Incwadi engcwele yobuBuddha, ekuqaleni kwayo yavela esikweni elidluliselwa ngomlomo phakathi kwabapristi, babedlulisela ulwazi komunye nomunye. Kamuva zaqanjwa futhi zenziwa ngezilimi zesigodi ze-Indo-Aryan, zafinyelela kulokho okwaziwayo namuhla.
Kumayelana nani?
Izingxenye zokuqala zamaBuddha ezakha incwadi engcwele yobuBuddha zazifundiswa ngomlomo izindela zakuqala ngezilimi zama-Indo-Aryan. Emva kwalokhu zabhalwa phansi zabhalwa njengemibhalo ngezilimi zesigodi ezahlukene Asia. Angahlukaniswa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene njengemibhalo eyinhloko, ukuphawula, nama-pseudo-canon. Ngokuvela esikweni elidluliselwa ngomlomo, izincazelo eziningi zenziwa lapho zibhalwa.
Amasiko amaBuddha ngokuvamile ahlukanisa le mibhalo ngezigaba zabo kanye nezingxenye, njengaleyo e-buddhavacana noma igama elithi Buddha, eminingi yayo eyaziwa ngokuthi ama-sutra neminye imibhalo, njengama-shastras noma ama-treales noma i-abhidharma. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi ngalesi sihloko esithandekayo ungafunda ¿itestamente elisha linezincwadi ezingaki?
Imibhalo engaqondakali idwetshwa ngezilimi ezahlukene kanye nemibhalo ehlukene, futhi ukuyibamba ngekhanda, ukuyifunda nokuyikhiqiza kunenani elikhulu lokuhlonipha amaBuddha. Ngisho nangemva kwentuthuko yokunyathelisa, amaBuddha akhetha ukulondoloza imikhuba yawo yasekuqaleni ngale mibhalo. Yiqiniso, lo mkhuba awuvimbeli ukunyatheliswa kwemibhalo, njengoba kuhlale kunokwesaba ukuhlanekezela lapho uphindaphinda ngekhanda.
Incwadi Engcwele yeBuddhism noma iBuddhavacana
Kusukela ukuphindwa kwemibhalo yencwadi engcwele kwaqala, imibandela yasungulwa ukuze kwaziwe ukuthi yimaphi okufanele abonakale njengebuddhavacana, lezi zindlela ezicacile nezingacacile eziye zaba khona kusukela ekuqaleni. Izincazelo zokuqala aziphakamisi ukuthi i-dharma inqunyelwe kulokho okwakhulunywa ngabayiqiniso Buddha.
El mahāsāṃghika futhi i umlasarvastivada Babehlale benakile ukuthi bobabili izwi leNkosi Buddha njengoba eyabalandeli bakhe babevela Buddha. Izidalwa ezithile ezihlukene, isibonelo, amaBuddha, abalandeli be i-Buddha, rsis futhi i devas bahlukaniswa njengabanekhono ekudluliseni amaBuddha yavacana. Nakuba zanikezela ukuphila kwazo ekudluliseleni kolwazi ngomlomo, kuyaqinisekiswa ukuthi azizange zishiwo ngokwethembeka nangokunembile.
Amagama abaluleke kakhulu futhi abalulekile kulawa kwakufanele ahlanganiswe nokuchazwa kwe-sūtras ehlukene kanye ne-vinaya, futhi uma kuqhathaniswa nomqondo we-dharma. Le mibhalo ebhaliwe ingaqinisekiswa kanjalo njenge-buddhavacana esobala ngu-a i-Buddha, a sangha, umbuthano ongcwele wabadala, noma umdala osezingeni eliphakeme lokuhlakanipha.
Isikhathi esithile, abacwaningi abaningi kule ndaba bebelokhu beqiniseka ukuthi ezinye izingxenye ze-Pali canon kanye ne-agama zingase zibe nomqondo oyinhloko nongokoqobo wezifundo ezikhonjwa neziqinisekiswayo, ngisho negama elishiwo ngokuqondile uthisha. Buddha. Bambalwa abalandeli abazibona befanelekile ukusho inkulumo eqondile ye BuddhaYingakho kunama-sutra amaningi ahlukene.
Emkhubeni wobuBuddha endaweni yaseMpumalanga Asia, uma kuziwa embhalweni, babheka i-buddhavacana njengequkethwe iphethini yobuBuddha baseShayina. Umbhalo wale nguqulo oqashelwa kakhulu yi- i-tripitaka. Lokhu kwaphathwa ohloniphekile awu Kusukela emhlanganweni weBuddhism yamaShayina, kunezinhlobo ezinhlanu zezidalwa ezingakhuluma ngama-sutras of Buddhism.
Lezi zidalwa ezihlakaniphile yilezi: a i-Buddha, uchwepheshe webuddha, a iphepha lodonga, a rsi noma ukwanda kwalezi zidalwa; Noma ngabe yikuphi ukucatshangelwa okwenziwayo, kufanele bafune ukuqala ngokuvunyelwa nguBuddha lapho eqinisekisa khona ukuthi ingqikithi yabo ingu dharma okwangempela. Kungalesi sikhathi lapho ama-sutra angathathwa njenge Buddhavacana esemthethweni ngokuphelele.
