuthuthukiswa nokukhula kwehlumela elisha kusuka esisekelweni noma ezimpandeni zesitshalo, lezi zikhula njengesihlahla esizimele. Emvelweni, lapho le ndlela yokuzala yenzeka, isihlahla somncane sizothatha indawo yesihlahla esidala abazalwa kuso.
Emvelweni, ngalolu hlobo lokuzala, isihlahla sokuqala siphawula indawo yaso, njengoba izihlahla ezizalwa ngale ndlela, izihlahla ezintsha, zifana nezici zazo zofuzo. Lolu hlobo lokukhiqiza luqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kofuzo, uma izimo zemvelo zigcinwa, lolu hlobo lokukhiqiza luyoba inzuzo. Kodwa-ke, uma izimo zemvelo zihluka, lezi zitshalo cishe azikwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo.
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha ngokusikwa noma ukusikwa: Kuyaziwa ngokuthi i-asexual reproduction, ngoba imbewu, okuyizitho zocansi nezokuzala zezitshalo, azisetshenziswa. Ngale ndlela, amagatsha amancane anqunywa ezihlahleni (le ndlela ivumela ukuzala ngokushesha kwezihlahla ezintsha). Ukusikwa kwamagatsha ukuze kukhiqizwe ama-cuttings noma izigxobo, kusikwa phakathi kwamasentimitha angu-4 kuya kwangu-7 ubude. Ngokuya ngezinhlobo, kuzothatha phakathi kwezinyanga ezimbili kuya kwezinye ukumila izimpande.
Indlela yokuxhunyelelwa: Kulokhu, igatsha lesihlahla liyasikwa, libe yisithombo sokuzalaniswa noma ukusakazeka, lifakwe egatsheni lesihlahla sikamama noma iphethini ye-graft.I-graft izokhula njengengxenye yesitshalo. Isetshenziswa ezihlahleni eziningi ezisetshenziswa njengezihlahla zezithelo, lokhu kuvumela izithelo ezihlukene ukuba zitholwe esihlahleni esisodwa, noma ukuthuthukisa izinga lazo.
Inzuzo Yezihlahla Emvelweni
Izihlahla ziwumthombo wokuphila emvelweni, futhi ziyingxenye yezinto eziphilayo ezizimele, ezikwazi ukuguqula izingxenye ze-inorganic zibe izingxenye eziphilayo futhi zikhiqize ukudla kwazo, ukuze zondle futhi zikhule. Izihlahla zakha ama-carbohydrates nge-carbon dioxide nasemanzini, nge-photosynthesis yezitshalo kanye nokumuncwa kwamandla avela elangeni. Yizona kuphela izidalwa eziphilayo ezilungisa i-carbon dioxide (CO2), ekumunceni amandla elanga, ikhiqiza izinto eziphilayo futhi ikhiphe umoya-mpilo emoyeni.
Babamba iqhaza ochungechungeni lokudla njengabakhiqizi abaphambili. Ochungechungeni lokudla lwakhiwe ngabakhiqizi abayinhloko, abathengi kanye nababolayo; ngayo kugeleza amandla aqala ngokusetshenziswa kwamandla elanga futhi aphele ngokubola okuphelele kwezakhi eziphilayo. Amandla ageleza ohlangothini olulodwa, kusukela elangeni athathwa abakhiqizi abayinhloko, adlulela ezintweni eziphilayo zabathengi noma ama-heterotrophs abese efinyelela umvuthwandaba wezinto eziphilayo ezibolayo.
Ngaphezu kokuhlanza umoya, izihlahla zinikeza umoya-mpilo futhi zikhiqizela izilwane zasendle ukudla nendawo yokuhlala; zivikela inhlabathi ekugugulekeni; lawula izinga lokushisa nomswakama; Balawula umbuso we-hydrological ngokuvumela ukusetshenziswa okuhle kwamanzi emvula. Izinto ezingavuthiwe ezinjengalezi: izinkuni, i-cellulose, ukhokho, inhlaka, izimbali nezithelo zitholakala ezihlahleni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izihlahla ziyimithombo yokudla kwezithelo zazo: njengama-chestnuts, ama-walnuts, amantongomane kaphayini, ama-apula, umango, ama-medlars, izithelo ze-citrus, phakathi kwabanye.
Ukubaluleka Kwezihlahla Kwezomnotho
Izihlahla ziye zaba nezindima ezibalulekile ezihlukene empilweni yomuntu, kungaba kwezenkolo, ubuthakathi kanye nezimboni. Njengophawu lwamasiko nenkolo, ungaba njengesibonelo ama-conifers asetshenziselwa izihlahla zikaKhisimusi. Kanye nokubuka kwefilosofi namasiko njengomuthi wezinhlobo i-ficus yenkolo, umuthi wokuhlakanipha.
Izihlahla zehlathi: Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, umuntu uye wasebenzisa izihlahla ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, bezilokhu zisetshenziswa njengezihlahla zasehlathini ukuze zisetshenziswe ngokhuni lwazo kanye nemikhiqizo yazo. Izihlahla zihlinzeka ngokhuni njengempahla eluhlaza yokwakha nokukhiqizwa kwefenisha. I-pulp yesihlahla yemboni yephepha.
Izihlahla zezithelo: Ezinye izihlahla zisetshenziswa njengezihlahla zezithelo, ukusizakala ngezithelo ezidliwayo embonini yokudla kanti ezinye zalezi zitshalwa kususelwa kulokhu.
Izihlahla zokuhlobisa: Enye indlela yokusebenzisa ngokunenzuzo isuka ekubukeni kobuhle ngokuhlobisa imigwaqo, amapaki nezingadi. Zibizwa ngokuthi izinhlobo zokuhlobisa, ziyingxenye ye-arboriculture yasemadolobheni, emadolobheni atshala izihlahla emigwaqweni, emapaki nasezingadini, ezinomsebenzi wokuhlobisa futhi zibe izindawo zokubhekisela zokuphumula, i-cooler microclimate kanye nokuzijabulisa kwezakhamuzi.
Ngiyakumema ukuthi ufunde futhi: