Izinhlobo Zezilwane: Ukuhlukaniswa Kwazo Nezibonelo

I-Biology ihlukaniswe yaba imibuso emihlanu, omunye wayo umbuso wezilwane, isilwane yisona esihamba kuPlanethi Yomhlaba njengoba nje abantu behamba futhi bangahlukaniswa noma bahlukaniswe izinhlobo zezilwane, Qhubeka ufunde ukuze uthole okwengeziwe ngabo.

Umbuso wezilwane

Bonke bayizidalwa ezingakwazi ukuhlanganisa ukudla kwazo noma ukucabanga ezimweni ezinzima.

Isidingo sokufuna ukudla senze ukuthi ikhono lokunyakaza libaluleke kakhulu kulezi zilwane, ngakho-ke izilwane ziye zakha uchungechunge lwezakhi eziklanyelwe ukusiza ukuhamba namandla ukuze uhlaka lwamathambo lwangaphakathi nangaphandle lusebenze njengendlela yokusekela kanye nendlela yokuzingela nokuphila. .

Ize yenze lezi zilwane zashintsha ngokuhamba kweminyaka futhi kuye kwavela izinhlelo ezintsha kuzo, njengokucabanga kanye nezinzwa. Ezilwaneni kungabuye kubonakale ukuthi ukuzala kwazo kwezinye izimo kwenzeka kanjani ngokocansi noma ngocansi.

Amaseli

Amaseli angamayunithi ayisisekelo azo zonke izinto eziphilayo, njengoba wazi kahle, amaseli angaba yi-eukaryotic noma i-prokaryotic.

Izakhi zeseli ezisungulayo ziyini izilwane Yilezi:

• I-nucleus
• I-cytoplasm
• ulwelwesi lwe-plasma

Kodwa-ke, kuneseli elidume kabi esilwaneni, yi-neuron esebenza ngokukhethekile ohlelweni lwezinzwa lwezilwane.

izicubu zezilwane

Amangqamuzana okwandisa ukusebenza kwawo ahlangana nomunye nomunye, anikeze izicubu, ngayinye yalezi zenza umsebenzi, ohlanganiswe nezicubu ngayinye ezakha umzimba wesilwane. Lezi zihlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo ezine zezicubu zezilwane kanye nezine eziphuma kuzo, kuya ngezici zazo ze-morphological and physiological yilezi:

• Izicubu zezinzwa: Yakhiwe ngamangqamuzana akhethekile ekuqhubekiseni umfutho wezinzwa, okungukuthi, ngama-neurons kanye ne-neuroglia, ephethe ukunikeza ukusekelwa nokudla kuwo, ama-neurons akhiwa yi-soma, okuyindawo lapho i-nucleus. ngamagatsha e-dendrite okuyiwo aqhuba isixhumanisi namanye ama-neurons.
• Izicubu ze-Epithelial: Yiyo ehlanganisa indawo yangaphandle yomzimba kanye nemigodi yangaphakathi yezinto eziphilayo eziningi, eyakhiwe ngamaseli eqembu aminyene kakhulu, angahlukaniswa njenge-epithelial elula noma i-stratified epithelial.
• Izicubu zemisipha: Ibonakala ngokukwazi ukwenza isivumelwano, yenziwe ngamangqamuzana okuphotha, imicu, eyakhiwe ngamaprotheni anamandla enkontileka, i-myosin ne-actin. Lezi zihlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo ezintathu zezicubu zemisipha yilezi:

1. Amathambo,
2. Inhliziyo
3. Ubushelelezi

• Izicubu ezihlangene: Lesi sicubu sibonakala ngaphezu kwanoma yini ezilwaneni ezine-vertebrate, sakhiwe inani elincane lamaseli, acwiliswe entweni eningi ye-intracellular, eyakhiwe ngamangqamuzana amancane futhi azungezwe i-matrix.
• izicubu ze-adipose: I-derivative of connective tissue, eyenziwe ngamangqamuzana acebile ngamafutha, iyinqolobane, ukusekela nokugcwalisa izicubu, isibonelo, ezinhlakeni ze-mammary.
• Izicubu ze-cartilaginous: Yakhiwe ngamaseli akhiqiza i-matrix eqinile kanye ne-collagen fibers, ayinayo imikhumbi noma izinzwa futhi iyizicubu ezisekela izigaba ze-embryonic zama-vertebrates.
• Ithambo elilukiweyo: Yizicubu zamathambo eziyinhloko zama-vertebrates, amangqamuzana ezicubu zethambo abizwa ngokuthi ama-osteocyte, lesi sicubu sine-vascularized ngemithambo yegazi eminingi enisela ngemigudu ethile.
• Izicubu zegazi: Yakhiwa igazi ne-plasma, etholakala ekumisweni kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zamangqamuzana njengamangqamuzana egazi abomvu namhlophe, nama- platelet.

Izinhlelo zezilwane kanye nemishini

Njengabantu, izilwane zinezitho zokuzwa eziwukunambitha, ukuzwa, ukuhogela, ukubona nokuthinta. Uhlelo lwezilwane luhlukaniswe kathathu, olwakhiwe yizitho, lezi zinhlelo yilezi:

• Uhlelo lwamathambo: Lolu hlelo luye lwathuthukiswa phakathi neminyaka, ikakhulukazi kwezinye izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo eziye zavela, lokhu kusebenza ukunikeza ukusekelwa nokulungiswa kwezicubu zomzimba.
• Uhlelo lwemisipha: Kanye nohlaka lwamathambo, luhlinzeka ngokusekela kanye nokulungisa umzimba wezilwane.
• Uhlelo lwezinzwa: Inesibopho sokuthumela nokwamukela imilayezo phakathi kwezitho ezihlukene zomzimba, ukuze zisebenze ngendlela ehlelekile futhi zinikeze impendulo esheshayo kusisusa.

