Izingwenya ziyizilwane ezihuquzelayo ezihlala emanzini ezingaphansi komndeni wakwaCrocodylia, ziyizilwane ezihlala emanzini. Kubhekiselwa ku i-crocodile taxonomy, kunezinguquko ezimbalwa ezethulwe ku-morphology yayo.
Izingwenya zavela emhlabeni eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-200 edlule futhi izinguquko zazo ze-morphological bezimbalwa. I-morphology yangaphandle iye yagcinwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngokuphathelene nokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ziyizilwane ezihuquzelayo okwamanje ezakhiwe imindeni, zinkulu njengezilwane ezidla ezinye futhi zihlanganisa uchungechunge lokudla ngaphakathi kwe-ecosystem yasolwandle-ogwini.
Lolu hlobo lwezilwane lusongelwa umuntu, lunomthelela ekungcoliseni indawo yokuhlala, ukuthengiswa kwezikhumba zalo, ukuzingela amazenga. Ucwaningo lwe-crocodile taxonomy lungaba nomthelela omuhle ezinhlelweni zokongiwa kwemvelo. ukulondolozwa kwezinhlobo ezisengozini ku ingozi de ukunyamalala, njenge- ukuzala en ukuthunjwa futhi i ukutholakala ama-hybrids; ngakho umbukiso intela yezingwenya kanye nezidingo zazo.
I-Crocodile taxonomy namuhla
Kuwumongo obangela ukungezwani ekuphenyweni kwe-methodical yezinhlobo zezilwane. Ngokwezibuyekezo zamanje ze-crocodile taxonomy, ukubuyekezwa kwe-taxonomic yakamuva yezingwenya zanamuhla kuhlongoze ukumiswa okuzinzile mayelana ne-crocodile taxonomy. Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-taxonomic kwezilwane.
Kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa zezingwenya, ezahlukaniswa izigaba ezine, iNgwenya yaseNayile - C. Niloticus, Ingwenya noma ingwenya iwuhlobo lwama-sauropsids, lolu hlobo luhlanganisa izinhlobo ezine zezingwenya Zezwe Elisha, uhlobo lwe-Oopholis lwezinhlobo zezingwenya zase-Asia, e-Australia nase-Afrika O.Suchus uhlobo lwe-Oxycrocodylus.
Izizukulwane ezine ezishiwo zihlangene esizweni saseCrocodylini. Esizweni saseMecistopsini kukhona isizukulwane Osteolaemus, Mecistops. Esizweni saseGavialini, isizukulwane sikaGavialis noTomistoma.
El ubulili oopholis ku samanje ihlukaniswe yaba i-subgenera, kanye ne-subgenus Philas yezingwenya zamanzi ahlanzekile ze ukubukeka encane dentro we Oopholis. Okwamanje, kuye kwachazwa izinhlobo ezintsha zezingwenya zamanzi ahlanzekile noma zamanzi ahlanzekile, kuhlanganise ne ingwenya U-O. Adelynhoserae uthole i- on de Kusha EGuinea, kukhona ingemuva lapho lalikhona abafanelekile njengoba a okufana yohlobo lwe-O. Novaeguineae.
Okunye okusha cishe ukuthi ingwenya yamanzi ahlanzekile uhlobo O. Jackyhoserae, etholakala enyakatho ye indawo yase-Australia futhi kubhekwe Okokuqala njengoba a okufana ngu-O. Johnstoni.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-Taxonomy yayo
Ku samanje, i-taxonomy ye-crocodilians isekelwe ku-a uhlelo lwe-systematization yezinhlu uzinzile, ngezigaba zabo eziphakeme. Izinhlobo ezingamashumi amabili nesikhombisa (27) ziyafakazelwa kulezi zinsuku yezingwenya, ahlanganiswe emikhayeni i-Crocodrylidae ne-Alligatoridae dentro i-del ukuhleleka I-Crocodylia.
El iqembu I-Crocodrylidae ihlukaniswe yaba tres Imindeni yaseCrocodylini, Mecistopsini kanye neGavialini, kanye nemindeni yabo Inani ziqukethe izigaba eziyisishiyagalombili ezishiwo ezigabeni ezedlule. I umndeni ingwenya yakhe i-parte, ihlukaniswe yaba emuva imindeni emincane, i-Alligatoridae ne ubulili I-Alligator kanye noCaimaninae nesizukulwane sikaPaleosuchus, Caiman kanye noMelanosuchus.
I-taxonomy ye ingwenya I-Nile Crocodylus Niloticus ingenye ye ngaphezulu impikiswano kulolu hlobo. I indaba i-taxonomy ye-C. niloticus ihlanganisa kanye (11) izinhlobo ezincishisiwe, okubhekiselwe kuzo ngokomlando kanye eziyisikhombisa (7) i-subspecies ehlongozwayo ekuqaleni.
En usuku lwamanje uhlobo lulotshwe njenge-C. niloticus kuphela, isono embargo Ezinye izifundo zamangqamuzana zibonisa eziphikisanayo ephakamisa uC. niloticus njenge umphakathi ehlanganisa ukhokho wayo okuxubile ngezinhlobo ezingaqondakali. Ukwengeza, kuye kwavezwa ukuthi abantu base-Afrika bahlukene ngokwezindawo.
Izici ezijwayelekile zengwenya
Izingwenya ngokuyinhloko zihlukanisa izici ezilandelayo:
- Umzimba wakhe mude.
- Umbala uyahlukahluka kuye ngezinhlobo. Ihlukahluka kusuka kokuluhlaza kuya kokumnyama noma kokubili kuhlanganiswe nomunye.
- Imihlathi yayo enonya, enezinyo lesine elingezansi eliphuma livale umlomo. Makhulu futhi made kunezinye.
- Izingwenya azilunyakazi ulimi lwazo ngoba lunamathele olwangeni.
- Umzimba wakhe wonke ugcwele amazenga.
- Bagwinya amatshe ukuze basize ekugayeni ukudla. Iphinde isebenze njenge-ballast ukuze izike kalula.
- Esiqwini somsila ineqhwa lamapuleti amathambo.
- Imilenze yezingwenya mifishane futhi inolwembu, okuzisiza ukuba zikwazi ukubhukuda.
- Emanzini, izingwenya zingafinyelela isivinini esiphakathi kuka-10 no-15 km ngehora.
- Ezweni zikhasa kanzima ngezisu ukuze zifune ukudla noma zihlangane nezinye izingwenya. Nakuba zingasheshi kakhulu phansi, zinezinhlobonhlobo zokunyakaza okukhethekile kokubaleka, ukuhlasela nokugxuma izithiyo ezincane.
Amathuluzi asetshenziswa ku-taxonomy yakho
I-taxonomy ye-crocodilians iye yaphikisana ngokwesiko ku sebenzisa i-morphological ethile njengezinhlamvu ezithile ze-osteological, okungenzeka kube yi- isikhumba kanye namaphethelo. Uphenyo lwe-methodical lwamathambo cranial kanye ne-appendicular, ifundwe njenge imvelaphi yezinhlamvu ze-taxonomic ezingaba phuthukisa lawo ngokwesiko asetshenziswa ku-taxonomy yomndeni wezingwenya.
El ukutadisha okukhethekile okumele kwenziwe ku hlukanisa Las umgogodla i-presacral, eyenziwe yi- umgogodla imisipha yomlomo wesibeletho, i-thoracic kanye ne-lumbar yezingwenya, yabonisa phezulu ukuhlukahluka i-taxonomic, isebenza kulaba balingisi kanye nabo sebenzisa ku-crocodilian taxonomy.
El ingwenya ovela eNdiya uGavialus gangeticus wethula umgogodla ama-presacral acacile angakwazi umusa in yakhe ukuhlonza. I umgogodla amaseli e-presacral achazwa yisifunda, ukusebenzisana kwe-intervertebral kulesi silwane kuvumela okwakho una ephakeme ukuhamba i-del intamo, iqhakambisa futhi amasu abo okudla lapho becwiliswa emanzini.
Amathuluzi amangqamuzana afana ikhodi amabhara ifa seliphenduke una ithuluzi ocwaningweni nasekuphathweni kwedatha yebhayoloji, esetshenziswa ezifundweni ze-taxonomy yezingwenya. Ukwengeza, ezinye izimpawu zamangqamuzana, njengokulandelana kwe-DNA ocezwini, ziye zasetshenziswa ekuhlukaniseni izinhlobo zezilwane ezifanayo esakhiweni sazo se-morphological futhi ngenxa yalokho ukutholakala yama-hybrids.
La mathuluzi amangqamuzana anenzuzo ku-taxonomy yomndeni, okungenzeka khuphula amasu ukusinda okwezingwenya namuhla. Izakhi zofuzo ze-mitochondrial i-Cytochrome Oxidase I kanye ne-Cytochrome B yizimpawu ezingaba khona zamangqamuzana. esetshenzisiwe ezifundweni ze-taxonomic zokuhlonza izingwenya.
Izidingo ze-Taxonomic eqenjini
La isidingo in crocodilian taxonomy isekelwe uphenyo izici ezengeziwe, ezingaba hlanganisa izifundo ze-taxonomic ku lomndeni wasendulo wezilwane ezihuquzelayo.
Izici zesakhiwo, njenge-scale morphology kusetshenziswa imishini yesibonakhulu yama-electron elahliwe, wakhe izinhlamvu ezingaba khona ze-morphological, ezingaba ukuphelelisa la Identity kwezinhlobo zamanje. Kuyo isikhathi, lo i-anatomy yangaphakathi iyigugu fuente yezinhlamvu ze-morphological of ubani lokho namanje ayizange ihlolwe.
Ngokusobala izifundo ze-molecular biology, wakhe kudingekile ukuze ukwazi ukwandisa izimpawu zamangqamuzana ezithwala ku-crocodilian taxonomy, ngale ndlela indlela yokuthola umphumela omuhle Izinhlelo ze ukuzala en ukuthunjwa kwezinhlobo ku ingozi de ukuqothulwa. I-taxonomic identity engalungile yengwenya ingalimaza izinhlelo zokongiwa kwemvelo. ukulondolozwa ikakhulukazi kubantu abafanayo be-morphologically.
izingwenya ezingasekho
Mayelana ne-taxonomy yezingwenya ezingasekho, kunjalo kulungile gcizelela kunezingwenya, kuwuphawu lwamanje lwe-a okuhlukahlukene iqembu yezilwane ezihuquzelayo, izitha zama-dinosaurs wenkathi ye-Triassic (Pseudosachia). Umndeni wezingwenya ongasekho wase uzalo I-Crocodylidae yayiyi-Tomistominae. Maphakathi no-2008, izinsalela zezinhlobo ze-Gavialosuchus americanus zaqoshwa on de Costa I-Rica (Miocene ne-Pliocene i-temprano). lolu hlobo lwengwenya kuphela wayebhaliswe ne okwandulelayo eNingizimu Melika On kanye ne-Afrika, ngaleyo ndlela andise yayo ukusatshalaliswa lasendulo.
Ukungqubuzana Kwezingwenya Zomuntu
Ukuhlasela kwezingwenya kubantu akuvamile, kodwa ukulahlekelwa kwempilo kuqoshwa minyaka yonke, ikakhulukazi uma sebesondele kakhulu ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezikude lapho kuhlala khona lesi silwane esihuquzelayo. Ingwenya yasolwandle (Crocodylus porosus) ibhekwa njengeyingozi kakhulu, ilandelwa ingwenya yeNayile (Crocodylus niloticus), lena yokugcina idla zonke izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ngisho nezimvubu, lolu hlobo lungaphila olwandle.
EMexico ngawo-80, ukuzingela ngokungemthetho kwaphumela ekuqothulweni kwemikhaya emikhulu kwezinye izifunda; kodwa ngenxa yomsebenzi wamaqembu ahleliwe abalondolozi bemvelo, izazi zemvelo, imiphakathi kanye nabavikeli bezilwane zasendle bakwazile ukubuyisela lezi zinhlobo zezilwane ezweni lonke, okwamanje inani lezinhlobo ezikhona selidlulile futhi kungokwemvelo ukubona izingwenya zihambahamba ngezikhathi zemvula. izindawo zasemadolobheni ezigcwele amanzi.
Ukuzingela ingwenya kusabalele ngenxa yokubaluleka kwesikhumba sayo, esisetshenziswa ukwenza amabhande, izikhwama zemali kanye nezikhwama zokuhamba, nenyama yayo ethathwa njengebiliboco ezindaweni eziningi.
Isinyathelo esisebenzayo ukuvikela indawo lapho zizalela khona amaqanda ukuze kulondolozwe uhlobo. Uma, ngokwesibonelo, izingwenya zaseNayile zinyamalala, kungaba nokungalingani esimisweni semvelo kangangokuthi imifula iyoma.
Njenganoma yisiphi isilwane sasendle, lapho sisongelwa, imvelo yaso iwukuzivikela, ngakho-ke kungcono kakhulu ukuthi ungasichukumisi, ubalekele umugqa oqondile futhi ungalokothi ugoqe, ngoba ngaleyo ndlela ungumzingeli onekhono kakhulu. Izimpawu ezixwayisa ngokuba khona kwezingwenya, ikakhulukazi emanzini, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isilwane singakanani, akufanele nanini zishaywe indiva.
E-United States EFlorida, kuyindawo ye-AlligatorAmerican (Laphomississippiensis gator) kuningi futhi kuhlala ezindaweni lapho kuhlala khona abantu; Amacala amahlanu ezingozi zokulunywa yingwenya aqoshwa unyaka nonyaka.
Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ukungqubuzana phakathi komuntu nengwenya kuzoba khona ngenxa yemvelo yayo, njengoba isintu yiso esahlala endaweni yaso, kusamele sithathe Ukuqwashisa kwemvelo kanye nezinhlinzeko ezifanele ukuze kugwenywe izingozi.