Izintuthwane ziyingxenye yohlelo olufanayo lwezinambuzane iminyovu nezinyosi nazo eziyingxenye yazo. Zisuka kumakoloni enqwaba yabantu kuye kwezintuthwane ezihlelwe kahle zezigidi zabantu. Kungakanani ukudla okudingekayo ukuze kondle izintuthwane ezingaka? Zidlani izintuthwane? Thola lezi zimpendulo nokunye njengoba uqhubeka ufunda lesi sihloko.
Zidlani Izintuthwane?
Uma sima ukuze sicabange ukuthi yini ezungeze isiduli, siyokwazi ukubona umsebenzi omatasatasa: izintuthwane eziyizisebenzi zisebenza ngokungaphezi ekuyiseni noma ekukhipheni ukudla, okuzogcinwa kamuva... kodwa zidlani izintuthwane? Izintuthwane ziphakathi kwezinambuzane ezinobukhona obukhulu kakhulu emhlabeni.
Ikhono layo lokuzijwayeza ukudla okuhlukahlukene, ngokwendawo ezungezile kanye nenkathi yonyaka, lalibalulekile ukuze kuphile futhi kwande abantu bakhona. Kulesi sihloko, sizokwazi ukuthi yini izintuthwane ezidla ngazo nokuthi kungani lokhu kudla kube yinzuzo ekuzivumelaniseni nezimo.
Amaqiniso Ajwayelekile Ngezintuthwane
Namuhla, izinhlobo zezintuthwane ezingaba ngu-14.000 XNUMX zaziwa ukuthi zigcwele kuwo wonke amazwekazi, ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica, iGreenland, iPolynesia ne-Iceland. Lezi zinambuzane zakha umndeni obanzi futhi ohlukahlukene kakhulu obizwa ngokuthi i-Formicidae, eyingxenye ye-oda le-Hymenoptera.
Njengezinye izinambuzane, izintuthwane zine-exoskeleton futhi umzimba wazo uhlukaniswe waba izingxenye ezintathu ezinomehluko ophawulekayo: ikhanda, i-mesomata (eyakhiwe ithorax kanye nesigaba sokuqala sesisu) kanye ne-gaster noma i-metasoma (eyenziwe ingxenye yesibili yesisu. ingxenye). Phakathi kwe-gaster ne-mesomata ungabona uhlobo oluthile lokhalo olwakhiwe ngamanodi, olubizwa ngokuthi i-petiole.
Noma kunjalo, izintuthwane zinezici ezithile ze-morphological ezenza kube nokwenzeka ukuhlukanisa kwezinye izinambuzane. Njengengxenye yazo, izimpondo ezinendololwane, ukuvinjwa kwe-gaster edume kabi nokuba khona kwezindlala ze-metapleural kuyagqama. Izinhlobo zezintuthwane zingabonisa umehluko omkhulu ngobukhulu nokubukeka kwazo.
Izinhlobo ezinesizotha kakhulu zingakala amamilimitha amabili nje kuphela lapho sezikhulile, kuyilapho ezinkulu zingaba nobude obungaphezu kwamamilimitha angu-25. Imibala emnyama ivamise ukugqama emizimbeni yabo, njengomnyama, onsundu noma ompunga.
Ukudla okudliwa yizintuthwane
Intuthwane iyisidalwa esinama-omnivorous ngokuvamile esinokudla okuhlukahlukene kakhulu: ingadla noma yini eyithola endaweni yayo. Ngaphezu kokubamba inyamazane lapho ifinyelela khona, izintuthwane ngokuvamile ziqoqa amaqabunga, amakhambi, imbewu, izingcezu zezithelo nemifino, okusanhlamvu, isikhunta ngisho nenyama efile.
Izinhlobo ezithile zezintuthwane zivame ukuzingela ngamaqembu amakhulu: zihlasela ngokuhlanganyela okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukubamba inyamazane emikhulu. Kunezintuthwane ezinobuthi ezisebenzisa ubuthi bazo ukuze zikhubaze inyamazane yazo ukuze kamuva ziyihlukanise futhi ngaleyo ndlela idlulisele inyama yazo esidulini.
Izinhlobo zokudla ezidliwa yizintuthwane ngokuyinhloko zizoncika ohlotsheni lwazo, indawo ezizungezile kanye nenkathi yonyaka. Izinhlobonhlobo ezihlala ezindaweni ezibandayo, ezinobusika obuqinile, ngokuvamile zigcina inani elikhulu lokudla esidlekeni sazo, ukuze zilungele izikhathi zokushoda.
Leli khono lokujwayela ukudla okunhlobonhlobo okunjalo liye labalulekile ekusakazekeni kwezintuthwane emhlabeni wonke. Lezi zinambuzane sezijwayele cishe zonke izinhlobo ze-ecosystem kanye ne-microclimates, futhi ngokuqinisekile zingesinye sezidalwa ezikwazi ukumelana nemvelo.
Ngaphezu kwalokhu, ukudla kwazo okunama-omnivorous nokuhlukahluka kuye kwenza izintuthwane zikwazi ukujwayelana kahle nokuphazanyiswa umuntu endaweni ezikuyo, njengoba zenza iziduli zazo zibe eduze noma ngaphakathi kwezakhiwo. Lokhu kwenze ukuthi izintuthwane zibe nokudla kakhulu, njengoba ziqoqa izinsalela zokudla kubantu.
I-Eusociety kanye Nokondla Izintuthwane
Enye yezinto ezimangaza kakhulu ngezintuthwane ukubusa kwazo. Lesi yisigaba esiyinkimbinkimbi kunazo zonke senhlangano yezenhlalakahle kuzo zonke izilwane futhi sisekelwe ekwamukelweni kwama-castes. Namuhla, eusociality ingabonwa kuphela ezinambuzaneni ezithile (izinyosi, iminyovu, nezintuthwane), ezinhlobonhlobo ezimbalwa zama-crustaceans, kanye negundane lemvukuzane enqunu.
Ukuze ziphile, izintuthwane kufanele zakhe indawo yazo yokukhosela, ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi isihlwathi. Phakathi kwesiduli ngasinye, umphakathi ohlukene uyakhiwa ube izigaba ezintathu: intuthwane eyindlovukazi, izintuthwane ezingamasosha, nezisebenzi.
- Indlovukazi ingumama omkhulu nomholi wazo zonke izifundo ezihlala esidulini. Umsebenzi wakhe oyinhloko nomkhulu kakhulu uwukudlulisa isakhi sakhe sofuzo, esiqinisekisa ukuthi uhlobo lwakhe luhlala lufanelekile ukuba luphile.
- Izintuthwane ezingamasosha zinomthwalo wemfanelo wokuvikela nokuvikela umphakathi ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye noma izitha ezifuna ukuthatha isiduli.
- Izintuthwane eziyizisebenzi yizo ezenza umsebenzi obalulekile wokongiwa komphakathi. Omunye wemisebenzi yayo ebaluleke kakhulu ukuqoqwa kokudla kwawo wonke amalungu esiduli sawo, kuhlanganise nendlovukazi. Abagcini nje ngokunakekela ukudluliselwa nokunikezwa kokudla; izintuthwane eziyizisebenzi nazo zinesibopho sokunakekela izintuthwane kanye nokukhulisa izibungu.
Izinhlobo zezintuthwane
Njengoba inani labantu abangaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyizinkulungwane eziyizinkulungwane eziyishumi, phakathi kwalezi zidalwa ezihlala cishe kuwo wonke umhlaba kunezinhlobo ezinobuthi. I-formicids, eyaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi izintuthwane, izinambuzane zomphakathi, izihlobo eziseduze zezinyosi kanye neminyovu, kodwa eziye zaba nokuziphendukela kwemvelo okuhlukile. Ngezansi sizochaza ezinye zezigaba zezintuthwane ezikhona emhlabeni wethu.
I-Leafcutter Ant
Asikhulumi ngohlobo olulodwa lwezilwane… kodwa mayelana nama-47! Bonke babhekwa 'njengabasiki bamaqabunga'. Bahlala ezindaweni ezishisayo futhi, nakuba benezici eziningi ezihlobene, bahluke ngokuyinhloko kumapheya omgogodla kanye nohlobo lwe-exoskeleton.
Bangakha imiphakathi eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ngisho nangaphezu kweyabantu. Zakha izidleke ezingaphansi komhlaba ezingaba amamitha angu-30 ububanzi ezingathatha izibonelo eziyizigidi eziyisishiyagalombili. Ngokusobala, baholwa ngowesifazane futhi iningi labantu lingabasebenzi abangavundile.
Baziwa njengabasiki bamaqabunga njengoba lokho kuwumsebenzi wabo obaluleke kakhulu lapho bengaphandle kwekoloni. Ngazo 'zondla' isikhunta ukuze kamuva zithole ukudla kwezibungu. Ngokungangabazeki, iyinhlangano engaphezu kwenzuzo yazo zombili izinhlangothi.
intuthwane engumbazi
Zithola igama lazo ngoba zakha izidleke zazo zisebenzisa ukhuni, yingakho zibhekwa njengeziyingozi kakhulu ezindlini ezakhiwe ngale nto futhi ezinganakekelwa kahle noma zingabulawa amagciwane. Zingaba nombala obomvu noma omnyama, zinamapheya amathathu emilenze futhi ezinye kuphela ezibonisa amaphiko.
Ingenye yezigaba zezintuthwane ezihlala ezwenikazi elilodwa kuphela, eNyakatho Melika. Ikoloni ngalinye lisungulwa ngendlovukazi, evundisa amaqanda egodini lezinkuni bese iphakela izibungu ngamathe. Kamuva izisebenzi ziyazalwa futhi zinesibopho salo msebenzi. Isibalo ngasinye singakhiwa abasebenzi abangafika ku-2.000.
umlilo intuthwane
Eyaziwa kangcono ngokuthi intuthwane ebomvu, iwumndeni ohlanganisa izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-280 ezivela emhlabeni wonke. Esinye sezici zayo ezivelele ukuthi ukulunywa kwayo kunobuthi futhi kuveza kokubili ukucasuka nobuhlungu. Kunabantu abangazwani nalobu buthi futhi bangahlushwa yizimpendulo ezinzima zokuzivikela komzimba.
Ingenye yezigaba ezidume kakhulu zezintuthwane futhi yakha amakoloni ngendlela yezindunduma ezinkulu zomhlaba 'ezinezikhala' phezulu. Zidla amaphela, amakhilikithi, imbewu nezitshalo. Amakoloni kungenzeka adalwe yindlovukazi eyodwa noma ezimbili futhi ezinyangeni ezimbalwa abe nezigidi zabantu. Insikazi ezalayo ingabekela… amaqanda ayi-1.600 ngosuku olulodwa!
I-Ant yase-Argentina
Lolu hlobo ludabuka e-Argentina, nakuba lungatholakala nakwamanye amazwe aseNingizimu Melika njengeBrazil, Uruguay, Paraguay kanye neBolivia. Yaze yethulwa nasezifundeni ezikude njengaseJapan, Norway noma eHawaii.
Intuthwane yase-Argentina ithathwa njengezinambuzane kanye nomhlaseli njengoba ibhubhisa amakoloni ezinhlobonhlobo zomdabu. Isidleke salesi silwane siholwa izindlovukazi eziningana, ezizalela amaqanda angaba ngu-30 usuku ngalunye. Ukukhwelana namaduna kwenzeka ngaphakathi 'ekhaya' futhi, ekupheleni kwakho, lezi zamuva ziyafa.
Intuthwane Yendlu Enukayo
Uhlobo lokugcina lwentuthwane kulolu hlu lunegama elimangalisayo. Ibizwa ngokuthi 'eyenziwe ekhaya' njengoba izulazula eduze nemizi ukuze yakhe ikoloni yayo, futhi 'iyanuka' ngenxa yephunga elimnandi eliphuma lapho lichotshozwa. Izimpukane zasendlini ezinephunga elimnandi zitholakala e-United States futhi zakha amakoloni abantu abangafika ku-100.000.
Umzimba wayo umnyama noma onsundu ngokumnyama, umise okweqanda ngamagatsha amathathu ahlukene: ikhanda, ithorax nomsila. Ukudla kwabo kuqukethe izinambuzane ezifile kanye nezibiliboco ezinoshukela, futhi banamandla 'okuhogela' okuhlala kude okungamakhilomitha ambalwa.
Ungase futhi ube nentshisekelo kulezi ezinye izihloko: