Umhlaba uncike ezintweni ezihlukene ezisebenza ngokuqhubekayo ukuze kulondolozwe ukuphila emhlabeni, phakathi kwazo singagqamisa indima yezihlahla ezithule, ezinhle, kodwa ezibaluleke kakhulu. Ngenxa yokukhula kwezimboni nokwezolimo ngokweqile, kuye kwafinyelelwa esigabeni sokulahlekelwa izinhlobo zazo, masazise esihlokweni esilandelayo Izimbangela Zokuqedwa Kwamahlathi eplanethini engumhlaba.
Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi
Iplanethi engumhlaba ibonakala ngezimo zayo zemvelo ezihlukahlukene ezizuzisa ukukhula nokukhula kwesintu; Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukusetshenziswa kanye nokuxhashazwa ngokweqile kwemithombo kuye kwanda ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zomuntu, konke lokhu kuye kwaholela ekuwohlokeni okuqhubekayo koqweqwe lomhlaba kuze kube seqophelweni lokungaphumeleli ukuvuselelwa okungenzeka, phakathi kwezinye zalezi zici. kugqama ukugawulwa kwamahlathi noma ukugawulwa kwamahlathi.
Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kuhambisana nenqubo lapho yonke indawo yemifino ithathelwa izitshalo nezihlahla zayo, lokhu kubangelwa izenzo zabantu lapho kunesibopho sokucekela phansi noma ukuqeda amandla ngokweqile yonke indawo yehlathi, ngezinye izikhathi ukwenza inzuzo. amagxolo emifino kodwa futhi nokuba nenhloso yokusebenzisa umhlabathi noma umhlabathi ngenye inhloso.
Wonke amahlathi nezindawo zemvelo yezitshalo zinemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu emvelweni nasemphakathini lapho ukulahlekelwa yizo kungaba bucayi kakhulu emvelweni, kungase futhi kube nomthelela ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi omunye wemisebenzi Izihlahla ezinayo ukuqothula i-carbon phakathi nendawo. yokukhula kwawo, ngokubambisana nezimo zezulu ezihlukahlukene ezidingekayo emhlabeni.
Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kwenzeka lapho izihlahla zigawulwa kakhulu futhi ngaphandle kokulawulwa, kuze kube yilapho kudala izinguquko ezinkulu kakhulu ohlelweni lwezemvelo kanye nokuwohloka kwenhlabathi kanye nawo wonke umkhakha, ngokuvamile lolu hlobo lwesici luxhunyaniswa ngokuqondile ezandleni zomuntu futhi kakhulu. ezithinta zonke izindawo zemvelo ezitholakala emkhakheni wayo.
Njengamanje, kwenziwa inani elikhulu lemisebenzi engabangela ukugawulwa kwamahlathi emkhakheni ohlobene nemisebenzi yezimboni lapho behlala begawula futhi beshisa izihlahla, konke ngenhloso yokufeza ukwanda kwezolimo nokukhuthaza ezolimo ezijulile; Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwanda kwenani labantu kuye kwabangela ukwanda kwezindawo zasemadolobheni, kwanda imisebenzi yezimayini kanye nokugawulwa kwamahlathi endaweni. Ukukhula kwayo yonke imigwaqo nemigwaqo engena emahlathini kubangele ukuzingela ngokungemthetho, okubangele ukuwohloka kwezindawo eziseduze eziluhlaza.
Izimbangela Zokugawulwa Kwamahlathi
Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kungadalwa yizimo ezehlukene zemvelo kodwa kugqama kakhulu emisebenzini ehlukahlukene eyisici somuntu, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kungadala izinkinga ezinkulu njengomlilo ongadalwa yizenzo zomuntu (imilingo noma ugwayi) kodwa imvelo ngokwayo (njengombani ezindaweni ezinezihlahla).
Izinga lokugawulwa kwamahlathi selithuthuke kakhulu, okwenza imvelo ehlukahlukene ilulame kancane kakhulu futhi kwezinye izimo ingalulami ngokuphelele; ukugqamisa iqiniso lokuthi zonke izitshalo nezilwane zithinteka ngokuqondile ngokuzithonya, zize zinyamalale; Ngalokhu, sazi ngazo zonke lezo zimbangela zokugawulwa kwamahlathi ezichazwe ngezansi:
Izimbangela Eziqanjwe Ngumuntu
Yonke imisebenzi eyenzelwe umuntu ngenhloso yokuthola inzuzo kuyo yonke imithombo ezungeza isintu, kodwa futhi ibe imbangela eyinhloko yokugawulwa kwamahlathi, okungadala imiphumela emikhulu engafinyelela okungenakugwenywa, izimbangela ezenziwe umuntu kakhulu. ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kugqanyiswe ngezansi:
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Ukugawulwa kwezihlahla ngokungakhethi
Ukugawulwa kwezihlahla kuhambisana nenqubo lapho ukulandelwa kwezihlahla nokusikwa kwenziwa ukuze kusetshenziswe izinkuni zazo njengempahla eluhlaza yezinto ezihlukahlukene, kunezigidi zamahektha anikezelwe ukutshala izihlahla okufanele zigawulwe futhi zishiswe, okugqamisayo. iqiniso lokuthi ngokwenza lolu hlobo lomkhuba kungenzeka ukukhipha izinkuni neminye imikhiqizo, okuthonya amasimu ahlukahlukene.
Ngokujwayelekile lolu hlobo lomkhuba lwenziwa emazweni ahlukene athuthukile anohlobo oluthile lokuthembela okhunini, kokunye banezitshalo ezizihlomulisa kuphela kodwa kokunye akukho ukulawula okuholela ekugawulweni kwemithi ngokweqile. ukulawula ukwelashwa kanye nomthelela wenhlabathi. Ukugawulwa kwemithi kuyinqubo eyenziwa ezindaweni ezinkulu njengamahlathi nawo wonke ama-ecosystem.
Kumele sikugcizelele ukuthi akuwona umbuzo wokungaxhasi izinkuni njengephepha nokudla, kodwa kuhle kusetshenziswe izinqubo zokuphatha ukugwema ukuwohloka okuqhubekayo kwamahlathi nemvelo, yingakho kwamanye amazwe imithetho kanye imithethonqubo ehlobene yokongiwa kwemvelo.
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Ukukhulisa izinkomo
Imfuyo ihambisana nomsebenzi wezomnotho onikezelwe ukuzalanisa izilwane ukuze zidliwe abantu futhi ngaleyo ndlela zikwazi ukuthola inyama neminye imikhiqizo efana nobisi, izikhumba, uju, phakathi kwezinye izinhlobo zemikhiqizo. Kubhekwa njengomsebenzi owenziwa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo lapho imisebenzi ehlukahlukene efana nokuzingela, ukudoba nokuqoqa kwenziwa ngaphezu kokukhiqizwa kokudla nezingubo zabantu.
Kulokhu, kuyavela ukuthi izinkomo zingabhubhisa inani elikhulu lamahektha ehlathi, umhlaba, amahlathi, phakathi kwabanye. Lokhu kwenzelwa ukuthi imfuyo efuywayo ifuywe ifuywe inikwe ukudla, kuze kufike lapho kuphelelwa khona yonke imithombo yomhlabathi ize iqedwe ngokuphelele bese iyiswa komunye umkhakha khiqizani okufanayo okubangela ukuwohloka komhlabathi ngenxa ukuguga kwenhlabathi kuze kube sezingeni lokuthi ungaphinde ukhiqize insiza efanayo.
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Ukwakhiwa komhlaba emadolobheni
Njengoba ukwanda kwenani labantu emhlabeni, isidingo esiqhubekayo sokuvala izindawo eziningi siyafuneka, okuholela abantu ukuba bazijwayeze ukusika nokushisa, befuna ukwenza indawo ethile ibe idolobha futhi basuse izihlahla. Isidingo esiqhubekayo sokwandisa zonke izikhungo zasemadolobheni kufanele siqokonyiswe, okubangela ukufuna okuqhubekayo komuntu ekugawulweni kwezihlahla aze afinyelele ekugawulweni kwamahlathi.
Lesi simo sidalwa wukwanda kobuchwepheshe nomnotho emazweni, okuthi uma efuna ukuthuthukiswa kwempilo ashiye izindawo zasemakhaya adlulele ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, okudale ukungalingani emikhakheni kanye nokukhula kwezimboni ngenxa yesidingo sendawo nendawo. abantu abafudukela emadolobheni, konke lokhu kugqugquzela ukucekelwa phansi kwamahlathi kanye namahlathi.
