Wake wazibuza ukuthi izilwane zinezindlela ezihlukene zokuphefumula yini? Uma kuyindaba yakho leyo futhi ufuna ukwazi ukuthi zikhona yini Izinhlobo ezahlukene Zokuphefumula Kwezilwane, sincoma ukuthi uqhubeke ufunda lokhu. isihloko ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nomhlaba othokozisayo wezilwane.
Izinhlobo Zokuphefumula Kwezilwane
Ukuphefumula kwaziwa njengenqubo ebalulekile yokuba khona kwazo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo, ngisho nezitshalo zenza le nqubo ukuze ziqhubeke ziphila. Nakuba kungezona zonke izidalwa eziphilayo ezenza lo msebenzi ngendlela efanayo, njengoba kwenzeka ngezilwane ezishintsha le nqubo ngokuvumelana nokuvumelana kwe-athomu noma ngokohlobo lwendawo ezungezile ezinayo. Ngokwaso, isimiso sokuphefumula sakhiwe isethi yezitho ezisebenza ngokubambisana ukushintshanisa amagesi.
Kafushane, kungathiwa ukushintshana kwamagesi okwenzeka phakathi komzimba nemvelo ngenhloso yokuthola umoya-mpilo (O2) nokukhulula isikhutha (CO2), lapho ukukhulula isikhutha kuyisinyathelo esibucayi ngoba iyabulala uma inqwabelana emzimbeni. Kodwa-ke, ukuphefumula kuqukethe ukuthola umoya-mpilo nokuqeda i-carbon dioxide, ngoba umoya-mpilo usetshenziselwa ukucubungula ushukela futhi ngaleyo ndlela uthole amandla e-biochemical adingekayo ukuze uphile, esikhundleni salokho i-carbon dioxide iwumphumela wokusabela okushiwo ukuthi Kumele ikhishwe emzimbeni kusukela kuyingozi uma kunqwabelana emzimbeni.
Lapho umoya-mpilo ungena emzimbeni ngokuphefumula kwesilwane, ugcina ususakazwa kuwo wonke umzimba ngesimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi ukuze wondle izicubu ezihlukahlukene zezinto eziphilayo eziwudingayo. Ngale ndlela kuba nokuxhumana phakathi kwesimiso sokuphefumula nesenhliziyo, esihluka kakhulu kuye ngezinhlobo zezilwane ezibhekwayo.
Ukuphefumula eMbusweni Wezilwane
Ukuphefumula kuwumsebenzi owenziwa yizo zonke izilwane, kodwa indlela eziwenza ngayo ayifani eqenjini ngalinye lezilwane. Inqubo yokuphefumula abayisebenzisayo izoncika eqenjini lezilwane, izici abanazo kanye nokuguquguquka kwe-athomu. Kuyinqubo egxile kakhulu ekutholeni umoya-mpilo nokukhulula isikhutha. Lo msebenzi ubaluleke kakhulu ngoba ngokuwenza, izilwane zingathola amandla okwenza eminye imisebenzi ebalulekile.Ngaphandle kwalokho, lo msebenzi ubalulekile ekuphileni kwezinto eziphilayo ezi-aerobic, okungukuthi, lezo eziphila phambi komoya-mpilo (O2).
Kunezilwane ezilula njengezipontshi noma i-jellyfish ezingathuthukisi noma iyiphi indlela yokuphefumula. Njengoba lezi zilwane ze-diblastic zenza ukushintshaniswa kwegesi kwawo wonke amangqamuzana awo nemvelo yasemanzini ebazungezile. Endabeni yezilwane ze-triblastic, zandisa inani lezingqimba zamangqamuzana azo futhi zikhulise izingqinamba zokuqhuba ukushintshaniswa kwegesi nawo wonke amaseli omzimba. Kodwa-ke, ama-flatworms amaningi anamandla okusebenzisa ukushintshaniswa kwegesi ngaphandle kwesidingo sesistimu ethile, lokhu kungenxa yenani elincane lamaseli akha imizimba yawo.
Izinhlobo Zokuphefumula Kwezilwane Ngokwenqubo yazo
Izilwane zinezinqubo ezehlukene zokwenza ukuphefumula ngokwendawo yazo, ukujwayela kwe-athomu kanye neqembu lezilwane ezikulo, lezi zinqubo zihlukaniswa njengokuphefumula kwamaphaphu, ukuphefumula kwegill, ukuphefumula koqhoqho kanye nokuphefumula kwesikhumba. Okokuqala futhi ngokuvamile owaziwa kakhulu ukuphefumula kwamaphaphu okusebenzisa amaphaphu ukwenza inqubo. Ukuphefumula kwamaphaphu kungenziwa ngezindlela ezahlukene kuye ngokuthi hlobo luni lwezilwane. Ngokunjalo, ungabona izilwane ezinephaphu elilodwa kuphela kanti ezinye zinamaphaphu amabili. Ukuphefumula kwe-gill kusetshenziswa izilwane eziningi zasolwandle. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukushintshaniswa kwamagesi okwenziwa ngamagill.
Okulandelayo ohlwini ukuphefumula koqhoqhoqho okujwayeleke kakhulu ukubonakala ezilwaneni ezingenamgogodla, okuyizona ezigqama kakhulu zisebenzisa lolu hlobo lokuphefumula izinambuzane. Kulolu hlobo lokuphefumula, isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi alithinti ukushintshaniswa kwamagesi. Ekugcineni, kukhona ukuphefumula kwesikhumba futhi, njengoba negama lakho libonisa, lokhu kushintshaniswa kwegesi kwenzeka esikhumbeni. Ngokuvamile isetshenziswa izilwane ezihlala emanzini nasemanzini nezinye izilwane ezitholakala endaweni enomswakama futhi ezinesikhumba esincanyana. Kulezi zinhlobo zokuphefumula ezilwaneni, okubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi iyiphi inqubo yazo ngayinye yazo futhi ziyi:
Ukuphefumula Kwephaphu Ezilwaneni
Ukuphefumula okuvame kakhulu ukuphefumula kwamaphaphu, okuwukushintshana kwegesi ngamaphaphu.Phakathi kwezilwane eziningi eziwusebenzisayo, singathola izilwane ezinomgogodla wasemhlabeni (phakathi kwazo singabala izilwane ezincelisayo, izinyoni, nezilwane ezihuquzelayo), izilwane zasemanzini (os which singagqamisa ama-cetaceans) futhi ekugcineni izilwane ezihlala emanzini nasezweni ezingashintshana namagesi esikhumbeni. Amaphaphu ashintsha ukwakheka kwawo futhi anezimo ezihlukahlukene ze-anatomical kuye ngokuthi iqembu lezilwane ezinomgogodla.
Endabeni yezimfudu zasemanzini, lezi zenza izindawo zokushintshisana ngegesi ngamanzi endaweni ye-rectal ngokusebenzisa umgudu wokugaya ukudla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, banezinguquko ohlelweni lwabo lokujikeleza kwegazi, lokhu kubavumela ukuba babekezelele isikhathi eside ngaphansi kwamanzi ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuya phezulu befuna umoya-mpilo.
Ama-Amphibians
Ama-Amphibians angase abe namaphaphu njengamasaka alula ane-vascularized, njengoba kunjalo nge-salamanders namaxoxo, angabonwa ngamaphaphu ahlukaniswe ngamakamelo anemiphetho eyandisa indawo yokushintshanisa igesi, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-flaveoli.
Iziqubuzelayo
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinhlobo zezilwane ezihuquzelayo zinamaphaphu abusa kakhulu kunalawo ezilwane ezihlala emanzini, njengoba lawa ehlukene abe amasaka omoya amaningi anokwakheka kwesiponji axhumene. Indawo yokushintshisana ngegesi inyuke kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa neyezilwane ezihlala emanzini. Ezinye izilwane ezihuquzelayo zinamaphaphu amabili kanti ezinye zinelilodwa, njengoba kwenzeka ngezinyoka. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi izilwane ezihuquzelayo zinesikhumba esiqinile nesomile, esinezikali futhi azikwazi ukukhiqiza ukushintshaniswa kwegesi ngaphandle. Lawa anamaphaphu anamandla amaningi angaphakathi okuvumela ukuba ikoloni, yilezi zilwane, endaweni eyomile, ngaphandle kokuncika emanzini.
Aves
Ukuphefumula kwamaphaphu ezinyonini kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu njengoba, njengoba ehlala esebenzisa ukundiza, amaphaphu agcina edinga umoya-mpilo owengeziwe kunokuvamile. Izinyoni yizo kuphela lapho singabona khona amaphaphu afakwa umoya ngamasaka omoya. Ngokwawo, ama-air sacs awathinti ukushintsha kwegesi, kodwa asetshenziselwa ukugcina umoya bese egcina ewukhipha, lokhu kusebenzela ukuze amaphaphu abe nemithombo yomoya omusha ongageleza ngaphakathi kuwo ngaso sonke isikhathi.
AmaMamferfer
Manje izilwane ezincelisayo ziyizilwane ezinamaphaphu anwebekayo ahlukana abe izingxenye ezithile futhi ukwakheka kwawo kufana ncamashí nokomuthi. Njengoba igalela ku-bronchi kanye ne-bronchioles kuya ku-alveoli, lapho kwenzeka khona ukushintshaniswa kwegesi. Amaphaphu atholakala emgodini wesifuba futhi lokhu kunqunyelwe yi-diaphragm. Lesi sakamuva isisipha esisebenzisana ne-distension kanye nokufinyela, lokhu kusiza ukungena nokuphuma kwamagesi.
Ukuphefumula Kwegatsha Ezilwaneni
Amagill yisitho esiphethe ukuphefumula ngaphansi kwamanzi, ayabonakala futhi atholakala kuhulumeni noma ngemuva kwekhanda kuye ngezinhlobo zasemanzini. Lezi zingathuthuka ngezindlela ezimbili, enye ihlelwe ngama-gill slits aqoqwe ndawonye futhi enye njengama-appendages anegatsha. Isibonelo sazo singabonakala ezibungwini zama-newt nama-salamanders, noma ezilwaneni ezingenamgogodla njengezibungu zezinambuzane ze-annelid nama-molluscs.
Lokhu kuphefumula kuqukethe amanzi angena ngomlomo ngezimbotshana. Umoya-mpilo "uyathunjwa" futhi usatshalaliswe egazini nakwezinye izicubu. Amanzi aqhutshwa maqondana negill ngosizo lwamanje lwamanzi afanayo noma i-operculum, ngenxa yalokhu ukuthi ukushintshana kwegesi kungenzeka. Ezinye izinhlobo zokuphefumula kwezilwane ziyaziwa kodwa kunolwazi oluncane ngazo, njengokuphefumula kwe-gill.
Endabeni yezinhlanzi, lezi zibamba futhi zinwebe ama-gill ngokusebenzisa ama-gill arches. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, oshaka nemisebe ye-manta ibonakala inamakhothamo angu-5 (ayisithupha kulawo angaguquki kancane) kanti lawo anamakhothamo angu-4 ayizinhlanzi ezinamathambo. Leso sakhiwo samathambo saziwa ngokuthi yi-operculum evikela la makhothamo e-brachial. Le nqubo ihlanganisa amanzi ajikelezayo esuka emlonyeni eya emigodini ye-gill, ecindezelwa yi-ligi, lokhu kudala umsinga ozuzisa ukushintshaniswa kwamagesi phakathi kwegill namanzi.
