I-Date Palm: Izimpawu, Ukutshala, Ukusetshenziswa nokunye

La intende yesundu, isitshalo esibonakala ngokuba nemvelaphi engaqiniseki kuze kube manje, nakuba abanye bethi sidabuka e-Afrika. Nokho, izinkulungwane zeminyaka yayo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo okunamandla nokuhlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa izithelo zayo, amagxolo, amaqabunga ngisho nezimbali, kuyenza ihluke. Zitholele lapha.

intende yesundu

La intende yesundu, ekhonjwe ngamagama "esundu esivamile", "palm", "palm tree", "phoenix", "tamara", "date palm", "royal palm", "date palm", phakathi kwezinye eziningi. Igqama ngokuba isitshalo se-"arecaceae", esiyingxenye yomndeni "we-monocot", onomehluko wokuba ukuphela kwe-oda le-"Arecales" kuze kube manje. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lo mndeni wezitshalo waziwa ngaphansi kokuhlonza "amasundu" noma "amasundu".

Lesi sitshalo, esivelele kakhulu futhi esithandekayo esivela kuhlobo lwe-"Phoenix", sihambisana nenani le-15 ngaphezulu. Ezisatshalaliswa phakathi kweCanary Archipelago, eNyakatho Afrika, e-Asia ohlangothini lwayo oluseningizimu naseMpumalanga Ekude. "I-Phoenix dactylifera L.", ihambisana negama isitshalo sesundu esihlonzwe ngalo ngokwesayensi.

Lokhu, ngaphezu kwalokho, kunobuhle bokuhlanganisa amarekhodi, abeka njengenye yezindawo ezikude kakhulu, ngokulima kwayo. Ukuba khona kwezinkomba zokuba khona kwayo cishe iminyaka eyi-4.000 BC Lapho yayisetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwezindawo ezingcwele kanye nezindawo zokuhlala zokufundisa noma ukuqeqeshwa kweBabiloni, ama-Akkadians kanye namaSumeri.

Njengencazelo evelele, kufanele kube isitshalo "se-dioecious". Incazelo kabani ukuthi inobuhle bokuthuthukisa izimbali zesilisa nezinsikazi. Lezi zimbali zibonakaliswa futhi zibonwa ngendlela ehlukene ngokwezimpawu zazo kanye nombala. Isithelo esihlinzeka ngokusetshenziswa kwayo, sithola igama elithi "date" futhi ingenye ye Izinhlobo zezithelo okungama "berries".

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amajikijolo yilawo ahlukaniswa ngokuthi avame kakhulu ezithelweni eziyinyama. Nge-"drupe" physiognomy, okusho ukuthi i-fibrous. Futhi engxenyeni engaphakathi, ngendlela efanayo, inzalo eyodwa.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwentela

Isitshalo intende yesundu, inohlelo oluqondile lwe-taxonomic. Kuchazwa usosayensi waseSweden, isazi sezitshalo, isazi semvelo kanye nesazi sezilwane, uCarlos Linneo. Yethulwa ngencwadi yakhe ethi "Species Plantarum", ngonyaka ka-1753, ikhombisa imininingwane elandelayo:

• Umbuso: I-Plantae (okuyizitshalo)
• Isigaba: Magnoliophyta (izitshalo eziqhakaza, ezinembewu kuzo)
• Ikilasi: I-Liliopsida (iqembu lama-angiosperms elichaza izitshalo eziqhakazayo)
• I-Order: I-Arecales (umndeni wezitshalo ze-monocotyledonous, ezibizwa ngokuthi amasundu noma izihlahla zesundu)
• Umndeni: i-Arecaceae (amasundu noma amasundu)
• I-Genus: I-Phoenix (ihlanganisa ezinye izinhlobo ezingu-15 zomndeni wesundu)
• Izinhlobo: Phoenix dactylifera
• Igama lesayensi: Phoenix dactylifera L.

Igama elifanayo lesundu sosuku

I-date palm inomqondo ofanayo obanzi, kucatshangelwa ukuthi leli gama lisho ukuthi kunokuhlonza okungokwesayensi okungaphezulu kokukodwa kwentela efanayo. Lapho igama elithi taxon lisho izigaba ezilandelanayo ezicwiliswe kusigaba sebhayoloji. Kulokhu kuthathwe amagama afanayo alandelayo, okuyilawa:

• Palm dactylifera L.
• I-Phoenix dactylifera var. kokulandelayo: adunca DH Christ ex Becc., costata Becc., cylindrocarpa Mart., gonocarpa Mart., oocarpa Mart., oxysperma Mart., aphaerocarpa Mart., shaerosperma Mart., sylvestris Mart.
• I-Palma enkulu Garsault
• I-Phoenix yokulandelayo: i-chevalieri D. Rivera, S. Ríos & Obón; excelsior Cav., noma. kahle.; I-Iberian D. Rivera, S. Ríos & Obón

Indawo yokuhlala kanye nesakhiwo sesundu sosuku

Namuhla, izifundo kanye nophenyo kusiholela ekubeni sicabange ukuthi intende yesundu, inendawo yayo yokusuka, indawo ehlanganisa yonke iPersian Gulf. Nokho, ezikhathini ezikude, ibhalwa njengenye yezitshalo eziningi kakhulu. Eyayikhona ebusweni ehlanganisa imifula i-Ewufrathe, okungenye yaleyo ehlukanisa iMesophothamiya neNayile, okuyiyona enkulu kunazo zonke e-Afrika, ewela ingqikithi yezizwe eziyi-10, ngaseNyakatho.

Ukwengeza, kunobufakazi bemivubukulo obubonisa ukuthi intende yesundu yatshalwa noma yahlwanyelwa eNhlonhlweni Yase-Arabia cishe iminyaka engu-4.000 BC Lesi sitshalo sijabulela ukukhulekelwa futhi sinemfanelo yokubaluleka kokuzala nokuchichima. Ukuba khona kwakhe ezinhlamvu zemali ezihlukahlukene nasezifanekisweni zosizo eziphansi. Ngaphandle kokushiya izincwadi eziningi eziphakamisayo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abantu abasebenzisa ukuhlwanyela, baqala ukuyivuna ezindaweni ezishisayo zasogwadule futhi ifika kanjalo eSpain ivela esandleni sama-Arabhu. Inezitshalo, isivuno noma izitshalo eGreece, e-Italy, e-Côte d'Azur (eFrance), eSicily nase-Iraq (umkhiqizi omkhulu wamadethi emhlabeni).

Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kubalulekile ekudleni kwabakhileyo baseMorocco, Sudan, Algeria, Egypt, Arabia, Tunisia nase-Iran. Ivamise ukubonwa njengemhlobiso eCuba, ezindaweni ezishisayo nezishisayo.

Imvelo yayo ehlaselayo ikubeke "Kukhathalogi YaseSpain Yezinhlobo Zezilwane Ezihlaselayo". Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi iyingxenye yezitshalo ezisengozini enkulu, esongela ukuba khona kwezinhlobo zemvelo. Ukukhiqiza izinguquko eziphawulekayo, kokubili endaweni yokuhlala kanye ne-ecosystem. Ukuhweba, ukutshala, ukuphatha, ukudluliswa noma ukushintshaniswa akuvunyelwe e-Canary Islands.

Izici zesundu sosuku

La intende yesundu, igqama ngokuba nezici ezilandelayo:

• Kuqashelwa ngaphansi kokuhlonzwa "kwesundu noma izihlahla zesundu".
• I-genus yayo yi "Phoenix" futhi ingeyomndeni we "monocotyledons"
• Idatha yobukhona bayo ihlehlela emuva cishe eminyakeni eyi-4.000 BC.
• Igama layo lesayensi lithi "Phoenix dactylifera L."
• Sonke isiqu sawo sivikelekile esisekelweni saso, ngokuzalwa kwamaqabunga anqunywe kancane kancane noma afa futhi awa.
• Imbewu inesikhathi sokumila, esisukela ezinsukwini ezingama-30.
• Kuyisitshalo "se-dioecious", okungukuthi, sithuthukisa izimbali zobulili besilisa nabesifazane.
• Izimbali zesilisa ngokuvamile zincane kunezimbali zesifazane.
• Izimbali zawo zinephunga elimnandi, lapho ezabesilisa zinombala okhilimu kanye nezinsikazi ezinombala omhlophe. Lezi zizalwa zisesimweni se-spike esine-eksisi enenyama. Lapho abesilisa benobude obuphakathi kuka-15 no-22,5 amasentimitha, kuyilapho abesifazane, ubude obuphakathi kuka-30 no-75 amasentimitha.
• Uma i-inflorescence yayo igqamile, ingaba nezimbali eziphakathi kuka-6.000 neziyi-10.000.
• "Usuku" yisithelo esihlinzeka ngokusetshenziswa kwayo, okuyi "berry", ngokubonakala kwe "drupe", okusho ukuthi, inyama futhi ngokuvamile ngaphakathi kukhona imbewu eyodwa.

Ezinye izici ezibalulekile

Okulandelayo nakho kuyizici ezibalulekile ze-date palm:

• I-Los izithelo zesundu, zibe nobude obukhulu kunobubanzi, okuyilokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-oblong. Ngaphandle kokuba bushelelezi kanye nemibala ehluka kophuzi, osawolintshi, oluhlaza okotshani ngokubomvu, okhula ubude obuphakathi kwamasentimitha angu-3 no-9, kuyilapho ububanzi bayo buvamise ukuba ngamasentimitha angu-2,5.
• Ngesikhathi sokukhula nokuthuthukiswa kwesithelo saso, isiqu esisekela iqoqo singafinyelela kumamitha angu-1,8.
• Kuyisitshalo esinesiqu esiqondile, esinobude obufinyelela kalula phakathi kwamamitha angama-30,5 no-36,5, esinogqinsi olufanayo kubo bonke ubude baso.
• Phakathi neminyaka engu-6 kuya kwengu-16 ngemva kokuhluma kwayo, amahlumela angenakubalwa avela phansi kwesiqu.
• Ubude bamaqabunga awo bucishe bube ngamamitha ayi-6, bube pinnate, okungukuthi, banenzwa ephakathi.
• Izimpande zawo zingafinyelela ubude obufinyelela kalula endaweni engaba amamitha ayi-18, ngokujula okungafika kumamitha ayi-6, lapho umkhawulo kuyizinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene. Izinhlobo zenhlabathi kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwesundu.

I-Symbology yesundu sosuku

Mayelana ne-symboogy yayo, sinedatha elandelayo:

• Ezikhathini zasendulo isibalo sokunqoba noma sokunqoba kwakubhekwa kuye. Ngakho-ke, lapho kunikezwa impumelelo yedolobha, isithombe sasiqoshwa ngokushesha ezindondoni, okusho isenzakalo.
• KwabaseGibhithe, lalimelela inzalo.
• Abantu baseCarthage balisebenzisa njengesithombe ekunyatheliseni izinhlamvu zemali zabo, njengoba lalikhona ezithombeni zabo zesikhumbuzo ezihlukahlukene.
• IGreece yasendulo noMbuso WaseRoma wawusebenzisa njengomhlobiso wemikhosi yabo, izikhumbuzo noma imikhosi yokudumisa ukudumisa.
• Ngokwesiko lobuKristu, iphakamisa futhi imele ukuthula, ngaphandle kokuthi ikhumbula ukufika "kukaMesiya" edolobheni laseJerusalema.
• Edolobheni lase-Elche, elingaphansi kwesifundazwe sase-Alicante, eSpain, intende yesundu isetshenziselwa ukuvusa, ukukhumbula nokugubha umcimbi wenkolo yobuKristu weSonto lePalm. Okusho ukuthi, nalokho kuqala iSonto Elingcwele.

Indlela yokutshala njengesitshalo sesundu sosuku

Ukwenza inqubo yokuhlwanyela, evame ukwenziwa ekuqaleni ebhodweni, imbewu kufanele iqoqwe kuqala lapho isivuthiwe, okungukuthi, lapho isikhumba sishintsha umbala. Phakathi kokuvuna nesikhathi sokuhlwanyela, kufanele zigcinwe ngokuswakama okuphakathi.