Uma wonke amasistimu esebenza kahle, amathuluzi ezilwane anikezwa indawo, phakathi kwawo kukhona:

• Uhlelo lokugaya ukudla: Inesibopho sokuhlukanisa ukudla zibe izingxenye ezilula, ukuze zifakwe futhi ziqhutshwe kuwo wonke amaseli, kuye ngokuthi uhlobo lokudla, izakhiwo ezikhethekile zingase zivele kuzo, isibonelo, isitshalo, i-gizzard, i-ceca yamathumbu, njll. Uhlelo lokugaya ukudla kwezilwane ludinga usizo lwezitho eziningana ukuze lusebenze.
• Isistimu ye-Excretory: Inesibopho sokususa imfucuza kumetabolism.
• Izinto zokuphefumula: Njengoba sihlukile ohlotsheni ngalunye lwesilwane, yileso esithwala umoya-mpilo siwuyise emzimbeni wesilwane nasezithweni, futhi sinomsebenzi wokuwukhipha ngendlela ye-carbon dioxide. Kwezinye izilwane, ukuphefumula kungaba ngesikhumba, kwezinye kuyadingeka ukuthi zibe nezitho ezenza lo msebenzi, kanti ezilwaneni zasemanzini kuba ngamagill.
• Uhlelo lokujikeleza kwegazi: Inesibopho sokusabalalisa imikhiqizo yokugaya kanye ne-oksijini kuwo wonke amangqamuzana, akhiwe imithambo, imithambo, ama-capillaries kanye nenhliziyo.

izinhlobo kanye Ukuhlukaniswa kwezilwane

Ukuhlukaniswa kwezilwane kungahluka kuye ngokuthi:

• isakhiwo somgogodla: Isigaba esisetshenziswa kakhulu.

1. Ama-Vertebrates
2. Ezingenamgogodla

• Ukudla:

1. Izimila: Zidla izitshalo.
2. Izilwane ezidla inyama: Zidla inyama.
3. Ama-Omnivores: Adla izitshalo noma inyama.

• Ukuzala:

1. I-Ovoviviparous: Ukuzala kwenzeka ngamaqanda ahlala ngaphakathi komzimba kamama aze alungele ukuchanyuselwa.
2. I-Oviparous: Zibekela amaqanda ngaphandle bese zilinda ukuzalwa.
3. I-Viviparous: Izilwane ezakheka esibelethweni futhi ezizalwa ngohlelo lukamama lokuzala.

• ukuziphilisa:

1. Umhlaba
2. Amanzi
3. Ukundiza

• Imikhuba yemvelo.

Njengoba kunezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo zezilwane emhlabeni, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-taxonomic kwezilwane Yigatsha lebhayoloji elinesibopho sokunikeza igama ezinhlobonhlobo. Njengazo zonke ezinye izinto eziphilayo, izilwane zihlukaniswa ngokwezinhlobo nezigaba.

Izilwane zingahlukaniswa ngokwesakhiwo sazo se-vertebral ku:

• Ama-Vertebrates
• Ezingenamgogodla

Ama-Vertebrates

Ziyizilwane ezinomgogodla, phakathi kwe izinhlobo zezilwane Kulezi zigaba kukhona izilwane eziphila emanzini nasezweni ezaziyizilwane zokuqala ezinomgogodla ezahlala ePlanethi Yomhlaba. Njengamanje, izilwane ezinomgogodla zimelela kuphela amaphesenti aphansi ezilwane njengoba zikhula, amathambo azo aphinde akhule, umzimba wazo unomumo ode futhi unomgogodla futhi isikhathi esiningi ubuchopho buvikelwa ugebhezi.

Ama-Vertebrates angahlukaniswa abe izinhlanzi, izilwane ezihlala emanzini, izilwane ezihuquzelayo, izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo.

1. Uhlaka lwamathambo ezinyoni lulula kakhulu ngakho-ke zingandiza.
2. Izinhlanzi ziyakwazi ukuguquguquka futhi zivumela ukuthi zihambe emanzini.
3. Izilwane eziphila emanzini ezinemilenze emine eziphila emanzini ziphefumula ngamaphaphu futhi ngesikhumba sazo esimanzi, zithembele emanzini okungenani ukuze zizalane, kanti izilwane ezihuquzelayo zizalela amaqanda egobolondo, okuzivumela ukuba ziphile endaweni eyomile ngokuphelele.
4. Ngenxa yamathambo azo, izilwane ezincelisayo zihamba ziqondile ngemilenze yazo.

Inhlanzi

Igama lenhlanzi alibhekiseli kunoma yisiphi isigaba se-taxonomic ngaphakathi kwezilwane, njengoba izinhlanzi zihlanganisa izinhlobo eziyizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili eziqoqwe zibe, ezingenamihlathi nemihlathi.

Imizimba yazo imbozwe amazenga futhi iphefumula ngamagill, inesitho esilawula umfutho wamanzi futhi isetshenziselwa ukuntanta, ukucwilisa, ukukhiqiza noma ukuthwebula umsindo, imigqa yangemuva isebenza njengesitho sezinzwa sokuthwebula amagagasi futhi uhlelo lokuzwa, okungase kuthiwe ukuhogela.

Zinyakaza ngokunyakazisa umzimba ngendlela enyakazayo futhi zisizwa iphiko le-caudal, elingumsila, futhi lisebenzisa amaphiko asele ukuze lizinzise ukubhukuda kwazo.

Izinhlobo eziningi zezinhlanzi zidla inyama, zidla ezinye izinhlanzi, izinyoni, nezilwane ezincelisayo, nokho-ke, zingadla futhi izitshalo zasemanzini noma i-plankton. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zezinhlanzi:

1. Izinhlanzi ze-cyclostome, izinhlanzi ezingenamihlathi ezinohlaka lwamathambo oluxhumeneyo nolwe-cartilaginous, isibonelo, i-lamprey.
2. izinhlanzi ze-chondrichthyan, ziyizinhlanzi ezinohlaka lwamathambo oqwanga olungapheli, kunezinhlobo ezingu-600 ezihlukaniswa ngokuthi ama-elasmobranch ahlanganisa oshaka nemisebe nama-chimera ahlanganisa nezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezingu-25.
3. Izinhlanzi ze-osteichthyan, izinhlanzi ezinohlaka lwamathambo, amazenga azo ahlanganiswe futhi asongwe ngongqimba lwamafinyila, anezimbotshana ezine noma ezinhlanu, umuzwa othuthuke kakhulu wokuhogela, izitho ezikhethekile zokuzwa namehlo asemaceleni, lawo angenazo izikali, njengama-eels. , baphefumule ngesikhumba sabo, abanye banamaphaphu asebenzayo. Leli klasi lezinhlanzi zi-oviparous kanye nokuvundiswa kwangaphandle njengezimfudu.

Ama-Amphibians

Ama-amphibians abusa umhlaba iminyaka eyizigidi ezingamashumi amahlanu, kwaze kwaba yilapho kufika izilwane ezihuquzelayo futhi zabaxosha.

Ama-Amphibians anogebhezi oluyisicaba olujoyina i-vertebra yokuqala yekholomu yomgogodla, amathambo omhlathi anamazinyo, anesikhumba esingenalutho esingenazikali, esihlala simanzi ngenxa yokuphuma kwamafinyila ezinhlayiya ze-epithelial, kwezinye izinhlobo Ungabona izindlala ezinobuthi.

Isigaba sezibungu senzeka emanzini kuyilapho ezikhulile ziphila zombili lezi zinhlelo, zasemanzini nasemhlabeni, lokhu kusho ukuthi lapho zikhula zakha amaphaphu noma ziphefumula ngesikhumba sazo, isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi sisebenza kakhulu kunelezinhlanzi, ngoba zinezinhliziyo. enamalunga amabili kanye ne-ventricle eyodwa.

Izilwane ezihlala emanzini zinezitho zokuzwa, yizona kuphela izilwane ezisenalesi sici sezinhlanzi, ezakhiwa ngonoshobishobi, isitho sokuzwa sakhiwe indlebe yangaphakathi nendlebe ephakathi, amehlo ayakwazi ukubona imibala futhi amise kahle. amajwabu amehlo athuthukile.

Ukukhiqizwa kwama-amphibians kuhlale kungokobulili, ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane, ukuze amaqanda azo aphephe, ziye zakha izakhiwo ezikhethekile zokuzihambisa emlonyeni, esiswini noma kwezinye izicucu zesikhumba.

Ama-Amphibians yiwona kuphela isilwane esiqhubeka kuze kube manje ngenqubo ye-metamorphosis, ukuze sibe abantu abadala, iningi lalezi zilwane zine-oviparous, zinendlela yokuzivikela kuye ngokuthi uhlobo lwezinhlobo zezilwane, kanti ezinye zinobuthi, ezinye zingashintsha. ezinemibala, abanye bangachitha ingxenye yomzimba wabo ukuze bazivikele.

Iziqubuzelayo

Ziyizilwane zokuqala ezinomgogodla ezizivumelanise ngokuphelele nokuphila kwasemhlabeni, zakha cishe izinhlobo eziyizinkulungwane eziyisithupha ezinokusatshalaliswa okubanzi kwezindawo emhlabeni wonke.

Nakuba ukugxila okuphezulu kakhulu kutholakala ezindaweni ezishisayo nasezindaweni ezibandayo kuyindlala, kuhlukaniswe izigaba ezintathu:

• Izimfudu: Zibonakala ngegobolondo noma ukwakheka kwegobolondo elivala ingxenye enkulu yemizimba yazo futhi liyivikele.
• Izinyoka: Baseqeqebeni lemikhovu okwezibankwa.
• Izingwenya: Kanye ne-caiman kukhona iqembu lezingwenya.

Isikhumba sezilwane ezihuquzelayo sisomile, sibonakala ngokuthuthukiswa kwezikali zezimpondo, ezivame ukuba zikhulu kakhulu futhi zimakwe, kanye nesisu sezinyoka, zishintsha njalo isikhumba sabo. Umlomo mkhulu futhi imihlathi inamazinyo afanayo, ngaphandle kwezimfudu ezingenawo, ulimi lwazo luyakwazi ukushesha futhi lube nemfoloko, lucishe lunganyakazi noma lube lude futhi lunamathele.

Isisu, i-excretory system kanye nezitho zangasese ziholela ngaphandle ngombhobho ovamile, obizwa ngokuthi i-cloaca, inhliziyo inamalunga amabili kanye ne-ventricle, ecishe ihlukaniswe kabili yi-septum engaphelele. Ukuvundiswa kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo kungaphakathi, lezi zinhlobo ziyi-oviparous, zizalela amaqanda phansi futhi zingahluka phakathi kwamaqanda angu-6 kuya kwangu-200 ngesikhathi sokuzala.

Lezi zilwane zaziwa njengezilwane ezinegazi elibandayo, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi azilawuli izinga lokushisa lomzimba ngokusebenzisa i-metabolism yazo, kodwa kufanele ngaso sonke isikhathi ziphendukele emithonjeni yokushisa yangaphandle, ngenxa yalesi sizathu zidinga futhi ukuhlala ezindaweni ezifudumele, lapho zingalawula khona izinga lokushisa lakho. kalula. Kuvamile ukuzibona zilele elangeni ukuze zigcine amandla eziwasebenzisela ukuzingela nokugaya inyamazane yazo.

Ngokungafani nezinye izilwane ezihuquzelayo, inyoka iyona kuphela engenamilenze futhi ishelela phansi, ukunyakaza kwayo kuyaguquguquka lapho umzimba wayo ungesindi kakhulu. Uma umzimba wabo unzima, bahamba ngokunyakaza okumise okwe-akhodiyoni, ijubane lokuhamba kwenyoka lingamakhilomitha ayishumi nantathu ngehora, ayinazindlebe noma amajwabu amehlo, umzimba wayo mude futhi mncane, wakhiwe phakathi kwama-vertebrae ayikhulu namakhulu amathathu. .

Kubhekwa njengohlobo oluyingozi, njengoba uhlobo olulodwa kwezintathu lwenyoka lunoshevu futhi okuwukuphela kwendlela yokuthinta ezinye izilwane noma ngisho nomuntu iwukuluma ukuze ujove ubuthi obunezici ezihlukahlukene kuye ngokuthi hlobo luni lwenyoka.

Aves

Bangama-oviparous vertebrates, babonakala ngokuthi umzimba ujwayele ukundiza, ukwenza lesi senzo imilenze yabo yangaphambili iguqulwe yaba amaphiko futhi umzimba umbozwe izimpaphe.

Bagcina izinga lokushisa lomzimba eliphakathi kwamashumi amane nanye kanye namashumi amane nambili kuma-centigrade, ngenxa yezinhlelo zabo zokujikeleza kwegazi kanye nezinhlelo zokuphefumula baye basungula isimiso sezinzwa esimaphakathi. Izimpaphe noqhwaku olunezimpondo yizici zalo ezivelele kakhulu.

Izimpaphe ziyi-epidermal formations ehlanganisa i-axis emaphakathi eqinile kanye nejwayelekile, izimpaphe zishintsha njalo futhi ezinhlobonhlobo ezifanayo zingaba nombala ohlukile, kuye ngokuthi isikhathi sonyaka noma isikhathi sokuzala. Uqhwaku lwakhiwe ama-cornea amabili futhi luyahlukahluka kuye ngendlela inyoni edla ngayo.

I-skeleton yezinyoni ilula, ihlangene futhi iqinile, amathambo abonakala ngokungabi nawo umongo kanye nezikhala lapho atholakala khona, agcwele umoya, i-sternum ithuthuke kakhulu futhi yakha ingxenye engaphambili ye-keel, i-welded. ama-clavicles akha ithambo elivamile le-V lezinyoni.

Imilenze ishintshiwe ukuze ikwazi ukundiza njengoba isebenza futhi njengegiya lokufika, imisipha yezinyoni inamandla kakhulu futhi ijwayele ukugxila phakathi nendawo yomzimba. Zonke izinyoni zinolimi, umphimbo uvame ukuba mkhulu futhi ubizwa ngokuthi isitshalo sokugcina ukudla.

Isisu sinengxenye eyindlala egaya ukudla kanye nengxenye enemisipha ekugayayo. Amaphaphu ancishisiwe kuyilapho inethiwekhi ye-bronchial ibangele amasaka omoya aqoqa umoya ngaphakathi kuwo lapho endiza. Uhlelo lokujikeleza kwegazi luqukethe inhliziyo enamalunga amabili nama-ventricles amabili.

Isistimu yokukhipha indle yenziwe izinso, ubuchopho bukhulu kunezilwane ezihuquzelayo, futhi izikhungo zokubona zinkulu futhi ziyinkimbinkimbi. Zonke izinyoni zine-oviparous kanye nemishini yokuzala yabesilisa iqukethe amasende amabili kanye nensikazi yama-ovari amabili, ukuvundiswa kungaphakathi.

Kunezinyoni zasemanzini ezichitha ingxenye enkulu yokuphila kwazo olwandle futhi ngenxa yalesi sizathu izinyawo zazo zinezintambo, nokho, kunezinyoni ezingakwazi ukundiza, njengama-penguin, ngokuvamile ahlala emakoloni ukuze azivikele ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye. Ingozi. Kuthiwa izinyoni zasolwandle, njengoba etshuza esuka ezindaweni eziphakeme futhi etshuza ukuze abambe ukudla, amaphengwini angakwazi ukutshuza futhi atshuze ajule ukuze abambe izinhlanzi ezizithola zingaphansi kwamanzi.

AmaMamferfer

Izilwane ezincelisayo ziyiqembu lezilwane ezinomgogodla okwamanje ezizuze ukuhlukahluka okukhulu ngamafomu, lokhu kuzivumele ukuba zihlale ezindaweni eziningi ezinezici ezihluke kakhulu.

Izilwane ezincelisayo zihlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili, i-prototheria kanye ne-theria. izici zezilwane Izilwane ezincelisayo zingahluka kuye ngezinhlobo zezilwane, isikhumba sakhiwe i-epidermis embozwe uboya kanye nesikhumba.

Okunye ukwakheka kwezilwane ezincelisayo ezinakho imicamelo yeminwe, izinzipho, izinzipho, izinselo nezimpondo. Umzimba wayo uhlukaniswe izifunda ezintathu: ikhanda, isiqu kanye nomsila, intamo ithuthuke kakhulu ngaphandle kwezilwane ezithile, izitho ezine zizalwa kusukela esiqwini, ngokuvamile ziphela emilenzeni neminwe emihlanu.

Nakuba lolu hlelo lungase luhluke kuye ngokuthi isilwane sihamba kanjani, izici ezivamile zezilwane ezincelisayo umhlathi, owakhiwe ithambo elilodwa. Imishini yakho yokuzwa yakhiwe ama-cartilage amathathu anesibopho sokudlulisa imisindo endlebeni yangaphakathi. Ukunakekelwa nokondliwa kwezingane ngobisi olukhiqizwa izindlala zebele.

Ikhono lokugcina izinga lokushisa lomzimba walo libangelwa ukuthi umzimba walo umbozwe izinwele, ukukhiqizwa kwawo kuyi-viviparous, okungukuthi, inzalo yayo izalwa ngokugcwele, ngokusebenzisa isimiso sayo sokuzala. Izilwane ezincelisayo zinobuchopho.

Amazinyo aso akhiwe ngamazinyo anobukhulu obuhlukahlukene kanye nokuma, ulimi lunemisipha eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu eyenza ihambe kakhulu, isisu siveza iningi lazo umgodi owodwa, amathumbu ahluka ngobude, kuye ngohlobo lokudla, uhlelo lokuphefumula luqukethe izinhlelo eziningana ezifika emaphashini lapho zihlangana khona zibe ama-bronchioles.

Baneziyingi ezimbili zokujikeleza kwegazi futhi inhliziyo ihlanganyela emalungeni amabili nama-ventricle amabili, banezinso ezimbili okuthi ngazo kudlule umchamo esinyeni bese uphuma ngombhobho. Inobuchopho obuthuthuke kakhulu futhi obuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu obuqhubekayo entanjeni yomgogodla.

Bane-cerebral cortex ephethe izinzwa kanye nemisebenzi yemoto, lapho amandla engqondo aphezulu kakhulu ezilwane ezincelisayo atholakala khona. Isimiso sokuzala sabesilisa sakhiwe amasende amabili, abesifazane banama-ovari amabili, akhipha ama-ovules ngemigudu, ukuvundiswa kuhlale kungaphakathi futhi ubulili buyenzeka, owesifazane uyamukela kuphela ucansi ngesikhathi sokushisa esikhiqizayo. .

izibonelo zezilwane ezinomgogodla

• InhlanziUkubhanqa: I-Seahorse, ama-anchovies, i-eel, i-catfish, i-herring, nabanye.
• Aves: Intshe, i-rhea, ama-partridges, amaphengwini, ama-pelicans, ama-gannet, amanye amadada
• Iziqubuzelayo: Izibankwa, uxamu, amagwinya, izinyoka, izingwenya, izingwenya, ezinye.
• AmaMamferfer: Platypus, marsupials, anteaters, amahhashi, amagundane, Unogwaja, lemur, abanye.
• Ama-Amphibians: Amaxoxo, intulo, amaxoxo, amaselesele, amanye.

Ezingenamgogodla

Zonke ziyizilwane ezingenawo umgogodla, zihlukaniswa zibe:

• Ama-arthropods
• ama-non-arthropods

Nakuba eziningi zine-microscopic, ezinye zingafinyelela ubukhulu obukhulu, njengoba kunjalo nge-squid enkulu, engafinyelela cishe amamitha angamashumi amabili ubude, nakuba kungase kungabonakali kanjalo ekuqaleni.

Izilwane ezingenamgogodla nazo zinamehlo, amakhanda, imilenze nemisila, ziyizilwane ezingenamgogodla ezithuthukile, nokho izilwane ezingenamgogodla ezilula njengezipontshi azihambisani nalo mthetho, zinomzimba olula ngaphandle nangaphakathi.

Izinhlobo zezilwane ezingezona i-arthropod

Babizwa ngokuthi ama-non-arthropod invertebrates, cishe izinhlobo eziyisithupha isici esivamile esivamile ukuhlukanisa ama-arthropods, lezi zilwane ziyi:

• Izipanji
• AmaCnidarians
• Izikelemu
• AmaMollusks
• Ama-Annelids
• Ama-Echinoderms

Izipanji

Ziyizilwane ezingenamgogodla zasolwandle ezibhekwa njengenhlangano elula kakhulu, naphezu kokuthi ziyizinto eziphilayo zangempela ze-multicellular, azinazo izitho ezihlukene nezikhethekile. Umzimba wezipontshi uhlelwe ohlelweni lwamashaneli namakamelo angaphakathi, zondla ngokuhlunga izinhlayiya zokudla ezithuthwa amanzi.

Ama-choanocyte angama-flagellated cell ngaphakathi kwesipontshi adala futhi agcine ukugeleza kwamanzi njalo emzimbeni, ngenxa yokunyakaza okwakhiwa yi-flagella yawo, amanzi angena nge-pores amaningi futhi ajikeleze ngohlelo lwamashaneli namakamelo, aze afinyelele umgodi ophakathi futhi ekugcineni uphume nge-osculum.

Futhi banesibopho sokuhlanganisa izinhlayiya ezitholakala emanzini, singasho ukuthi lezi zinhlayiya ngama-bacteria, algae kanye nenye i-organic waste, edlula engqamuzaneni elikhethekile lapho igaywa khona bese imikhiqizo yokugaya ikhishwa ngaphandle.

Izipanji zingazalana ngokulinganayo ngokuhluma futhi ngokocansi ngamaqanda, zihlukaniswa ngamaqembu amathathu:

• calcareous
• ama-hexactinellides
• amademospontshi

Ngokuvamile bahlala ezindaweni ezisogwini kanye ne-benthic, ezinye zingatholakala ekujuleni okukhulu, ukuba khona kwezipontshi bekungaziwa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, u-Aristotle ukhuluma ngezipontshi cishe ngonyaka ka-350 BC, ezichaza njengezilwane zasolwandle ezinikezwe amandla amakhulu okuvuselela. .

AmaCnidarians

Ziyizinto eziphilayo zasemanzini ezinezindiza eziningana ezilinganayo zokulinganisa, ezinezitho ezihlanganiswe zibe izinhlelo, futhi ziza ngezindlela ezimbili: ama-polyps kanye ne-jellyfish.

I-polyp evamile igxilwe ku-substrate ngesisekelo noma unyawo, enkabeni engemuva yomqhele umlomo, ozungezwe amatende amaningi, nawo ambozwe ngamaseli ahlabayo. Ama-polyps ngokuvamile akha amakholoni ngohlobo lokuzala okungajwayelekile okubizwa ngokuthi i-budding.

I-Jellyfish ingamafomu amahhala, ababhukudi, abantu abahambahambayo nababodwa, abahlala emanzini amaningi, bamise okwensimbi futhi banezakhi ezifanayo nama-polyp kodwa abekwe abheke phansi, indawo yangaphandle ibizwa ngokuthi isambulela.

Kokubili umzimba wama-polyps kanye ne-jellyfish inomgodi ophakathi nendawo ebizwa ngokuthi i-gastrovascular cavity, exhunywe ngaphandle ngembobo eyodwa, esebenza njengomlomo kanye nedidi.

Udonga lomzimba olukhawulela lesi sikhala esiphakathi sakhiwe izingqimba ezintathu, i-epidermis, ngaphansi kwayo ungqimba lwezicubu ezixhumeneyo kanye ne-mesoglea ehlanganisa i-gastrovascular cavity, kune-epithelial tissue ebizwa ngokuthi i-gastrodermis ngaphansi kwe-epidermis. Lezi zilwane zinezinzwa kanye namaseli emisipha avumela ukufinyela nokunyakaza.

Zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amathathu:

• I-Hydrozoa
• i-scyphozoa
• Ama-Anthozoans

Angabuye abonakale emanzini ahlanzekile, njenge-hydra, enekhono lokuphuma emangqamuzaneni e-epidermis, ulwelwesi olubizwa nge-perisarch olusebenza ngaphandle kwamathambo.

I-Jellyfish ingenzeka ngaphansi kwamazinga amabili okuyinkimbinkimbi, elula kunazo zonke i-hydromedusae, evame ukuba yincane ngobukhulu futhi ibe ne-gastrovascular cavity engamukeleki, kuyilapho i-scyphomedusae medusa ine-septate cavity.

AmaMollusks

Umzimba we-molluscs umbozwe ungqimba olukhethekile olubizwa ngokuthi i-mantle, olwakha ukugoqa okubili okusemaceleni okuzungeza futhi kuvale umzimba endaweni ehambisanayo. Ama-mollusk amaningi aphefumula ngama-gill, kodwa amanye, njengeminenke yasemhlabeni, anamaphaphu; ipharynx inesitho sokukhuhla esibizwa ngokuthi i-radula.

Isimiso sezinzwa sithuthuke kakhulu futhi sifinyelela ebunkingeni obukhulu kunawo wonke ama-invertebrates kuma-cephalopods, isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi sivulekile futhi igazi laso liqukethe i-hemocyanin engachazwa ngokuthi i-pigment yokuphefumula.

Ama-molluscs ahlukaniswa ngamaqembu ayisikhombisa ngokwezimpawu zonyawo kanye negobolondo futhi ngokuya ngokukhula kwesimiso sezinzwa, ezibaluleke kakhulu yilezi:

• Ama-gastropod anamakhanda nezinyawo ezithuthuke kakhulu kanye nesisindo se-visceral esimise okwe-spiral asemhlabeni futhi ahlala emanzini.
• Ama-bivalves anegobolondo elakhiwe ama-valve amabili aphinyiselwe nekhanda eline-atrophied, lawa ahlala emanzini.

Ama-cephalopods anonyawo aguqulwa abe izingalo eziningana ezizungeze ikhanda, igobolondo lingase libe ne-atrophied, lihlala emanzini.

Ama-molluscs anomzimba othambile, ongahlukanisiwe lapho izingxenye ezintathu zingahlukaniswa, ikhanda elihluka kakhulu noma elincane, i-visceral mass lapho kutholakala khona izitho eziningi, kanye nonyawo olunemisipha.

Baye bazivumelanisa cishe nazo zonke izimo zokuphila, bahlala ezindaweni zomhlaba, emanzini ahlanzekile nasemanzini asolwandle, ubukhulu babo buhluka kusuka kumamilimitha ambalwa kuya kumamitha amaningana, iningi labo linemizimba yabo evikelwe igobolondo, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi lokhu kungaba ngaphakathi, kunezinhlobo ezimbili zama-molluscs:

1. Ama-monoplacóforos angama-molluscs akudala kakhulu futhi anegobolondo elakhiwe ucezu olulodwa.
2. Ama-Polyplacophores anegobolondo elakhiwe ngamapuleti ayisishiyagalombili aphinyiselwe, ahlanganisa wonke umzimba.

Iminenke inomzimba othambile futhi lapho ibhekene nanoma yiluphi usongo iyaluhlehlisa ngaphakathi kwegobolondo layo, lapho iphephile khona, igobolondo lomnenke liyi-calcareous exoskeleton okuthi ngaphezu kokusebenza njengesivikelo libuye lisebenze njengesisekelo, njengoba umnenke ukhula. igobolondo layo likhula nalo.

Kuma-octopus, izingalo zigcwele ama-suckers, abawasebenzisa kakhulu ukubamba inyamazane yabo, futhi bakuthola kuwusizo kakhulu ukunamathela emadwaleni nokuhamba ogwini lolwandle. Ukuze zidonse ukunaka kwezinsikazi, abesilisa bezinye izinhlobo zezilwane bazimisa ngendlela yokuthi ama-suckers amakhudlwana angaphansi kwamathente avele obala.

Izinhlobo zezilwane ze-arthropod

Ama-arthropods awuhlobo oluningi kakhulu lwezinto eziphilayo embusweni wezilwane, anezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-80% zazo zonke izinhlobo ezaziwayo, ama-arthropods amanje ahlukaniswe izinhlobo ezintathu, zonke zinenyunyana engxenyeni ngayinye yomzimba wazo, ngenxa yalokho zitholakala kalula. ezibonakalayo, kanye nama-annelidi yizona kuphela izilwane ezinomzimba ohlukene kanye nama-appendages acacisiwe.

Amandla awo amakhulu okujwayela imvelo azivumele ukuthi zihlale kuzo zonke izindawo zokuhlala emhlabeni.Izinhlobo zama-arthropods yilezi:

• Izinambuzane
• ama-crustaceans
• ama-arachnids

Umzimba wama-arthropods wakhiwe izingxenye ezixhumene futhi zihlelwe zibe izifunda noma izingxenye ezintathu:

1. Ikhanda
2. Isifuba
3. esiswini

Engxenyeni ngayinye kukhona ama-appendages, ngaphezu kwe-ganglia yesistimu yezinzwa, ama-arthropods anezinhlelo eziphilayo ezithuthuke kahle, uhlelo lokugaya luyinkimbinkimbi futhi izindawo ezintathu zingahlukaniswa kulo:

1. sangaphambilini
2. Lesisemkhatsini
3. Iphosta yangaphandle

Uhlelo lwegazi luvulekile, okungukuthi, igazi kanye noketshezi lwe-plasma luhlangana futhi lunikeze i-hemolymph, ukuphefumula kungaba yi-cutaneous, i-branchial noma i-tracheal, isimiso sezinzwa si-hyponeuric, okungukuthi, sitholakala ngaphakathi kwe-ventral to digestive tract , senziwa. amapheya amaningi we-ganglia njengoba kunezigaba.

Ama-arthropods anezinto eziphilayo ezemukelayo, ezithintekayo, ezibonwayo, zamakhemikhali kanye ne-acoustic. Ngokuqondene nokuzala kwabo, abalingani ngokobulili, ngezinye izikhathi umehluko phakathi kowesilisa nowesifazane ubonakala kakhulu, ukuvundiswa kuvame ukuba ngaphakathi futhi ukufeza lokhu kuhlinzekwa ngezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-appendages ezihlobene nokuhlanganisa.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Embryonic kuyinkimbinkimbi, umuntu osanda kuchanyuselwa eqandeni kufanele adlule izigaba eziningana ngaphambi kokuthola ukubonakala komuntu omdala, kwezinye izimo izinguquko ziyaqhubeka, kwezinye ziyazuma futhi zijulile, lokhu kungabizwa ngokuthi i-metamorphosis.

Ama-insectos

Izigaba zezinambuzane zakha iqembu elikhulu nelihluke kakhulu lezilwane futhi zihlanganisa okuwukuphela kwezilwane ezingenamgogodla ezikwazi ukundiza, izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwesigidi zezinambuzane ziyaziwa futhi ziseziningi ezisazotholwa.

Bazivumelanise nazo zonke izindawo ezihlala emhlabeni namanzi ahlanzekile, bangaphila ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu, ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezingeke zibekezelele, azikho endaweni yemvelo yasolwandle, ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kwezinambuzane kungenxa yokuguquguquka kwazo okukhulu kanye nokunqotshwa kwezilwane zasendle. i-air medium, ngenxa yamaphiko ayivumela ukuba indize.

Emzimbeni wezinambuzane izingxenye ezintathu zihlukaniswa:

1.  Ikhanda
2. Isifuba
3. Isisu

Ngokuphathelene nokuzala, baya ocansini ngokuhlukana futhi i-dimorphism yobulili phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane ivamile, ukuvundiswa kungaphakathi nge-dome. Lezi zinhlobo zezilwane zinezimpawu ezifana nalezi:

• Ekhanda inezimpondo ezimbili, umlomo kanye nezinto ezihlafunwayo, njengezitho ezibonwayo ngokuvamile zinamehlo ama-ocelli amathathu noma amabili ahlangene.
• Ithorax yakhiwe izingxenye ezintathu futhi inamapheya amathathu emilenze namabili amabili amaphiko ezinhlangothini.
• Isisu sihlukaniswe izingxenye eziyishumi nanye kanti ingxenye yokugcina ebizwa ngokuthi i-telsón, iphefumula ngoqhoqhoqho bese iphuma ngamashubhu okugaya ukudla.

Ukuzalanisa ngokocansi futhi kwezinye izimo kuyi-asexual, izinhlobo zokukhula ukusuka eqandeni kuye kumuntu omdala yilezi:

•  ametabolusi-metamorphosis ayenzeki.
• i-heterometabolus, yilapho kunesigaba esimaphakathi phakathi kweqanda, omdala kanye namafutha.
•  I-MetabolusYilapho i-metamorphosis yenzeka khona.

Ama-Crustaceans

Ama-Crustaceans abonakala ngokuba namapheya amabili ezimpondo, kunezinhlobo ezingaba yizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amathathu, eziningi zazo ezihlala emanzini, nakuba ezinye sezijwayele ukuphila emhlabeni, izifunda ezintathu ezihlukene zingabonakala emzimbeni wazo:

1.  i-cephalic
2. I-Thoracic
3. Isisu

Amabili okuqala avame ukuhlangana futhi enze i-cephalothorax, embozwe igobolondo, ane-appendages ekhethekile: ukuhlafuna, ukuphefumula, ukuzala, phakathi kwabanye.

Ikilasi lama-crustaceans lihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amane amakhulu:

• ama-copepods: Angama-crustaceans amancane abaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni wasolwandle, kukhona nezinhlobo eziningi eziyi-parasitic ezinhlanzini.
• barnacles: Zihlala zinamathele emadwaleni, ezinkuni noma kwezinye izindawo.
• ama-amphipods: Zilinganisa amamilimitha ambalwa futhi zigcwele phakathi kolwelwe nasekujuleni okuthambile kolwandle.
• ama-decapod: Amakhrustasiya aguquke kakhulu futhi maningi kakhulu, anamapheya amahlanu emilenze ehambayo, iqembu lihlanganisa ama-prawns, crayfish, lobster kanye nezinkalankala.

Ama-Arachnids

Isici sawo esiyinhloko ukutholakala kwama-appendages amise okwe-pincer noma izingwegwe ezisemlonyeni, okuthiwa i-chelicerae, umzimba uhlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili, i-cephalothorax nesisu, kwezinye izimo kuyabonakala ingxenye yesithathu, okungaba umsila, lokhu kuphela endabeni yawofezela.

Ama-arachnid anesamba esingamapheya ayisithupha we-appendages, amane kuwo angama-locomotor, i-pair eyodwa i-chelicerae kanti ipheya elilodwa linemisebenzi ethintekayo, cishe wonke ayizilwane ezidla ezinye ezikwazi ukubamba futhi zingakwazi ukunyakazisa inyamazane yazo, eziyichoboza futhi imunce uketshezi lwazo . Baphefumula ngamathumba noma ngamaphaphu, abanye ngoqhoqhoqho ofana nowezinambuzane.

I-excretion yenziwa ngamashubhu okugaya, aveza i-dimorphism yocansi futhi iningi liyi-oviparous, ama-scorpions akha i-archaic order arachnid, umzimba umbozwe igobolondo, i-pedipalps ithuthuke kakhulu futhi ine-pincer ekugcineni. Umsila mncane futhi umncane futhi ekugcineni kukhona udosi olunobuthi, abawusebenzisa ukuzingela.

Ama-pseudo-scorpions abukeka njengama-scorpions amancane, awekho ngaphezu kwesentimitha, nakuba bengenawo umsila kanye ne-stinger. I-Solifuges noma izicabucabu zelanga zinomzimba ombozwe uboya, zinemilenze eyisishiyagalombili nezinzipho eziphuma ebusweni bazo.

Ama-araneid ahlanganisa izicabucabu, ngokuvamile anamehlo aphakathi kwayisithupha nayisishiyagalombili, akhiwe yizicucu ezimbili futhi anamandla okujova ubuthi, isisu sinezindlala ezikhiqiza usilika, izibungu, ekugcineni, zincane futhi zinomzimba ongahlukanisiwe, ezinye zinezindlala ezikhiqiza usilika. ukuphila mahhala nezinye eziningi ziyizilokazane ezifana nemikhaza. Ziyizilwane zasemhlabeni futhi umzimba wazo umbozwe i-exoskeleton, ngokuvamile zidla inyama.

Ama-arachnid aqala eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-500 edlule futhi ayehlala emanzini, agqama ngobukhulu bawo obukhulu phakathi kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kunezibonelo ezingaphezu kwamamitha amathathu ubude, ngaphandle kokungabaza ama-arthropods amakhulu kunawo wonke ake aba khona.

izibonelo zezilwane ezingenamgogodla

• Izipanji: Calciesponges, vitreous, okugeza, coralline.
• AmaCnidarians: I-Lion's Mane Jellyfish, amakhorali, i-box jellyfish, ama-gorgonians.
• Izikelemu: Benginayo
• AmaMollusksUkubhanqa: Iminenke, amaclams, oyster, squid, octopus.
• Ama-Annelids: Izikelemu zasolwandle, izikelemu, izikelemu.
• Ama-EchinodermsUkubhanqa: i-starfish, ukhukhamba wasolwandle, ama-urchins olwandle.