Kunjalo ukuthi lapho bedlulisa umlayezo, kwabanye abalandeli bayizinkulumo ezilula mayelana nobuBuddha, kodwa kwabanye, ngesizathu esithile esingokomoya le miyalezo ibhekwa njenge Buddhavacana. Labo bacabanga ukuthi balalela izimfundiso ngqo, hhayi incazelo yazo, bathemba ukuthi zingamazwi aqondile Buddha.
Igatsha leBuddhism elibizwa ngokuthi iShingon lakha isakhiwo esabelana ngemfundo ye-sutras yokuqala Buddha i-gautama endaweni yayo ebonakalayo, kusukela ku-sutras ekayana kuya ku AmaBuddha njengoba sambhoghakaya, futhi kusukela emibhalweni ye-Vajrayana kuya Buddha njengoba dharmakaya. Kule nhlanganisela kwazalwa enye yezinguqulo ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zencwadi engcwele yobuBuddha.
Ngomkhuba weBuddhism owenziwe ku Tibet, yini ecatshangelwayo Buddhavacana ihlangana ku khanga. Amaqembu amaBuddha we EMpumalanga Asia futhi i Tibet uthole iphuzu elivamile ekusetshenzisweni kwemibhalo ku Buddhavacana kanye neminye imibhalo engcwele esetshenziswa ezinguqulweni zazo ezivame kakhulu.
Umbono ojwayelekile walokho umbhalo okwenzayo nokungakumeli uye wathuthuka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Buddhakan, lencwadi engcwele yobuBuddha, ngendlela ebanzi, iqhathaniswa phakathi kobuBuddha EMpumalanga Asia kanye nobuBuddha baseTibet. I khanga I-Tibetan, enendawo enezikole ezahlukene zeTibetan Buddhism i-vajrayana naphezu kokuthi iqukethe i-sutras ne-vinaya, iqukethe ne-trantras.
amasiko ombhalo
Izinguqulo eziqondile kakhulu zencwadi engcwele yobuBuddha zadluliselwa ngomlomo zisuka kwesinye isizukulwane ziye kwesinye, ngezilimi zesigodi ze-Indo-Aryan, kusetshenziswa izindlela ezaziwa ngegama elithi. ama-prakrits, lezi zinguqulo zazihlanganisa nolimi lwesiGāndhārī, i amagadhan Ekuqaleni nange-Pali, kusetshenziswa ukuphindaphinda, ukuphindaphinda komphakathi, nezinsiza zenkumbulo njengesisetshenziswa.
Imibhalo ebhekwe ngokuqinile njengezimfundiso yayivikelwe ezincwadini ze abhidharma futhi ngemva kwesikhashana karikas, okuyizihloko zamazwi. UbuBuddha buwumkhuba osusakazeke emhlabeni wonke, lokhu kwenza le mibhalo yaba ulimi lwesigodi lwabo bonke, isibonelo, isiShayina nesiTibet. Ngokokuqala ngqá umkhuba womhlaba wonke wobuBuddha uqala ukwenziwa ufane ngandlela-thile, kwenziwa umzamo omkhulu wokuthatha okubaluleke kakhulu embhalweni ngamunye.
Umthetho we-Pali wafakwa kuwo i-Sri Lanka, kulapha lapho kwaqala khona ukulungiswa ngekhulu leminyaka BC kanye nomhlangano obhaliwe i-theravadan kukhona okudalwe lapho. Isivumelwano se-Pali i-Sri Lanka, ibe nesandla ekusungulweni kwezindlu ezinkulu zokushicilela i-atthakatha futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, izaphulelo ezincane zecanon ye-Pali kanye nemibhalo emayelana abhidhamma.
Ukuhlaziya okuningi kwenziwe ngeSutra kanye nemisebenzi ye abhidharma, lezi zingatholakala ezilimini zesigodi Tibet, isiShayina, isiKorea kanye nezinye izindawo ze EMpumalanga Asia. Okubizwa ngamaphethini abucayi ale mibhalo ye-Pali engagunyaziwe yiwo i-visuddhimagga, of uBuddha, okuyisifinyezo esikhulu sezifundo ze i-theravada futhi i mahayamsa, ukulandisa okuqinisekiswa kwe I-Sri Lanka.
Kukhona ulwazi lwamakhophi angamaBuddha okuqala ezindaweni ezithile, atakulwa ekuthuthukisweni kwabantu kwasendulo kweGandhara enyakatho ye emaphakathi pakistan, lokhu kuseduze UTeksila, eningizimu-ntshonalanga yenhloko-dolobha, Islamabad. Zibhalwe ngekhulu le-XNUMXst futhi zihlanganisa isiko lemibhalo yeBuddhism I-Gandharan, okwakuwukuxhumana okubalulekile phakathi kobuBuddha baseNdiya kanye nalobo EMpumalanga Asia.
Ngemva kokuphakamisa izingcingo kushans ku India, isiSanskrit sasetshenziswa kabanzi ekwenzeni imibhalo yencwadi engcwele yobuBuddha. I-Sanskrit script esetshenziswa amaBuddha kamuva yaba umhlangano oyinhloko kulo India kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kobuBuddha kulelozwe.
Ekuqaleni kwalokho okubizwa ngokuthi inkathi yobuKristu, kwasetshenziswa olunye uhlobo lombhalo weSutra, lwaqala ukuqanjwa lugcizelela imibono yeSutra. bodhisattva, ngokuvamile eyaziwa ngokuthi iMahayana noma i-Incredible Vehicle Sutras. Inani elibalulekile lama-sutra aseMahayana laqanjwa ngesiSanskrit futhi kamuva laba yimithetho yamaBuddha yaseTibet neyamaShayina. Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngezindaba zenkolo ungafunda iminikelo kaSaint Thomas Aquinas.
Lezi zimiso khanga futhi i i-tripiṭaka Ngamunye, ngesikhathi esetshenziswa ngaso, ayesetshenziselwa ukwenza ukulandisa kwawo siqu encwadini engcwele yobuBuddha efanayo. I-Mahayana sutras ngokuvamile ibhekwa yizazi Ama-Mahayanists njengokusho kwe Buddha, kodwa kudluliselwa noma kuyimfihlakalo, ngokhokho bezidalwa zasezulwini.
Isibonelo salokhu yilezi naga, lezi zabonakaliswa ngokucacile zivela ezinhlobonhlobo Buddha noma i-bodhisattvas. Cishe amakhulu ayisithupha ama-Mahayana sutra abhalwa ngesiSanskrit noma ngesiShayina futhi nangencazelo yesiTibet. Lokhu kuhlukahluka kwezilimi kwabangela ukuhunyushwa okuhlukahlukene kwesiko lokuqala elidluliselwa ngomlomo, okwaholela ekuhlukeni komkhuba wenkolo.
Esikweni lamaMahayana kunemibhalo ebucayi eyaziwa ngokuthi ama-shastras, noma imibhalo elwela ukwenza isakhiwo esiqukethe izifundo ezihlukene zeSutra futhi ivikele noma yandise. Yenziwa ngamaBuddha anengqondo abalulekile njengalokhu Nagarjuna, Vasubandhu y I-Dharmakirti Lezi zibizwa ngokujwayelekile ama-shastras, futhi aqanjwa ngesiSanskrit.
Incwadi evusa ukholo eMahayana, eqinisekiswa ngokungantengantengi a i-avaghosa, yaba nethonya elikhulu lapho yethulwa emhlanganweni wesigodi waseMahayana EMpumalanga Asia futhi yabangela uchungechunge lokugxeka olwaqanjwa abafundisi bokuqala baseKorea nabamaShayina abangamaBuddha.
Eminyakeni yokugcina yekhulu lesikhombisa kwakungenzeka ukwazisa ukukhuphuka kolunye uhlobo olusha lwemiyalezo yamaBuddha, ama-tantras, lezi zanikeza imikhuba emisha yemikhosi ye-yogic kanye nendlela yokwenza, isibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kwama-mandala, ama-mudras kanye nezinhlawulo zomlilo. . . Ama-Buddhist tantras ayimiyalezo yokungena ku-Vajrayana Buddhism, okuwuhlobo lobuBuddha obukhona ezweni. I-Tibet.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibhalo kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi ama-yanas ajwayelekile amathathu, kungasitha inqubo yokuthuthukisa eyalandela, naphezu kwakho konke okukule mibhalo izici ezivamile zencwadi engcwele yobuBuddha zimboziwe. Isibonelo, kukhona okuthiwa imibhalo ye-proto-mahayana, noma i-sutra ajitasena, ezingenawo amaphuzu ayinhloko ahlobene nemibhalo yesiMahayana.
Kweminye yemibhalo kukhona Ungathola nemicabango kamuva eyafinyelela umvuthwandaba kwamanye amagama esiMahayana. I i-garbhāvakrānti sūtra ifakiwe ku i-vinaya i-pitaka we i-mulasarvastivada, esinye sezikole zokuqala, njengaku i-ratnakuta, umbuthano ojwayelekile we-Mahayana sutras.
Eminye yale mibhalo yaseMahayana, ngokusho kwezazi zalesi sihloko, ingabonisa uhlamvu olukhethekile lwe-tantric, ikakhulukazi engxenyeni ye-sutras emfushane kunokuphelela kokuhlakanipha. I-tantra yakudala kakhudlwana, i- mahavairocana Abhisambodhi tantra, yaziwa nangokuthi i-Sutra ye Mahavairocana. Kungenzeka ukuthi ezinye izinguqulo ze- khanga hlanganisa i-sutra yenhliziyo esigabeni se-tantra.
Lokhu okuqukethwe akukhawulelwe kumayanas angomakhelwane kuphela: okungenani imibhalo eyi-9 i-sravakayana I-Hinayana ingatholakala ezingxenyeni ze-tantra zeminye imibhalo ye-Tantra. khanga. Kukhona eyodwa ngokukhethekile, the i-athanative Sutra, ifakiwe futhi esigabeni imikkyō kufihlekile, kusukela enguqulweni yamanje evamile yeskripthi sesi-Chinese-Japanese Buddhist. Ukuhluka kwayo kutholakala ku- digha nikaya ye-Pali canon.
Kunemibhalo ethile yobuBuddha eyakhiwe ngamaqembu abonakalayo, futhi kuthiwa vaipulya noma ama-sutra anwetshiwe. I-Flower Garland Sutra iyisibonelo salokhu, iyi-sutra yodwa, eyakhiwe ngama-sutra ahlukene, amaningi awo ikakhulukazi i-Sutra of gandavyuha, kuseyimibhalo ezimele.
Ezenzweni zeBuddhism yaseTibet, kukhona uhlobo lombhalo oluyingqayizivele nolungavamile olwaziwa ngokuthi i-terma, ngesiTibet kusho ukuthi gter-umama. Lezi izinto zemikhosi neminye imibhalo, okuvunywa ukuthi yaklanywa noma yambozwa ochwepheshe be-tantric futhi yaphinde yalandwa noma yabhalwa ngekhodi ngokwemvelo ezingxenyeni futhi yatholwa, yafika noma yatholwa kabusha amanye amakhosi e-tantric ngesikhathi sokubekwa.
Amagama ahlukene atholwe ama-tertöns ngezindlela zaseTibet gTer-stons, onekhono elikhethekile lokuthola le mibhalo. Kukhona isigaba samagama afihlwe emigodini noma amaphuzu okuqhathanisa, noma kunjalo, umbhangqwana kuthiwa ungamagama engqondo, atholakala ku-psyche ye terton.
Emhlanganweni we Abangenalwazi nasesikoleni nginema, kunenani elikhulu lemibhalo ye-terma. Inombolo enkulu yale mibhalo ku-terma yenziwe ngokuqanjwa ngu padmasambhava, lokhu kubalulekile ukuze I-Nyingmas. Kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi okuqukethwe okwaziwayo kakhulu kwe-terma yincwadi okuthiwa i-Tibet yabafileyo, i-bardo Tholi.
Imibhalo yezikole zokuqala zamaBuddha
Njengoba ekuqaleni isiko lokulondoloza ulwazi lwencwadi engcwele yobuBuddha, kwakungokomlomo, izinhlobo eziningi zemibhalo yezikole zakuqala zamaBuddha, okubaluleke kakhulu emibuthweni yakamuva yemibhalo ukuze kuphile, kungatholakala eMiddle Indo-Aryan. ulimi lwesigodi yi-tipitaka noma ibhokisi lesithathu, elivela esikoleni I-Theravadin.
Ungathola imibhalo, okwakungezinye izindlela zokuzivumelanisa ne tripitakas, ezikoleni zamabanga aphansi, lezi zihlanganisa i i-agamas, okubuye kufake imilayezo ye-sarvastivada kanye ne dharmauptaka. Umthetho wamaBuddha waseShayina uqukethe iqoqo eliphelele lama-sutra asekuqaleni ekuhunyushweni kwesiShayina, ingqikithi yawo ngokuyisisekelo ifana neyesiPali.
Kokubili amaShayina kanye nama-Pali sutra anomehluko ngemininingwane kodwa engqikithini yemfundiso yawo eyinhloko ayafana. Ezinye izingcezu zalokho okubhekwa njengezinga le dharmauptaka, ingatholakala emibhalweni yamaBuddha yaseGandharan. Ezinye zezindlela zakuqala ze i-vinaya pitaka, ezivela ezikoleni ezihlukahlukene, zilondolozwe ngokwengeziwe ohlwini lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli lwaseMahayana.
i-vinaya
Indlela yokuphatha umbhalo ku-vinaya ngokuyisisekelo iphathelene nokugcina ukuhleleka kwe-ascetic. Kodwa-ke, i-vinaya njengencazelo igqama kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-dharma, lapho kungaphawulwa khona ukuqondana okuthile, dhamma-vinaya, lokhu kusho okuthile okufana nomthetho nokulawula. Ukubhalwa kwevinaya empeleni kuqukethe inani elikhulu lokubhala.
Ukuphikiswa kungatholakala ngaso sonke isikhathi kulabo abakhuluma ngemithethonqubo yenkolo, ukungabaza ngokuthi umbhalo wokugcina wafinyelelwa kanjani, wadalwa kanjani futhi uma bexhumene noma cha. Ngaphandle kwalezi zingxabano, i-vinaya iqukethe ezinye izingcezu zemfundiso, imibhalo esemthethweni nengokwesiko, izindaba ezingajwayelekile kanye nezingxenye ezithile ze jatakas noma izindaba zokuzalwa.
Ngeke kuqondwe njengokuqukethwe okuyinhloko okuxhumanisa i-vinaya, futhi leyo esetshenziswa kakhulu, i-pratimoksha, ayiwona ngokwayo umbhalo ogunyazwe i-theravada, naphezu kwesiko lokuthi yonke ingxenye yayo ingase itholakale kahle ezingeni. Ukuze wazi okwengeziwe ngalezi zihloko ungafunda umsunguli webuddhism.
Amaviyana ayisithupha ahlukene aphelele angatholakala encwadini engcwele yeBuddhism, wonke enokubaluleka okufanayo ekusebenzeni kweBuddhism:
Theravada, ebhaliwe futhi yakhiqizwa ngesi-Pali.
Umnyuzi – Sarvāstivada, ebhaliwe futhi yakhiqizwa kabusha ngesiSanskrit, naphezu kwalokhu, iphelele enguqulweni yayo yesiTibet kuphela.
Mahāsānghika, Sarvāstivāda, Mahīshāsika, and Dharmagupta, ekuqaleni yayisenziwa ngezilimi zesigodi zaseNdiya ezihlukahlukene, kodwa noma kunjalo, lelo elalisetshenziswa enguqulweni yesiShayina.
Ngaphezu kwalezi ezishiwo, kuye kwenziwa izingcezu eziningana ngenxa yokuba khona kwamaviyana ahlukene ngezilimi zesigodi. yi I-Mahavastu eyakhiwe yi-sub school i-lokottaravadin de mahāsānghika, mhlawumbe ekuqaleni kwakuyisandulela sakhe i-vinaya lokho kwagcina kuhlukene; ngakho-ke, ngokungafani nokusingatha izimiso ngokwazo, kubonakala njenge-akhawunti ephelele ye Buddha.
Le ndaba eyenziwe ngale ndlela, ingafika imele yonke iminyakazo yayo ngokusebenzisa ishumi bhumis, noma izigaba. Le ndlela kamuva yasetshenziswa amaMahayana kumodeli elungisiwe njenge-Vasubandhu's Ten Stage Sutra.
I-Sutra
Uma ukhuluma nge-sutras evela ku- i-sanskrit pali sutta, lezi ikakhulukazi izingxenye zezinkulumo okuthiwa zenziwe Buddha noma komunye wemiyalo yayo eseduze. Wonke lawa ma-sutra, kuhlanganise nalawo angakhulunywanga nguye ngempela, athathwa njenge-buddhavacana, inkulumo yezwi. Buddha, ngendlela efanayo ngenxa yayo yonke imibhalo egunyaziwe.
Izinkulumo ezehlukene okuthiwa zikaBuddha ekuqaleni zacatshangelwa njengoba zingabonakala ngendlela ezadluliselwa ngayo. Ekuqaleni abayisishiyagalolunye bacatshangelwa, kodwa kamuva nje kwathathwa njengabayishumi nambili. Amafomu eSanskrit yilawa:
sutra: izingxoxo ezichazayo, ikakhulukazi izingxoxo ezimfushane ezichazayo. Igama elikhulunywa nguBuddha wokuqala.
Geya: Kungumbukiso okwabelwana ngawo kanye nengxoxo yezigaba. Ihlobene ne-sagāthāvagga ye-saṁyutta nikāya.
Vyakarana: ukulungisiswa, ukuphenywa. Izingxoxo zithunyelwa kwabanye futhi nezimpendulo ziyahlelwa.
Gātha: Iyunithi. Yeka ukuthi iqembu lamaBuddha, lanoma yikuphi ukuthambekela, okumelwe likufeze.
Udana: i-harangue evuselelayo. Ukufunda izimfundiso zenkolo.
Ityukta: eqala ngalendlela uBhagavân' eshilo.
Jataka: isiko lempilo edlule.
abhutadharma: mayelana nemicabango nezimo ezingenakuchazwa.
I-Vaipulya noma izinkulumo ezinwetshiwe noma labo abanikeza injabulo, imibhalo yaseMahayana.
nidana: lapho izimfundiso zitholakala khona endaweni yokuzalwa.
Avadana: izindaba ze-adventure, ukufundisa ngesibonelo sempilo.
upadesha: ihlukaniswe futhi yenziwe ngamabomu kumhlahlandlela.
Ngayinye yeziqalo eziyisishiyagalolunye zikurekhodi ngalinye le-Agamas Engaboli, kanti amanye amathathu afakwe emibhalweni ethile yakamuva. Vuliwe i-theravadaKodwa-ke, ziphathwa njengelungiselelo layo yonke imibhalo engcwele, hhayi nje ama-suttas. Uhlelo luyatholakala futhi emibhalweni yaseMahayana. Kodwa-ke, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi elinye icebo eligunyaziwe laphoqwa ukuba lingene kulo mthetho, owaziwa kakhulu njengamanje.
Abhidharma
Abhidharma ku-Pali kunjalo abhidhamma, lokhu kusho i-dharma eyengeziwe, futhi uthuliswa ukutadisha izimangaliso. Ekuqaleni yenziwa ngamalungiselelo ahlukene ezimfundiso, isibonelo, ezingamashumi amathathu nesikhombisa bodhipakshika - ama-dharmas noma izici ezingamashumi amathathu nesikhombisa ezicindezela ukuphaphama. Umbhalo ka-Abhidharma uphathelene ngokuyinhloko nokuhlolwa kwezimangaliso nokuxhumana phakathi kwazo.
I-Theravāda Abhidhamma ihlotshaniswa ne-canon ye-Pali. Kusukela ngaphandle kwemiphakathi eqhuba ubuBuddha, imibhalo yeTheravada Pali Abhidharma ayiphawuleki. A sarvastivada abhidaharma, eyakhiwa ngesiSanskrit, yahlelwa ngemihlangano emikhulu yesiShayina neyeTibet. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi i- Abhidhamma I-Theravadin ivikelwe futhi yaziwa kangcono.
Kuyiqiniso elimangalisayo ukuthi ezikoleni ezingu-18 zango-XNUMX, ngasinye sasine-abhidharma yaso ethile nenhlanganisela yemibhalo ababeyisebenzisa njalo futhi babelane ngayo ezimeni ezithile. Akuzona zonke izikole ezibona ukuthi i-abhidharma igunyaziwe. I i-sautrannika, ngokwesibonelo, lalikholelwa ukuthi leli qembu lama ne-vinaya nama-sutra.
Kukhona amarekhodi izikole eziningana ezamukelayo ukuthi i-dharmas, okungukuthi, izimangaliso, ibhekwa yizo njengeqiniso, okusho ukuthi i-Theravada abhidhamma, isibonelo, iyisidingo sokuthi kube yinto ebalulekile ekuqaleni. iphuzu leMahayana. Uma kubhekwa ubukhona bezimanga yikho okugcina kukuvumela ukuthi uvuke uzibone ukhanyisiwe.
eminye imibhalo
Kunombhalo wokuqala amaBuddha amaningi angawucabangi Buddhavacana, lena \ It \ kuye linda phansi ingathathwa njengemibuzo kaMilinda. Lena futhi incwadi engcwele yobuBuddha. Lo mbhalo uwuhlobo lokushintshisana phakathi kweNagasena kanye nenkosi yase-Indo-Greek uMenander e-Pali is milinda. Kuyisifinyezo sokufundisa, futhi kuhlanganisa izihloko eziningi ezahlukene. Ifakwe kwezinye ze-Pali canon.
Eminye imibhalo yokuqala ngokuvamile engagunyaziwe yile nettipakarana futhi i petakopadesa. ama-sutras dhyāna o chan-jing, ziyiqembu lemibhalo yokuqala yobuBuddha equkethe izifundo zokuzindla zesikole iSarvastivada kanye nokucabanga kwe-proto-Mahayana yakuqala. Ukulandela izimfundiso zale mibhalo kwenza amaBuddha akwazi ukuthola ukukhanyiselwa.
Le mibhalo yayivame ukubhalwa ngesandla, eyenziwa abaqeqeshi be-yoga yamaBuddha eKashmiri, futhi yamukelwe eBuddhism baseShayina. I-Buddhist Artificer aśvaghoṣa uqambe ingoma eyingqophamlando mayelana nempilo ka Buddha ebizwa ngokuthi buddhacarita ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX AD
Imibhalo yesiko lamaTheravada
Isikole saseTheravada sivela ekuhlanganisweni kokuqala kwencwadi engcwele yobuBuddha, eyenziwa ngekhulu lokuqala. Imayelana i-tripitaka, eyaziwa kangcono ngokuthi i-Pali canon. Lona umbhalo kuphela obhekwa njengoqukethe amagama athathwe ngokuqondile Buddha, nguye ogunyazwe ukunikeza izimfundiso. Uhlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli lwahlanganiswa emikhandlwini emithathu yokuqala yamaBuddha. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi ngezihloko ezingokomoya ungafunda ukuphulukisa mantra.
Le mikhandlu yabanjwa emakhulwini amathathu okuqala ngemva kokushona kuka Buddha. Eyokuqala yabanjwa I-Rajagriha, owalandela, owaba ngemva kwekhulu leminyaka, waqhutshelwa kuwo Vaishali futhi owokugcina wenziwa eminyakeni engamakhulu amabili kamuva I-Pataliputra, ngokuxhaswa kwe-asoka. Uhlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli lwalugcinwe ngolimi lwaseNdiya Ephakathi oselungasekho, isiPali, futhi lunezingxenye ezintathu:
viva pitaka: ukubhekana nokuziphatha kwezindela. Imithetho ye-vinaya ibeka ukuthi impilo yansuku zonke ye-monk ne-nun kufanele ibe kanjani.
i-pitaka: iqoqo lezinkulumo ze Buddha.
abhidhamma pitaka: ucwaningo kanye nokuphawula ochwepheshe abakunikezayo mayelana ne-dhamma, nezincazelo ezisekelwe kufilosofi, ingqondo kanye nokuziphatha. Iningi lalokhu kuhlaziywa kwemfundiso yeTheravada kuqoqwe engxenyeni yesithathu ye-Tripitaka futhi kubhekwa njengegugu lencwadi engcwele yobuBuddha.
Yonke imibhalo yesi-Pali inezichasiselo, kodwa akusiyo yonke ehunyushiwe. Lawa mazwana enziwe abacwaningi ku i-Sri Lanka, Ngokwesibonelo, Bhudaghosa ngekhulu lesihlanu futhi I-Dhammapala. Ungathola futhi kuzo lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukubuyekezwa kwesibili noma i-tikka, lokhu kuhlaziywa njengokuhlela. Bhudaghosa Naye wayengumdali we i-visukkhimagga, noma indlela yokuhlanza.
Lo mbhalo usebenza njengemanuwali ebeka izivumelwano kanye nendlela yokusebenza, njengoba kuboniswa isiko likaMahavihara i-Sri Lanka futhi njengoba esho nanamoli Bhikkhu, ubonwa njengochwepheshe ongeyena ojwayelekile obalulekile weTheravada. Umbhalo wokuqhathanisa kodwa omfushane i-vimuttimagga. Omunye umsebenzi onamandla kakhulu weTheravada Pali yi Abhidhammattha-sangaha, okuyisifinyezo se abhidhamma.
Kuyiqiniso elingokomlando ukuthi Bhudaghosa wasebenza ezincwadini zamaBuddha ngolimi lwesiSinhala lwe i-Sri Lanka, elahlekile njengamanje. Le mibhalo yezilimi zomdabu iqukethe eziningi zezingxenye zokuqala zencwadi engcwele yobuBuddha, okuhlanganisa nezinhlamvu zesintu zesiSinhala, isibonelo, i-muvadevāvata, noma indaba yokuzalwa kuka-bodhisattva njengenkosi. Mukhadeva.
Lo mbhalo uqukethe futhi sasadavata, noma indaba yokuzalwa kwe bodhisattva njengonogwaja, kuwo ungathola imibono efana ne dhampiyātuvā gätapadaya, ebhekwa njengemfundiso ebusisekile. Umhlangano wokubhala we-Pali wasakazekela emazweni aseNingizimu Asia, lapho umfundaze we-Pali wawuqhubeka uchuma ngokupheda okuningi njenge aggavamsa de saddaniti futhi i igamakalamali de i-ratanapañña.
Imibhalo yencwadi engcwele yeBuddhism, yeTheravada tantric, ingatholakala, ikakhulukazi eningizimu-mpumalanga ye Asia. Leli fomu lamukelwa kabanzi I-Cambodia neThailand ngaphambi kokuguqulwa kwe Igatsha IV ekhulwini leshumi nesishiyagalolunye. Enye yale mibhalo isatshalaliswe ngesiNgisi ngabakwa I-Pali Text Society futhi yaziwa ngokuthi "manual of a mystic".
Imibhalo yeBuddhism ngesiBurma iphawuleka ngezakhiwo zayo ezinhle, ezasho iphethini eminyakeni engu-XNUMX kuya phambili, indlela yokubhala amavesi anezincazelo ezinde futhi ehlotshiswe ngemisebenzi yobuBuddha yesiPali, ikakhulukazi ama-jataka. Indaba ehlonishwayo yevesi pyu yiyona ku khan pyui. Izinkulumo zesiBurma noma ama-nissayas futhi zasetshenziswa ukufundisa isiPali.
Imibhalo yaseMahayana
I-Mahayana sutras yakha ingxenye enkulu yencwadi engcwele yeBuddhism. Ziyimibhalo ehlanganisa isiko elikhulu lobuBuddha baseMahayana, futhi yamukelwa ngokomthetho. Alotshwe ohlwini lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli zamaBuddha aseShayina, ohlwini lwezincwadi zamaBuddha aseTibet, futhi abhalwa ngesiSanskrit. Lawa ma-sutra aseMahayana adluliswa njengefa le Gautam Buddha.
Izinguqulo zokuqala zazingabhalwanga, kodwa zazifundiswa ngomlomo. Yile ndlela amavesi ayegcinwe ngayo esikweni elidluliselwa ngomlomo, elibizwa ngokuthi umfundi Ananda, kubhekwe ikakhulukazi esikhundleni sokunikeza inkulumo yamanje ye Buddha ngemva kokufa kwakhe noma i-parinirvana. Kumele kucatshangelwe ukuthi ngamunye Buddha ukuphindukuzalwa komuntu owayesephila kulo mhlaba.
Njengoba imibhalo yasendulo yamaMahayana isitholakala manje, kunombono obanzi ngobuBuddha. Le mibhalo imele ukugcinwa okuqinile kwendlela ye-bodhisattva, kanye nesibopho sokuphila okuzinzile kwempilo ngaphakathi kwezigodlo ezitholakala ogwadule olukhulu lwase-Asia. Imibono yakudala yaseMahayana njengehlelo elihlukile lokukhonza kanye neliphefumulelwe abantulayo.
Ubufakazi obubhaliwe obuyinhloko beMahayana buvela kuma-sutra avela ekuqaleni kwenkathi evamile. Ekuqaleni kwemibhalo yaseMahayana efana ne ugrapariprchā sutra, sebenzisa igama elithi Mahayana, kodwa awukho umehluko wemibhalo phakathi kweMahayana kulo mongo kanye nezikole zakuqala, nokuthi iMahayana ichazwa njengokulingisa okuqinile kweMahayana. Gautam Buddha ngendlela a bodhisattva.
Izivumelwano ezihlukahlukene ne prajna, lokhu kuwubuqili noma ukuqonda. Ubuqili kulesi sikhala kusho ikhono lokuzindla ngeqiniso njengoba linjalo ngempela. Lokhu akumele kube ukucatshangelwa okunwetshiwe kwefilosofi, kunalokho bazama nje ukuveza umbono wangempela womhlaba wangempela, ikakhulukazi usebenzisa i-Mahayana sutra. Isandulelo esiyisisekelo siwukungabi nobubili.
Lokhu kwe-radicalism embhalweni kuwukuphika indlela ye-dichotomous yokugcina impilo: ngokwale nguqulo yencwadi engcwele yeBuddhism, izimangaliso azikho, futhi azikho, lapha kuthiwa zihlukaniswa sunyata, i-void, ukungabukeki kwanoma iyiphi imvelo engunaphakade. Kule mibhalo okuphambene akubhekwa njengokujwayelekile.
Uhlamvu ngalunye lombhalo lubhekwa njengokuphelela kokuhlakanipha ngokwalo, lokhu kukhombisa indlela yokukhuluma lapho ukhuluma ethathwa njengengenasici ngaphambi prajna ngonkamisa omfishane we-Pali Sanskrit, othi njengesiqalo, enze ize incazelo yegama. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, imishwana, nakuba ibonakala iphikisana, inengqondo ngolimi lokuqala, lokhu ngokuvamile kulahleka ekuhumusheni.
Saddharma-pundarika
Lo mbhalo waziwa ngokuthi i-Lotus Sutra, i-White Lotus Sutra, noma i-White Lotus Sutra ye-Sublime Dharma. Lokhu akumele ngempela amafomu amathathu ahlukene kanye nezinhloso ezintathu, kunalokho kuwuhlobo olulodwa, olunamasamanisi amathathu kanye nethagethi eyodwa. Lezi zifundo ezingenhla kuthiwa zinezindlela ezifanele ezinomgomo omkhulu wokusiza izidalwa zemingcele ekhawulelwe.
Lo mbhalo ugqamile ngoba uqukethe i Prabhutaratna Buddha, ukuthi wayefile eminyakeni embalwa kakade edlule, njengoba kuyiqiniso elifakazelwe, ukuthi noma yiluphi uhlobo lwe Buddha ayifinyeleleki ngemuva kwakho i-parinirvana, noma ukufa, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho kuthiwa ubude bokuphila kwakhe bude ngokungaqondakali ngenxa yokuthola ukuba semthethweni ekuphileni kwangaphambili.
Lo mbono wokuphindukuzalwa, nakuba ungaveli kulo mbhalo wencwadi engcwele yobuBuddha, uhlanganisa isimiso salokho okufanele kufundiswe futhi kufundwe ngemva kokufa. trikaya. Umqondo wokukwazi ukuphindukuzalwa ezimpilweni ezilandelanayo, ngolwazi oluqoqwe ekuphindukuzalwa okuhlukene, yikhona okuye kwavumela ukunothiswa kwe-sutras, phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, futhi ivumela ukwethenjwa ezimfundisweni zemibhalo.
Lo mcabango, nakuba empeleni ungaveli kulo mthombo, wakha isisekelo semfundiso yakamuva ye UTrikaya. Kamuva ihlotshaniswa ikakhulukazi ne-Tien Tai yaseChina, isikole saseTendai eJapane, kanye nezikole zaseNichiren eJapane. Japan. Ukwamukelwa yilezi zikole ezibalulekile, lawa ma-sutra athile angabhekwa njengokumela ngokwethembeka imfundiso ye UBuddha
imibhalo ye-sutra
Okubizwa ngokuthi ama-sutra amaqoqo ezinkulumo nezinkulumo ezinikezwa ngu Buddha noma abanye babafundi bakhe abaseduze kakhulu. Ngokuvamile leli gama lisetshenziselwa noma yikuphi ukubhala okungokwesiko kwaseMpumalanga, kodwa lisetshenziswa kabanzi lapho kubhekiselwa encwadini engcwele yobuBuddha. Lawa ma-sutra avela esidingweni sokugcina imfundiso, obekungalahleka phakathi namakhulu eminyaka.
Ngomkhuba weBuddhism, leli gama libhekisela emibhalweni lapho lokho okumelwe kufundwe kugcinwa futhi kudalulwe, kanye nezinkolelo-ze ezihlobene nezindlela ezahlukene zokufunda ulwazi oludingekayo ukuze kufinyelelwe ekukhanyiselweni noma ukugcwaliseka okuphelele ngokomoya komuntu. . Emakhulwini eminyaka ngemva kokufa kuka Buddha futhi ukuze balondoloze izimfundiso zabo basuka esikweni elidluliselwa ngomlomo baya ku-sutra.
Ngokusho kochwepheshe, ama-sutra amathathu afaneleka kakhulu okufanele acatshangelwe yilezi: i-sutra yobukhona obungaboli, noma eyaziwa kangcono ngokuthi i-sutra ye-orb enkulu ehlanzekile; i-sutra amitabha, ebizwa nangokuthi i-Small Pure Orb Sutra; kanye ne-contemplation sutra, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-visualization sutra. Lapha bachaza isiqalo kanye nemvelo Western Pure Land lapho Amitabha Buddha.
Kulezi sutras kungatholakala incazelo yeminikelo engamashumi amane nesishiyagalombili eshiywe ngu Amitabha Buddha, njenge-bodhisattva azinikezela ngayo ukwakha i-orb ehlanzekile lapho izidalwa zingasebenzisa i-dharma ngaphandle kwezinkinga noma iziphazamiso. I-sutras ithi izidalwa zingavuswa lapho ngokuhola okungaxutshwe nemikhuba. Ukuze wazi okwengeziwe ngalezi zihloko ungafunda imifanekiso ye Jesús.