Izimbangela zemvelo
Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kuhlale kuxhunyaniswa nesidingo esiqhubekayo sabantu ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zemvelo kanye nokuthola inzuzo yemvelo, kodwa kufanele kuphawulwe kulokhu ukuthi kunezizathu eziholela ekugawulweni kwamahlathi emvelo okungaphazamisa imikhakha yemvelo ehlukahlukene ukuthi iwonakele futhi iwonakele. kuzo, ezinye zezenzo eziyinhloko eziholela ezimbangela zemvelo zokuqothulwa kwamahlathi zizoqokonyiswa ngezansi:
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Imililo yehlathi
Umlilo uhambisana nesigameko lapho isenzo somlilo esivame ukuba khona ngendlela engalawulwa kakhulu lapho uthinta zonke izinto ezitholakala endaweni uze uziqede zonke bese uyasha. Kulokhu, umlilo wehlathi ugqama njengomlilo ongabhebhetheka ngaphandle kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo lokulawula emahlathini nasezindaweni zasendle, uqothula zonke izilwane nezitshalo ezisendleleni yawo. Ihlukile kwezinye izehlakalo zemililo ngenxa yokwanda kwayo okubanzi kanye nesivinini sayo esikhulu sokusabalala, idla imigwaqo, imifula kanye nezinqamuli zomlilo.
Ezikhathini zasehlobo, imililo yamahlathi ivame ukubonwa ngendlela ebabazekayo, ekwazi ukucekela phansi izinkulungwane zamahektha ezindawo zemifino. Ngisho nokuthinteka ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu lapho kubangela ukusha kwamahlathi kuvame futhi kucekele phansi; Zivame ukukhiqizwa ngezikhathi zesomiso namazinga okushisa aphezulu lapho kunenqwaba yezitshalo.
Amazwe afana ne-Australia ne-United States aye athinteka kakhulu ngenxa yokusha kwamahlathi okuqinile, lapho ezimweni eziningi kungase kubangelwe ubudedengu babantu kodwa futhi nokugawulwa kwezihlahla ngokweqile, yonke imililo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi idala umonakalo muni. impela eshubile.
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Izinambuzane nezifo ezithinta amahlathi
Imvelo ivezwa inani elikhulu lezinto ezikhona kusukela ekuqaleni kwesikhathi futhi ngokuvela kweplanethi kubangele ukuthuthukiswa nezinguquko. Ngenxa yokubamba iqhaza komuntu kanye nomthelela abanawo, kungashintsha izinhlelo ezihlukahlukene; Phakathi kwazo, ukuba khona kwezinambuzane nama-microorganisms asendaweni kungagqanyiswa, izikhathi eziningi ukungalingani okukhona ku-ecosystems kungashintsha izitshalo.
Lawa ma-microorganisms angakwazi ukunamathela ezitshalweni, wonakalise aze azibulale, Lesi ngesinye sezizathu eziyinhloko ezenza ahlasele zonke izitshalo zokudla, okusho usongo olukhulu. Ukuzicabangela njengenye yezimbangela eziyinhloko zokuqothulwa kwamahlathi ngenxa yokuthi zingahlasela inani elikhulu lezinhlobo zezitshalo, kuhlanganise namabhungane, ama-cochineal, ama-aphid, phakathi kwezinye.
Imiphumela Yokugawulwa Kwamahlathi
Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kungenye yezinkinga eziyinhloko ezithinta iplanethi, ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza ushintsho olukhulu lwesimo sezulu, oluthinta kakhulu izimo zemvelo emhlabeni ezishintsha ukukhula kwamahlathi ezinhlobonhlobo. Uma imbangela eyinhloko yokulahleka kwezihlahla isiphawuliwe, imiphumela emibi eziyenzayo emhlabeni wethu kufanele igqanyiswe:
Ukuguqulwa Komjikelezo Wamanzi
Umjikelezo wamanzi uhambisana nenqubo yemvelo lapho amanzi emvelo edlula esigabeni sokuhwamuka kokubili olwandle, emifuleni nasezitsheni, lapho lo mhwamuko ujiya emkhathini uze wenze amafu bese ngenxa yokwehla kokushisa kwawo enze imvula. amanzi, ngendlela efanayo amanzi angena emhlabathini aze enze amachweba kanye nemifula ukuze kwakhiwe umkhathi bese eqala umjikelezo futhi.
Ngenxa yokuguguleka okungapheli koqweqwe lomhlaba, kungabangela ukungcoliswa kwamanzi, kodwa ikakhulukazi kuphazamise ukugawulwa kwezihlahla; Lokhu kubangelwa ukuthi izihlahla ziheha imvula futhi amahlathi abhekwa njengengxenye yokuqala yomjikelezo wamanzi, njengoba uquqaba lwamahlathi lulahleka, ukuziphatha kwamanzi kushintsha kakhulu ngoba avame ukuthuthela emikhakheni eveza uhlaza.
Ugwadule
Kuhambisana nenqubo yokuwohloka kwenhlabathi evundile futhi ikhiqiza ngokuphelele, lapho ngokuphelele noma ingxenye ilahlekelwa amandla ayo okuthwala umkhiqizo. Ukuphenduka ugwadule yileyo miphumela yokulahleka kokumboza kwezitshalo lapho kubonakala ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi okuqhubekayo, ngenxa yokunisela kanye nosawoti wezwe; okubangela ukuthi umhlabathi wome, wome kancane futhi wome ngokuphelele.
Kulokhu, kuyagqama ukuthi ukugawulwa kwezinhlobo zezihlahla ngokungakhethi futhi ngaphandle kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo lokulawula lapho kuba khona imililo eshiswayo. Ingakhuthaza ngisho nokwandiswa kwezikhathi zesomiso kanye nokomisa okwedlulele kwenhlabathi ebinakekelwa phambilini kuyo yonke i-ecosystem.
Ukulahlekelwa Indawo yokuhlala, Imvelo Ehlukahlukene kanye Nomhlabathi
Noma yimuphi umphumela ongaholela ekulahlekelweni kwezindawo zemvelo zazo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane, ungamela enye yezimbangela ezinkulu zokulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo endaweni yemvelo, konke lokhu kungaholela ekuguquleni amahlathi, amahlathi, amahlozi, imihlume. , amachweba ngisho namasimu ezolimo, phakathi kwezinye izimiso zemvelo ezibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kokuphila emhlabeni, ngaphezu kokuba nomthwalo wemfanelo wokufaka isandla ezindaweni zasemadolobheni ezinezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo ezidlayo.
Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kuwumphumela olimaza kakhulu kuzo zonke izindawo zemvelo lapho kungabangela zonke izimiso zemvelo ukuba zilimale, ngaleyo ndlela kubangele ukulahlekelwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezikhona endaweni futhi kwandise ukulahleka kwezakhiwo emhlabathini futhi kungadali ukusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo kwezilimo.
Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kungaholela ekuhlulekeni ukulungisa isikhutha (CO2), ukuze ibambe iqhaza kukho konke okuhlobene nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, igqamise ukuthi zonke izifunda ezigawuliwe zingadala ukuguguleka komhlabathi futhi ziguqule umhlaba ube umhlaba ongakhiqizi, okuthinta umnotho womphakathi kanye nokulingana kwemvelo emphakathini. Lolu hlobo lomphumela lunzima kakhulu ngoba aluvumeli noma yiluphi uhlobo lwezitshalo ukuba lukhule, ngakho lungathinta izindawo zokudla zamazwe.
Ukulahlekelwa Izixuku Ezinkulu Zamahlathi
Izwe ekuqaleni laligcwele izindawo ezihlukahlukene zamahlathi, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi ukwanda kwenani labantu kuye kwabangela ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwamahlathi; Leli cala lithonya amazwe lapho kwenzeka khona lolu hlobo lwecala, njengaseLatin America, ikakhulukazi e-Amazon, ebhekwa njengephaphu lomhlaba lapho inehlathi elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni.
Izindawo zase-Amazon zibhekene kakhulu nokugawulwa kwamahlathi namahlathi okuqhubekayo, okuthinta kakhulu isimo sezulu se-ecosystem, ezinye izandiso zamahlathi amakhulu ezithinteka kakhulu eMexico, e-Argentina, eColombia nasePeru.
Ukuguqulwa Kwesimo Sezulu Somhlaba Wonke
Izwe ngalinye kanye ne-ecosystem inesimo sezulu kanye nesimiso somkhathi esingathonywa yizimo ezihlukahlukene zemvelo enazo, lesi simo sezulu singathinteka ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene eziyinkimbinkimbi njengokulahlekelwa kwamahlathi namahlathi, okuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kuthinte izinqubo ezihlukahlukene. njengomjikelezo wamanzi othonya amazinga okushisa esifunda, zonke lezi zinhlobo zemiphumela ziphindaphindwa ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke kanye nezinguquko ezihlukahlukene zesimo sezulu.
Indlela Yokugwema Ukugawulwa Kwamahlathi
Ukugawulwa kwezihlahla okuqhubekayo nokudlulele kungase kubangele ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwezinhlobo zamahlathi okuye ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ziye zangakhethi futhi ziqondile, okuyisizathu eziye zachitha isikhathi zifuna amakhambi anele okunciphisa umthelela wokugawulwa kwezihlahla endaweni ezungezile.
Ukusetshenziswa njengesinyathelo sokuqala esingaba esibaluleke kakhulu njengoba sizobhekana ngqo nohlelo lokukwazi ukufeza zonke izinhlobo zokugawulwa kwamahlathi emikhakheni yezifunda nokunciphisa lezo ezivele zikhona. Kuleli qophelo kuyadingeka ukusungula izivumelwano zomhlaba wonke nohulumeni besifunda ngasinye noma izwe emhlabeni futhi ikakhulukazi labo abathinteka kakhulu.
Kulolu hlobo lwesivumelwano, imithetho, imithethonqubo kanye nezinyathelo zokuvimbela kufanele zisungulwe ezivumela ukubuyiswa nokuvuselelwa kwenkinga edalwe; Kulolu hlobo lwesivumelwano, kungasungulwa izinhlelo zokuxazulula izinkinga zokugawulwa ngokweqile nokushiswa kwezihlahla ngaphandle kokulawula nokuhlonipha imvelo nemithetho yendawo.
Kulesi simo, amasu okuvuselela amaphepha azalwa lapho kungenzeka khona ukuhlola izimo ezihlukahlukene zokukhiqizwa kwephepha nokusetshenziswa okwenziwa umphakathi, ngoba kubhekwa njengenye yemikhiqizo eyinhloko nezinto ezisetshenziswa abaningi. Ukusungula imingcele kanye nemithethonqubo yokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa komphakathi lapho zonke izinto zokusetshenziswa ezisetshenziselwa ukulungiswa zicatshangelwa.
Isitifiketi Sokuphathwa Kwamahlathi Esiqhubekayo
Isitifiketi wumbhalo onesibopho sokugunyaza isikhundla, ilungelo lesakhiwo kanye nokuqinisekiswa kolwazi; Kuphinde kube nesibopho sokuthethelela igunya lomuntu onalo mbhalo. Ngalokhu, wonke amahlathi nezindawo eziluhlaza zemiphakathi kanye namahlathi aseduze angagcinwa ehlanzekile, ukuvimbela imililo ehlukene ekhiqizwa amakristalu nezinye izinhlobo zemfucuza.
Ngale ndlela, kungenzeka ukuthi uhlale unolwazi ngayo yonke imikhuba emibi eyenziwa yizinkampani ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza imikhiqizo yazo futhi ingahloniphi imithetho yokugcinwa kwemvelo nokunakekelwa kwemvelo. Ukuvikela amahlathi namahlathi ngaso sonke isikhathi njengenhloso eyinhloko futhi kube nokusetshenziswa okufanele nokunesibopho njengenhloso enkulu.
Izinhlangano ezifana neGreenpeace nezinye ezithinta indawo ezungezile ziphethe imibiko mayelana nokusetshenziswa nokuhlonipha imvelo yizinkampani, ngale ndlela zibambisana ukuze zigcine wonke amahlathi esesimweni esihle kakhulu.
Sithemba ukuthi le ndatshana ibe wusizo, sikushiyela abanye ozokuthakasela ngokuqinisekile: