Ngezinye izikhathi kungase kucatshangwe ukuthi uma uhlelo luyinkimbinkimbi futhi luyinkimbinkimbi, luzohlala isikhathi eside futhi lungcono ukusebenza kwalo; Ezilwaneni lokhu kukhulunywa ngakho mayelana nezipontshi, maqondana nokuthi iyisidalwa esiphilayo esifeza umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwe-ecosystem enkulu yasemanzini, ewuhlaka olulula futhi eguquguqukayo phakathi nezinkulungwane zeminyaka.
Ziyini izipontshi?
Ibizwa nangokuthi i-poriferai-porifera), elihambisana neqembu lezilwane ezingenamgogodla ezihlala emanzini, ezingaphansi kweParazoa subkingdom. Ikakhulukazi zasolwandle, azikwazi ukunyakaza futhi azinazo izicubu zangempela, futhi ziyisihlungi esiphakelayo ngenxa yesistimu eyodwa yama-pores, amagumbi kanye nemigudu engakhiqiza imisinga yamanzi ebangelwa ama-choanocyte.
Cishe izinhlobo eziyizinkulungwane eziyisishiyagalolunye zezipontshi zaziwa emhlabeni wonke, yikhulu namashumi amahlanu kuphela kuzo ezihlala emanzini ahlanzekile. Ngokwezifundo zesayensi, imvelaphi yezipontshi yaziwa ngokutholakala kwezinsalela (fossils).i-hexactinellide), kusukela ku-Ediacaran Period (Upper Precambrian).Kunesikhathi lapho zazibhekwa njengezitshalo, futhi lokhu ikakhulukazi kwakungenxa yokunganyakazi kwazo, kwaze kwaba ngo-1765 seziqashelwa kahle njengezilwane.
Azinazo izitho zokugaya, noma kunjalo, lokhu kuyi-intracellular. Kufanele kuqashelwe ngendlela ebalulekile ukuthi izipontshi ziyiqembu elingudadewabo lazo zonke ezinye izidalwa eziyingxenye yezilwane, ngaphezu kwalokho, zibhekwa njengezinhlobo zokuqala ezisuka esihlahleni sokuziphendukela kwemvelo zisuka kumuntu ophilayo wazo zonke izilwane. , okungenye yezindlela zokuphila ezilula, kodwa eziphumelelayo ngaphandle kokuba nesitho.
Izici Zezipontshi
Izipanji ziyizidalwa eziphilayo ezinezici eziningi ezithakazelisayo ezizenza zibe olunye lwezinhlobo eziyinqaba kodwa eziheha kakhulu. Ngaphakathi kwalolu hlelo lwemibono, kuqala ngokubonisa ukuthi amangqamuzana akha i-exoskeleton anamandla, okusho ukuthi angaguqulwa ngokuvumelana nezidingo zezilwane, anezici ezithile ze-cellulose. Ngakho-ke, inhlangano yalezi akuzona izicubu (ezinezicubu) kodwa zihambisana nenhlangano yamaselula ngokuphelele.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ukwakheka okujwayelekile kwezipontshi kufana nesikhwama, esinomgodi omkhulu phezulu, i-osculum, indawo lapho amanzi azungeza khona ephuma esipontshini, kanye nenani lezimbotshana ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene. etholakala ezindongeni, okuyilapho amanzi engena khona. Icala elihlukile lenzeka ngokudla, okukhiqizwa endaweni yangaphakathi yesilwane, okwakhiwa kuyo uhlobo olukhethekile nolunye uhlobo lwamaseli, ama-choanocyte.
Kule vidiyo elandelayo uzokwazi ukwazi umsuka wempilo yezipontshi:
Lawa maseli anokufana okunamandla ne-choanoflagellate protozoa, okwenza kube sobala ukuthi ahlobene eduze ne-phylogenetically. Ama-Pomiferans, okungamadala kakhulu ezilwaneni ezineseli elilodwa, cishe ayenesiqalo esivamile nama-choanoflagellate angama-colonial, afanayo ngokwengxenye nakamuva. I-Proterospongia o I-Sphaeroeca.
Izipontshi azikwazi nhlobo ukunyakaza; abaningi abanalo isilinganiso esifanayo kuhlaka lwamathambo abo, okuholela ekubeni bangabi nasimo esichaziwe; kukhona uhlobo olukhula ngokungapheli kuze kube yilapho lushayisana nesinye isipontshi esikhulayo noma esinye isithiyo, ezinye ezizishumeka emadwaleni. Izinhlobo zingaba nezici ezihlukene ngenxa yemvelo lapho zitholakala khona ngokwendawo lapho zitholakala khona, ukuthambekela kwe-substrate, izindawo kanye nokutholakala kwamanzi.
Nokho, ucwaningo olunembe kakhudlwana luye lwathola ukuthi izipontshi ezithile zihamba ngaphansi kolwandle noma phansi lapho zisuka kwenye ingxenye ziye kwenye, kodwa kancane kakhulu, njengoba zihamba cishe amamilimitha amane (4) ngosuku. Eyikukhiphayo, empeleni, i-ammonia, kanye nokushintshisana kwegesi kwenzeka ngokunwetshwa okulula, ikakhulukazi nge-choanoderm, ingxenye ebalulekile yokwakheka kwesipontshi.
Akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi ukubukeka kungahluka, kanjalo nemibala. I-Pomiferous etholakala phansi olwandle inombala ongathathi hlangothi, onsundu noma ompunga, futhi lezo eziseduze nangaphezulu zinemibala egqama kakhulu, esukela kobomvu nokuphuzi kuya kokunsomi kanye nomnyama. Eziningi zazo ziyi-calcareous (ezino-lime), zinemibala emhlophe, kodwa zithatha umbala wezitshalo zasemanzini ezihlala ngaphakathi kwazo, okwenza i-symbiosis.
Lezo ezinombala o-violet yilezo eziqukethe izitshalo ezinombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noluhlaza, nazo ezihambisanayo, nokho, lapho ubumnyama bufika ziba mhlophe njengoba inqubo ye-photosynthesis ingayeki ukwenzeka. Ukuqina kwezipontshi nakho kungaba okungahleliwe futhi kungasukela esimweni esincanyana, esimhlophe, kuye ekubonakaleni okuqinile, okunamatshe ohlotsheni. petrosia. Indawo ingaba bushelelezi, i-velvety, i-rough, futhi ibe nama-conical protuberances amaningi abizwa ngokuthi ama-conule.
Ubude besikhathi sokuphila kwezipontshi akwaziwa, kodwa ukwenza isilinganiso esihle salokho, amafomu amancane ahlanganisiwe anesilinganiso sonyaka owodwa ubudala, bese eshiya ngenkathi engathandeki ukuba khona, nakuba, izingxenye ezincane zizonke zingase zigcine futhi zikwazi ukukhiqiza kabusha. , ngokwesizini. Izipontshi zokugeza ezidumile (hypospongia), uma sibala ezimbalwa, ifinyelela ubukhulu obuhle ngemva kweminyaka eyisikhombisa yokukhula, ibe nesikhathi sokuphila seminyaka engamashumi amabili.
Amaqembu ayisisekelo ezipontshi
Kuyenzeka ukuthi izipontshi zasolwandle ziguquke cishe iminyaka eyizigidi ezingamakhulu amahlanu, futhi njengamanje kunezinhlobo ezingaba yizinkulungwane ezinhlanu ezaziwayo nezihlukaniswa ngezigaba, kodwa kusakholakala ukuthi kusenezinhlobo ezingu-5.000 ezisazokwaziwa. Iningi lezipontshi lihlala olwandle oluvulekile futhi iqembu kuphela I-Spongillidae Zihlala emanzini ahlanzekile, njengemifula namachibi.
Isigaba sokuqala okwenziwa ezinye izazi zemvelo kuma-pomiferas kwakungokwezitshalo zasemanzini, njengoba zingenazo izitho futhi azinyakazi nhlobo, njengoba nje nezinye izilwane zinyakaza, kodwa ucwaningo lwakamuva lwamangqamuzana luveza ukuthi zombili lezi zilwane Njengezipontshi, ziyakwazi ukunyakaza. zashintsha futhi zazibumba zibe imiklamo yazo ehlukene, zidweba ephethinini yamadlozi afanayo. Kusukela kulokhu kuzimisela, bangahlukaniswa ngamakilasi ahlukahlukene, alandelayo asebenzayo:
Ikilasi le-calcareous (Izipontshi zamanje): Zingama- corpuscle anemisebe esukela kowodwa kuya kwemine, eyakhiwe i-crystallized calcium carbonate, ehlelwe ngendlela ye-calcite. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zokuhleleka kwayo futhi, ngokuvamile, zitholakala emanzini angashoni angasogwini kanye nezinga eliphezulu lokukhanya.
I-Class Hexactinellida (Izipontshi zamanje): Ama-siliceous corpuscles, akhiwe nge-hydrated silicon dioxide, ene-radii ephakathi kwemithathu nesithupha, futhi ngokuvamile atholakala emanzini ajulile, phakathi kwamamitha angamakhulu amane namashumi amahlanu namakhulu ayisishiyagalolunye, kanye nokuvela kokukhanya okumaphakathi.
I-Demospongiae yekilasi (Okwamanje - ama-demosponges): Ama-siliceous corpuscles, akhiwe nge-hydrated silicon dioxide, enemisebe engaphezu kwesithupha, engathathelwa indawo yiqoqo lemicu ehlelwe ngendlela ye-mesh. Banenhlangano yeseli leuconoid futhi bangaphila kunoma yikuphi ukujula.
I-Archaeocyatha (I-Extinct-Repealed): Isho iqembu elingekho lendawo engaqinisekile ehlobene ne-pomiferous, engazange ihlale ku-ecosystem yasolwandle isikhathi eside. Babeneminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-50 edlule eMhlabeni, kuyilapho isikhathi seCambrian sahlala. Kukholakala ukuthi zazisemanzini anokujula okukhulu.
I-Sclerospngiae (Ichithiwe): Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba yiminyaka yawo-90. Phakathi kwaleli qembu kwakukhona izipontshi ezakha i-matrix eqinile, efana nedwala ye-calcite, eyaziwa ngalesi sikhathi ngokuthi izipontshi zamakhorali. Izinhlobo eziyishumi nanhlanu zezipontshi ezaziwayo zaphinde zahlukaniswa zaba amakilasi calcareous y demospongiae.
Incazelo ye-anatomical yezipontshi
Njengazo zonke izilwane, lolu hlobo lunohlelo oluthile lwe-anatomical olumahhadla. Okulandelayo sizochaza ngokujulile ukuthi kunjani.
iphinikhodi
Ngaphandle, izipontshi zivikelwe ungqimba lwezinhlayiya ze-pseudoepithelial ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene, ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-pinacocytes; awakhiwe i-epithelium eyiqiniso, njengoba ingenayo i-basal lamina. Leli qembu lezinhlayiya likhiqiza i-pinacoderm (i-ectosome) ehlobene ne-epidermis yohlobo lwe-eumetazoan, njengoba idlula ezimbotsheni ezimbalwa ezingaphezulu, ngayinye embozwe yizinhlayiyana okuthiwa i-porocyte; kuthinte ingaphakathi ukuze lidonswe amanzi.
I-Choanoderm
Isikhala sangaphakathi sesipontshi simbozwe amaseli amaningi anefulegi, ahlanganiswe ndawonye, akhe i-choanoderm. Ukuvulwa okuyinhloko okuphakathi yi-atrium, lapho amangqamuzana e-flagellated akhiqiza ukufuduka kwamanzi, okuyisisekelo ekondleni. Lezi zinhlayiya zingaba nogqinsi lweseli lohlobo lwe-asconoid, zikwazi ukugoqa, njengalezo zohlobo lwe-siliconoid, bese ngokulandelayo, zihlukanise ukuze zenze amaqoqo ezikhala ezakhiwe ama-choanocyte azimele.
amehlo
Ngaphansi kwalezi zimbozo ezimbili kukhona indawo ehlelekile yokuvumelana okuthambile, lapho kukhona khona i-mesophyll, lapho kutholakala khona imicu yokusekela, ama-skeletal corpuscles kanye nenani elingapheli lamangqamuzana e-amoeboid esisindo esibalulekile kulokho okuhambisana nokugaya, ukukhuphuka kwamathambo. Ukucaciswa kwama-gametes kanye nokuhlanganisa imisoco nemfucuza. Izingxenye ze-mesohyl zingaphakathi.
i-exoskeleton
Ngaphakathi kwe-mesohil kunemicu ye-collagen engenakubalwa eguquguqukayo, ehlanganisa ingxenye yamaprotheni yohlaka lwamathambo kanye ne-siliceous (i-hydrated silicon dioxide) noma i-calcareous (i-calcium carbonate) corpuscles, konke ngokuya ngezigaba ezitholakala kuyo, ziyingxenye ebalulekile yamaminerali. , njengoba benikeza ukuqina. Amandla nobulukhuni balolu donga kungase kuhluke, kuye ngokuthi inani lamaprotheni noma amaminerali.
Izintambo ze-Collagen zivame ukuba nezimo ezimbili eziyingqayizivele, eyodwa ibe imicu exekethile, emincane futhi enye imicu yesiponji, ewugqinsi. Zombili zibekwe ohlakeni, ziwela omunye nomunye kanye nama-corpuscles futhi, zikwazi ukuvala izinhlamvu zesihlabathi kanye nezingxenye ze-sediments ezishiywe ama-spicules, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-siliceous noma i-calcareous.
I-calcareous corpuscles inokuhlukahluka okuncane ekubunjweni kwayo, okuphambene nakho kuyisimo se-siliceous spicules, ehlukene kokubili ngobukhulu bawo kanye nokuhleleka kwayo, akwazi ukuhlukanisa ama-megascleras (okungaphezu kuka-100 μm) kusuka kuma-microscleras (ngaphansi 100 mm). Ngezikhathi ezithile, kokubili ama-spicule kanye nemicu ayibekwa ngokungahleliwe, kodwa kunalokho inohlelo oluthile.
Izinhlobo Zezinhlayiya Ezibalulekile
Ngokombono ovamile, izipantshi azinazo izicubu noma izitho zazo, okungamela ubunzima obukhulu kunoma yisiphi isilwane ukuba sibe khona futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, nemisebenzi ehlukene okufanele yenziwe ngaphakathi kuzo. Kuma-pomifera lokhu akumeleli inkinga, ngoba enziwa amafomu amaseli ahlukene, angashintshana ngolwazi.
Lokhu kuchazwa ngokuthi:
ama-pinacocyte: Lolu hlobo lwezinhlayiya lwakha isembozo sangaphandle sengxenye enkulu yezipontshi. Bayakwazi ukuvikela, kanye ne-phagocytize noma ukugaya.
Ama-Basopinacocytes: Amaseli akhethekile, atholakala esihlalweni sesipontshi, akhipha imicu evumela i-pomiferous ukuthi izishumeke ku-substrate.
ama-porocyte: Zihambisana nezinhlayiya ze-cylindrical ze-pinacoderm, ezinokuvuleka okuphakathi okulawulwayo, okuvumela ukudlula kwevolumu enkulu noma encane yamanzi ukuya engxenyeni yangaphakathi. Baphathwa kuphela izipontshi ezine-calcareous.
ama-choanocyte: Ngokuyisisekelo, angamaseli amaningi kakhulu ezipontshini. Zinomucu omude omude ohambayo ophakathi, ohlanganiswe umqhele noma ikhola eyodwa noma eyimpinda, ene-microscopic villi ehlanganiswe imizimba yamafilimi eyenza i-reticulum. I-flagella, eqondiswe ezikhaleni zangaphakathi ezikwazi ukuvumela ukuhamba kwamaseli, ikhiqiza imisinga yamanzi ngokuya ngokugudluka ngendlela echaziwe, kodwa yesikhathi esiguquguqukayo.
Buka idokhumentari elandelayo yevidiyo mayelana nezipontshi:
Ama-colenocyte nama-lophocyte: Izinhlayiya ze-Mesophyll ezikhiqiza ama-collagen fibers ahlelwe ngokungahleliwe, ahlanganiswe ukuze akhe ukusekelwa ku-mesophyll, okusiza kokubili ukuthuthwa kwamanye amangqamuzana nokukhiqiza.
ama-spongiocyte: Izinhlayiya eziqukethwe ku-mesohyl, ezikhiqiza imicu ye-collagen ewugqinsi, ebizwa nangokuthi imicu ye-spongin, umsebenzi wayo uwukuba ukusekelwa okuyinhloko komzimba wama-pomiferas amaningana, ngokuphathelene nesakhiwo sawo.
ama-sclerocyte: Amaseli ahlobene nokudalwa kwama-corpuscles, kokubili i-calcareous ne-siliceous, futhi ahlukanise uma ukukhishwa kwe-spicule kuqediwe. Ziphinde zibe nomthelela ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene lezi ezingaba nazo.
ama-myocyte: Izinhlayiya ezingancipha, ezitholakala ku-mesohyl, ezitholakala eduze kwe-osculum kanye nokuvuleka okuyinhloko. I-cytoplasm equkethe inama-microtubules nama-microfilaments amaningi. Ukusabela kwalawa ma-microorganisms akusheshi, ngaphandle kwamandla kagesi okubabeka esimweni, njengoba bengenayo imizwa noma amangqamuzana ezinzwa.
ama-archaeocyte: Izinhlayiya ze-Mesophyll, ezinamandla okuguqula zibe yinoma yiluphi uhlobo lweselula. Zinethonya elikhulu ohlelweni lokugaya ukudla, ezinamaseli agaywe ama-choanocyte, okuyindlela yokukhipha kanye nokuthutha izipontshi. Zibalulekile ekuzaleni kwe-asexual.
amaseli ayi-spherulus. Zifeza imisebenzi ohlelweni lokukhipha futhi ziqongelela izinhlamvu ezincane ezihlehlisa ukukhanya futhi zizikhiphele kumsinga ojikelezayo.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwezipontshi ngokuya ngomthamo wazo wokuhlunga
Ngokusho kwenhlangano yabo kanye namandla abo okuhlunga, izipontshi zihlelwe zibe amazinga amathathu, okuvumela ukwanda okukhulu ebusweni be-choanoderm, futhi kancane kancane, futhi kwandisa ukusebenza kahle kokuhlunga, ukusuka kokulula kuya kokuyinkimbinkimbi, okumelela. isici esibalulekile hhayi kuphela ekuphakeleni kodwa nasekuvuselelweni nasekuzalweni kwayo. Lezi izi:
I-Asconoid: I-Tubular pomfera, enemisebe emincane, engaphansi kwamasentimitha ayishumi, nesikhala esimaphakathi, esibizwa nge-spongiocele noma i-atrium. I-locomotion ye-choanocyte filaments ivumela ukungena kwamanzi endaweni eshiwo ngenhla, ngokusebenzisa ama-pores adlula kuwo wonke udonga lomzimba. Ama-choanocyte, amboze i-spongiocele, abamba izinhlayiya ezitholakala emanzini.
I-Syconoid: Zinomumo we-radial, njenge-asconoid. Udonga lomzimba lushubile futhi luyinkimbinkimbi kune-asconoid; i-choanoderm, nayo eyakha ingxenye yokumboza isikhala se-atrial. Zethula imigodi eyicylindrical, izindawo ezimbozwe ama-choanocyte anwebeka abe yi-spongiocele ngembotshana ebizwa ngokuthi i-apilo. Umsinga wamanzi udlula eziteshini zokungena ngenani elikhulu lama-pores angaphezulu, bese udlula kuma-prosopyles.
i-leukonoid: Lolu hlobo lwesiponji, olunenhlangano ye-leukonoid, alunakho ukuvuleka okuyindilinga okulinganayo, kodwa kunalokho kunemigodi emincane ye-atrial kanye nenani elikhulu lezikhala ezinyakazayo, izindawo ze-globular ezihlanganiswe ne-choanocyte yamahhala kanye nezinkomba ezahlukene, ezitholakala ku-mesohilo, nakuba ngokuxhumana phakathi kwabo, kokubili ngaphandle kanye ne-osculum ngokusebenzisa iqembu lamashaneli, okuvumela imisebenzi yokuphefumula, kulokhu, ukuhlunga.
Zidla kanjani izipontshi?
Ekuqaleni kwaleli phuzu elithakazelisayo, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi izipontshi azinawo umlomo kanye nesistimu yokugaya ukudla, zihluke kulo lonke iqembu le-metazoan, ngoba zincike ekugayweni okuthakazelisayo kwe-intracellular, okuvumela i-phagocytosis ne-pinocytosis ukuba kube izindlela ezisetshenziswayo. ukuze ukwazi ukudla ukudla. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, abanawo amangqamuzana ezinzwa, bayizilwane ezingenawo isimiso sezinzwa.
I-Porifera idlula amanzi ezindaweni ezivulekile ukuze zithole ukudla futhi iqoqe umoya-mpilo omningi ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngokwazi ukuthi izipontshi azinaso isisu, amangqamuzana akhethekile anomthwalo wemfanelo wokondla lezi zidalwa eziphilayo. Izinhlayiya zaziwa ngokuthi ama-choanocyte kanye nama-archaeocyte, lapho ezokuqala zinesibopho sokucupha konke ukudla futhi lokhu okukugcina kukugaye ngaphakathi.
Uma siqhathanisa ngokunesizotha ukudla kwezipontshi nokomuntu, kunenzuzo enkulu kweyokuqala ngoba eyokuqala okukhulunywe ngayo ngenhla yayinenani elikhulu lemilomo emincane noma encishisiwe phakathi nobude bomlomo wazo. indlela. Ngala mashaneli noma ama-pores, amanzi angena futhi ayiswe emkhatsini noma endaweni ephakathi, bese exoshwa ngembobo engaphezulu.
Ukuze ufingqe inqubo, ifushaniswa kanje: amanzi, anenani elikhulu lezinhlayiya, ahlungwa esipontshini ngokusebenzisa ama-pores. Ngaleso sikhathi, izinhlayiya ezinkulu (phakathi kuka-0.5 μm - 50 μm ububanzi) ziyagaywa. Ngamanye amazwi, kunamangqamuzana akhethekile amunca futhi adle lezi zinhlayiya, futhi amanzi anezinhlayiya ezincane adlulela emgodini ongaphakathi we-porifera, lapho nawo agaywe khona, enze ingxenye yenqubo enembile.
Izipontshi zihlala zivumela ukudlula kwamanzi njalo kuzo futhi, izinhlobo eziningana ezinkulu zalezi, ziyakwazi ukuhlunga inani elingaphezu kwamalitha ayinkulungwane amanzi ngosuku; Kuyathakazelisa ukwazi ukuthi lesi sidalwa esiphilayo asincikile ohlelweni oluyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukuze sikwazi ukuzondla futhi sikwazi ukuba khona olwandle, ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezinohlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi.
Ukwazi mayelana nokuzala izipontshi
Manje, mhlawumbe uyazibuza ukuthi izipontshi zizalana kanjani. Kulesi sigaba siyakuphendula:
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha ngokobulili
Njengoba kunikezwe amandla amakhulu amaseli awo, wonke ama-porifera ayakwazi ukuzalana ngokungafani nezicucu. Inani elikhulu lezipontshi likhiqiza amahlumela, ukuvelela okuncane, okufana namaqhubu kumuntu, akwazi ukuhlukanisa, futhi kwezinye izimo agcina ukudla okubalulekile ngaphakathi kwawo; ezinye izinhlobo zamanzi ahlanzekile (ezaziwa ngokuthi I-Spongillidae) ukwazi ukukhiqiza imibungu eyinkimbinkimbi, efana nama-sphere abekwe kahle ane-archaeocyte.
Mayelana nalokhu, banezingqimba zokuzivikela, enye yazo ewugqinsi, eyenziwe nge-collagen esekelwa ama-amphidisc-type corpuscles, avame ukumelana kakhulu noshintsho olukhulu lokushisa nendawo ezungezile, njengezikhathi zesomiso nobusika ( angakwazi ukumelana nokushisa nobusika. kuze kufike ku-10 ° C). Kuyaziwa ukuthi izinhlobo eziningana zasolwandle zikhiqiza lolu hlobo lwamatshe ayigugu, kodwa olulula, olubizwa ngokuthi i-soritos.
Ukukhiqiza kabusha ngokocansi
Ngokungangabazeki, izipanji azinaso isimiso sokuzala sangaphakathi noma sangaphandle, kodwa lokho akuvimbi izinhlobo ezithile zokuzalanisa ngokobulili. Ama-Gamete kanye nemibungu atholakala ku-mesohyl. Iqembu elikhulu lama-porifera angama-hermaphrodite, nokho, alinayo iphethini emisiwe, efinyelela iphuzu lapho, ohlotsheni olufanayo, amaqembu ahlukene ezinhlobo ze-hermaphrodite angahlala ndawonye nabantu be-dioecious. Ngalo mqondo, ukuvundiswa kuhlangene kakhulu.
Amangqamuzana esidoda avela kuma-choanocyte, lapho yonke indawo ithinteka yi-spermatogenesis futhi yakhe iqhubu lesidoda. Ama-ovules, aqala kusuka kuma-choanocyte noma ama-archaeocyte, azungezwe ungqimba lwezinhlayiya zokudla noma ama-trophocyte. Ama-gamete abesilisa nama-ovules ajikijelwa ngaphandle ngokusebenzisa imisinga yamanzi; kule ngxenye, ukuvundiswa kwenziwa, okubangela izibungu ze-planktonic.
Kwezinye izinhlobo zezipontshi, isidoda sithinta imvelo yasemanzini yezinye izidalwa ezinama-poriferous lapho zigaywa khona ngama-choanocyte; khona-ke, lezi zingxenye ziyahlukana, ukuze kamuva ziguquke zibe amangqamuzana e-amoeboid, abizwa ngokuthi ama-phorocyte, aholela i-gamete yesilisa ku-ovule engakwazi ukuvundisa, futhi ngaleyo ndlela, izibungu zikhishwa imisinga yamanzi, kuze kube yilapho umjikelezo usuphelile.
Ngaphansi kwezici ezishiwo ngenhla, izinhlobo ezine ezibalulekile zezibungu ezibalulekile zezipontshi zingachazwa kafushane phakathi nomjikelezo wokuzala wocansi:
I-Parenchymule: Kubhekiselwa kusibungu esihlangene, esinongqimba lwezinhlayiya ze-monoflagellate ngaphandle kanye neqembu elibalulekile lamaseli anokufana okukhulu nama-archaeocyte, atholakala ngaphakathi.
i-coeloblastula: Ihambisana nesibungu esilula, futhi esakhiwe ungqimba lwezinhlayiya ze-monoflagellate, ezizungeze isikhala esikhulu sangaphakathi.
stomoblastula: Yakhiwe nge-celloblastulae, ejwayelekile ye-porifera efukamela ama-ovule avundisiwe ku-mesohilo yawo. Iphinde ithande ukukhanya, kepha iqukethe amaseli amakhulu (ama-macromers) ezivumela indawo evulekile, exhuma nesikhala sangaphakathi. Ithintwa inqubo enkulu yokuhlehla lapho izinhlayiya zangaphakathi ezifulege ziba ngaphandle.
i-amphiblastula: Kungumkhiqizo okhiqizwe kusukela kunqubo ehlehlayo eyenzeke ku-stomoblastula. Yakhiwe i-hemisphere, eyakhiwe ngamangqamuzana amakhulu, angenayo i-flagellated (ama-macromers), enye inezinhlayiya ezincane ze-monoflagellate (Ama-Micromers). Lesi sibungu siyaxoshwa futhi sigcine sinamathela esisekelweni ngokusebenzisa ama-micromeres; ziqoqwe zakha ivolumu yezinhlayiya ezifuywayo, ama-macromeres akha i-pinacoderm, okulandela ukuthi, kungenzeka ukunwebeka ku-osculum.
Ukubuyela kulokhu okungenhla, lapho kuvulwa, isiponji esincane se-leuconoid sikhiqizwa, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-olynthus. Isibungu kufanele sifune ukwehla isikhathi esithile, okungaba izinsuku ezimbalwa noma amahora ambalwa, ukuze sithole indawo efanelekayo lapho singabekwa khona. Ngemva kokuyijoyina, isibungu sishintsha sibe i-poriferous encane, okwenza kube noshintsho oluphelele esakhiweni saso, kanye ne-exoskeleton yayo.
Buka ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwezipontshi kuvidiyo:
Isigaba lapho ukuzalana kobulili kulungele khona sincike ngokuyisisekelo ekushiseni kwamanzi lapho zitholakala khona. Ezindaweni ezisezingeni lokushisa elijwayelekile, ziyakwazi ukuvuthwa phakathi kwezigaba zasentwasahlobo nezasekwindla, futhi ezimweni ezingavamile, izikhathi ezimbili zokuzala zenzeka, esisodwa enkathini ethile yonyaka. Isigaba sokuzala singase sihluke kwezinye izinhlobo, sibala phakathi kwazo i-cliona, lo ithiya futhi i i-scypha, okwenzeka nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka.
Indawo Yezipontshi
Ngaphansi kwesakhiwo somzimba wabo (iziteshi ezivumela amanzi ukuba ahlunge), izipanji zitholakala kunoma iyiphi indawo yamanzi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ihlanzekile noma isolwandle, izibeka eduze kwe-substrate eqinile, noma kunjalo, izinhlobo ezithile zinganamathela ezisekelweni ezithambile ezifana inhlabathi enodaka noma eyimbudumbudu. Izipontshi eziningi zikhetha ukuchayeka ekukhanyeni okuncane noma zingabikho nhlobo; Zidla ikakhulukazi izinhlayiya eziphilayo ezinosayizi we-microscopic ezimisiwe.
Lezi zinhlobo ziyakwazi futhi ukudla amagciwane, ama-dinoflagellate compounds kanye ne-microscopic plankton. Amandla ayo okuhlunga ayamangalisa; i-leuconoid pomiferan engamasentimitha ayishumi ukuphakama kanye nesentimitha elilodwa ububanzi iqukethe cishe izikhala ze-flagelate eziyizigidi ezimbili namakhulu amabili namashumi amahlanu futhi ivumela ukudlula kwamalitha angamashumi amabili nambili nesigamu amanzi ngosuku.
Naphezu kokuhleleka kwazo okulula, izipantshi zikhuthaza umthelela omuhle endaweni ezungezile; Lezi zilwane zikwazi ukubusa inani elikhulu lezindawo zasolwandle ezinodaka futhi zingamelana nokungcola ngenxa yegesi, uwoyela, amaminerali aqinile nemikhiqizo yamakhemikhali kahle, ziqoqa lezi zinto ezingcolile ngamaqembu amakhulu ngaphandle kokubangela umonakalo noma uthando.
Amanye ama-Pomiferan anama-symbionts e-photosynthetic, njenge-cyanobacteria, i-zooxanthellae, i-diatoms, i-zoochlorella, noma mhlawumbe amagciwane alula. Ahlala ekhulula ama-symbionts kanye nezinhlayiya eziphilayo, akhiqiza izinto zokuhleleka kwamafinyila ngesikhathi esinqunyiwe. Kwezinye izipontshi, ama-symbionts, ngokwezibalo, angamela kufika ku-38% wevolumu yemizimba yazo.
Iqiniso liwukuthi iqembu lezilwane ezidla izipontshi lincane kakhulu, futhi lokhu ngenxa ye-exoskeleton yabo ye-corpuscles kanye nobuthi bayo obuphezulu, lapho kukhona khona ama-opisthobranch molluscs ambalwa, ama-echinoderms nezinhlanzi. Ngezikhathi ezithile, ziyizilwane ezigcina isikhathi eziye zakwazi ukugaya i-pomiferous, futhi zizingela uhlobo olucacile lwesipontshi.
Zonke lezi zinezinhlobonhlobo ezihlaba umxhwele zezinto ezinobuthi kanye nama-antibiotics asetshenziswayo ukuze angakwazi ukuzingela, noma adle i-substrate lapho ahlala khona. Izinto ezithile noma izinhlanganisela izipontshi ezinazo ziwusizo ngokwemithi, zinemithambo yenhliziyo, i-anti-inflammatory, antiviral, i-gastrointestinal, imisebenzi ye-antitumor, phakathi kokunye, engaphansi kokuhlaziywa okukhulu, ekwazi ukubiza phakathi kwazo ama-arabinosides nama-terpenoids.
Okujwayelekile ngalolu hlobo ukuthi zihlala futhi zikhule ezindaweni ezinamatshe noma eziqinile, ezinye ziyakwazi ukunamathela endaweni ethambile njengesihlabathi, udaka noma imfucumfucu ezungezile; olunye lwezinhlobo ezingavamile zezipontshi yilezo ezitholakala esimweni esixekethile. Izilwane ezihlukahlukene ezingenamgogodla nezinhlanzi zizisebenzisa njengesiphephelo ngenxa yemigodi yazo nezikhala zangaphakathi, nakuba kukhona nama-gastropods nama-bivalves afakwe emagobolondweni azo, kanye nezinkalankala ezihlukahlukene. Inikeza izinzuzo kukho kokubili.
Izipontshi zizala kabusha kanjani?
Lezi zilwane zasemanzini zinekhono elimangalisayo lokuvuselela kokubili izingxenye ezilimele nezilahlekile, kanye nokukwazi ukuzibuyisela ngokugcwele zibe umuntu omdala, kuqala ngezingxenye ezincane noma ngisho nezinhlayiya ngazinye. Amaseli anezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokufinyelela ukuhlukana, kungaba ngemishini noma ngezinqubo ezithile zamakhemikhali.
Lawa maseli ayakwazi umnyakazo lapho efuduka futhi abe ingxenye yama-aggregate asebenzayo lapho ama-archaeocyte adlala indima ebalulekile. Ukuze izingcezu ezincane zamaseli zandise ubukhulu bazo, kufanele zikwazi ukuhlanganisa indawo lapho zikhulisa khona umthamo wazo lapho zicaba, zibe ungqimba lwama-pinacocyte, olubizwa ngokuthi amadayimane, nasezikhaleni lapho kutholakala khona ama-choanocyte, kanjalo. njengohlelo lwesiteshi, isipontshi esisha esisebenzayo siyakhiqizwa.
Ukuzalwa kabusha akunakuqhathaniswa nenqubo yokuzalana ngokobulili, njengoba izinhlobo ezahlukene zamangqamuzana ahlukanisiwe zibamba iqhaza ekwakhiweni kwesipontshi okukhulunywa ngaso, ukuzihlela nokuzakha kabusha, esikhundleni sokuzihlukanisa ngaphambi kwezinhlobo zamangqamuzana akudala. Inqubo yokuvuselela ama-pomiferas inokubaluleka okukhulu kwesayensi ngokwenqubo ye-intracellular eyenzeka ngaphakathi kwayo, ukunamathela, ukuhleleka, kanye nokunyakaza kanye nezakhiwo zayo.
Ubudlelwano beSponge nomuntu
Izipanji zakha iqembu lokhokho lezilwane eziphilayo. Maqondana nezinsalela ezitholakele futhi zahlaziywa, bezilokhu zikhona eMhlabeni kusukela eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingamakhulu amahlanu namashumi amane edlule, eduze nomngcele we-Precambrian-Cambrian, lapho nje isikhathi sezilwane ze-Ediacaran sesiya ekupheleni, ukuzimisela okwanikeza ukwahlulela okusha. kulolu hlobo ngaphakathi komphakathi wesayensi.
Ukuhlaziywa okuqhubekayo kubonisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zokuqala zaseMedithera kakade zasebenzisa isipontshi sokugeza esidume kakhulu; kukholakala ukuthi impucuko yokuqala eyayisebenzisa cishe kwakungabantu baseGibhithe. Isazi sefilosofi esingumGreki esikhulu, u-Aristotle, sasazi ngokuba khona kwezipontshi futhi sachaza indlela ezazingakhula ngayo kalula. Amasosha amaRoma ayesebenzisa izipontshi esikhundleni sezinkomishi zensimbi ukuze aphuze uketshezi, kodwa ayevame ukuphuza amanzi amaningi phakathi nemishini yezempi, futhi ukudoba isipontshi kwakungenye yezindlela zemidlalo yama-Olympic yasendulo.
Ngakho-ke kuyaziwa ukuthi izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zomndeni wesipontshi bezisetshenziswa yizimpucuko namasiko amaningi esikhathini esidlule ngokusebenzisa imibhalo yazo engavamile yokunwebeka nethambile njengezinhlobo zesigaba. i-demospongia, ukucaphuna abanye, ukuba abanye I-Spongia officinalis, Spongia Zimocca, I-Spongia Graminhla futhi I-Hippospongia communis, esetshenziselwa ukuhlanza izinto zasendlini.
Ngesikhathi impucuko yamaGreki namaRoma isisezingeni eliphezulu, yayisetshenziselwa ukubeka upende, njengezinto zokuhlanza phansi, ngisho nezingilazi zamasosha okuphuza uketshezi. Manje, sikhuluma ngeNkathi Ephakathi, kubhalwe ukuthi isipontshi sasisetshenziswa njengethuluzi lokwelapha ukwelapha amasosha nobukhosi, njengomthombo ezimeni ezihlukahlukene kanye nezifo.
Namuhla, ukusetshenziswa kwezipontshi kubanzi kakhulu: zingasetshenziswa kwezobuciko nakwezentengiselwano ezihlukahlukene ezifana nomhlobiso, ubucwebe, ukudweba, izitsha zobumba kanye nemithi yokuhlinza, lapho wenza umsebenzi. Kuwo wonke amakhaya kukhona isipontshi, nakuba okwamanje izipontshi zemvelo sezithathelwe indawo yi-poriferous ekhiqizwayo neyokwenziwa, lokhu kunomthelela omuhle endaweni ezungezile.
Phakathi kolwandle namazwe aseNyakatho ye-Atlantic, izipontshi ezilethwa ulwandle ogwini lolwandle ziye zasetshenziswa izizukulwane ngezizukulwane njengomanyolo onamandla wamasimu ezitshalo. Kodwa-ke, isigaba esikhulu kunazo zonke esinamandla nezomnotho salokhu, cabanga ngezipontshi zokugeza, ngaphezu kwakho konke, amakilasi isipontshi e hypospongia, i-exoskeleton yayo iqinile futhi iyanwebeka.
Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi, isikhathi eside, imakethe enkulu yezipontshi igxile emazweni aseMpumalanga yeMedithera, eGulf of Mexico, iqhubekela eCaribbean, enyakatho ye-latitude ibheke ogwini lwe-American Atlantic futhi. ogwini lwaseJapane. Esifundazweni saseFlorida (e-United States) ngaphambili kwakunemboni yokukhiqiza ebaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni, ngokweqiniso lokuthi, phakathi neshumi lesine nelesihlanu lekhulu lama-XNUMX, ukudoba okungalawuleki nezifo ezihlukahlukene kwanciphisa kakhulu ukukhiqizwa kwezipontshi.
Ingozi yokuphila kwezipontshi
Njengoba sazi ukuthi izipontshi zibalulekile kuyo yonke indawo ezungezile nesimiso sezinto eziphilayo, akukakakwazi ukuhlola ubungozi bokuphila kwazo emhlabeni wonke, okwamanje. Kuchazwa ukuthi iningi le-porifera alibonakali lisengozini emhlabeni jikelele, njengoba abanye besho. Kodwa-ke, alikho inani elikhulu lolwazi ngenani elikhulu lezinhlobo zezilwane kanye nokwaziswa okwengeziwe okudingeka kuqoqwe futhi kuhlaziywe, kutholwe ngaphansi kocwaningo oluqinile mayelana nesigameko sokucindezela kwe-anthropogenic.
Sikumema ukuthi uvakashele izihloko ezilandelayo onentshisekelo kuzo:
- Izilwane zasemanzini
- Izilwane zasolwandle
- Izilwane zasemhlabeni