Ngaphandle nje kokuthi kumele bahlinzekwe ngazo zonke izindlela zokunakekela, mayelana nokwelashwa kwesikhunta okungabavumeli ukuthi bahlaselwe yisikhunta. Kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezigcina izinambuzane zikude. Kodwa-ke, lezi zindlela zokwelapha zinomphumela wokuthi ububanzi bokuhluma abulungile, ngoba isikhathi sakho siyanda.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunconywa ukuthi ukuhlwanyela kwenziwe lapho kuqala intwasahlobo, lapho ahlelwe khona ngaphambili ngamathreyi, phezu kwe-peat okufanele igcinwe endaweni yokushisa ephakathi kuka-20 no-30 ° C. Uma isifiso siwukuthuthukisa ukuhluma, imbewu kufanele icwiliswe emanzini agcinwe ezingeni lokushisa elingu-30°C, isikhathi esingamahora angu-48.

Indlela yokufakelwa kabusha njengokutshalwa kwesundu

Inqubo yokulima okubhekiselwa kuyo ekutshalweni kabusha inconywa ukuthi yenziwe ekuqaleni kwehlobo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi iyingxenye ye-span ephelele, ngenxa yamakhono akhulayo esitshalo, kanye nokuvunyelwa kwayo kwinqubo. Kodwa-ke, le nqubo kufanele ihlanganise ukubhekwa, izenzo nezinqubo ezilandelayo, okuyizi:

Ngaphambi kwenqubo

Kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-trunk inikezwa ukuvikelwa okuphelele, ngokusebenzisa izindwangu ze-mesh noma zensimbi, kanye ne-geotextiles. Uma ubukhona banoma yisiphi isifo bubonwa, kanye nokuhlasela kwezinambuzane, ama-fungicides adingekayo, ama-insecticide noma izibulala-zinambuzane kufanele zisetshenziswe.

Kubalulekile futhi kubalulekile ukusebenzisa ukuthena, okuyikhona okuvumela i-rhizogenesis. Lokhu kwenziwa ngama-auxins akhuthaza ukwakheka kwamaseli ezimpande. Ukwenza ukusikeka esiqwini kusivumela ukuthi sakhe izimpande ezintsha ezisinikeza ukuzinza okuhle kakhulu futhi sisize ekukhuleni kwaso, ekukhuleni nasekutholeni imisoco ku-substrate.

Lapho kuthenwa, ingxenye yomqhele wayo osebenza kakhulu, ama-inflorescence nezithelo nawo kufanele kuncishiswe. Khona-ke, ngaphambi kokuba intende yesundu imbiwe ukuze itshalwe kabusha, i-substrate kufanele inikezwe umswakama oqhubekayo okungenani amahora angama-24 ngaphambili.

Ukususwa

Ukuze kwenziwe ukukhishwa, umsele kufanele ubhodwe nxazonke intende yesundu, ukuze i-block yomhlaba ephakama eduze kwezimpande ezithola igama le-root ball ibalulekile. Lokhu kufanele kuvikelwe nge-geotextile, i-wire mesh noma enye indlela.

Okulandelayo, ukusikeka kufanele kwenziwe ezimpandeni ezikhuthaza ukukhula kwezintsha, kucatshangelwa ukuthi zingafinyelela ku-50% wengqikithi, ngaphandle kokuthi yenziwe ebangeni eliphakathi kwamasentimitha angama-25 no-30 ubude. Kubalulekile ukuthi ngemuva kokusikeka, kusetshenziswe i-fungicide kanye nanoma yikuphi okunye okudingekayo.

Dlulisa

Kutuswa ukuthi ukudluliselwa kwenziwe ezimotweni ezilungiselelwe le njongo, ngokunakekelwa okudingekayo okudingwa yisitshalo sesundu. Ukuba okubaluleke kakhulu, vikela amaqabunga ukuze unciphise umjuluko okungenzeka ube nawo ngenkathi ukudluliselwa kwenziwa, okungaba ngokubeka izindwangu ezifanele kuwo. Lapho okulandelayo kuwukugwema ngangokunokwenzeka ukuthi ukusikeka kwenziwa ku-stipe, obekuyisiqu saso.

Ukutshala

Ukufeza ukutshala, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi kuvulwe umgodi ku-substrate, ngokuya ngobukhulu bebhola layo lempande. Nikeza izinto eziphilayo ezansi kanye nasendaweni ezungezile. Lapho indawo enomumo ofanayo kufanele iqinisekiswe, ngaphezu kwalokho izinga le-oscillating kufanele lehliswe phakathi kwamasentimitha angama-40 no-50 uma kuqhathaniswa nendawo eyavela kuyo.

Kufanele kucatshangelwe ukuthi, uma umehluko maqondana nendawo ovela kuyo ubaluleke kakhulu, kutuswa ukuthi usebenze futhi ugcwalise imbobo ngenhlabathi evela endaweni yayo. Ngemuva kokutshala, into elandelayo ukwenza ukuchelela okuphelele, okudingekayo ukuthi ibhola lempande lifakwe emanzini.

Ukusabela kwangemva kokufakelwa

Kuvame kakhulu ukuthi isundu libonise ukuwa kwamaqabunga awo kanye nokuba buthakathaka okuphelele ngemva kokutshala. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ibonakala ngokuba isitshalo esibonisa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukucindezeleka kwangemva kokutshala. Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi ukumsiza ukuba anqobe lesi simo, kudingekile kuphela ukuqala ngokumnikeza okuphelele nokuqhubekayo Umswakama ngokunisela njalo. Lokhu kuzokwenza kube lula ukuzinza kwayo ku-substrate.

Ngokubona ubukhona bamaqabunga amasha asuka maphakathi nehlumela, yisikhathi esifanele sokusebenzisa umanyolo ophelele wokuhlanganisa, okumele ukhululwe kancane. Lokhu kufanele kubekwe njalo ezinyangeni ezi-3 noma ezi-4, kube ukuhambisana nokufakwa kwezifutho ze-foliar ezinothe ngama-microelements.

Amathuluzi adingekayo wokuthena

Ukuze kuthenwe kahle, amathuluzi athile ayisisekelo ayadingeka, okuyilawa alandelayo:

• UMarcola: Lokhu kubizwa nangokuthi ummese we-palmero, ngokuvamile usetshenziselwa ukusika amaqabunga, izimbali nezithelo.
• Chainsaw: Ukusetshenziswa kwayo okuvamile ukusika amaqabunga, kanye nokuhlanza i-stipe nokuqeda ama-suckers.
• i-clapper hook: Isetshenziselwa ukufeza ukusika kwezimbali, kanye nezithelo.
• isaha sesandla somlimi: Isetshenziselwa ukusika ama-suckers, lapho i-chainsaw ingatholakali.

Izihlahla

Ukuthenwa okufanele kwe intende yesundu, iyatuswa ngesikhathi sasebusika, njengoba ifeza izinhloso ezibalulekile ezifana nalezi:

• Vimbela noma uvimbele amaqabunga okungenzeka omile ukuthi angawi esitshalweni ukusuka phezulu, abangele ukulimala noma ukulimala kubantu.
• Khuthaza isitshalo ukuthi sibe ntekenteke lapho kuqubuka imililo endaweni esikuyo.
• Ukususwa kwamaqabunga anesifo kusiza ukuzalwa kwamaqabunga amasha anempilo, okungemva kokuqapha kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo efanele.
• Ivumela noma ithanda ukubekwa okufanele kwesibulala-sikhunta noma izinto zesibulala-zinambuzane, njengoba kudingekile.
• Inikeza noma inikeze ukuthi intende yesundu iphakamise ubuhle bayo endaweni ezungezile, ihlobise indawo eyizungezile.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuthenwa kwesundu, ngaphandle kokuvumela ukuqedwa kwamaqabunga omile kanye/noma anesifo, kunomsebenzi wokusika amaqoqo ezithelo ezinawo kanye nama-inflorescence. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngesikhathi sokuthena, ama-suckers kufanele asuswe, okuwukuzalwa kwesizukulwane esisha sesundu, okwenza ukuba sisakazeke. Uma ukuthenwa kwamaqabunga awo aluhlaza kuyadingeka, kufanele kwenziwe ngokuhlonipha ukuthi kungumqhele owodwa ovuthiwe. Ukuba ngaphansi kwesizathu labo abadala ekukhuleni kwabo.

Ukuhlanza

Ukuhlanzeka kwesundu lesundu kuhlinzekwa ngendlela ukusikeka okwenziwa ngayo ngesikhathi sokuthenwa. Okumele kuhlanzeke ngaso sonke isikhathi, ngaphandle kokuqapha ukuthi akubangeli ukuklebhuka noma ukuklebhuka.

Kubalulekile ukuthi, ngesikhathi sokuthenwa nokuhlanza isundu, isiqu asinqunywa, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi asipholi futhi yindawo ephelele lapho noma iyiphi inombolo yokungcola nezinambuzane zingena esitshalweni. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ngendlela evamile, ukuze kufinyelelwe umqhele, lesi sitshalo sibhekana nalokhu kusikeka okungadingekile, ngenxa yokuntuleka kokunakekelwa okufanele.

Impova

Ngokuvamile, isitshalo intende yesundu Ine-pollination yemvelo, okusho ukuthi yenziwa ngemuva komnikelo kanye nendlela yokusebenza komoya oyithonya ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma kungenzeki njengoba bekulindelekile, kufanele kuhlolwe ukuthi ukubulawa kokubopha izithelo akuniki imiphumela emihle. Yingakho kusetshenziswa indlela yokwenziwa kwempova yokwenziwa, eyenziwa ngesenzo semanuwali.

Le ndlela yenziwa ngokusika izimbali zobulili besilisa lapho nje sezifinyelele ukuvuthwa kwempova yazo. Lapho le pollen isakazwa kamuva phezu kwezimbali zobulili besifazane, ikakhulukazi ekucwaseni kwazo. Lena yindlela ekugcineni impova eyenziwa ngesandla yesundu sosuku, elula, kodwa eqondile.

Umanyolo

Izimila intende yesundu zigqama ngokuba nezimo eziguquguqukayo kakhulu maqondana nokuthi kuyini ukuvundiswa kwazo, zikwazi ukukufeza ngomanyolo we-organic noma wamaminerali. Ngomanyolo we-organic, kuphakanyiswa ukuthi okulingana nekhilogremu eyodwa kuhlanganiswe ne-substrate, okumele ixutshwe kahle kakhulu. Lapho kamuva kuyoba khona ngenxa yalokho, ithimba kanye nokumuncwa okuqhubekayo kwezakhi.

Ngokuqondene nomanyolo wamaminerali, kuphakanyiswa ukusetshenziswa kwe-complex 15-15-15. Lokhu kunesici sokuqukatha i-phosphorus engeyona eyensimbi eqinile (umanyolo omuhle kakhulu), igesi ye-nitrogen (esiza ukulondoloza umkhiqizo) kanye ne-mineral potassium (isakhi esisiza ekukhuleni kwesitshalo nasekukhuleni kwezithelo zaso).

Kubalulekile ukucabangela ukuthi ukuvundiswa kufinyelela emandleni angcono kakhulu esitshalweni, uma kusetshenziswa ezinyangeni zasehlobo, okuyisikhathi lapho intende yesundu ikhulise amandla ayo okukhula nokukhula. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuze isitshalo sinakekele ngokuphelele futhi sicabangele izici zesimo sezulu, kufanele sisetshenziswe ngesikhathi sasebusika umanyolo we-foliar ohlinzeka ngokuvimbela uma kunesidingo.

Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwesundu sosuku

Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwe intende yesundu Kwenziwa imbewu, ngokusebenzisa ama-suckers noma i-in vitro, lapho ngayinye yazo ichazwe ngezansi:

Ngezimbewu

Ukukhiqizwa ngembewu, okubuye kube ukukhiqiza ngokocansi, kubonakala ngokungajwayelekile futhi kuhluke kakhulu, okuholela ekutheni isizukulwane sezitshalo ezintsha sihluke ngokuphelele noma sihluke. Lokhu kusho ukuthi maningi amathuba okuthi izici ze-morphology yayo, i-phenology kanye ne-physiology zizoshabalala. Ngalo mqondo, ukukhiqizwa kabusha ngokocansi kwesitshalo sosuku okwenziwa ngembewu kuphakanyiswa kuphela uma kufunwa ukukhulisa noma ukujwayelanisa lezi zinto ngokwebhayoloji. Izinhlobo zemithi yesundu.

nezingane zabo

Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwama-suckers ukukhiqizwa okungajwayelekile okutholwa isitshalo sedethi, okuyisona esisetshenziselwa ukuhweba ngezinhlobo zaso, kuze kufike ekusakazeni njengama-clones. Okwenzeka esigabeni sokuqala sempilo yesitshalo, ikakhulukazi, phakathi kweminyaka eyi-10 ne-15 ngemuva kokutshalwa.

Ngaphambi kokukhishwa kwamahlumela, ukuchelela ngezikhathi ezithile kufanele kwenziwe, ngenhloso yokuthi i-substrate ye-adjacencies ihlale ezimpandeni. Le nqubo isetshenziswa kakhulu uma ufuna ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isitshalo esisha sifana nesitshalo sikamama, sinekhwalithi efanayo yesithelo saso, esenzeka ngemva kweminyaka emi-3 noma engu-0 yokutshala.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi le nqubo ayinconywa kakhulu ngenxa yesidingo somsebenzi esidingayo, ngaphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ngokuvamile iyehluleka ukumboza inhloso. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lapho i-pup ekhishiwe ingeke isetshenziswe, kunconywa ukuyilahla.

kwesibeletho

Ukukhiqizwa kwe-in vitro kunezinzuzo ezibalulekile, phakathi kwazo kukhona okulandelayo:

• Kuyazuzwa ukuthi i intende yesundu ayinawo amagciwane nanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwesifo.
• Lapho kwenziwa kabusha okukhulu, amanani okufanele akhishwe ayancipha kakhulu.
• Zonke izitshalo ezitholakalayo zingezobulili besifazane.
• Izintende zilingana nomama.
• Ukukhiqizwa kwenzeka ngokushesha.

Njengeqiniso elithakazelisayo, edolobheni lase-Elche, elingaphansi kwesifundazwe sase-Alicante, eSpain, kunelabhorethri enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni wonke yokukhiqiza izinsuku ngale ndlela yokusakaza.

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-gastronomic yesundu sosuku

Usuku, ngaphandle kokuba ingxenye yama-dessert ahlukahlukene kanye nokudumisa izitsha ezibalulekile zikaKhisimusi, igqama kakhulu ngokuhlobisa izitsha eziningi ezivelele kakhulu zokudla zomhlaba ngobungcweti obunamandla.

Inokwakheka kwayo, ushukela ongu-70%, ukusetshenziswa kwayo kufanelekile uma kuziwa kuma-dessert noma lapho kudingekile ukubuyisela amandla ngemuva kokwelashwa kwemvelo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi amagremu ayi-100 kuphela akwazi ukuhlinzeka ngamakhalori angama-270. Ngaphezu kwalokho, banamafutha abalulekile anenzuzo, kanye nezakhi zokulandelela namaminerali.

Ivamise ukutholakala njengesithako kumasaladi, inyama, izinkukhu, amasoseji ngisho nelayisi. Ngakho-ke, lapho isithelo singokwemvelo, ikhwalithi yaso, ukunambitheka kanye nenani lokudla okunempilo landa. Ngaphandle kwalokho, kuvamile ukuzithola zomile, zivuthiwe futhi zisesimweni sokulondolozwa.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwamahlamvu Osuku Lwesundu Nokhuni

Amaqabunga nezinkuni intende yesunduKusukela ezikhathini zasendulo ziye zaba nokusetshenziswa okuningi. Ngokwesibonelo, eNyakatho Afrika, iqabunga layo lisetshenziselwa ukwakha amaqhugwane. Ngamaqabunga avuthiwe, baqhubeka nokwenza obhasikidi, amacansi, abalandeli, phakathi kwabanye. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amashidi ngemva kwezinqubo ezithile ahle kakhulu ukuze asetshenziswe kumabhodi okufakwa ngaphakathi. Ama-pods ama-agent anamandla okunambitha. Ukwengeza, i-fiber etholakala ku-pod isetshenziselwa:

• izindwangu ukujiya
• Izintambo
• Izigqoko

I-petiole, ehambisana ne-appendix yeqabunga, lapho ihlanganisa khona isiqu, lapho somile, iveza uketshezi lwe-cellulose, oluvame ukusetshenziswa ekuntanteni okuhlukahlukene kokudoba, imishanelo, uphethiloli kanye namaCanes. E-Venezuela, ikakhulukazi eSiqhingini saseMargarita, okuwukuphela kwesifunda esiyisiqhingi kuleli zwe, basebenzisa intende yesundu ukwenza “izigqoko ezinemiqumbe” yendabuko. Ngokufanayo, izinkuni zisetshenziswa njengemishayo yezindlu, izingxenye zezikebhe, izigxobo, phakathi kokunye.

ukunakekelwa kwesundu

La intende yesundu, itholakala ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezomile nezisagwadule, kufanele imelane nezinkathi zasehlobo. Ukuthi ngaphandle kokuthi zinde, zinezinga lokushisa eliphezulu, lapho imvula ingekho khona futhi nomswakama unomkhawulo kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, isithelo sinomsebenzi wokuvuthwa ngaphansi kwalezi zimo ezimbi, siveza ukuziphatha okuchazwe ngezansi ngaphambi kwezici ezilandelayo:

• Ukushisa: Nakuba imelana nezinguquko ezihlukahlukene zesimo sezulu lapho ikhule khona, idinga izinga lokushisa libe phakathi kwezigaba ezithile, ukuze ikwazi ukuzuza ukuthuthukiswa okuhle kwezithelo zayo. Ukukhula kwawo okuzinzile kwenzeka phakathi kuka-7°C no-32°C futhi kungafinyelela ku-40°C. Ngaphandle kwalawa mabanga, ukuthuthukiswa kwehla ijubane futhi kuma.
• Umswakama: Ngaphambi kokuvuthwa kwesithelo kwenzeka, intende yesundu idinga umswakama ukuze ifinyelele ukukhula nokuthuthuka kwayo. Ngemva kokuvuthwa, akusadingeki kuwe. Kodwa, ngokuphambene nalokho, lapho inkathi yesimo sezulu inomswakama futhi ihlala inomswakama, izithelo zayo azinayo ikhwalithi elindelekile.
• Ukuthumela okungaphansi: Nakuba ukukhula kwawo kutholakala kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lwenhlabathi, kujwayelekile ukuthi ulinywe ikakhulukazi enhlabathini enesihlabathi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izimpande zawo zinokumelana okukhulu nesimo sezulu esingesihle okwenzeka ngemva kwesomiso nokuba nosawoti. Nokho, kulesi sitshalo, i-pH ephelele ingenye ku-6 range.
• Ukunisela: Uma intende yesundu ikhona ezindaweni ezishisa kakhulu, kunconywa ukuthi iniselwe ngezikhathi ezithile. Kodwa-ke, lapho izinga lokushisa lisuka ekushiseni kuya kubanda, kunconywa ukunciphisa ukuchelela, ngoba phakathi nalesi sikhathi, ukuphefumula kunciphisa kakhulu, ngaphandle kokuthi lesi sitshalo sibonisa ukwehla kwentuthuko nokukhula.

Usuku Lwezinambuzane Nezifo Zesundu

Izinambuzane nezifo ezifanele kakhulu ezihlupha leli lungu elibalulekile le Flora, yilezi ezilandelayo:

• I-"red palm weevil" noma "red palm weevil", ukwenzeka kwayo kungabulala intende bese ngokwehlukana kwamaqabunga ayo aphuka futhi awe.
• "Isikali sesundu esibomvu" sinciphisa futhi some amaqabunga.
• “Ibhungane elibomvu” lisonta amaqabunga aze awe.
• "I-Scolytidae yezinhlamvu zesundu", ibhungane elibhoboza izithelo, libangele ukuba ziwe.
• I-Lasiodiplodia theobromae iyisikhunta esiphazamisa ukugeleza kwezitshalo, okwenza amaqabunga ome futhi abe necrotic.
• "Ukugqwala okungamanga" noma "char of the leaves", isikhunta esikhiqiza amabala aphuzi emaqabunga.
• I-"black rot" isikhunta esidala ukugoba kwe-stipe.