Izilwane eziphefumula ngamagill
Phakathi kwezilwane eziphefumula ngamagill kukhona i-Giant Manta (i-Mobula Birostris), i-Whale Shark (i-Rhincodon Typus), i-Stock Lamprey (i-Geotria Australis), i-Giant Clam (i-Tridacna Gigas) kanye ne-Great Blue Octopus (i-Octopus Cyanea)
Ukuphefumula Koqhoqhoqho Ezilwaneni
Olunye uhlobo lokuphefumula ezilwaneni ukuphefumula koqhoqhoqho okuvame ukubonwa ezilwaneni ezingenamgogodla. Ukugqamisa izinambuzane, ama-arachnids, ama-myriapods (ama-centipedes nama-millipedes), phakathi kokunye. Lesi simiso sakhiwe igatsha lamashubhu namapayipi asakazwa kuwo wonke umzimba. Lezi zixhunywe ngokuqondile kwezinye izitho nezicubu. Kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi alithinti ukuthuthwa kwamagesi.
Ngamafuphi, umoya-mpilo uhamba ngaphandle kokufinyelela ku-hemolymph. Okuwuketshezi oluyingxenye yesimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi sezilwane ezingenamgogodla njengezinambuzane futhi lokhu kufeza umsebenzi ofana negazi lomuntu kanye nazo zonke ezinye izilwane ezinomgogodla. Yingakho ifakwa ngqo kumaseli. Le mibhobho ixhuma ngqo ngaphandle ngokusebenzisa izimbobo ezaziwa ngokuthi i-stigmata noma i-spiracles, lapho igcina ikhiphe i-CO2.
Izibonelo Zokuphefumula Koqhoqhoqho Ezilwaneni
Phakathi kwezilwane eziphefumula ngoqhoqhoqho kukhona i-Water Bunting (Gyrinus natator), Intethe (Caelifera), Intuthwane (Formicidae), Inyosi (Apis mellifera) kanye Nonyovu Wase-Asia (Vespa velutina). Lezi ngezinye zezilwane eziphefumula ngoqhoqhoqho.
Ukuphefumula Kwesikhumba Ezilwaneni
Ekugcineni, kukhona ukuphefumula kwesikhumba, okuyindawo lapho kungekho sitho (njengamaphaphu nezinyosi) esithonya ukushintshana kwegesi, njengoba lokhu kwenzeka ngesikhumba sesilwane. Lokhu kuphefumula kusetshenziswa ezinambuzaneni, ezihlala emanzini nasezweni kanye nezinye izilwane ezinomgogodla ezisatshalaliswa endaweni enomswakama noma ezinezikhumba ezizacile kakhulu. Isibonelo salokhu amalulwane, okuyizilwane ezincelisayo ezinesikhumba esincanyana kakhulu emaphikweni futhi ngenxa yalokhu kusiza ingxenye yokushintshaniswa kwegesi. Lezi izinhlobo ezingavamile zokuphefumula kwezilwane futhi ezidala ilukuluku lokufuna ukwazi, njengoba zimbalwa ezaziwayo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezithile zezilwane ezihlala emanzini nasemanzini njengezimfudu ezinamagobolondo amhlophe, ezinezindlala ezikhipha amafinyila agcina isikhumba simanzi. Ngokuphambene, ezinye izilwane ezihlala emanzini anezilwandle zinemigoqe esikhumbeni sazo okwandisa indawo yokushintshana. Nakuba izilwane ezihlala emanzini nasemanzini zingakwazi ukuxuba izindlela zokuphefumula ezifana namaphaphu kanye nesikhumba, ucwaningo lwaphetha ngokuthi u-90% wezilwane ezihlala emanzini nasemanzini zishintshana ngegesi esikhumbeni.
Izibonelo Zezilwane Eziphefumula Ngesikhumba
Phakathi kwezilwane eziphefumula ngesikhumba sazo kukhona isikelemu esivamile ( Lumbricus terrestris ), i-leech elaphayo ( Hirudo medicinalis ), i-Iberian newt ( Lissotriton boscai ). Siphinde sithole ixoxo le-Spadefoot (i-Pelobates cultripes), i-Common Frog (Pelophylax perezi), i-Sea Urchin (Paracentrotus lividus).
Uma ubunentshisekelo kulesi sihloko mayelana Nezinhlobo Zokuphefumula Ezilwaneni, ngikumema ukuthi uqhubeke nokufunda izixhumanisi ezilandelayo: